PARALLELISM

 
 When you combine two or more elements
in a sentence, you make them parallel,
that is, you state them in the same
grammatical form.
e.g.

1. - Sarkem sold her house, go to the city, and stayed

there. ()
- Sarkem sold her house, went to the city, and stayed
there. ()

2. - These villagers are rude but tell the truth. ()

- These villagers are rude but honest. ()

3. - Living in the city or to leave the city does not make

any difference. ()
- Living in the city or leaving the city does not make any
difference. ()
 Change the following sentences so that they are parallel.
1. The puppy stood up slowly, wagged its tail, blinking its eyes, and barked.
(blinked)
2. Ecologists are trying to preserve our environment for future generation by
protecting the ozone layer, purifying the air, and have replanted the trees
that have been cut down. (replanting)
3. The chief of police demanded from his assistant orderly investigation, a well-
written report, and that they work hard. (hard work)
4. Marcia is a scholar, an athlete, and artistic. (an artistic)
5. Slowly and with care, the museum director removed the Ming vase from the
shelf and placed it on the display pedestal. (carefully)
6. The farmer plows the fields, plants the seeds, and will harvest the crop.
(harvests)
7. Abraham Lincoln was a good president and was self educated, hard-working,
and always told the truth. (honest)
8. Children love playing in the mud, running through puddles, and they get very
dirty. (getting)
9. Collecting stamps, playing chess, and to mount beautiful butterflies are
Derrick’s hobbies. (mounting)
10. Despise America’s affluence, many people are without jobs, on welfare, and
have a lot of debts. (in debt)
Exercise 1

1. Some health conditions, such as illness, stress, and pregnancy place an enormous
demand on the body as it builds tissue or … infection.
a. to fight c. fights
b. fight d. fighting

2. Amino acids are essential to the body and …

a. that they are available in food c. availing in food
b. available in food d. to be available in food

3. Statistics is the branch of math concerned with the … and analysis of large bodies of
data to identify trends and overall patterns.
a. collecting c. collection
b. collect d. collects
4. The classic Roman city had a rectangular plan with two main streets and … a Roma
military camp.
a. resembles c. resembling
b. to resemble d. resembled

5. Practice is the frequent and … observation of the mode of executing any given kind of
work.
a. continuation c. continued
b. continual d. continues
Exercise 2
1. Choosing a diet low in fat and cholesterol is necessary to

maintain health and reducing the risk of heart disease.

2. The Nile was very important for stimulating both religion

and scientific in ancient Egypt.

3. The Earth is the only planet known to have abundant liquid

water and live.

4. The upper layers of Venus’ clouds are full of sulfuric acid,

but the low layers are full of phosphoric acid solution.

5. All cultures have developed their own myths, consisting of

narratives of their history, their religious, and their heroes.
6. Excessive or imbalances in a particular diet can have a
negative impact on one’s health.

7. The touch and manipulating of muscles are the mainstream

manual healing methods which make up chiropractic.

8. In the past 40 years, acupuncture has become a fame and

widely available treatment in both developed and
developing countries.

9. Despite its bad reputation, cholesterol is needed to build

cell membranes, protecting nerve fibers, and produce
vitamin D and some hormones.

10. Demography covers the study of the size, structural and

distribution of populations.
Review 1

1. Plato was known as … philosopher, teacher and writer.

a. an influential Greek c. influential Greek
b. influential Greek d. the Greek influential
2. The estimates for the boundary of the Sun’s magnetic field’s end and interstellar
space’s beginning ….. from 86 to 100 astronomical units (AU).
a. ranging c. range
b. its range d. to range
3. Pluto is so distant from the Sun and so …that methane freezez on its surface.
a. coldly c. its coldness
b. cold d. coldness
4. The fantasy of a germ-free home is absurd and … because the ew hundred
bacteria on a countertop, doorknob or spoon pose nom threat.
a. pointlesslyc. its pointless
b. pointless d. it’s a point
5. Because extra amino acids be stored for after use, the body destroys them
and …their by-products.
a. excrete c. excreted
b. excreting d. excretes
6. The annual …of the Amazon accounts for one-fifth of all the fresh water
that drains into the oceans of the world.
a. to outflow c. and outflow
b. it outflows d. outflow

7. When poor food choices are made, a person may be getting an adequate,
or … amount of calories each day, yet still be undernourished.
a. excess c. excessive
b. it excessivelyd. excessively
8. An atom … the smallest unit of an element that has its properties.
a. it is c. is
b. that is d. which is

9. Aristophanes, the greatest ancient Greek writer of comedy, …..fantasy,

rollicking wit and graceful lyric with serious criticism of politics.
a. who combinedc. he combined
b. that he combined d. combined

10. Greek philosopher Leucippus and his student Democritus …..the idea of
atoms during the 4th and 5th centuries B.C.
a. originated c. originating
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b. they originated d. to originate
Review 2
1. Amon, a god in Egyptian mythology, was worshipped main
in the city of Thebes.
2. While much of Asia consists of vastness plains with
little relief, there are towering volcanic peaks and large
rift valley systems.
3. One study argued that famine can be caused by the
changes in the region’s politics and economic.

4. Center and southern Africa produce a large quantity of

diamonds.
5. Small sea animal, the amphioxus, has a notochord, which
is a rod of cartilage that serves as a backbone.

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6. Composed of silica and a metallic element, hydrated silicates are
minerals that consist of chemicals combined with watery.

7. As the low-density and very-low-density lipoproteins

transporting cholesterol from the liver to the cells, they
leave plaque-forming cholesterol in the walls of the
arteries.

8. Chemistry is the science about how atoms and molecules

share, shuffle, and exchanging electrons to make or break
bonds.

9. Fringing reefs, one of the coral reef form, are located close to
shore, separated from land by shallow water.

10. Except for sun, all stars are too far from the earth for
their distances to be conveniently measured in miles or
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kilometres.
Supplementary 1

1. ….. Only a minor member of the giant grouping of stars, dust, and gas making up the
Milky Way.
a. It is c. Solar system
b. That the solar system d. The solar system is
2. Migraines are most prevalent in adults between the ages 20 to 50 and
become ….. and less frequent with age.
a. it is severe c. less severe
b. severely d. less severely

3. Built on islands, …..was possibly the largest city in the world at the time of
the Spanish conquest.
a. that Tenochtitlan of the Aztec Empire
b. there was Tenochtitlan of the Aztec Empire
c. it was Tenochtitlan of the Aztec Empire
d. Tenochtitlan of the Aztec Empire
4. Among the solar system’s satellites, Ganymede, a satellite of Jupiter, …. .
a. it is the largest c. are the largest
b. they are the largest d. is the largest
5. Colorado has a semi-arid … that is strongly influenced by its terrain.
a. climate continental c. continental climate
b. continent climates d. continental climates
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6. A building with a strong foundation ….. many year without costly
maintenance.
a. that may last c. to last
b. may last d. it may last
7. Sir Bertram Mackennal, ….., produced graceful bronze figures.
a. an Australian sculptor
b. what an Australian sculptor
c. that he is an Australian sculptor
d. he is an Australian sculptor
8. Adrenalin, also called epinephrine, increases ….. and rate of the of the
heartbeat and raises the blood pressure.
a. the strength c. strong
b. strongly d. strengthening
9. The national epic of ancient Rome, the Aeneid, written by the Roman poet
Virgil, ….. One of the world greatest poems of heroic adventure.
a. there is c. it is
b. being d. is
10. The size, shape and complexity of an aerial, also known as an antenna,
….. On the wavelength and the range being received.
a. depends c. depending
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b. depend d. to depend
Supplementary 2
1. The sun is composed mainly of the hydrogen, as well as about 5
percent helium and heavier elements.

2. The fertile soil of the Nile Valley supported some of the earliest
and richer farming communities in Africa.

3. Shifting cultivation, an ancient farming method, it is widely used

on the grasslands and in the forests of central Africa,
northeastern, South America, and parts of Southeast Asia.

4. In the late 1700’s, an English farmer named Robert Bakewell

showed how livestock could be improved by intensive breeding
animals with desirable traits.

5. The troposphere, the layer of the atmosphere closer to the earth,

is usually warmest. Because the sunlight that passes through the
air heats the land and sea.
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6. Electrostatic precipitators are among the most important air cleaners
because they run very efficiently and have so many difference uses.

7. Acid rain results from the reaction of water vapor with chemical
compounds produced by motor vehicles or a factory.

8. Every kind of ammunition containing a propellant, an explosive or fuel

that provides a force to send the projectile to its target.

9. In the 1920’s, while animators in the United Stated concentrated on

developing cartoon characters , other elsewhere experimented with
new techniques animation such as puppet animation
10. Often described in some science-fiction stories, anti gravity, a
hypothetical force of repulsion, have been observed by scientist.

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