Carnot Cycle For I.

C Engine And
Its Limitations

15BPE010- Nishant Bhojani

15BPE011- Karan Budhrani
15BPE014- Aakash Chauhan
 CONTENTS

• Carnot cycle
• Assumptions of Carnot cycle
• Carnot engine
• Working process
• Reversed Carnot cycle
• Applications of Carnot engine
• Limitations
• Conclusion
 CARNOT CYCLE
• Thermodynamic process , that describes how a
fluid is used to convert thermal energy into work

• Proposed in 1824 by French physicist Nicolas

Leonard Sadi Carnot

• Hypothetical cycle used to compare other cycle

• Consists of four reversible process

 ELEMENTS OF CARNOT CYCLE
• Working substances. (i.e. Air)

• Heat source and heat sink

• Piston-cylinder arrangement

• Diathermic cover (perfect heat conductor)

and Adiabatic cover (perfect heat insulator)
 ASSUMPTIONS

• Working substance is a perfect gas.

• No friction between the cylinder and piston.
• Transfer of heat does not affect the
temperature of source or sink.
• Walls of cylinder and piston are perfect heat
insulator.
• Changes in kinetic and potential energies are
negligible.
 CARNOT ENGINE
• A heat engine operating in an ideal, reversible
cycle(Carnot cycle) between two temperatures.

Fig-1. Carnot engine

 CARNOT THEOREM

• No real engine can be more efficient than a

Carnot engine operating between same two
reservoirs.

• All Carnot engines operating between

reservoirs at the same temperature have the
same efficiency.
 CHARACTERISTICS
High efficiency

Multi-source engine

Better reliability and easier maintenance

Safe, discrete and oxygen-free

Modularity and flexibility

 STAGES OF CARNOT CYCLE

 Reversible isothermal expansion (1-2, T=constant)

 Reversible adiabatic expansion (2-3, Q=0)

 Reversible isothermal compression (3-4,T=constant)

 Reversible adiabatic compression (4-1, Q=0)

 PV DIAGRAM

Fig-2. PV diagram for Carnot cycle

TEMPERATURE V.S ENTROPY

Fig-3. Temperature vs. Entropy diagram for Carnot cycle

 WORKING OF CARNOT ENGINE
•

Fig-4. Working process for Carnot engine

 WORKING OF CARNOT ENGINE
1) During this step (A to B in Figure 2, 1 to 2 Figure 3) the
gas is allowed to expand and it does work on the
surroundings. The temperature of the gas does not change
during the process, and thus the expansion is isothermic.
The gas expansion is propelled by absorption of heat
energy Q1 and entropy of the gas increases from the high
temperature reservoir.

1) For this step (B to C on Figure 2, 2 to 3 in Figure 3) the

piston and cylinder are assumed to be thermally insulated,
thus they neither gain nor lose heat. The gas continues to
expand, doing work on the surroundings, and losing an
equivalent amount of internal energy. The entropy
remains unchanged.
 WORKING OF CARNOT ENGINE
3) From (C to D on Figure 2, 3 to 4 on Figure 3) Now the gas
is exposed to the cold temperature reservoir while the
surroundings do work on the gas by compressing it (such
as through the return compression of a piston), while
causing an amount of heat energy Q2 and of entropy to
flow out of the gas to the low temperature reservoir.

3) Once again the piston and cylinder are assumed to be

thermally insulated and the cold temperature reservoir is
removed. During this step, the surroundings continue to
do work to further compress the gas and both the
temperature and pressure rise now that the heat sink has
been removed. The entropy remains unchanged.
 EFFICIENCY OF CARNOT ENGINE
• The efficiency of the carnot engine is defined as the ratio of the
energy output to the energy input.

• Efficiency = (work done by the heat engine)/( heat absorbed)

ɳ=W / Q1 or ɳ= 1- (T2/T1) = 1- (Q2/Q1)

•ɳirrev < ɳrev

•For a typical steam power plant operating between Th =800 K
(boiler) and Tl =300 K (cooling tower), the maximum achievable
efficiency is 62.5%
REAL ENGINE VS.CARNOT ENGINE
• All real engines are less efficient than Carnot
engine.

• Real engines are irreversible because of friction.

• Real engines are irreversible because they

complete cycles in short periods of time.
 REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE
• Reversing the carnot cycle does reverse the
directions of heat and work interactions.
• A refrigerator or heat pump that operates
on the reversed Carnot cycle is called a
Carnot refrigerator or a Carnot heat pump.
• Most efficient refrigeration cycle operating
between two specified temperature levels.
 REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE

• Consists of four processes…….

1) Adiabatic compression

2) Isothermal compression

3) Adiabatic expansion

4) Isothermal expansion
 WORKING PROCESS
• (1-2) adiabatic compression of
the working fluid with the aid
of external work. the
temperature of fluid rises from
T2 to T1.
• (2-3) isothermal compression of
the working fluid during which
heat is rejected at constant high
temperature T1.
• (3-4)adiabatic expansion of the
working fluid. The temperature
of working fluid falls from T1 to
T2.
• (4-1) isothermal expansion of
air where heat is absorbed at
low temperature T2
Fig-5. PV diagram for reversed Carnot
cycle
 TEMPERATURE VS. ENTROPY

• The result is a cycle

that operates in the
counter clockwise
direction on T-S
diagram, which is
called the reversed
Carnot cycle.

Fig-6. T vs. S diagram for reversed Carnot cycle

 LIMITATION

• Practically the reversed Carnot cycle can’t

be used for refrigeration purpose as the
adiabatic process requires very high speed
operations, whereas the isothermal process
requires very low speed operation.
APPLICATIONS OF CARNOT CYCLE

All type of vehicles

that we use, cars,
motorcycles, trucks,
ships, aero planes, and
many other types
work on the basis of
second law of
thermodynamics and
carnot cycle.

Fig-7. petrol engine

APPLICATIONS OF CARNOT CYCLE
All the refrigerators,
deep freezers,
industrial
refrigeration systems,
all types of air-
conditioning systems,
heat pumps, etc work
on the basis of Carnot
cycle.

Fig-8. Heat pump

 LIMITATIONS OF CARNOT CYCLE

• Impossible to perform frictionless process.

• Impossible to transfer heat without finite
temperature difference.
• During isothermal process piston move very
slowly and during adiabatic process piston
move very fast. variation of speed within
same cycle is not possible.
 CONCLUSIONS
• Carnot engine is purely an imaginary engine. But
all real engines are constructed based on Carnot
cycle.
• No other engine can have same efficiency as that of
a Carnot engine working between the same
temperature range.
• Efficiency of any reversible engine operate
between two reservoir is independent of the
nature of working fluid. But depends upon
temperature of reservoirs.
 REFERENCES

• Wikipedia.org
• Thermodynamics an engineering approach by
Yunus A Cengel
• Ncert.nic.in
• Engineering thermodynamics by R.K.Rajput
• Slideshare.net