Conditional Sentences

A conditional sentence indicates that something will happen if something else happen first. A
conditional sentence contains a dependent clause and an independent clause.
1. Real Conditions
If she wants to study tonight, she will call you. (present)
2. Unreal Conditions
If she wanted to study tonight, she would call you. (past)
If Linda were here, she would call you. (past)
If she had wanted to study, she would have called you. (past perfect)

Relative Clauses
Relative clauses function to modify the noun. It is similar to adjective, but in the form of a
clause. Relative clauses connect two independent clauses by replacing the subject of one
independent clause with a relative pronoun.
1. Who (person)
The girl who wore white cloth was a nurse.
2. Whom (person)
I knew the man whom you talked about.
3. Whose (person + thing)
This is the car whose door is broken.
4. That (person/thing)
The flower that grows in front of my house is a rose.
5. Which (thing)
Computers which connects to the internet is really helpful.

Reduced Relative Clauses

A reduced relative clause is a relative clause with the relative pronoun and the verb be omitted.
Adverb Clauses
Adverb clauses connect two independent clauses into a more complex sentence.
1. Adverb connectors to indicate concession (although, even though, even if, though,
whereas, while)

2. Adverb conncetors to indicate time include after, before, once, while, since, until,
when

3. Adverb clause connectors that represent cause and effect are as, because, and since.
Because her children are ill, she had to miss work today.

Reduced Adverb Clauses

1. Active Verb
 When they drive cars, teenagers need to remember their lack of experience.
When driving cars, teenagers need to remember their lack of experience.
 While she was reviewing the materials, she was also trying to watch television.
While reviewing the materials, she was also trying to watch television.
2. Passive Verb
  Although it had been completed, the report was not turned in on time.
Although completed, the report was not turned in on time.
3. Adjective
 Although she was exhausted, she continued to work on the project.
Although exhausted, she continued to work on the project.

1. The oncologist studied the results of the biopsy and decided additional tests.
a. should order
b. to order
c. he should ordering
d. ordering
2. That carcinogenis substances in many common household items is well-known.
a. are contained
b. contained
c. containing
d. are containing
3. If the man had transported to the hospital sooner than he was, he could have survived the
A B C D
electrocution.
4. Porpoises, which actually mammals because they breathe air through an orifice in
their heads, are playful and intelligent.
a. is
b. be
c. being
d. are
5. Florida’s timberlands suffered considerable damage from the wildfires of 1998 resulted
A B C
from insufficient rainfall.
D
6. Whereas Internet proponents say that someday all computer programs and data will
reside on an Internet server instead of individual computers, many individuals
afraid to lose control over their own documents.
a. are
 b. being
c. also
d. very much
7. After suspended for misbehavior, the student requested reconsideration.
a. having been
b. having
c. have
d. was
8. Ms. Henry insisted that the results of the research be presented to the panel before
.
a. was held the vote
b. was the vote
c. voted
d. the vote was held
9. If Bob with us, he would have had a good time.
a. would come
b. would have come
c. had come
d. came
10. After the way she treated you, If I in your place, I wouldn’t return the call.
a. be
b. am
c. was
d. were
11. If I the flu I would have gone with you.
a. hadn't
b. hadn’t had
c. didn’t have
d. wouldn’t have had
12. If it rain, we’ll have the party outside.
a. wouldn't
b. doesn’t
c. didn’t
d. won’t
13. Tito was the only foreigner I saw at the convention.
a. whom
b. which
c. who
d. what
14. Because they usually receive the same score on standardized examinations, there is often
disagreement as to is the better student, Bob or Helen.
a. who
b. which
c. whom
d. whose
15. Two of the notebooks Tom had lost on the bus were returned to the main desk at
his dormitory.
a. what
b. who
c. which
d. whose
16. In 1868, newspaper were filled with the accounts of men claimed to have
become rich overnight in California’s gold fields.
a. whom
b. that
c. which
d. who
17. the United States consists of many different immigrant groups, many
sociologists believe there is a distinct national character.
a. In spite of
b. Despite
c. Even though
d. Whether
18. Typically, in meadows or damp woods and bloom in the spring.
a. wild violets grow
b. wild violets growth
c. growing wild violets
d. the growth of wild violets
19. Andy Warhol was in the Pop Art movement who was known for his multi-
image silk-screen paintings.
a. that one of a leading figure
b. a leading figure
c. leading figures
d. who leads figure
20. The art works of Madlyn-Ann Wooldwich are characterized by strong, dark colors and
fine attention to patterns of light the viewer’s eye.
a. that attract
b. when attracted
c. which attraction
d. attract to
21. A grass-eating, river-dwelling mammal, the hippopotamus to the pig.
a. being related
b. is related
c. relate
d. relating
22. Woodrow Wilson as governor of New Jersey before he was elected President
of the United States in 1912.
a. to have served
b. who has served
c. served
d. serving
23. The city of Kalamazoo, Michigan, derives its name from a Native American word
“bubbling springs”.
a. meant
b. meaning
c. that it meant
d. whose meaning
24. Jet proplusion involves of air and fuel, which forms a powerful exhaust.
a. a mixture is ignited
b. to ignite a mixture
c. a mixture of igniting
d. the ignition of a mixture
25. Geysers have often been compared to volcanoes they both emit hot liquids
from below the Earth’s surface.
a. due to
b. because
c. in spite of
d. regardless of
26. Paul Revere designing the metal plates on which the first paper money in the US was
A B C D
printed.
27. According to classical musical tradition, the term ‘sonata’ is given to those works are
A B C
written for solopiano or solo wind or stringed instrument.
D
28. The plan connected the Hudson River with Lake Eric by a canal,was first proposed in the
A B C D
late eighteenth century.

29. The North Platte River from Wyaming into Nebraska.

a. it flowed
b. flows
c. flowing
d. with flowing water
30. Still a novelty in the late nineteenth century, limited to the rich.
a. was
b. was photography
c. it was photography
d. photography was
31. A computerized map of the freeways using information gathered by sensors embedded in
the pavement on a local cable channel during rush hours.
a. airs
b. airing
c. air
d. to air
32. A trap of disguise is what has come to be called a Trojan Horse, from that ancient
story of the gift of the wooden horse from the Greeks.
a. offered a gift of
b. offers a gift in
c. offering a gift to
d. offered as a gift in
33. Telecommuting is a new form of work to work, such as fathers with children, the
chance to work while remaining at home.
a. affording those previously
b. affords those who were previously unable
c. that affording those unable previously
d. afforded those previously unable
34. Although a successful film, none of her other works have to date been adapted to
the film format.
a. The Joy Luck Club is best known novel by Amy Tan was made into
b. The Joy Luck Club was made into a film by Amy Tan’s best known
c. Amy Tan’s best known novel, The Joy Luck Club, was made into
d. Amy Tan’s best known novel, The Joy Luck Club, made
35. Because mistletoe berries are poisonous, everyone with Christmas decorations containing
A B
mistletoe need to be aware of the potential danger.
C D