UNIT 8

SENTENCES AND CLAUSES

Sentences
1. Simple = independent clause = main clause
2. Compound
3. Complex
4. Compound-complex

Clauses
1. Independent / main -> induk
They have a kitten.
2. Dependent / sub -> anak
They have a kitten. It is a calico.
1. Simple -> main clause
- Sam reads a magazine.
- Sam reads and enjoys a magazine.
- Sam and Tim read magazine.
2. Compound -> main clause + main clause
a.By using Cumulative Conjunctions: and, not
only…but also, both and, as far as, etc.
He took off his clothes and he jumped into the
river.
b. By using Adversative Conjunctions: but,
still, yet, nevertheless, however, etc.
The weather was very bad, still they succeeded
in conquering Mt. Everest.
c.By using Alternative Conjunctions: or,
otherwise, else, either or, neither nor, etc.
You must take rich diet, or you will not gain
weight.
Exercise A
Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best
completes the sentence!

1. Telephone cables that use optical fibers can

be smaller and lighter than conventional cables,
… they typically carry much more information.
A. or
B. yet
C. and
D. so

2. Discussions in class teach students how to

communicate effectively, … they can use this
skill to excel in their future careers.
A. or
B. yet
C. and
D. so
3. People back then had … safe working
conditions, nor effective safety equipment.
A. neither … nor … -> paired conjunction
B. either … or ….
C. both … and …
D. not only … but also …

4. In making cheese, casein, the chief milk

protein, is coagulated by enzyme action, by
lactic acid, … by both.
A. nor
B. or
C. yet
D. so
5. The Italian painter, sculptor, architect,
engineer, and scientist, Leonardo da Vinci died
on May 2, 1519, … was buried in the cloister of
San Fiorentino in Amboise.
A. so
B. thus
C. yet
D. and

6. The glass fibers are … used with plastics to

make boats and car bodies but also woven into
heavy cloth for window draperies and into
strong belts for making tires stronger.
A. both
B. not only
C. neither
D. either
7. Bats are the only mammals that are capable
of flying; …, some people mistake them for
birds.
A. thus
B. however
C. then
D. otherwise

8. The number of cervical vertebra is seven in

almost all mammals, … the sea cow has eight.
A. but
B. besides
C. for
D. nor
9. Spherical lenses do not focus perfectly on flat
film, … the image is slightly distorted, especially
at the edges.
A. cause so effect
B. effect since cause
C. and
D. similarly

10. Scientists have learned a lot about DNA

cloning; ..., they are a long way from cloning a
dinosaur.
A. furthermore
B. however
C. moreover
D. thus = so
Scientists have learned a lot about DNA cloning.
However, they are a long way from cloning a
dinosaur.
Scientists have learned a lot about DNA cloning.
They are a long way from cloning a dinosaur,
however.

Choose the letter of the underlined word or

group of words that is not correct!
11. If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it
is found to vary only slightly from place to
place; then thus, some of these small changes
are important.

12. Marian Anderson, recognized both in the

U.S. or and in Europe as a very great vocalist,
was the first black singer to appear with the
Metropolitan Opera Company.
13. In addition to the original document, the
U.S. Constitution contains ten amendments
called the Bill of Rights.

14. Champlain founded a base at Port Royal in

1605, so then built a fort at Quebec three years
later.
Find Found Found
Found Founded Founded

15. Mickey Mouse was not Walt Disney's first

successful cartoon creation, for but he is
certainly his most famous one.
16. In a glacier's depths, glacial ice behaves in a
plastic manner, distorting and flowing in
response to weight and pressure from above
and the degree of slope below; on contrast on
the contrary / in contrast, the glacier's upper
portion is quite brittle.

17. In Canada, general elections must be held at

the end of every five years; moreover however,
they may be conducted whenever issues
require it.

18. In European-based music, the octave

represents an eight-pitch structure; in on the
other hand, if you count the number of white
and black piano keys in an octave, you will
count thirteen.
19. Laser discs provide images of best quality
than those of neither either television signals or
video tapes.

20. National parks include not only the most

scenic places in the nation but also places
distinguished for their historic or scientific
interest.

3. Complex = main + sub

Sub:
a.Adjective clause
MC: I see a girl.
AdC: who is so pretty / whom Jack knows /
whose father is our teacher
Complex: I see a girl who is so pretty.
Complex: I see a girl whom Jack knows.
 Complex: I see a girl whose father is our
teacher.
MC: We bought a cat.
AdC: which is so fluffy / which my brother
loves / whose fur is orange
Complex: We bought a cat which is so
fluffy.
Complex: We bought a cat which my
brother loves.
Complex: We bought a cat whose fur is
orange.

b. Noun clause
MC: I love it.
Complex: I love what you cooked last night.
 MC: We found it.
Complex: We found where she hid
yesterday.

c.Adverb clause
MC: They came last night.
Complex: They came while we were
sleeping.

Exercise B
Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence!

1. A crystal is a piece of matter … are naturally

formed plane surface.
A. whose boundaries
B. that boundaries
C. which boundaries
D. when boundaries
That -> who/whom/which
2. Geysers have often been compared to
volcanoes … both emit hot liquids from below
Earth’s surface.
A. despite
B. effect because cause (S + V = clause)
C. in regard to
D. effect as a result of cause (phrase)

3. … the United States consists of many

different immigrant groups, many sociologists
believe there is a distinct national character.
A. In spite of + phrase
B. Despite + phrase
C. Even though + clause
D. Whether
4. San Francisco, America's romantic city, has
always been a haven for the artists and writers
… have left at least part of their hearts there.
A. where
B. who
C. whose
D. which

5. … rainfall in the desert is low, it is one of the

most important climatic factors in the
formation of desert erosion features.
A. Although
B. Why
C. Despite
D. Due to
6. One difference between mathematics and
language is that mathematics is precise …
A. language is not
B. and language is not
C. but language is not
D. while is language

7. Many people from Europe, Asia, and South

America go to the USA … they need to do
business there.
A. because of + phrase
B. although
C. because
D. whether
It is based on studies of material remains.
8. Most of … archaeologists know about
prehistoric cultures is based on studies of
material remains.
A. these
B. what
C. which
D. their

9. Charlie Chaplin was a comedian … for his

work in silent movies.
A. who was best known
B. which was best known
C. whom is best known
D. who was known best
10. Sensory structures … from the heads of
some invertebrates are called antennae.
A. are growing
B. they are growing
C. that/which grow
D. grow

Choose the letter of the underlined word pr

group of words that is not correct!
11. The term track and field refers to athletic
events where which include foot races and
jumping and throwing events.

12. The Federal Theatre Project, the first

federally financed theater project in the United
States -> appositive, was established to benefit
theater personnel while during the Depression
of the 1930s.
13. Human food may be very harmful for some
animals, who is why they won't let us feed the
animals at the zoo.

14. Minoru Yamasaki achieved a reputation as

an architect which works departed from the
austerity frequently associated with
architecture after the Second World War.

15. James Baldwin’s plays and short stories,

who are to some degree autobiographical,
established him as a leading figure in the
United States civil rights movement.
16. Because its vast tracts of virtually
uninhabited northern forest, Canada has one of
the lowest population densities in the world.

17. During the temperature drops below 68

degrees Fahrenheit, the body conserves
warmth by restricting blood flowing to the skin.

18. John Rosamond Johnson composed

numerous songs, including Lift Every Voice and
Sing, for who his brother, James Weldon
Johnson, wrote the words.

19. During working as a machinist and engineer,

Henry Ford built his first automobile in his
spare time.
20. Nutritionists believe what diet affects how
one feels physically and emotionally.