APPLICATION OF

THERMODYNAMICS
1. Thermodynamics Cycle
2. Carnot Cycle
3. Otto Cycle
4. Diesel Cycle
5. Rankine Cycle
 Thermodynamics Cycle

The process which runs from the initial state and

returns again to that initial state after the gas does
work is called cycle.
 In the process a - b, the gas expands in adiabatic process and
the work done by the gas is the area of plane abV 2Vp its value is
negative.

In process b - c the compressed gas in isothermal process is

the area of plane bcV1V2, its value is positive.

In process c - a . The gas does not do any work because its

volume is constant.

The process c a is an isochoric process which is done to

make the gas return to its initial state.
The total external work done by the gas in one cycle a b c a is
the area of plane abca.

A thermodynamics cycle can occurs in a heat engine, such as otto

engine, diesel engine, and steam engine. In an Otto engine, the cycle
occuring is called Otto cycle. In a diesel engine, the cycle occurring is
called diesel cycle. While in a steam engine, the cycle occuring is
called Rankine cycle.
 Carnot Cycle
This Carnot engine is
assumed as an ideal heat
engine which works
cyclically and is reversible
between two
temperatures without any
loss of energy. This
imaginary Carnot engine
consist of a cylinder
containing ideal gas and
covered with a piston that
can move alternatingly in
the cylinder.

Figure 8.16 shows the work

process of Carnot engine to
produce Carnot cycle.
Entire of process in the
Carnot cycle can be
represented in pressure (P)
against volume (V) graph
Based on the graph above, then the carnot cycle consist of the
following steps.

Step 1 The engine absorbs heat from the heat source or high
temperature reservoir T1 so that the ideaL gas in the engine
experiences isothermal expansion (temperature of system is equal to
temperature of reservoir). The expanded gas applies a work on the
piston, so that the gas volume are changes from v 1 to v2. This
expansion is shown in Figure 8.16, with changes from state a to b
along an isothermal graph. During this isothermal gas expansion, the
gas receives heat equal to Q1.
Step 2 The heat source is removed so that there is no heat input to the
system. The gas still expands adiabatically and applies works to
change gas volume from V2 to V3 In this process the gas temperature
decreases to T2. This process is shown in Figure 8.16 with change of
state from b to c along an adiabatic graph.
Step 3. The gas experiences isothermal compression by giving away
an amount of Q2 heat the low temperature reservoir T2, In this
process, the gas volume decreases from v3 to v4. This compression is
shown in Figure 8.16, with change of state from c to d along an
isothermal graph.
Step 4. The gas experiences adiabatic. compression and returns to its
initial state. In this process, a work is applied on the gas so that the
gas volume decreases from V4 to V1. This compression is shown in
Figure 8.l6, with change of state from d to a along an adiabatic graph.
Total work which done by gas in one cycle is equal to wide of area in
cycle.
Because during process of Carnot cycle the gas accept kalor Q1 from
high temperature reservoir and free a heat Q2 to low temperature
reservoir.
Hence the work is done by gas according to first law of Thermodynamic
is

Q = U + W atau Q1 - Q2 = 0 + W

W = Q1 Q2
 Otto Cycle
The Otto engine was made by Nikolaus August Otto (1832-1891),
a technician born in Holzhausen, Germany. This Otto engine is
usu-
ally used in automobiles and airplanes.

An Otto cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle which describes

the functioning of a typical spark ignition reciprocating piston
engine.

The Otto cycle is constructed out of: TOP and BOTTOM of the loop:
a pair of parallel adiabatic processes. LEFT and RIGHT sides of the
loop: a pair of parallel isochoric processes.

Otto cycle
a b and c - d process : adiabatic process
b c and d - a process : isochoric process
 Diesel Cycle
The Diesel engine was made by the German engineer Rudolf Chris-
tian Karl Diesel (1858-1913). The Diesel cycle is the thermodynamic
cycle which approximates the pressure and volume of the
combustion chamber of the Diesel engine.
The Diesel engine is usually used in electric generators, trucks,
buses, and several types of cars.

Diesel cycle
a - b process : isobaric process
b - c and d - a process : adiabatic process
c - d process : isochoric process
 Rankine Cycle
The Rankine engine was made by William John Macquorn Rankine, a
Scottish polymath and Glasgow University professor.

The Rankine cycle is a cycle that converts heat into work.

The Rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning
of the steam engine.
The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical Carnot
cycle because, when an efficient turbine is used, the TS diagram
begins to resemble the Carnot cycle. The main difference is that heat
addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser) are isobaric
in the Rankine cycle and isothermal in the theoretical Carnot cycle.

a - b and c - d process : isobaric process

b c and d - a process : adiabatic process
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