4.

The m anagem ent and the union agree with each other on this issue, (matching)
The m anagem ent and the union ..................................................................
5. We drove until w e ran out o f gas and the car coasted to stop, (point)
We d r o v e ............ .......................... .......................................................................
6. My father just hasn’t known how to keep h im s elf busy since he retired, (what)
My fa th e r ........................................................ .................................................
7. B eing the market leader is the long-term aim o f the com pany, (ultim ate)
It i s .............................................................. ................................................................
8. B eing in prison seem s to have changed K evin's behavior for the better, (leaf)
Kevin h a s ............................................... ....................................................... ...........
9. B eing inexperienced w as a disadvantage to her when she applied for
promotion, (counted)
H e r ....... ....................;......................................................................................................
10. We have run into d ifficulty at work this w eek, (six es)
We h a v e ........................................................................ ........................... ....................

TRƯỜNG THPT CHUYÊN LÊ H ồN G PHONG

TP. H ồ CHÍ MINH

A. TRẮC NGHIỆM
I. PHONOLOGY
Pick out the words whose sound is different from that of the others in each group.
1. A. zu cchini B. archipelago c . chaperone D. epoch
2. A. draught F3. fraught c . haughty D. naughty
3. A. gauge B. maul c . staunch D. taut
4. A. lustre B. pulchritudc c . lumberjack D . num eracy
5. A. phoenix B. foetus c . w oeb egon e D .c oclia c
Choose the word whose stress pattern is different from that of the other three.
1. A. continuum B. sym bolism c. belligerent D. sym metrical
2. A. repertoire B. lubricate c. hierarchy D. flam boyance
3. A. epitom e B. eponym ous c. equable D. equestrian
4. A. metropolis ■ B. k aleidoscop e c. archenẽm y D. aristocrat
5. A. dungarees B. internee c. returnee D. com m ittee

11. WORD CHOICE, GRAMMAR, PREPOSITIONS AND PHRASAL VERBS.

Choose the best options (A, B, c, or D) that best complete the following sentences.
1. N o one could contem plate fame these days w ithout k now in g beforehand o f
its
A. laissez-faire B. outburst c. insight D. d ow nside
2. She was w atching his f a c e , _______________ his words.
A. helpin g out B. hanging on c. getting up D. putting at
3. I was astonished that he turned down the good job. I _________ it w ould have
been ideal for him.

218
 A. have thought B. w ould have thought
c . w as thinking D. had been thinking
4. H ow ever good J e n n y _______ , I still find his modern m usic very difficu lt lo
appreciate.
A. could have been B. m ay have been
c. should have been D. w ould have been
5 . by the policeman, his face went pale with fear.
A . For b eing tied B xH av ing been tied
c . What he did w as seen D. His hands tied
6. ■ ____ workers found accidentally w h ile constructing a n ew sub w ay line
in London y ield ed new information about previous civiliz atio n s in the area
cou ld be w ell-d ocu m ented .
A. R elics that B .‘That relics that
c. It w as relics that D. N ot until relics that
He w a s ______ w e had expected .
A , B y far m uch m ore efficient at written work than
B. efficien tly w orking like / ’
c . not nearly as efficien t at working as a writer as
D. not m ore efficien t in w riting than
8. A s 1 opened the door he looked up at me as if he'd just had so m e great
revelation, som ethin g really incisive to im part_______ me.
A . to B. at c . for D. d ow n to
9. Th e governm ent m ust never fall into t h e ____ o f a political party again.
A . clu tches B. groups c . heads D. h oofs
10. I am goin g to m ake you _________ your words.
A . sw allo w B. eat c . drink Đ. ch ew
11. He worries too m uch about his appearance and n ow he says he's goin g ____
A . thin on top B. w eak at the k nees
•C. young at heart D. w orse o f f
12. Industry ex ecu tiv es balked for ye a r s ____ the idea o f program ratings,
fearing a loss o f advertising dollars.
A. at B. o f f c . for D. with
13. T he tw o very dangerous prisoners are n o w ___ the loose after a successfu l
escape last night.
A. in B. on c . at , D. by
14. Price continu ed to rise w h ile w ages rem ained l o w _________ the governm ent
becam e in creasingly unpopular.
A . on cond ition that B. with the result that
c . provided that D. in order that
15. A crim e scen e, as any budding d etective m ight inform you , m ust be secured
lest the D N A and forensic ev id en ce ____ .
A. w ill be contam inated B. were contaminated
c . be contam inated D. may be contaminated

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16. When Láura arrived, she soon at her jokes.
A. Had everyon e laughed B. had everyone to laugh
c . had laughed everyone I), had everyone laughing
17. Guests were encouraged to c a s t__ their inhibitions.
/V ol' B. off c . on D. for
18. The film i s __________released at then of next year.
A. on the verge of B. on the point of
c . due to be D. about to be
19. I’ve got to the courage to tell my parents I'm not going to the
university o f science after all.
A. get at B. pull up c . stand up D. summon up
20. Robbing an old man i s _______ contempt.
A. under B. sub c . below. D. beneath
21. 1 do n't want t o _______ a finger o f blame at anyone.
A. point B. show c . pull d. raise
22. Mr. Nam is really the salt o f the _ ___ . You can trust him with our plan.
A. world " B. earth c . planet D. universe
23. There was no doubt that the referee had g o n e ____ .
A. by the book B. to the law c . in hand D. on the set.
24. The c o m m itte e _____ its previous decision and decided to accept the
nomination.
A. accelerated B. braked c . reversed D. steered
25. With so much graduate unemplovment. I'd say her future lo o k s _____ .
A. threatening B. ominous c . innocuous D. disconcerting
26. A wave of b om bings____ through the capital's business district.
A. slashed B. hacked c . incised D. ripped
27. The w orld's first boot camp for teenagers addicted to the Internet may be
th e _____ of things to come.
A. draft B. formula c . character D. shape
28. Although the actress had lived in a large city all her life, she was such a
_____ perform er that she became the v irtu a l____ o f the humble farm girl
she portrayed in the play.
A. melodramatic / understudy B. consummate / incarnation
c . natural / nemesis D. drab / caricature
29. Because the lyrics o f the Beatles weren’t concerned with _____ subject
matter, their music seems a s ___ today as it did 40 years ago.
A. saaacious / wise B. dated / quaint
c . evanescent / nostalgic D. transient / fresh
30. Despite his a p p a re n t____ _ lifestyle, the old man was known to drink to
excess when visited by friends.
A. temperate B. laconic c . duplicitous D. voluble
I III. READING COMPREHENSION
PASSAGE 1
7 I have just come home after viewing some astonishing works of art that were
recently discovered in Church Hole cave in Nottinghamshire. They are not
g^rawings, as one would expcct, blit etchings, and they dcpict a huge range o f wild
lanimals. The artists who created them lived around 13,000 years ago, and the images
fere remarkable on a variety o f counts. First o f all, their sheer number is staggering,
Inhere are ninety all told. Moreover, fifty-eight of them are on the ceiling. This is
I.extremely rare in cave art, according to a leading expert, Dr Wilbur Samson of
t Central Midlands University. Wall pictures arc the norm, he says. “But more
t importantly, the Church Hole etchings are an incredible artistic achievement. They
can hold their own in comparison with the best found in continental Europe.” I am
; not a student o f the subject, so i have to take liis word for it. However, you do not
have to be an expert to appreciate their beauly.
In fact, it is the wider significance of the etchings that is likely to attract most
attention in academic circles, sincc they radically alter our view of life in Britain
during this epoch. It had previously been thốùght that ice-agc hunters in this country
were isolated from people in more central areas of Europe, but the Church Mole
images prove that ancient Britons were part o f a culture that had spread right across
the continent. And they were at least as sophisticated culturally as their counterparts
on the mainland.
An initial survey of the site last year failed to reveal the presence o f the etchings.
The reason lies in the expectations o f the researchers. They had been looking for the
usual type o f cave drawing or painting, which shows up best under direct light.
Consequently, they used powerful torches, shining them straight onto the rock face.
However, the Church Mole images are modifications o f the rock itself, and shovv up
best when seen from a certain angle in the natural light of early morning. Having
been fortunate to see them at this hour, 1 can only say that I was deeply-and
unexpectedly-moved. While most cave art often seems to have been created in a
shadowy past very remote from us, these somehow convey the impression that they
were made yesterday.
- Dr Samson feels that the lightirig factor provides important information about the
likely function of these works of art. 'I think the artists knew very well that the
etchings would hardly be visible except early in the morning. We can therefore
deduce that the chamber was used for rituals involuting animal worship, and that they
were conducted just after dawn as a preliminary to the day's hunting.'
To which I can only add that I felt deeply privileged to have been able to view
Church Hole. It is a site o f tremendous importance culturally and is part o f the
heritage, not only of this country, bụt the world as a whole.
1. According to the passage, the images in Church Hole cave a r e _______.
A. unique examples of ceiling art
B. particularly beautiful cave paintings
c . superior in quality to other cave art in Britain,
D. aesthetically exceptional
 1
2. What is the cultural significance o f these images?
A. They' indicate that people from central Europe had settled in Britain.
B. They prove that ancient Britons hunted over large areas.
c . They reveal the existence of a single icc-agc culture in Europe.
D. They suggest that people in continental Europe were more sophisticated
than Britons.
3. According to the text,
A. the discovery o f the images should not have been made public.
B. the images in the cave are vulnerable to damage.
c . many people visited, the cave within hours o f its discovery.
D. the measures taken to protect the images have proved ineffective.
4. Why were the images not discovered during the initial survey?
A. Traditional way o f viewing was employed. ■
.
B. People were not expecting to find any images,
c. Modern equipment was used lo explore the cave.
D. The torches the-researchers used were not powerful enough.
5. What conclusions does Dr. Samson draw from the lighting factor?
A. Animal worship rituals were common in the morning.
B. The artists never intended to make the images visible,
c . The images were intended for early morning rituals.
D. Ice-age hunters used torches in worshipping animals in the cave.
6. According to Dr. Caruthers,
A. we cannot make inferences from cave art.
B. the images in Church Hole do not serve any particular function,
c . experts know nothing about life 13, 000 years ago.
D. the function o f such images is open to question.
7. It is obvious that the w riter_______ .
A. can now fully envisage the life o f ice-age hunters
B. was profoundly impressed by the images in the cave
c . has now realized the true significance of most cave art
D. thinks the images should receive more publicity
8. The word “ inadvertently” is closest in meaning to
A. mistakenly B. unintentionally c . recklessly' D. hesitantly
9. The word “preliminary” is closest in meaning to
A. prelude B. preface c . preamble D. precis
10 All the following statements are true EXCEPT
A. Even a layman can recognize the beauty o f the etchings.
B. To protect the site from being damaged, a fence has been set up and
warnings have been posted.
c. Dr. Samson contends that lighting reveals the function o f the etchings,
which is animal worship.
D. Hunters in Britain during the Ice-age were more cultured than those on the
mainland.
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PASSAGE 2

Is the Internet making us stupid?

In an article in Science, Patricia Greenfield, a developmental psychologist
who runs UCLA ’s Children’s Digital Mdia Center, reviewed dozens of studies
fon how different media technologies influence our cognitive abilities. Some of
the studies indicated that certain computer tasks, like playing video game,
increase the speed at which people can shift their focus among icons and other
image on screens. Other studies, however, found that such rapid shifts in focus,
even if performed adeptly, result in less rigorous and “more automatic” thinking.
In one experiment at an American university, half a class o f students was
allowed to use internet-connected laptops during a lecture, while the other half
had to keep their computers shut. Those who browsed the web performed much
worse on a subsequent test o f how well they retained the lecture’s content.
Earlier experiments revealed that as the number o f links in an online document
goes up, reading comprehension falls, and as more types o f information are
placed on a screen, we remember less o f what we see.
Greenfield concluded that “every medium develops some cognitive skills at
the expense o f others’. Our growing use o f screen-based media, she said, has
strengthened visual-spatial intelligence, which can strengthen the ability to do jobs
that involve keeping track of lots o f rapidly changing signals, like piloting a plane
or monitoring a patient during surgery. However, that has been accompanied by
“new weaknesses in higher-order cognitive processes” including “abstract
vocabulary, mindfulness, reflection, inductive probjem-solving, critical thinking
and imagination,” W e’re becoming, in a word, shallower. s
Studies o f our behaviour online support this conclusion. German researchers
found that web browsers usually spend less than ten seconds looking at a page.
Even people doing academic research online tend to “bounce” rapidly between
documents, rarely reading more than a page or two, according to a University
College London study. Such mental jiggling takes a big toll. In a recent
experiment at Stanford University,, researchers gave various cognitive tests to 49
people who do a lot of media multitasking and 52 people who multitask much
less frequently. The heavy multitaskers performed poorly on all the tests. They
were more easily distracted, had less control over their attention, and were much
less able to distinguish important information from trivia. The researchers were
surprised by the results. They expected the intensive multitaskers to have gained
some mental advantages. That w asn’t the case, though. In fact, the multitaskers
weren’t even good at multitasking. “Everything distracts them ,” said Clifford
Nass, one o f the researchers.
It would be one thing if the ill effects went away as soon as we turned o ff our
computers and mobiles, but they don’t. The cellular structure o f the human brain,
scientists have discovered, adapts easily to tools we use to find, store and share
information. By changing our habits of mind, each new technology strengthens
certain neural pathways and weakens others. The alterations shape the way we

223
 think even when vvc'rc not using the technology. The pioneering neuroscientist
Michael Merzcnich believes our brains arc being “massively rem odeled” by oiir
ever-intensifying use o f the web and related media. In 2009, he said that he Was
profoundly worried about the cognitive consequences o f the constant distractions
and interruptions the internet b om bard s us with. The long-term effect on the
quality o f our intellectual lives, he said, could be “deadly".
Not* all distractions arc bad. As most o f us know, if we concentrate too
intensively on a tough problem, we can get stuck in a mental rut. However, if we
let the problem sit unattended for a time, we often return to it with a fresh
perspective and a burst o f creativity. Research by Dutch psychologist Ap
Dijksterhuis indicates that such breaks in our attention give our unconscious
mind time to grapple with a problem bringing to bear information and cognitive
processes unavailable to conscious deliberation. We usually make better
decisions, his experiments reveal, if we shift our attention away from a mental
challenge for a time.
. But D ijksterhuis’s work also shows that our unconscious thought processes
don’t engage with a-problem until w e’ve clearly and consciously defined what
the problem is. If we don’t have a particular goal in mind, he writes
“unconscious thought does not occur." The constant distractedness that the Net
encourages is very different from the kind of temporary, purposeful diversion of
our mind that refreshes our thinking. The cacophony o f stimuli short-circuits
both conscious and unconscious thought, preventing our minds from thinking
either deeply and creatively. Our brains turn into simple signal-processing units,
shepherding information into consciousness and then back again. What we seem
to be scarifying in our surfing and searching is our capacity to engage in the
quieter, attentive modes o f thought that un d erp in contemplation, reflection and
introspection. *
1. What do we learn about Patricia Greenfield’s research in the first paragraph?
A. it focused on problems resulting from use of media technologies.
B. It did not produce consistent patterns in connection with com puter use.
c . It involved collating the results of work done by other people.
D. It highlighted differences between people when using computers.
2. Two o f the experiments mentioned in the second paragraphconcerned
A. the amount o f attention people pay to what they see on computers.
B. the connection between com puter use and memory.
c . the use and non-use o f computers for studying.
D. changes that happen if people’s computer use increases.
3. One of G reenfield’s conclusion was that
A. certain claims about the advantages of computer use are false.
B. computer use has reduced a large number o f mental abilities.
c . people do not care about the effects o f computer use on their minds.
D. too much emphasis has been placed on the benefits o f computer use.

224
4 The word “ higher-order” is in closest meaning to
A. m ore co m p lex B. m ore attentive c . more Creative D. m ore elaborate
One of the pieces o f research mentioned in the fourth paragraph
indicated that
A. some people are better at multitasking than others.
B. ‘‘mental juggling” increases the mental abilities o f only a few people,
c . beliefs about the effectiveness of multitasking are false.
D. people read online material less carefully than other material.
6. What is the writer’s purpose in the fifth paragraph?
A. to ad vise on h o w tQ avoid the bad effects o f n ew m ed ia tech nology .
B. to present opposing views on the consequences o f use o f new media technology,
c. to warn about the damage done by use o f new media technology.
D. to summarize the findings o f the previously-mentioned research.
7. The writer mentions Ap D ijksterhuis’s research in order to make the
point that
, A. not all research supports beliefs about the dangers o f Computer use.
B. the mind functions in was that computers cannot,
c . problem-solving can involve very complex metal processes.
D. uninterrupted concentration on something is not always a good thing.
8. The w riter’s main point in the final paragraph is that
A. constant computer use makes people incapable o f complex thought processes.
B. the simulation provided by computer use causes people to become confused,
c . it is natural for some people to want to avoid thinking deeply about problems.
D. both conscious and unconscious thought arc affected by computer use.
9. The word “bom bard” is closest in meaning to
A. supersede B. inundate c . overcome D. predominate
10. The word “underpin” is closest in meaning to
A. locate B. support c . establish D. root

IV. GUIDED CLOZE

GUIDED CLOZE I
It is my opinion that literature is at the same time and at once the most
intimate and the most (1 ) _____________ o f all the art forms. It is impossible for
it to (2) ___________ its effect through the senses or the nerves as can ther
forms o f art; it is beautiful only through the intelligence o f both the reader and
writer; it is the mind speaking to the mind; until it has been put into absolute
terms, o f an invariable significance, it does not exist at all. It is able to (3)
____ one emotion in one person and a totally different emotion in
another; if it fails to convey precisely the meaning of the author, if it isn’t an
expression o f him or her, it says nothing, and thus it is nothing. So that when a
poet has put their heart and soul, more or less, into a poem, and has sold it to a
magazine, the scandal is far greater than when a painter has sold a picture to a
paying patron, or a sculptor has modeled a statue to (4) '___________ , or a
225
photographer has produced a landscape photograph for a popular magazine.
These are artists less intimate than the scribe; they are more (5)
from the work they produce; they are often less personally involved in their
work; they part with less o f themselves.
That Tennyson, Longfellow and Emerson sold their poems and essays -
works in which they had ( 6 ) _____________ the most mystical messages their
genius was charged to bequeath to mankind - does not, however, diminish the
virtuosity o f their achievements. They (7) '________________ . to the
conditions from which no one can escape, which are nonetheless the conditions
of hucksters because they are generally imposed upon poets and writers, if it will
serve to make my meaning clearer, we will suppose that a poet has been crossed
in love, or has suffered some bad fortune or some real sorrow, like the loss of a
wife or a child. He pours out his broken heart in verse that shall bring tears of
scared sympathy from his readers, and an editor pays him a hundred pounds for
the right o f bringing his verse to their ( 8 ) ______________ __ and for allowing
them to print it in their publications. Obviously, the poet is forced into using his
emotions to pay his bills, he has no other means o f making a living; society does
not propose to pay his bills for him, after all, so what choice does he really have?
Yet, at the end o f the day, the unsophisticated witness finds the transaction
ridiculous, repulsive, and, to a great extent, exploitative. But deep down, they are
(9) aware that if our huckster civilization did not at every moment
violate the relationships we undertake in the world, the poet’s song wouldn’t
have been given to it, and the scribe w ouldn’t have been (1 0 ) _______ by the
whole o f the humanity, as any human should be who does the duty that every
human owes it.
1. A. coherent B. eloquent c. cohesive D. articulate
2. A. impart * B. exert c. disclose D. exercise
3. A. waken B. awaken. c. provoke D. stimulate
4. A. purchase B. order c. request D. custom
5. A. removed B. divorced c. distant D. separated
6. A. verbalized B. couched c. rendered D. composed
7. A. subjected B. exposed c. submitted D. sustained
8. A. attention ; B. consideration c. concern ' D. notice
9. A. remotely B. keenly c. blissfully D. severely
10. A. relished B. unleashed c. extolled D. Hymned

GUIDED CLOZE 2
CHALLENGES OF MODERNITY
Modernity is a crucial element o f the intellectual legacy to which we are
(1)_____ . A(n) ( 2 ) _____ _of intellectual, social, and material forces that have
transformed the world over the last quarter m illennium, modernity has
introduced new problems and possibilities into human life. Within modernity,
issues of meaning, identity, and morality have been (3) _____ in distinctive
ways. People of different social classes, racial groups, ethnic backgrounds,
226
genders and sexual identities have contributed to an increasingly rich public
discourse. The human (4) _____ has been problematized, and the dynamic
character o f the world, both natural and social, has been explored. Urbanization
and technological development have transformed the patterns o f everyday life.
Imperialism has had a complex and lasting impact on the entire globe. The
human capability to ( 5 ) _____ social and physical ills has increased ( 6 ) ______ ,
and yet so has the human capacity for (7 ) _____ and exploitation. In this course,
taught by an interdisciplinary staff, students explore texts from a variety o f
media that engage with the ideas and ( 8 ) ______central to modernity. To ensure a
substantially common experience for,student, the staff each year chooses texts to
be taught in all sections o f the course. This ( 9 ) _____ o f the Core Curriculum
encourages students to think broadly and critically about the world that they
inhabit, asking them to see their ( 1 0 ) _____ concerns in the perspective of the
long-standing discourses o f modernity .

1. A.offspring B. heirs c. descendants D. followers

2. A.substance B. attribute G. matrix D. trait
3. A.critiqued B. talked c. looped D. inserted
4. A.psyche B. chain c. diglossia D. touch
5. A.ameliorate B. opine c. tangle D. rebuff
6. A.extremely B. potentially c. translucently D. exponentially
7. A.public discourse B. mass destruction
c. human resources D. dramatic increase
8. A. symptoms B. signals c. ads D. phenomena
9. A. center B. composition c. component D. contentment
10. A. temporary B. contemporary c. intemperate D. contemplate
B. PHẨNTỰLUẬN
I. O PE N C L O Z E
Open cloze 1
(1) . a regular exercise'program is an excellent idea if you want to
avoid ( 2 ) ______ problems when you are older. Many people who complain
about having to take tip some form o f physical activity (3) _____ come round
when they realize how much (4) it does them. After doing exercises for a
few weeks, they are usually delighted with the im provem ent they feel in their
general ( 5 ) ________ and wonder why they did not start sooner. Aerobics, for
example, is an excellent activity which strengthens the muscles in your body,
particularly in your back, helping to prevent ( 6 ) ______ _ in many parts o f the
body. Aerobic exercises also ( 7 ) ______ certain chemicals in your body which
can relieve pain ( 8 ) ______ J providing a welcome alternative to drugs which can
often be addictive. Jogging is also excellent, but try to avoid jogging on hard
surfaces, as this can cause injury to ankles or knees. Many people worry that
aerobics or jogging are too strenuous and ( 9 ) ______ harmful, but if you start off

227
gently, there ( 1 0 )______ be no problem. Both activities have advantage of not
needing any special equipment, apart from the corrcct shoes for jogging and
perhaps a tracksuit to put on afterwards to keep warm.
Open cloze 2
Carbohydrates, which arc (1) ______ , arc an essential part o f a healthy diet
They provide the main source o f energy for the body, and they also (2) _
to flavor and sweeten foods. Carbohydrates (3) _____ from simple sugars like
glucose to complex sugars such as amvlase and amyl pectin. Nutritionists (4)
______ that carbohydrates should make up about one-fourth to one-fifth of a
person's diet. This (5) _____ to about 75-100 grams o f carbohydrates per day,
A diet that is ( 6 ) ______ in carbohydrates can have an adverse effect on a
person's health. When the body lacks a ( 7 ) ____ amount o f carbohydrates, it
must (8) ............. use its protein supplies for energy, a (9) _______ called
gluconeogenesis. This, however, results in a lack o f necessary protein, and
further (1 0 )______ difficulties may occur. A lack of carbohydrates can also lead
to ketosis, a build-up o f ketones in the body that causes fatigue, lethargy, and
bad breath.

II. WORD FORMS

WORD FORMATION 1
Supply the correct forms of the words given.
1. The cargo w a s __________ ____ for safe and efficient shipping.
(CONTENT)
2. Sh e________________ questions about whether she plans to run, saying she’s
focused on her voter registration and campaign financc initiatives. (STEP)
3. He was a (n ) ____________ ____who refused to be bound by tradition. (ICON)
4. "I am going to ask that very question o f you," said N o rto n ____ ____________.
(URBAN)
5. Mark, a ___________ ;____commentator, was often featured on state television
explaining government policy. (TELEVISION)
6. 6. He decided to resign rather than cozy up to ______ in the party. (LINE)
7. I asked h im ________________ whether he wanted the job. (BLANK)
8. At the entrance o f a gre asy ,________________ kitchen, we met an old woman
who was carefully carrying some putrid tripe in a rag. (ODOR)
9. Politicians and academics pointed to the building's ___________ _
contours as a cautionary tale o f architectural overreach. (BECOME)
10. The project was subject to the usual ____________ o f exploratory research.
(VICIOUS)

WORD FORMATION 2
Fill in the blank with an appropriate form of one o f the words given to make
a meaningful passage.

bone, with visible center knowledge little seek involve lie suburb

228
 Unlikely Boomtowns: The W orld's Hottest Cities
Mcgacitics like London. New York and Tokyo loom large in our
imaginations. They are still associated with fortune, fame and the future. But
with all respect to the science-fiction novelists who have ( 1 ) _________ _ a
future of urban giants, their day is over. The typical growth rate o f the
population within a megacity has slowed from more than eight per cent in the
! 980s to less than half that over the last five years. Instead, the coming years will
belong to a smaller, far humbler relation - the Second City.
The emergence o f Second Cities has flowed naturally (if unexpectedly) from
the earlier success of the megacities. In the 1990s, megacities boomed as global
markets did. This was particularly true in areas with high-tech or ( 2 ) _________
industries like finance. Bonuses got bigger, bankers got richer and real-estate
prices in the world's most (3) __________ cities soared. 'Economically, after
a city reaches a certain size its productivity starts to fall,1 notes Mario Pezzini,
head o f the regional-competitiveness division of the OEỈCD. He puts the tipping
point at about six million people, after1 which costs, travel times and the
occasional chaos create a situation in whicli the centre of the city may be a great
place, but only for the rich, and the (4 ) ________ areas become harder to live
and work in.
One reaction to this phenomenon is further sprawl - high prices in the urban
core and traditional suburbs drive people to distant ( 5 ) ____ ____ _ with
extreme commutes into big cities. Às Frey notes, in the major u s metropolitan
areas, average commuting times have doubled over the last fifteen years.
Why docs one town become a booming Second City while another fails? The
answer hinges on whether a community has the (6) _____ _____to exploit the
forces pushing people and businesses out of the megacitics. Ỡne key is excellent
transport links, especially to the biggest commercial centres. Though barely a
decade old, Goyang is South Korea's fastest-growing city in part because it is 30
minutes by subway from Seoul.
Another growth driver for Second Cities is the ( 7 ) ______________ o f work,
driven in large part by new technologies. While more financial deals are done
now in big capitals like N ew York and London than ever before, it is also clear
that plenty o f booming service industries are leaving for 'Rising Urban Stars' like
Dubai, Montpellier and Cape Town. These placgs have not only improved their
Internet ( 8 ) _______________ , but often have technical institutes and universities
that turn out the kinds o f talent that populate growth industries.
All this means that Second Cities won't stay small, indeed some countries are
actively promoting their growth. Italy, for example, is trying to create tourist
hubs o f towns close to each other with distinctive buildings and offering
different yet complementary cultural activities. (9) ___________ ■ of
policymaking power is leaving, many ( 1 0 ) ___ _____ ____cities more free than
ever to shape their destinies. To them all: this is your era. Don't blow it.

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3. E R R O R C O R R E C T IO N
Identify 10 mistakes in this passage and suggest corrections.
A recent discovery has led scientists to revise their ideas about the ancestors
of early humans. It seems they started to make use o f stone tools nearly one
million years earlier as had previously thought. Archaeologists revised the date
after spotting distinctive marks made by stone tools on animal bones dated back
nearly three and a half million years. The remnants, including a rib from a cow-
like creature and a thigh bone from an animal similar in size o f a goat, were
recovered from an old river bed which was being excavated in Europe.
The use o f simple stone tools to remove meat from bones represents a crucial
moment in human history. As a result o f turning to meat for sustenance, the early
human developed larger brains, which in part enabled them to make more
sophisticated tools. The bones unearthed in Ethiopia might well represent the
very beginning of that procedure.
What scientists are still hoping to discover is whether the stone tools were
manufactured specifically to meet a need or whether they are natural forces that
by chance had the correct shapes and the necessary sharp edges. Any way, it
seems that the early humans carried the tools around with them rather than
to rely on being able to find suitable one when the need rose.

4. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
Rewrite the following sentences using the words given.
1. He became famous but it did harm his health. (DETRIMENT)
—> He s h o t_____________________ _______________ _____________________
2. She laughed very loudly though she did not intend to. (HERSELF)
—» She roared __________________________ _______ _____________ .
3. They could play on computer for as long as they wanted to. (HEARTS)
—> They w e re _____________ _______. _____ __________content.
4. Youtube is believed to have begun its life as a video dating site. (LEGEND)
- » _____________ __________________________ ____________ .
5. Although I could run very fast, I finished second to last in the race. (BUT)
—» A fa s t___________________________________________ _________________.
6. Except for Britain, all the countries have signed the agreement. (LEAVING)
A ll__________ :______ __________ limb.
7. According to psychologists, dreams can be explained in different ways.
(STANDPOINT)
—> F rom _______________________________________________ interpretation.
8. She can’t attend this morning conference since her flight was delayed. (TAKEN)
—> Were ■
______
9. His reeent behaviors are outrageous.
-» The way 1 _________________________________ ordinary.
10. Jenny pretended that she had forgotten his birthday. (MADE)
-» Jenny ._______________________________________________ mind.

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