CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

UITM PAHANG, KAMPUS JENGKA

COURSE NAME
COURSE CODE
OPEN-ENDED LAB
OCTOBER 2020 – FEBRUARY 2021

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : LEVELING

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 1 NOVEMBER 2020
GROUP : EC110
GROUP MEMBERS : 1. SITI HAJAR BINTI AHMAD FAUZI (2019806238)
2. HAZIQ ZUL IRFAN BIN JUMAT (2019271612)
3. NUR EMIELYA SABRINA BINTI MOHD ZURAIMI
(2019430966)
4. MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN ISMAIL (2019258558)
LECTURER : MOHD FAKRI BIN MUDA
LEVEL OF OPENESS : 0

NO ELEMENT COPO Marks COMMENTS

1 INTRODUCTION

2 BASIC CONCEPT
SUMMARY OF
3
PROCEDURES/METHOD
ANALYSIS AND INTERPETATION
4
OF DATA
5 DISCUSSION OF RESULT 2 4 6 8 10

6 CONCLUSIONS 2 4 6 8 10

TOTAL MARKS /20

 LAB REPORT SELF-ASSESMENT

NO ITEM DETAILS √ (If

Available)
VERIFIED
AND
BY TEAM COMMENTS
LEADER BY
LECTURER
1. Introduction of results
2. Right data collected form
experiment
3. Value of data relate to objectives
4. Analysis of data with caption
ANALYSIS AND ⮚ Average 3 data
1 INTERPETATION
⮚ Pattern or trend
OF DATA
⮚ Graph
⮚ Tables
⮚ Equations
⮚ Sample calculation
5. SI unit

1. Introduction of discussion
2. Explain direct relationship of
variables
3. Explain the results means
4. Comparison of results to standard
DISCUSSION OF value (BS/ASTM/current practice)
2
RESULT
5. State the value of error to standard
value
6. Implication of results
7. Error of experiment
8. Precaution

1. Explain finding based on objective

2. Answer objective of the experiment
3 CONCLUSION
3. Percentage of data error
4. Future recommendation
DATA
RISE AND FALL (STATION 0)

Station 0
BS (m) IS (m) FS (m) RISE FALL R.L. (m) Distance Remarks
(m) (m) (m)
0.850 70.75 TBM
70.75 m
1.050 0.20 70.55 4.3 1
1.720 0.67 69.88 3.5 2
1.800 0.08 69.80 3 3
2.020 0.22 69.58 0 4
INVERT
1.830 0.19 69.77 3.3 5
1.690 0.14 69.91 3.8 6
1.150 0.54 70.45 4.2 7
0.980 0.17 70.62 5.0 8
0.850 1.04 1.17 70.62
1.17 70.75
-0.13 -0.13

HEIGHT OF COLLIMATION (HOC) STATION 0

Station 0
BS (m) IS (m) FS (m) HOC (m) R.L. (m) Distance Remarks
(m)
0.850 71.60 70.75 TBM
70.75 m
1.050 70.55 4.3 1
1.720 69.88 3.5 2
1.800 69.80 3.0 3
2.020 69.58 0 4
INVERT
1.830 69.77 3.3 5
1.690 69.91 3.8 6
1.150 70.45 4.2 7
0.980 70.62 5.0 8
0.850 70.62
70.75
-0.13
RISE AND FALL (STATION 30)

Station 30
BS (m) IS (m) FS (m) RISE FALL R.L. (m) Distance Remarks
(m) (m) (m)
0.850 70.75 TBM
70.75 m
1.200 0.35 70.40 4.0 9
1.500 0.30 70.10 3.3 10
2.000 0.50 69.60 2.8 11
2.350 0.35 69.25 0 12
INVERT
1.970 0.38 69.63 3.0 13
1.800 0.17 69.80 4.0 14
1.820 0.02 69.78 5.0 15
0.850 0.55 1.52 69.78
1.52 70.75
-0.97 -0.97

HEIGHT OF COLLUMATION (STATION 30)

Station 30
BS (m) IS (m) FS (m) HOC (m) R.L. (m) Distance Remarks
(m)
0.850 71.60 70.75 TBM
70.75 m
1.200 70.40 4.0 9
1.500 70.10 3.3 10
2.000 69.60 2.8 11
2.350 69.25 0 12
INVERT
1.970 69.63 3.0 13
1.800 69.80 4.0 14
1.820 69.78 5.0 15
0.850 69.78
70.75
-0.97
GRAPH
DISCUSSION

Levelling is the general method that refers to all of the different processes by which
elevations or points or elevation differences are calculated. It is used to compare points of height
on the earth's surface, such as mapping, engineering design and construction. During the lab
session, we learned how to determine the back sight (BS), intermediate sight (IS) and fore sight
(FS). Through this, we learned the method on how the survey levelling works. The apparatus
used in this lab are automatic level, levelling staff and tripod. After collecting all the data, we
performed the calculation to find its reduced level (RL).

The first method that we used is, rise and fall method. By using the formula and
calculation, we get the numbers as stated in the table earlier. Our starting point is TBM as it level
is 70.75 m and also used as back sight. By calculating the rise and fall from the IS and BS, we
can get the result for reduced level. As the second method used is, height of collimation (HOC)
method. This method is more simply compare to rise and fall because we only need to find the
HOC point and straight away can calculate for RL. Both of the method used, find the same result
of answers which is to find RL.

The relationship of the graph is distance and reduced level. The graph was plotted by
referring the result from the table. From the graph we can get the cross section of the earth
formation which is the vertical section on the ground. There are two graph submitted which are
from station 0 and station 30. From this lab session we can analysis the raw data from levelling
survey. From the discussion and group work, we find it easier to understand the levelling method
and how the graph work to shown the elevation of the earth’s surface.

The error that occurred during the experiment is parallax error. This is due to the
movement of the crosshair relatively to the object being observed caused the focused not
satisfactory. To overcome this error, focus the crosshair using the Eyepiece, and then focus the
object using the Focussing screw. Move the eye up and down over the piece and the parallax
have been removed. If this error is not removed, it can caused the misreading of the staff.
CONCLUSION

In conclusion based on the experiment carried out, we used Rise and Fall Method and
Height of Collimation Method (HOC) to calculate the elevation of the Earth’s surface, also
known as levelling. Some find Rise and Fall Method is easier than (HOC), but some do not. But
still, both method would get us the same result of the calculation to find reduced level (RL), in
condition the reading of the levelling staff and the placement of automatic level, from the start to
the end have to be in the same place. So the calculation RL for both method was proven the same
which is -0.13 from station 0 and -0.97 from station 30. The graph presenting the distance
and RL, would show the result of levelling. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was
achieved.