PRESENTATION

SUBJECT: THERMODYNAMICS-1 (SUMMER-2020)

SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. MUBASHIR FARID

SUBMITTED BY: MUHAMMAD USAMA
ROLL NO: 16-M-804

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

TOPIC: THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES

Contents:
• Otto Cycle.
• Diesel Cycle.
• Carnot Cycle.
• PV and TS Diagrams.
• Applications.
 OTTO CYCLE
• The Otto cycle was given by Dr. Nikolaus August Otto.
• It is a gas power cycle that is used in spark ignition engine (i.e. petrol engine)
for its working.
• The entire modern petrol engine works on Otto cycle.
• It consist of four processes, Two isentropic (reversible adiabatic) processes
and two isochoric (constant volume) processes.
• It has low compression ratio ranges from 7:1 to 10:1.
CONTINUED…
• The Otto cycle is a set of processes used by spark ignition internal combustion
engines (2-stroke or 4-stroke cycles).
• These engines:
a) Ingest a mixture of fuel and air.
b) Compress it.
c) Cause it to react, thus effectively adding heat through converting chemical
energy into thermal energy.
d) Expand the combustion products, and then
e) Eject the combustion products and replace them with a new charge of fuel
and air.
P-V & T-S DIAGRAM OF IDEAL OTTO CYCLE
CONTINUED…
 THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF OTTO CYCLE
• The quantity of V1/V2=r is called the compression ratio. In terms of compression ratio, the
efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle is:

• The ideal Otto cycle efficiency is function of the compression ratio. As the compression ratio
increases, thermal efficiency increases. T2 also increases. If T2 is too high, the mixture will
ignite without a spark (at the wrong location in the cycle).
 APPLICATIONS
• The Otto Cycle provides the energy for most transportation and is essential for
the modern world petrol engines.
• The Otto cycle is used by most internal combustion engines including
automobiles, motorcycles and small gas engines like lawn mowers.
• Specifically, the vast majority of automobiles seen on the road today use the
Otto Cycle to convert gasoline into motion.

Four Stroke Engine Two Stroke Engine

 DIESEL CYCLE
• The diesel cycle was invented by Rudolph Diesel in 1893.
• He put forward an idea by which we can attain higher thermal efficiency, with a
high compression ratio.
• All diesel engine works on this cycle. Diesel is used as fuel in this cycle as it
can be compressed at higher compression ratio.
• It is also known as constant pressure cycle because heat is added in it at constant
pressure.
• It has high thermal efficiency and compression ratio (11:1 to 22:1) as compared
with Otto cycle (7:1 to 10:1).
• The ideal Diesel cycle consists of 4 processes, two isentropic processes, one
constant pressure, and one constant volume process.
P-V & T-S DIAGRAM OF DIESEL CYCLE
CONTINUED…
 THERMAL EFFICIENCY OF DIESEL ENGINE
• A typical diesel automotive engine operates at around 30% to 35% of
thermal efficiency.
• About 65-70% is rejected as waste heat without being converted into useful
work, i.e. work delivered to wheels.
• In general, engines using the Diesel cycle are usually more efficient, than
engines using the Otto cycle.
• The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency of any practical
combustion engine. Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships) can have a
thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.
• The largest diesel engine in the world peaks at 51.7%.
CONTINUED…

• Formula to calculate thermal efficiency of diesel engine is,

Where,
• ηDiesel is the maximum thermal efficiency of a Diesel cycle
• α is the cut-off ration V3/V2 (i.e. the ratio of volumes at the end and start of the
combustion phase)
• CR is the compression ratio
• κ = cp/cv = 1.4
 APPLICATIONS
• Diesel engines are commonly used as mechanical engines, power generators
and in mobile drives.
• They find wide spread use in locomotives, construction equipment,
automobiles, and countless industrial applications.
• Their realm extends to almost all industries and can be observed on a daily
basis if you were to look under the hood of everything you pass by.
• Industrial diesel engines and diesel-powered generators have construction,
marine, mining, hospital, forestry, telecommunications, underground, and
agricultural applications, just to name a few. Power generation for prime or
standby backup power is the major application of today's diesel generators.
 CARNOT CYCLE

• Carnot Heat engine (based on Carnot Cycle) was a concept developed by

Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot (1796-1832, a French Military Engineer and
Physicist) so that one can visualize a reversible heat engine in practice.
• Carnot engine is a reversible heat engine which works on Carnot cycle.
• It is an ideal cycle with 100% efficiency.
• It has four processes:
i. Reversible Isothermal Process of Heat Addition (Process A-B)
ii. Reversible Adiabatic Process of Expansion (Process B-C)
iii. Reversible Isothermal Process of Heat Rejection (Process C-D)
iv. Reversible Adiabatic Process of Compression (Process D-A)
 P-V & T-S DIAGRAM OF CARNOT CYCLE
P-V Diagram T-S Diagram

• A-B: Heat Input

• B-C: q=0
• C-D: Heat Output
• D-A: q=0
 EFFICIENCY OF CARNOT CYCLE
• Efficiency of the Carnot cycle, η is given by,

By using ideal gas expressions for adiabatic systems, it could be derived that
efficiency of a system, η is given,

• Consequently, larger the difference between hot and cold reservoirs, greater
is the efficiency of Carnot cycle.
 APPLICATIONS
Carnot cycle has various assumptions such as no friction, no heat loss, reversibility
of every process, infinite heat reservoir etc. The real processes used in industries
have much lower efficiency due to inherent losses of energy in the system.
Therefore, ideal Carnot cycle has limited practical applications except for providing
the maximum theoretical efficiency achieve by a system. Some of them are:
• Thermal devices or thermal machines are one of the applications of this cycle.
• The heat pumps to produce heating, the refrigerators to produce cooling,
• The steam turbines used in the ships,
• The combustion engines of the combustion vehicles.
• The reaction turbines of the aircraft.
 REFERENCES
• https://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node26.html

• https://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-engineering/thermodynamics/thermodynamic-cycles/otto-cycle
-otto-engine/otto-cycle-pv-ts-diagram/

• https://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2017/10/otto-cycle.html

• https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Otto_cycle#:~:text=For%20Further%20Reading-,Application,
to%20convert%20gasoline%20into%20motion
.

• https://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2017/10/diesel-cycle.html

• http://mechdiploma.com/draw-p-v-and-t-s-diagram-diesel-cycle-name-processes-involved-it

• https://dieselnet.com/tech/engine_efficiency.php#thermo

• https://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/td_kin_i/kap_1/backbone/r_se31.html

• https://clubtechnical.com/carnot-cycle

• https://steemit.com/steemstem/@ufv/carnot-cycle-and-applications