PRACTICE TEST 43 (EXTRA)

Choose the best option A, B, C, or D to complete the following sentences.

1. I would like passersby to be excited by the sculpture and to feel it has not a ………… value but a timeless
feel to it.
A. conclusive B. swindling C. twisting D. superficial
2. ………… recent incidents, we are asking our customers to take particular care of their personal belongings.
A. Considering B. Bearing in mind C. After all D. In light of
3. But most people will not assess the small print setting out changes to a(n) ………… and little-understood
institutional structure.
A. ambiguous B. raucous C. intricate D. lively
4. Every time she is in a …………, she rings her father and asks for help.
A. chance B. trouble C. difficulty D. fix
5. The world’s first boot camp for teenagers addicted to the Internet may be the ………… of things to come.
A. draft B. formula C. character D. shape
6. I've had some good winnings at blackjack, but I don't think I should ________ my luck any further.
A. press B. bend C. tease D. push
7. Sam was born in the country and had a deep ………… with nature.
A. credence B. stature C. guile D. affinity
8. When her tears had ………… their course, she felt calmer and more in control.
A. run B. put C. take D. set
9. His emotional problems ………… from the attitudes he encountered as a child.
A. flourish B. stem C. root D. spout
10. She ………… scorn on his plans to get rich quickly.
A. threw B. splashed C. spread D. heaped
11. He quickly learned the ………… of the job.
A. by and large B. fair and square C. ins and outs D. odds and ends
12. The picking of the fruit, …………, takes about a week.
A. whose work they receive no money B. for which work they receive no money
C. they receive no money for it D. as they receive no money for that work
13. She made ………… telling him exactly what she thought of him.
A. the best of B. no bones about C. a splash D. a clean sweep of
14. My patience is beginning to ………….
A. makes waves B. hold water C. wear very thin D. stay afloat
15. I don't care if I have to drive through a blizzard—we are getting to this wedding come hell or high ________!
A. wave B. iceberg C. water D. flood
16. ………… invisible to the unaided eye, ultraviolet light can be detected in a number of ways.
A. Although is B. Despite C. Even though D. Although
17. You can imagine how upset I was after the closure of the magazine. Since the first day on its staff I …………
it as my best job ever.
A. have considered B. considered C. had considered D. was considered
18. The boss shouted at me as if ………….
A. I had been the only one who were to blame B. I were the only one to blame
C. nobody but I am to blame D. only I had been blamed
19. If I were you, I would regard their offer with considerable ………… because it seems too good to be true.
A. suspicion B. doubt C. reservation D. disbelief
20. I was all ready to tell him that the relationship was over when he greeted me with a big bunch of
flowers - that took the ________ out of my sails.
A. wind B. breeze C. air D. flow
21.With patience and diplomacy, she eventually ______ the son of the billion-dollar company into marrying her.
A. deluded B. inveigled C. cruised D. swindled
22. ______ piety has degraded in modern society as more children are disobedient and disrespectful to their
parents.
A. Filial B. Childhood C. Familial D. Fraternal
23. After our three-hour hike, I had a sandwich and it tasted like the best food in the world. Hunger is the best
______.
A. chef B. sauce C. seasoning D. flavor
24. You are being unnecessarily ______ by spending too much time on the details of your CV.
A. recalcitrant B. mendacious C. dogmatic D. pedantic
25. Although the room was ______ decorated in gold and silver, it was not my type.
A. ostentatiously B. tantalizingly C. gregariously D. benevolently
26. You should stop buying those fancy sneakers, money doesn’t grow on ______.
A. grass B. air C. trees D. land
27. Cold was the steel of my ______ for the boys who broke my heart.
A. hatchet to bury B. axe to grind C. screw to loose D. nail to hit
28. I know she's had a hard time, but that is by no means a justifiable reason for her to ______ her ex-husband of
all his money.
A. dry B. cede C. take D. milk
29. He only goes to watch a match when his favorite team plays, otherwise, he has no ______ in the fight.
A. bull B. chick C. dog D. bet
30. Human Resources managers complain that there is a ______ of talented candidates.
A dearth B. vestige C. replica D. drought
31. I have written books myself, to the dismay and despair of my few friends, and the ______ delight of an ever-
increasing circle of enemies.
A. exultant B. exuberant C. exorbitant D. extempore
32. After 6 years serving, Harry was ______ from the army following his severe injury.
A. evicted B. discharged C. excluded D. detained
33. The police were corrupt and were operating in ______ with the drug dealers.
A. intricacy B. tandem C. agreement D. collusion
34. Her racist comments came under severe ______.
A. censure B. admonition C. precept D. vindication
35. I need to meet with Jim before the negotiations to make sure that we will be on the same ______ when we
meet with the other company.
A. line B. boat C. page D. stage
36.I'm sure there's no real crisis—Janet is always crying ________ so that we'll do her work for her
A. dog B. bear C. wolf D. donkey
37.My parents always taught me to reach for the ________ when I was growing up—that I could be anything I
set my mind to!
A. stars B. moon C. sun D. galaxies
38. Look at that fool, all dressed up like a ________ dinner. Who told him that patterned suit was a good idea?
A. tiger’s B. whale’s C. cow’s D. dog’s
39.You need to wear a life jacket because there's always a chance that the boat could turn ________.
A. beetle B. fish C. crab D. turtle
40. The fantastic performance by the Ugandan runner put his opponents in the ________.
A. shade B. bottom C. mud D. snow
41. They discovered the ancient tomb by pure ______; in fact, no archaeologists had been expecting anything
valuable at that site.
A. palpability B. morbidity C. serendipity D. culpability
42. Adding vodka to this perfect cocktail recipe is far from the icing on the cake; in fact, you are gilding the
______ by doing so!
A. lupin B. lily C. aster D. mallow
43. To be honest, Henry’s essay is merely a pompous word ______ and does nothing more than beating
around the bush.
A. cocktail B. mélange C. salad D. potpourri
44. The conference was so boring that I tried to _____ out of the auditorium without my colleagues noticing.
A. slither B. slink C. prowl D. strut
45. We may have to endure the long-term economical ______ of Covid-19 for a long time.
A. backdraft B. backfire C. backwash D. backlash
WORD FORM
PART 1: Write the correct form of the word given in the brackets.
The Swedish Academy announced on Friday morning that there would be no Nobel laureate or literature selected
in 2018, as it attempts to come to terms with controversy over its links to a man accused of sexual assault. For
the first time since 1940, the (1. SECRET) ______ jury that hands out the world’s most prestigious literary
award will not unveil a winner this autumn, instead revealing two winners in 2019. The decision comes after a
string of sexual assault allegations made against the French photographer Jean- Claude Arnault.
With academy members engaging in (2. PRECEDE) ______ fights in the Swedish press, permanent secretary of
the academy Sara Danius resigned on 12 April – to widespread protests in Sweden over the implication that she
was taking the hit for male (3. BEHAVE) ______ - as did Frostenson, after a three-hour meeting (4. MEMBER)
______ of the academy, which was established in 1786 by Swedish king Gustav III, is intended to be (5. LIFE)
______, resulting in any resignations leaving an empty chair until the jury member’s death. Following the spate
of recent (6. BREAK) _____, Sweden’s King Carl XVI Gustav announced he would change the rules, allowing
new members to be appointed to replace resigning members. With only 20 active members on the 18-person jury,
the academy said it would spend the year (7. BUILD) ______ its structure and (8. HAUL) ______ its practice,
including “modernizing” its statutes.
Chairman of the Nobel Foundation board, Carl-Henrik Heldin said: “The crisis in the Swedish Academy has
adversely affected the Nobel prize. Their decision (9. SCORE) ______ the seriousness of the situation and will
help (10. GUARD) ______ the long-term reputation of the Nobel prize. None of this impacts the awarding of
the 2018 Nobel prize on other prize categories''.
PART 2
1.He was ___________ with intelligence but he tried hard to make up for it. (ENDOW)
2.Any ___________ gimmicks are forbidden in this competition. (MALICE)
3.Surely all women must have ___________ instinct or the human race would die out. (MOTHER)
4.Putting up with noise coming from the neighbor is probably the most ____________thing. (TO)
5.The leader was taken into custody, which brought an end to the _____________. (SURGE)
6.The spectacular view of Sa Pa has _____________ many visitors. (RAPTURE)
7.Andy has received such _____________ fame after he tried himself in the school’s play. (WONT)
8.The aridity in that area _____________ a poor crop. (TOKEN)
9.Some people argue that money has _____________ football. (BASE)
10. This remote village bore the _____________ of the storm. (PREDATOR)
11.Harry Porter’s personality is successfully ___________ by J.K.Rowling throughout her series. (LINE)
12.Your __________ saying last night could hurt other people’s feelings although you might not intend to say so.
(SENSE)
13.What Thuy Minh said has provoked violent __________ from critics as well as celebrities. (BLAST)
14.You are becoming a(n) ___________. Just go outside and see what happens. (LAY)
15.A ___________ is an instrument that separates light into a frequency spectrum and records the signal using a
camera. (SPECTRUM)
16.Cindy showed ___________ support at Josh’s project. She always believes him. (FALTER)
17.This place is an ___________ zone, which is restricted to people who work in the Parliamentary House only.
(EXCLUDE)
18.I __________ the distance from my house to the Ann’s hospital and arrived there rather late. (RECK)
19.The apricot blossom __________ during spring. (GERM)
20.In an _________ world, people have to change to get into the swing of the environment. (EVOLVE)
PART 3
Write the correct form of each bracketed word in each sentence
1. In spite of his inane (APPROPRIATE), he can talk circles around everyone else in the book.
2. The hotel has an attractive bar area, an alacarte restaurant currently holding Michelin star and a
(BREW) with patio area.
3. The (THERMOMETER) for CO2 at 321 kK shows that the gas does not liquefy whatever the
pressure and volume at this temperature.
4. (TERROR), the involvement of terrorist organizations and insurgent groups in drug trafficking, has
become a problem with international implications.
5. The cleft palate is generally repaired between the ages of 6 months and 2 years by a plastic or
(FACE) surgeon.
6. There are currently (ALLERGEN) varieties of down pillows to allow people sensitive to down to
enjoy the comfort of feather or down pillows.
7. His (VENTRICLE) is excellent, but his imitations of singing birds and domestic animals ar sufficient
of themselves to merit the attention of the public.
8. To maximize contrast cues from objects in a (CHROME) environment, the remaining visual
pigments should be matched to the ambient wavelengths of light.
9. He dismissed the whole plan as (DOODLE).
10.(DEMON) broke out after the authorities failed to reach an agreement with the protesters, and the
army was deployed to control the situation.
Choose the correct answer from the four options marked A, B, C, or D to complete each numbered gap in
the following passage.
Dinosaur Provincial Park
Located in the (1) …………… badlands of southeastern Alberta, the park is undoubtedly best-known for its (2)
…………… fossil beds, where some 35 different species of dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period have so
far been identified. The area was (3) …………… a UNESCO world heritage site some three decades ago, not
just on account of its paleontological value, but also due to the (4) …………… of animal and plant life to which
it is home.
The Red Deer River runs through the present-day park, creating a habitat in which willows and cottonwoods (5)
……………. Antelope and a type of deer whose name is lent to the aforementioned intersecting river graze on
the grassy plains of the area, which also (6) …………… to other mammalian species such as the predatory
coyote and the rabbit – the coyote’s main food source in the area, which also (7) …………… more than 150
species of birds.
Dinosaur fossils were first discovered here nearly a century and a half ago, but large-scale (8) …………… did
not begin for another 30-odd years. Significant (9) …………… include a near-complete skeleton of
Albertosaurus libratus, a member of the tyrannosaur family, and a complete skull of Centrosaurus apertus, a
horned dinosaur that lived a(n) (10) …………… 75 million years ago.
1. A. infamous B. reputable C. popular D. sheer
2. A. extensive B. thorough C. expanded D. protracted
3. A. designated B. allocated C. apportioned D. nominated
4. A. uniformity B. diversity C. extent D. fluctuation
5. A. thrive B. progress C. improve D. elevate
6. A. home B. range C. ground D. open
7. A. support B. aid C. help D. assist
8. A. explorations B. excavations C. examinations D. extrapolations
9. A. works B. catches C. assets D. finds
10. A. regarded B. anticipated C. predicted D. estimated
Read the following passage and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
DIAGNOSING DYSLEXIA
Approximately five per cent of the population suffer from dyslexia. The cause of the disorder is unknown and it
is (1) ________ found in people of otherwise normal intectual ability. The condition is (2) ________ by severe
reading difficulties, with dyslexics frequently confusing letters or words. They may, for example, read or write
letters, words or sentences in the wrong (3) ________. Although the problem can be overcome with intensive
instruction, sufferers usually continue to read and write poorly throughout their lives.
Traditionally, diagnosis has been made by reading experts, which means that many (4) ________ are not
formally (5) ________ until a child is around ten years of age. Now, however, a group of psychologists in the
United States believe that they have found a way of identifying in their first days of life children who will
develop dyslexia. This is exciting news as early identification and (6) ________ make early instruction possible,
perhaps avoiding later problems altogether.
The research team has identified (7) ________ differences between the brain (8) ________ patterns of dyslexics
and those of better readers. Attaching electrodes to the heads of babies just 36 hours old, they measured the size
and speed of their brain responses to selected stimuli. The children were (9) ________ and given IQ and
comprehension tests every two years. At eight, reading tests were administered to identify those who were
dyslexic. More than 90 percent diagnosed as dyslexic could have been singled out at birth. This research is still
in its (10) ________ but may result in a future in which dyslexia no longer causes life long distress.
1. A. naturally B. commonly C. customarily D. actually
2. A. characterized B. distinguished C. marked D. identified
3. A. arrangement B. series C. sequence D. order
4. A. instances B. cases C. times D. occurrences
5. A. picked up B. noted down C. shown up D. put down
6. A. interference B. intrusion C. intervention D. recognition
7. A. frank B. evident C. distinct D. precise
8. A. pace B. wave C. pulse D. signal
9. A. monitored B. viewed C. followed D. inspected
10. A. beginnings B. infancy C. outset D. origins
fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable word. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes provided.
The Bergen Line
Few European railways (0) _______ such desolate mountain terrain as the 310-mile line (1)
_______ Norway's capital with its principal port and second city, Bergen. It is the highest mainline
railway in northern Europe, (2) _______ the Hardangervidda plateau at 4060ft, and for nearly 60
miles it is above the tree line, in terrain with few (3) _______ of human life. It was also one of the
most difficult railways to build. There were few roads for supplies; deep snow and freezing
temperatures for months on (4) _______reduced productive days; and miles of tunnel had to be
bored, mostly through solid gneiss. The line opened in (5) _______from 1883, one of the opening
trains becoming (6) _______ in snow, but the first scheduled train for Bergen did not leave Oslo until
1908. It has become a popular journey for tourists, not only for the main line itself but also as a
way to (7) _______ access to the branch line and the fjord village of Flam. Snow is a (8) _______almost
throughout the year, because the average snow-line in Norway is at about 3000ft, compared with
7000ft in Switzerland.
0. A. travel B. transcend C. traverse D. transfer
1. A. relating B. bonding C. linking D. combining
2. A. reaching B. acquiring C. scanning D. ranging
3. A. marks B. proofs C. factors D. signs
4. A. end B. time C. row D. line
5. A. pieces B. sections C. portions D. segments
6. A. surrounded B. loaded C. buried D. fallen
7. A. hold B. gain C. make D. bring
8. A. feature B. vision C. part D. deal

Read the text and fill in each blank with one most suitable word.
PART 1
Natural Forecasters
Reports of unusual animal behaviour prior (1) ………… the occurrence of earthquakes have been recorded in
literature dating as (2) ………… back as 1784. However, to (3) …………, there has been very little in-depth
scientific research into the phenomenon. However, (4) ………… that a geophysical tool has not been designed
which gives advance warning of an impending earthquake, observations of animal behavior might (5) …………
out to be a useful tool. Animals and birds could act as geosensors. It is well known that the Earth's
electromagnetic field is used by birds and fish as an aid to navigation and migration. Sharks (6) ………… use of
low or high frequency electro-receptors to detect objects and to communicate. Perhaps it is time to (7) …………
this sensitivity to good use? Animals may have the means to understand the signal (8) ………… says 'leave this
place' or 'fly-away now' or (9) ………… is necessary to survive the coming catastrophe. lt comes (10) …………
no surprise, therefore, that animals have the potential to act as accurate geosensors, to detect earthquakes before
they occur.

PART 2
Until a year or so ago, the (1)______ was true in Britain. The law was strictly enforced, so that any domestic
animal taken (2)______ had to spend six months in quarantine on its (3)______, and as a result owners were
unwilling to (4)______ their beloved pets to the term of (5)______ and some stayed at home themselves in
(6)______.
In 1994, a devoted dog owner, Lady Fretwell, founded Passports for Pets in an attempt to promote a
(7)______ of the law and additional regulations are now in force. Pets must be fitted with an identification (8)
______, be vaccinated against rabies and blood tested six months later, after which their 'passport’ will be
issued. When crossing the English Channel pets must remain in the car or in their own kennels on the ship’s
(9)______ and visit a vet two days before the journey to be treated for ticks and tapeworm, and given a
certificate. Otherwise, the statutory six months ‘in gaol’ will still apply.
Owners are (10)______ warned of the risks from the animal’s point of view. On no account should an animal
travel if in poor health or if it cannot stand being in a car for long periods. Owners, especially the vast majority
who head south for the sunshine, should also bear in mind that lying on the beach and visiting historic
monuments are not a dog’s idea of a good time. On the whole most dogs would be happier staying at home.
Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the following questions.
Feeding habits of East African herbivores
Buffalo, zebras, wildebeests, topi, and Thomson's gazelles live in huge groups that together make up some 90
percent of the total weight of mammals living on the Serengeti Plain of East Africa. They are all herbivores
(plant-eating animals), and they all appear to be living on the same diet of grasses, herbs, and small bushes. This
appearance, however, is illusory. When biologist Richard Bell and his colleagues analyzed the stomach contents
of four of the five species (they did not study buffalo), they found that each species was living on a different part
of the vegetation. The different vegetational parts differ in their food qualities: lower down, there are succulent,
nutritious leaves; higher up are the harder stems. There are also sparsely distributed, highly nutritious fruits, and
Bell found that only the Thomson's gazelles eat much of these. The other three species differ in the proportion of
lower leaves and higher stems that they eat: zebras eat the most stem matter, wildebeests eat the most leaves, and
topi are intermediate.
How are we to understand their different feeding preferences? The answer lies in two associated differences
among the species, in their digestive systems and body sizes. According to their digestive systems, these
herbivores can be divided into two categories: the nonruminants (such as the zebra, which has a digestive system
like a horse) and the ruminants (such as the wildebeest, topi, and gazelle, which are like the cow). Nonruminants
cannot extract much energy from the hard parts of a plant; however, this is more than made up for by the fast
speed at which food passes through their guts. Thus, when there is only a short supply of poor-quality food, the
wildebeest, topi, and gazelle enjoy an advantage. They are ruminant and have a special structure (the rumen) in
their stomachs, which contains microorganisms that can break down the hard parts of plants. Food passes only
slowly through the ruminant's gut because ruminating-digesting the hard parts-takes time. The ruminant
continually regurgitates food from its stomach back to its mouth to chew it up further (that is what a cow is doing
when "chewing cud"). Only when it had been chewed up and digested almost to a liquid can the food pass
through the rumen and on through the gut. Larger particles cannot pass through until they have been chewed
down to size. Therefore, when food is in short supply, a ruminant can last longer than a non-ruminant because it
can derive more energy out of the same food. The difference can partially explain the eating habits of the
Serengeti herbivores. The zebra chooses areas where there is more low-quality food. It migrates first to
unexploited areas and chomps the abundant low-quality stems before moving on. It is a fast-in/fast-out feeder,
relying on a high output of incompletely digested food. By the time the wildebeests (and other ruminants) arrive,
the grazing and trampling of the zebras will have worn the vegetation down. As the ruminants then set to work,
they eat down to the lower, leafier parts of the vegetation. All of this fits in with the differences in stomach
contents with which we began.
The other part of the explanation is body size. Larger animals require more food than smaller animals, but
smaller animals have a higher metabolic rate. Smaller animals can therefore live where there is less food,
provided that such food is of high energy content. That is why the smallest of the herbivores, Thomson's gazelle,
lives on fruit that is very nutritious but too thin on the ground to support a larger animal. By contrast, the large
zebra lives on the masses of low-quality stem material.
The differences in feeding preferences lead, in turn, to differences in migratory habits. The wildebeests
follow, in their migration, the pattern of local rainfall. The other species do likewise. But when a new area is
fueled by rain, the mammals migrate toward it in a set order to exploit it. The larger, less fastidious feeders, the
zebras, move in first; the choosier, smaller wildebeests come later; and the smallest species of all, Thomson's
gazelle, arrives last. The later species all depend on the preparations of the earlier one, for the actions of the zebra
alter the vegetation to suit the stomachs of the wildebeest, topi, and gazelle.
1. The word “illusory” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. definite B. illuminating C. misleading D. exceptional
2. Which of the following questions about Richard Bell's research is NOT answered in paragraph 1?
A. Which of the herbivores studied is the only one to eat much fruit?
B. Which part of the plants do wildebeests prefer to eat?
C. Where did the study of herbivores' eating habits take place?
D. Why were buffalo excluded from the research study?
3. The word "associated" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. obvious B. significant C. expected D. connected
4. The author mentions the cow and the horse in paragraph 2 in order to
A. distinguish the functioning of their digestive systems from those of East African mammals
 B. emphasize that their relatively large body size leads them to have feeding practices similar to those of East
African mammals
C. illustrate differences between ruminants and nonruminants through the use of animals likely to be familiar
to most readers
D. emphasize similarities between the diets of cows and horses and the diets of East African mammals
5. According to paragraph 2, which of the following herbivores has to eat large quantities of plant stems
because it gains relatively little energy from each given quantity of this food?
A. The gazelle B. The wildebeest C. The zebra D. The topi
6. Paragraph 2 suggests that which of the following is one of the most important factors in determining
differences in feeding preferences of East African herbivores?
A. The availability of certain foods B. The differences in stomach structure
C. The physical nature of vegetation in the environment D. The ability to migrate when
food supplies are low
7. According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of East African gazelles EXCEPT:
A. They digest their food very quickly.
B. Microorganisms help them digest their food.
C. They are unable to digest large food particles unless these are chewed down considerably.
D. They survive well even if food supplies are not abundant.
8. The word "fastidious" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. rapid B. determined C. flexible D. demanding
9. According to paragraph 4, which of the following mammals exhibits a feeding behavior that is beneficial to
the other herbivores that share the same habitat?
A. Topi B. Zebra C. Wildebeest D. Gazelle
10. According to the passage, which of the following is true of wildebeests?
A. They eat more stem matter than zebras do.
B. They are able to digest large food particles if the food is of a high quality.
C. They tend to choose feeding areas in which the vegetation has been worn down.
D. They are likely to choose low-quality food to eat in periods when the quantity of rainfall is low.

Read the passage and do the tasks that follow

Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings (i-xv) below. Write the
appropriate letters (i-xv) in the space provided after questions 1-5.
Lotte and Wytze Hellinga
A. As a student at the University of Amsterdam after the Second World War, Lotte found herself stimulated first
by the teaching of Herman de la Fontaine Verwey and then by that of the forceful personality of Wytze
Hellinga, at that time Professor of Dutch Philology at the University. Wytze Hellinga’s teaching was
grounded in the idea of situating what he taught in its context. Obliged to teach Gothic, for example, he tried
to convey a sense of the language rooted in its own time and environment.
B. Study of the book was becoming increasingly important at the University of Amsterdam at this period, as the
work of de la Fontaine Verwey and Gerrit Willem Ovink testifies. Wytze Hellinga’s interests, formerly
largely in a socio-linguistic direction, were now leaning more towards texts and to the book as the medium
that carried written texts.
C. Much of Wytze’s teaching followed his own research interests, as he developed his ideas around the sense
that texts should properly be understood in the context of their method of production and dissemination. He
was at this time increasingly turning to codicology and to the classic Anglo-Saxon model of bibliography in
the realization that the plan to produce a proper critical edition of the works of Pieter Comeliszoon Hooft, the
seventeenth-century poet, dramatist and historian, depended on the application of the skills of analytical
bibliography.
D. Encouraged by his work, Lotte produced an undergraduate thesis on the printer’s copy of the Otia of
Constantijn Huygens (The Hague, 1625). This work, incidentally, has never been published, although an
article was regularly announced as forthcoming in Quaerendo during the early 1970s.
E. On graduation in 1958, events took a turn that was to prove fateful. Lotte was awarded a postgraduate
fellowship by the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Zuiver-Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (or Z.W.O) to go to
England to study fifteenth-century printing, and Marie Kronenberg, the doyenne of Dutch bibliographers,
arranged for her to be “taught incunabulizing” (as she put it) by Victor Scholderer at the British Museum.
F. As an honorary Assistant Keeper at the Museum, then, she came to England in 1959, assisting among other
things with the preparation of BMC volume IX (concerning the production of Holland and Belgium) while
 studying the texts of the Gouda printer Gerard Leeu to see if the sources (and hopefully printer’s copy) for his
editions could be identified. Although the subject proved difficult to define immediately so as to lead in a
productive direction, most of this work was nonetheless to find its way into print in such collaborative
publications as the Hellingas’ Fifteenth century printing types, the edition of the Bradshaw correspondence
and the 1973 Brussels catalogue, to each of which we shall return. But during her time at the Museum,
Lotte’s attention was also attracted by such things as English provenances on early-printed continental books,
an interest which has stayed with her throughout her career.
G. Wytze’s attention too was turning towards incunabula at this time, as witnessed by the fifteenth-century
examples used in his Copy and Print in the Netherlands (1962), and there began a fruitful period of
collaborative work which was issued in a stream of short bibliographical articles on Low Countries
incunabula, and culminated triumphantly in the ground-breaking Fifteenth-Century Printing Types of the
Low Countries, commissioned (at Wytze’s instance) by Menno Hertzberger in 1961 and published in 1966.
These years saw periods of intensive study irtthe libraries strongest in the incunabula of the Low Countries,
with whole summers passed in Cambridge and Copenhagen as well as shorter visits to libraries from Oxford
to Vienna.
H. The partnership between Lotte and Wytze was also to lead to marriage and to the birth of their son. Between
1961 and 1975, the Hellingas were in Amsterdam. In 1965, Lotte had obtained a research assistantship for
Dutch prototypography from the Z.W.O., and from 1967 she was teaching at the Institute of Dutch Studies at
the University of Amsterdam. She continued to develop her interest in analytical bibliography in a number of
directions, perhaps most strikingly in important work on early Dutch printing and an examination of the
Coster question. She also contributed to the catalogue which accompanied the exhibition held in Brussels in
1973 to commemorate the quincentenary of the introduction of printing to the Netherlands, a collaborative
work that still provides the best presentation of the work of the early printers of the Low Countries.
I. The year 1974 saw the award of a doctorate by the University of Amsterdam for her thesis on the relationship
between copy and print in a fifteenth-century printing-house, Methode en praktijk bij het zetten van boeken
in de vijftiende eeuw. This seminal work, remaining as a Dutch dissertation of limited diffusion, has perhaps
not been as widely read as it deserves. There followed a year’s respite from teaching in 1975 with the
commission from Ens
List of Headings
i The classic Anglo-Saxon model
ii Lotte to go to England
iii More recognition deserved
iv Wytze’s research in Oxford
v Wytze’s interest in texts and the book
vi Lotte unpublished
vii Lotte to be published
viii Lotte’s first influences at university
ix Lotte’s work in England
x The development of Wytze’s research
xi Back in Amsterdam
xii A postgraduate student at university
xiii A socio-lingustic direction
xiv Wytze’s interest in incunabula
xv The birth of a son
1. ParagraphA …………
2.Paragraph B …………
3. Paragraph C …………
4. Paragraph D …………
5. Paragraph E …………

For questions 6-10, decide if the statements below agree with the information in Reading Passage 1.
In Boxes 9-14, write:
YES if the statement agrees with the information in the passage
NO if the statement contradicts the information in the passage
 NOT GIVEN if there is no information about the statement in the passage
6. Prior to his interests in the book, Wytze’s interest was mainly in socio-linguistics.
7. According to Wytze Hellinga, the production and dissemination of books were not really matters of
importance.
8. When Lotte moved to England, she found it difficult to settle in initially.
9. Lotte lived and worked in Amsterdam during part of the 60s and 70s.
10. Lotte’s postgraduate thesis was widely disseminated.

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow it.
A POPULAR ENLIGHTENMENT
Angry nerds and pro-science bloggers are doing a better job than scientists at defending reason. Long may it continue, says
Nicoli Nattrass
Alternative medicine has never enjoyed such popularity and respect. Therapies once dubbed "pseudoscience” or "quackery"
are now typically referred to as “alternative”, “complementary" or “holistic”. Practices that used to circulate on the
fringes are now accepted as mainstream. The rise of alternative medicine poses a problem for defenders of science.
Many see the fightback as a lost cause. I don't. I believe that the factors that allow quackery to prosper can and are
being harnessed for a counter¬revolution in defence of science.
In the past, those exploring alternative lifestyles joined groups of like-minded people and subscribed to countercultural
magazines. They now participate in online communities and surf the internet, where they encounter alternative websites
by the dozen, but also come across mainstream scientific viewpoints.
The web has proved to be a crucial mobilising instrument for pro-science activists. When the British Chiropractic
Association sued writer Simon Singh for libel, his supporters used Twitter and Facebook to keep abreast of the case. A
community of pro-science activists and bloggers has also sprung up. Their actions are not merely intellectual. Singh’s
supporters flooded the British Chiropractic Association with complaints about individual chiropractors, all of which
required investigation.
As British activist and physician Ben Goldacre wrote in 2009: "A ragged band of bloggers from all walks of life has, to my
mind, done a better job of subjecting an entire industry's claims to meaningful, public, scientific scrutiny than the
media, the industry itself, and even its own regulator. It’s strange this task has fallen to them, but I’m glad someone is
doing it, and they do it very, very well indeed.”
In other words, the defence of science is increasingly being undertaken by members of the public. Such defence was once
conducted primarily by scholars; today the battle is often fought at an individual level via cut-and- thrust debate in blog
postings.
This social phenomenon of “angry nerds" and "guerrilla bloggers”, dedicated to defending evidence-based medicine and
challenging quackery, is important. Rather than relying on scientists to defend the boundaries of science, we are seeing
a much more socially embedded struggle - a popular enlightenment project.
Can such a project work? Reasserting goals of progress through reason and evidence is one thing, but whether it has any
effect remains an open question. How easy is it to persuade people through factual corrections?
The answer seems to depend a great deal on the individual. For example, AIDS deniers are generally impervious to
corrective evidence. They are impossible to argue with, and indeed it may even be counterproductive to do so.
According to recent research, providing people who are ideologically committed to a particular view with incongruent
information can backfire by causing them to dig their heels in and support their original argument even more strongly.
This problem is a general one. A substantial body of psychological research suggests that humans tend to seek out and
evaluate information that reinforces their existing views. The digital revolution has exacerbated the problem because,
as journalist Farhad Manjoo writes, you can now "watch, listen to and read what you want, whenever you want; seek
out and discuss, in exhaustive and insular detail, the kind of news that pleases you; and indulge your political, social or
scientific theories... among people who feel exactly the same way”
I believe such pessimism goes too far, though. The boundary between mainstream and alternative knowledge may have
become more permeable, but the world has yet to enter what political scientist Michael Barkun of Syracuse University
in New York calls complete epistemological pluralism. The fact that quacks and AIDS deniers keep trying to get the
imprimatur of science for their discredited ideas, by trying to publish their work in peer- reviewed journals, for
example, speaks to the continued public prestige and power of science.
Furthermore, their support base is far from fixed in stone. Some people are so committed to unconventional views that they
cannot be moved, but they are the exception. People motivated to explore the cultic milieu- that fluid countercultural
space in which alternative therapies and conspiracy theories flourish - are open to changing their minds.
In his seminal work on the cultic milieu, sociologist Colin Campbell of York University, UK. stresses that it is not a space
where firm opinions are held, but rather a "society of seekers”- people who "do not necessarily cease seeking when a
revealed truth is offered to them”.
This creates the space for pro¬-science activists to compete for attention. When they do so, the internet becomes a tougher
place for people to sequestrate themselves in a comfortable cocoon of the like-minded.
This is good news for the enlightenment project. People may be biased in favour of interpretations that align with their
prejudices but this does not mean that they just believe what they like. Faced with information of sufficient quantity or
clarity, people do change their minds.
So the challenge for the pro¬-science movement is to keep an active and credible online presence. The web is an anarchic
space where defence of science ranges from ridicule and banter to serious discussion about findings along with links to
scientific articles and reports. It looks, in other words, like the space that used to be the preserve of the cultic milieu -
but with greater informational depth. The weapons of science and reason are still very much in contention.
For questions 96-101, choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) according to the text. Write your answers A, B, C or D) in the
corresponding numbered boxes.
1. In the first paragraph, the writer is in dispute with scientists who______.
A. continue to write alternative medicine off as insignificant
B. have themselves espoused the notion of alternative medicine
C. are of the opinion that it’s nugatory to take issue with assertions made by alternative medicine
D. use pejorative language when alluding to alternative medicine
2.What point does the writer make about scientific discourses on blogs?
A. It has undermined the position of those who would endorse science.
B. It has emboldened people to become too heartfelt about scientific bones of contention.
C. It has had a propensity to give too much credence to unscientific hypotheses.
D. It has insinuated more laypeople are partaking in scientific debates.
3..The quote from Fahad Manjoo elucidates the point that the Internet______.
A. beguiles people with very fixed convictions
B. can reinforce people's existing ideologies and prejudices
C. prompts people to take the beliefs of others more seriously
D. enables people to check out the facts behind established theories
4..The writer insinuates that proponents of discredited ideas in alternative medicines______.
a. are not always consistent in the arguments they bring forward
b. are of the view that they are treated inequitably by the scientific circle
c. remain keen to secure the approval of the scientific community
d. incline to disregard the antithetical corroboration provided by scientists
5..The writer refers to the work of Cole Campbell to substantiate his view that______.
A.certain groups of people will never be convinced by scientific theories
B.cogent arguments have the power to change people's opinions
C.scientists themselves can learn from sophisticated wrangles with laypeople
D. there are very few absolute truths in the world of science
6..In the final paragraph, the writer accentuates the need for pro-scientists to______.
A.associate any deliberations on the internet with pertinent research particulars
B.elude getting into heated tempestuous discussions with non-scientists on the internet
C.follow up vigorous discussions on the internet with authorised proceedings
D.maintain the integrity and exposure of scientific stances on the internet
For questions 102-105, complete the following sentences. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS
from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered spaces.
7.The profession of complementary medicine that erstwhile disseminated ______ is currently given credence to
as conformist.
8.Penetrable as the cut-off point between conventional and non-standard conceptions may have become, society
has not been primed for ______.
9.______, an adaptable and unconventional environment which pro-scientists are encouraged to scrutinise, makes
the project more propitious.
10.The scientific illumination undertaking can be countervailing in the case of exposing ______ to those who
have dedicated themselves to a specific stance or have unwonted perceptions.

For questions 106-108, in the numbered spaces on your answer sheet, write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information.
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information.
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage.

11.In an orthodox way, recent pro-science movements are increasingly represented by nonaccredited
“combatants”.
12.The British Chiropractic Association faced castigatory remonstrance from Singh’s advocates after
accusing him of vilification. 
13.The dynamic countercultural grounds for pro-scientists can reduce the prospects of individuals
aligning themselves with congruent viewpoints.

Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow it.
Turn up the light and you, too, can grow your own mind
The biggest challenge in science is to explain how the brain generates consciousness. The very concept defies
formal definition but perhaps an important way would be to define it as the first person, personal world as it
seems to you. As such, consciousness is not just a tantalising enigma, but also an embarrassment to some
scientists. If, after all, it is all about the subjective, then it could be distasteful to those of us who are trained to be
impartial.
Until recently, this aversion to a phenomenology that could not be measured or shared was enough to focus
most scientists on the smaller, but still awesome, problems of brain function - how the sludgy mass between our
ears actually works at the nuts and bolts level. More recently, the techniques of imaging brain activity on
computer and the relating of genes to specific brain properties, have given neuroscientists enough to think about.
But what has eluded us is how the brain works as a whole. Over the past few years, however, a growing band
of pioneers has asked the big question of how the cells and chemicals fit together to generate mental experience.
The problem has been that in our enthusiasm to be objective we have thrown the baby out with the bath
water, and turned our backs on the very quality that perplexes the non-biologist the first-hand feel of the subject
of experience.
Perhaps a happier approach might be to ask what it is we are actually going to expect of the brain. Perhaps the
mistake has been to liken consciousness to some kind of monolithic property that cannot be deconstructed. But
suppose we could draw up a list of criteria for envisaging how conscious processes might be sub-served by brain
tissue: what kind of issues might feature? We usually assume consciousness is all or none: you either have it or
you don't. This is why the study of consciousness has proved so hard for the neuroscientists: it is very hard to
peer into the human brain and find a magic property that is either there or not there. After all, science is about
measurement, quantity rather than quality so what if consciousness was quantitative, varied in degree, rather than
being there as some deus ex machina!
What it consciousness grows as brains grow can evolve, rather like a light bulb that is operated by an electric
dimmer switch. From humble beginnings in simple non-human animals or indeed in the early fetus, and grow to
become the sophisticated entities that we recognise in ourselves. Once we adopt the dimmer switch model, then
two ways forward open up. First is the possibility that our consciousness varies in degree from one moment to
the next. Second, we could start to look for states in the brain that can also vary in degree.
By correlating states of consciousness along with some feature of the brain that could vary in parallel, we
might open up a method for developing a way of looking at consciousness that could be expressed in scientific
terms and at the same time, respect the phenomenology beloved of philosophers.
One model that would work is that of a stone in a puddle. Imagine some kind of trigger from one moment to
the next that acted like a stone thrown onto a smooth surface of water - the ripples that resulted would depend in
degree on the force at which the stone was thrown, the height from which it was thrown its size and, of course,
the competition from subsequent stones that would deform the ripples. Could it be that there are equivalent
tipples in the brain?
Looking at conventional brain imaging techniques does not help. Most brain imaging is on a scale that
exceeds a second, and yet we know that tens of millions of brain cells can gather into a working assembly in less
than a quarter of a second. My own money gives on these highly global but very transient, events as a possible
correlate of consciousness.
In its simplest state, when there were not many connections between cells to begin with for example in a small
child, then consciousness would be at its most rudimentary. Such a state could also be revisited every night in
our dreams, when we are cut off from the raw input of our senses. Alternatively, in the middle of a bungee jump,
where the inputs come fast and furious, this time an assembly of brain cells would be restricted due to the
competition of the next set of ripples.
Connections between brain cells amazingly can be forged post-natally and most marvelously of all, reflect
individual experience. But less dramatically, every moment will leave its mark on the brain, in some change in
the strengthening of one input over another. It is this growing of individuality of brain configurations that happen
that I will argue is the mind. For me, not some airy- fairy alternative to the banal sludgy brain but rather the
personalisation of it. In this sense you would grow a mind as you develop, and that mind although it would
colour consciousness, could be separated from it.
1. According to the writer, what effect has the uncertainty surrounding the nature of consciousness had on scientists?
A. They have been reluctant to admit that they do not understand it.
B. They have chosen to review their theoretical perspective on it.
C. They have turned to neuroscientists for help on the matter.
D. They have opted to study more accessible phenomena.
2. The word “sludgy” in the 2nd paragraph mostly means ______.
A. stingy B. slimy C. rumbling D. scrumptious
3. When the writer says ‘we have thrown the baby out with the bath water' in paragraph 3, she means that ______.
A. a critical issue has been ignored
B. a possible solution has been rejected
C. too many ideas have complicated the matter
D. too many questions have remained unanswered
4. In generating an image of consciousness, the writer thinks an error has been made in ______.
A. failing to judge the processes that it deals with
B. assuming that it cannot be broken down into parts
C. analysing the brain's role in its development
D. using human subjects for neurological research.
5. The word “monolithic” in the 4th paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.
A. mesmeric B. auspicious C. momentous D. hulking
6. In the writer’s ‘dimmer switch model', consciousness is represented by ______.
A. the electricity B. the switch C. the operator D. the light
7. In the 'stone in a puddle' analogy, what does the stone represent ______.
A. brain cells B. brain inputs C. brain imaging D. brain function
8. The word “transient” in the 8th paragraph is best replaced by ______.
A. fleeting B. floaty C. flighty D. flying
9. What excites the writer most about the approach she is suggesting?
A. what it reveals about mental health
B. how it explains the function of brain cells
C. its application to personal experience
D. its dependence on human development
10. Which of the following reflects the writer's lack of respect for current views on consciousness?
A. 'rudimentary' B. ‘post- natally' C. 'airy-fairy' D. ‘sludgy’

You are going to read an article about the attraction of buying and renovating old houses. For questions 1-
10, choose from the sections (A–D). The sections may be chosen more than once.

In which section does the writer…

1. draw an analogy to underline how seriously she took an idea?

2. mention feelings of curiosity arising out of a conversation?

3. recall getting the first inkling that a dream wouldn’t be realised?
4. admit to harbouring some regrets about a missed opportunity?
5. remember ignoring sensible misgivings about a plan?
6. accept that the location of the house called Desolate left a lot to be desired?
7. attempt to rationalise her feelings about the house she wanted to buy?
8. pinpoint the moment when she decided to go for something?
9. suggest that her behaviour on one occasion was out of character?
 10.recount the story of another person who experienced similar feelings to her own?

Love at first sight

Why are people attracted to the idea of buying and renovating ruinous old houses?
A. Years ago, glancing through the property pages of the newspaper one evening, I stumbled upon a tiny
photograph of a small ivy-clad stone house with a triangle of blue sea in the background. ‘For sale by auction’ it
said, ‘guide price: £80,000.’ Even if I’d been looking for a country house, and I wasn’t, I’d hardly have opted for
one in such a remote area, yet somehow that little image became lodged in my mind. Next day, on a whim, I rang
the selling agent. The house, I gleaned, gloried in the name Desolate, was truly in the middle of nowhere and
hadn’t been touched in half a century. Intrigued, I immediately felt an urge to go and see it for myself. So, it was
that the following weekend, after an inordinately long drive down from London with the whole family in tow, I
found myself edging up the seemingly interminable farm track that led up to Desolate from the main road. It
turned out to be two little houses joined by a stone archway. On one side was a clapped out electricity generator;
on the other, a couple of dingy rooms downstairs and a couple more upstairs, all with rotten windows and
peeling, brown wallpaper. But from the sitting-room window was a view of a garden gate opening onto a field
with the sea cliffs beyond. On seeing that, I was smitten.

B. For more than 50 years, or so the story went, it had been home to a woman aviator called Miss Darker whose
wartime exploits had allegedly inspired Michael Ondaatje's novel, The English Patient. In the film, she’s played
by Kristin Scott Thomas and meets a nasty end in the North African desert. The real-life Miss Darker returned
home and spent the rest of her life as a recluse at Desolate. All of this just added to my conviction: I just had to
have her house. I didn’t care that my children thought it the grottiest thing ever, pointing out that despite the view
there was no access to the sea, and it was miles to the nearest shop. My ears were closed to such details. I was in
love and would elope if need be. I spent the next two weeks gazing rapt at the photos I’d taken and counting
money.

C. On the day of the auction, I drove down with an old friend. I took her to see Desolate first, showing it to her
with anxious pride as I would show her a man I was marrying. Yes, she said. She understood. The sale was being
held in a quiet local town, but as we arrived I sensed my plan was going awry. The car park was jammed with
large 4x4s and the room itself was full of braying Londoners: mostly women with expensively abundant hair, all
looking strained and excited. I took my place in the front row so I wouldn’t have to see the others crammed in
behind me. The bidding started at £50,000 and went up slowly. When it paused at £120,000, I was about to raise
a shaking hand, but it raced on up, far out of reach until Desolate eventually sold for the best part of half a
million. I couldn’t look at the man who’d bought it. I got into the car and wept. It was shameful for an
unsentimental, middle-aged woman to be brought so low by a heap of stone and a view. But I was desolate over
Desolate.

D. The memory of that thwarted love affair came back to me recently when a friend called to tell me about a
house she’d seen that was far too expensive for her and suited her in no way. I could hear in her voice that it was
pointless trying to talk sense into her. I started to wonder what it is about these houses that can hold such allure
for people that they sell for many times their value. Internet message boards are testimony to the fact that it’s by
no means an uncommon scenario. Perhaps the real reason has little to do with bricks or mortar. You look at a
view and you think: ‘This will make my life different.’ And of course, the houses we fall for most are those that
need us most – those where we can most easily make our mark and become part of their history. In the end, we
did buy a house; an ugly, cheap and practical one. But the sea is easily reached and through repeated use I've
grown fond of it. Yet in writing this article I’ve looked again at the photographs I took of Desolate all those years
ago and my heart still aches, just a bit.