Theoretical Cycles

1. DEFINITIONS
2. TWO STROKE and FOUR STROKE ENGINES
3. OTTO CYCLE
4. ANALYSIS of OTTO CYCLE
5. ►SAMPLE PROBLEMS
6. DIESEL CYCLE
7. ANALYSIS of DIESEL CYCLE
8. ►SAMPLE PROBLEMS
9. DUAL COMBUSTION CYCLE
10. ANALYSIS of DUAL COMBUSTION CYCLE
11. ►SAMPLE PROBLEMS
 Theoretical Cycles
FIRE/COMBUSTION TRIANGLE

The triangle illustrates the

three elements a fire needs to
ignite:

1. heat,
2. fuel, and
3. oxidizing agent
A fire naturally occurs when
the elements are present and
combined in the right mixture.
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FIRE/COMBUSTION TRIANGLE

Fire can be prevented or

extinguished by removing
any one of the elements in
the fire triangle.

Example:
♦ Fire blankets blocks oxygen
♦ Fire extinguishers reduces the amount of heat
♦Turning off electricity decrease the fuel in electrical fire
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FIRE/COMBUSTION TRIANGLE

Combustion:
- is the chemical reaction
that feeds a fire more heat
and allows it to continue.

Example:
A. External combustion engine (ECE)
B. Internal combustion engine (ICE)
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FIRE/COMBUSTION TRIANGLE

ECE engine:
- is a reciprocating heat engine where a working fluid,
contained internally, is heated by combustion in an
external source, through the engine wall or a heat
exchanger.

Example:
● steam engine ●heat engine ● Steam turbine
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1. DEFINITIONS

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE):

- is an engine where the generation of heat is

effected inside the work producing unit. The
combustor and the work producing unit are the
same and the products of combustion eventually
become the working fluid.

(Example: Gasoline & Diesel engines used for

cars, motorcycles, boats, industries, etc.)
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1. DEFINITIONS

Example:
Gasoline & Diesel engines used for cars,
motorcycles, boats, industrial & power plants,
etc.
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1. DEFINITIONS

A second class of ICE use continuous combustion.

(Example: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket

engines)
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1. DEFINITIONS

Reciprocating piston engines:

- are by far the most common

power source for land and water
vehicles,including automobile, motor
cycles, ships and to a lesser
extent, locomotive.
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1. DEFINITIONS

Top dead center (TDC):

- is the position of a piston where
it is nearest to the valves.

Bottom dead center (BDC):

- is the opposite position of a
piston where it is furthest to the
valves.
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1. DEFINITIONS

Stroke:
- is the movement of a piston from TDC to BDC or
vice versa, together with the associated process.
The firing order of an internal combustion
engine is the sequence of ignition for the
cylinders
Cycle:
- is a sequence of processes that regularly recur
in an internal or external combustion engine and
form the basis of the engine's operation.
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1. DEFINITIONS

Firing order :
For an ICE is the sequence of ignition for the cylinders.

Corresponds to the order in which the spark plugs

are operated or which fuel is injected into each
cylinder

EX. Straight-four cylinder engines typically use a

firing order of 1-3-4-2
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2. TWO STROKE and FOUR STROKE ENGINES

2-stroke ICE:

-Each piston completes a cycle every crankshaft

revolution. Starting at TDC the cycle consist of,

1. Power ,(TDC-BDC)
* Scavenging
2. Compression ,(BDC-TDC)

* Engine uses the last part of the power stroke and the
first part of the compression stroke for combined intake
and exhaust.
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4-stroke ICE:
-Each piston experiences 2 strokes per crankshaft
revolution in the following order. Starting the
description at TDC the cycle consist of,

1. Intake, induction or suction,(TDC- BDC)

2. Compression,(BDC-TDC)
3. Power or working stroke, (TDC-BDC)
4. Exhaust, (BDC-TDC)
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2. TWO STROKE and FOUR STROKE ENGINES

2-stroke ICE: 4-stroke ICE:

SIMULATION
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3. OTTO CYCLE

Some example thermodynamic cycles:

● Carnot – heat engines

● Otto – gasoline or petrol engines
● Diesel – diesel engines
● Dual Combustion – heavy operation diesel
engines
● Brayton – gas turbine power plants
● Rankine – steam power plants
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3. OTTO CYCLE

-Ideal or air-standard cycle for SI engines

-All SI engines are designed for gasoline fuels

-A constant volume combustion cycle

- Named after Nicolaus A. Otto, a German engineer

(1832-1891)
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3. OTTO CYCLE
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3. OTTO CYCLE
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3. OTTO CYCLE
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3. OTTO CYCLE (S-V-S-V)
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4. ANALYSIS of OTTO CYCLE
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4. ANALYSIS of OTTO CYCLE
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4. ANALYSIS of OTTO CYCLE
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4. ANALYSIS of OTTO CYCLE
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4. ANALYSIS of OTTO CYCLE
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6. DIESEL CYCLE

- Is an ideal or air-standard cycle for compression-

ignition engine

- The cycle is constant pressure combustion cycle

-Named after Rudolf CK Diesel, a German

engineer (1858 - 1913)
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6. DIESEL CYCLE
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6. DIESEL CYCLE
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6. DIESEL CYCLE
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7. ANALYSIS of DIESEL CYCLE
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7. ANALYSIS of DIESEL CYCLE
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7. ANALYSIS of DIESEL CYCLE
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7. ANALYSIS of DIESEL CYCLE
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7. ANALYSIS of DIESEL CYCLE

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7. ANALYSIS of DIESEL CYCLE

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9. DUAL COMBUSTION CYCLE

- Combination of the Otto cycle and the Diesel cycle

in a constant volume and constant pressure
combustion cycle

-Introduced by Gustav Trinkler, Russian-German

engineer (1876 – 1957).

-The engine is optimised for running on gaseous

fuels and diesel fuel is used for back-up fuel
operation
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9. DUAL COMBUSTION CYCLE
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9. DUAL COMBUSTION CYCLE
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10. ANALYSIS of DUAL COMBUSTION CYCLE
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10. ANALYSIS of DUAL COMBUSTION CYCLE
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10. ANALYSIS of DUAL COMBUSTION CYCLE
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10. ANALYSIS of DUAL COMBUSTION CYCLE
 Theoretical Cycles
10. ANALYSIS of DUAL COMBUSTION CYCLE
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10. ANALYSIS of DUAL COMBUSTION CYCLE
Thank You!