GAS TURBINE

CONTENTS:
 TURBINE
 TYPES OF TURBINE
 GAS TURBINE
 CLASSIFICATION OF GAS TURBINE
 WORKING PRINCIPLE & CYCLE OF GAS TURBINE
 EFFICIENCY OF GAS TURBINE
 ADVANTAGE AND DIS-ADVANTAGE OF GAS TURBINE
1.1 TURBINE
• Defn; Is the machine for producing continuos power in
which a wheel or rotor typically fitted with vanes made to
revolve by a fast moving flow of water,steam,gas,air or
other fluids.

• The work produced by a turbine can be used for

generating electrical power when combined with a
generator or producing thrust, as in the case of jet
engines.
1.2 TYPES OF TURBINE

• Types of turbine depend on what kind of fluid used for power

production in turbine.This include the following types;
1. Gas turbine
2. Steam turbine
3. Wind turbine
4. Water turbine
-Also turbine can sometime classified according to speed,type of
flow,energy and etc.In our topic we are going to discuss about Gas
turbine.
1.2.1 GAS TURBINE

• Defn;
-The gas turbine is an internal combustion engine that uses air as the
working fluid which extracts chemical energy from fuel and converts it
to mechanical energy using the gaseous energy of the working fluid
(air) to drive the propeller of the engine.
 1.2.2 TYPES OF GAS TURBINE

-The following are the types of gas turbunine;

1. Jet engine
2. Turboprop engine
3. Industrial gas turbines for power generation
4. Industrial gas turbines for mechanical drive
5. Aeroderivative gas turbines
1. Jet engines
• Airbreathing jet engines are gas
turbines optimized to produce
thrust from the exhaust gases, or
from ducted fans connected to
the gas turbines.Jet engines that
produce thrust from the direct
impulse of exhaust gases are
often called turbojets, whereas
those that generate thrust with
the addition of a ducted fan are
often called turbofans or (rarely)
fan-jets.
2.Turboprop engines

• A turboprop engine is a turbine engine which drives an

aircraft propeller using a reduction gear. Turboprop engines
are used on small aircraft such as medium-sized commuter
aircraft such as the Bombardier Dash 8 and large aircraft
such as the Airbus A400M
3. Industrial gas turbines for power generation

• Industrial gas turbines differ from aeronautical designs in that the frames,
bearings, and blading are of heavier construction. They are also much more
closely integrated with the devices they power— often an electric generator—
and the secondary-energy equipment that is used to recover residual energy
(largely heat).
4. Industrial gas turbines for mechanical drive
• Industrial gas turbines that are used solely for mechanical
drive or used in collaboration with a recovery steam
generator differ from power generating sets in that they
are often smaller and feature a dual shaft design as
opposed to single shaft.
5. Aeroderivative gas turbines

• Aeroderivatives are also used in electrical power

generation due to their ability to be shut down, and
handle load changes more quickly than industrial
machines. They are also used in the marine industry to
reduce weight.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE & CYCLE OF GAS TURBINE

• The basic operation of the gas turbine is similar to that of the

steam power plant except that the working fluid is air instead of water. Fresh
atmospheric air flows through a compressor that brings it to higher pressure.
Energy is then added by spraying fuel into the air and igniting it so the
combustion generates a high-temperature flow. This high-temperature high-
pressure gas enters a turbine, where it expands down to the exhaust
pressure, producing a shaft work output in the process. The turbine shaft
work is used to drive the compressor and other devices such as an
electric generator that may be coupled to the shaft. The energy that is not used
for shaft work comes out in the exhaust gases, so these have either a high
temperature or a high velocity. The purpose of the gas turbine determines the
design so that the most desirable energy form is maximized. Gas turbines are
used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators, and tanks.
Air in

Simple working principle of Gas turbine

 WORKING CYCLE OF GAS TURBINE
• In thermodynamic there ere two categories of cycle which are power
cycles, which produce a net power output, and refrigeration and heat pump
cycles, which consume a net power input. Internal combustion engines
and gas turbines undergo gas power cycle.
• Gas-turbines usually operate on an open cycle, shown on the left.
•A compressor takes in fresh ambient air (state 1), compresses it to a higher
temperature and pressure (state 2).
•Fuel and the higher pressure air from compressor are sent to a combustion
chamber, where fuel is burned at constant pressure. The resulting high temperature
gases are sent to a turbine (state 3).
•The high temperature gases expand to the ambient pressure (state 4) in the turbine
and produce power.
•The exhaust gases leave the turbine
• Open cycle of gas turbine is the same as Bryton cycle
that is why we say that gas turbine work under Bryton
cycle.
• Although the Bryton cycle is usually run as an open
system (and indeed must be run as such if internal
combustion is used), it is conventionally assumed for
the purposes of thermodynamic analysis that the
exhaust gases are reused in the intake, enabling
analysis as a closed system.
• By utilizing the air-standard assumptions, replacing the
combustion process by a constant pressure heat
addition process, and replacing the exhaust
• 1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
- ambient air is drawn into the compressor, where it is pressurized.
• 2-3 Isobaric process ( heat addition )
– the compressed air then runs through a combustion chamber, where
fuel is burned, heating that air—a constant-pressure process, since the
chamber is open to flow in and out.
• 3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
– the heated, pressurized air then gives up its energy, expanding
through a turbine (or series of turbines). Some of the work extracted
by the turbine is used to drive the compressor.
• 4-1 Isobaric process
– heat rejection (in the atmosphere).
The P-v and T-s diagrams of an ideal Brayton cycle
 WORKING EFFICIENCY OF GAD TURBINE
• In an ideal Brayton cycle, heat is added to the cycle at a
constant pressure process (process 2-3).
qin = h3 - h2 = cP(T3 - T2)

• Heat is rejected at a constant pressure process (process 4 -1).

qout = h4 - h1 = cP(T4 - T1)

• Then the thermal efficiency of the ideal Brayton cycle under

the cold air-standard assumption is given as;
 Considering all the relations above, the thermal
efficiency becomes,

Process 1-2 and process 3-4 are isentropic processes,

thus,
Since P2 = P3 and P4 = P1,

where rP = P2/P1 is the pressure ratio and k

is the specific heat ratio. In most designs, the
pressure ratio of gas turbines range from
about 11 to 16.
 Advantages of gas turbines
• Very high power-to-weight ratio, compared to reciprocating engines
• Smaller than most reciprocating engines of the same power rating
• Smooth rotation of the main shaft produces far less vibration than a
reciprocating engine
• Fewer moving parts than reciprocating engines results in lower
maintenance cost and higher reliability/availability over its service life.
• Greater reliability, particularly in applications where sustained high
power output is required
• Waste heat is dissipated almost entirely in the exhaust. This results
in a high temperature exhaust stream that is very usable for boiling
water in a combined cycle, or for cogeneration
• Lower peak combustion pressures than reciprocating
engines in general
• High shaft speeds in smaller "free turbine units"
although larger gas turbines employed in power
generation operate at synchronous speeds.
• Low lubricating oil cost and consumption
• Can run on a wide variety of fuels
• Very low toxic emissions of CO and HC due to excess
air, complete combustion and no "quench" of the flame
on cold surfaces
 Disadvanteges of Gas Turbine

•  ore engine costs can be high due to use of exotic

materials.
•  Less efficient than reciprocating engines at idle
speed
•  Longer startup than reciprocating engines
•  Less responsive to changes in power demand
compared with reciprocating engines
•  Characteristic whine can be hard to suppress
..........THE END..............
W RITTEN BY
Eng ZOMBWE S. KASEGEZYA
GROUP NO; 5