TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Hydraulics Laboratory | PCE13L-M Date: 18 May 2021

Laboratory Report Number: 3 Sheina R. Pallega

Group Number: 8

Members:

John Reigh D. Catipay Frix Andri T. Nonato Clarissah Erika L. Pechardo

Adrienne F. Rodriguez Gian M. Susano

A. Objectives:

a. To illustrate how orifices are used in measuring the velocity and flow rate of fluid
flowing in an open channel
b. To determine the coefficient of discharge, contraction, and velocity of 20 mm
and 25 mm diameter orifice

Sheina Rayala Pallega 27 April 2021

 TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

B. Data Presentation

TABLE 1. Raw Data

ORIFICE JET DIAMETER
TRIAL VOLUME (L) TIME (s) HEAD (mm)
DIAMETER (mm) (mm)
1 8 46.8 31 17
2 20 8 58.1 21 17.2
3 8 91.65 16 18.4

1 8 21.38 61 21.9
2 25 8 31.32 23 22.2
3 8 35.95 18 23.1

TABLE 2. Results Data - A

ACTUAL ACTUAL THEORETICAL

THEORETICAL ACTUAL THEORETICAL
TRIAL AREA VELOCITY VELOCITY
AREA (mm2) DISCHARGE (L/s) DISCHARGE (L/s)
(mm2) (m/s) (m/s)
1 226.980 0.753 0.780 0.171 0.245
2 232.352 314.159 0.592 0.642 0.138 0.202
3 265.904 0.328 0.560 0.087 0.176

1 376.685 0.993 1.094 0.374 0.537

2 387.076 490.874 0.660 0.672 0.255 0.330
3 419.096 0.531 0.594 0.223 0.292

TABLE 3. Results Data - B

COEFFICIENT OF
TRIAL COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
CONTRACTION

1 0.723 0.966 0.698

2 0.740 0.923 0.683
3 0.846 0.586 0.496

1 0.767 0.908 0.697

2 0.789 0.982 0.775
3 0.854 0.893 0.763

Sheina Rayala Pallega 27 April 2021

 TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Sheina Rayala Pallega 27 April 2021

 TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

The graph shows that the higher the orifice diameter is, the higher is its
coefficient of contraction, velocity, and discharge. Since coefficient of contraction is
based on the area, the higher the jet diameter is, the higher the coefficient of
contraction. For coefficient of velocity, the higher the measured head is, the higher will
be the coefficient of velocity. And lastly, for the coefficient of discharge, the only same
trend is that the first trial almost yielded the same results.

Sheina Rayala Pallega 27 April 2021

 TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

C. Calculations

Sheina Rayala Pallega 27 April 2021

 TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Sheina Rayala Pallega 27 April 2021

 TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

D. Results Discussion

After the calculations, we have arrived at these results for the 20 mm orifice
diameter: Trial 1 yielded a Cc of 0.723, Cv of 0.966, and C of 0.968. Trial 2 with Cc of 0.740,
Cv of 0.923, and C of 0.683. Lastly, Trial 3 resulted in a Cc of 0.846, Cv of 0.586, and C of
0.496. For the 25 mm orifice diameter results: Trial 1 produced a Cc of 0.767, Cv of 0.908
and C of 0.697. Trial 2 generated a Cc of 0.789, Cv of 0.982, and C of 0.775. Finally, Trial 3
led to a Cc of 0.854, Cv of 0.893, and C of 0.763.

For this activity, the errors may arise in incorrectly reading the vernier caliper which
will affect the jet diameter data, and the stopwatch which is used to determine the time
can also be incorrectly used and can affect the data.

E. Industry Relevance

Orifice are usually used in order to determine the flow rate of different fluids
(whether in gaseous, liquid state, or both in gaseous and liquid state). Industries like water
treatment plants, natural gas industries, and refineries utilize orifice for their operations. It
is also mostly used in these industries since the price of orifice meter is cheap compared
to other flow measurement devices. If space is an issue, the orifice can be the perfect
tool since it uses the least space.

This report is submitted as a group and all contents are mutually shared by all members
as writers. The laboratory instructions are derived from the provided materials in MS
Teams and during synchronized classes.

Affix the signatures below:

_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_ END OF REPORT _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_

Sheina Rayala Pallega 27 April 2021