PERFORMANCE ANLYSIS OF

COMPRESSION IGNITION DIESEL

ENGINE USING BIODIESEL
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
DAMODHARAN.M 511719114303
HARISH.S 511719114305
KALAISELVAN.K 511719114307

Mr.V.GOPAL M.E.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Associate Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Pallavan College of Engineering,
Kanchipuram – 631 502.
INTRODUCTION
• In the modern world, the demand for non-renewable energy sources is increasing day by day
due to modernization and mechanization. Demand for electricity and enormous increase in
the number of automobiles has resulted in greater demand for petroleum products. The
increasing demand for the petroleum based fuels has led to oil crises in the recent times.
Therefore attention has been focused on developing the renewable or alternate fuels to
replace the petroleum based fuels for transport vehicles.
• Fossil fuels are still being created today by underground heat and pressure; they are being
consumed more rapidly than they are being created. Insufficient quantities or unreasonable
price of petroleum fuels deeply concerns us whereas the renewable energy is a promising
alternative solution because it is clean and environmentally safe. Due to petroleum fuel,
Pollution and accelerating energy consumption have already affected equilibrium of the
earth’s landmasses and biodiversity.
• Since petroleum diesel and gasoline consist of blends of hundreds of different chemicals of
varying hydrocarbon chains, many of these are hazardous and toxic. Carbon monoxide
(produced when combustion is inefficient or incomplete), nitrogen oxides (produced when
combustion occurs at very high temperatures), sulphur oxides (produced when elemental
sulphur is present in the fuel), and particulates that are generally produced during
combustion are other specific emissions of concern.
INTRODUCTION
• So it is time to search for its alternative fuels. There are several alternative sources of fuel
like vegetable oils, biogas, biomass, primary alcohols which are all renewable in nature.
Among these fuels, vegetable oils appear to have an exceptional importance as they are
renewable and widely available, biodegradable, non-toxic and environment friendly. The
alternative fuel that much closer to diesel engine is ‘biodiesel’. Biodiesel refers to a family
of products made from vegetable oil or animal fats and alcohol, such as methanol or
ethanol, called mono alkyl esters of fatty acids. Study shows that, on the mass basis,
biodiesel has an energy content of about 12% less than petroleum based diesel fuel. It
reduces unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and increase oxides of
nitrogen (NOx) than diesel-fuelled engine. It is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel
engine derived from natural oil like Neem oil. Biodiesel is environment friendly liquid fluid
similar to conventional diesel fuel in engine tests, the power and fuel consumption.
• Neem comprises mainly of triglycerides and large amounts of triterpenoid compounds. It
contains four significant saturated fatty acids, of which two are palmitic acid and two are
stearic acid. It also contains polyunsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid and linoleic
acids.
 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Internal Combustion Engine

• The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the burning of a fuel occurs in a
confined space called a combustion chamber. This exothermic reaction of a fuel with an
oxidizer creates gases of high temperature and pressure, which are permitted to expand.
The defining feature of an internal combustion engine is that useful work is performed by
the expanding hot gases acting directly to cause movement, for example by acting on
pistons, rotors, or even by pressing on and moving the entire engine itself.
• This contrasts with external combustion engines, such as steam engines, which use the
combustion process to heat a separate working fluid, typically water or steam, which then in
turn does work, for example by pressing on a steam actuated piston.
• The term Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) is almost always used to refer specifically to
reciprocating engines, Wankel engines and similar designs in which combustion is
intermittent. However, continuous combustion engines, such as Jet engines, most rockets
and many gas turbines are also internal combustion engines.
• Internal combustion engines are seen mostly in transportation. Several other uses are for any
portable situation where you need an non-electric motor. The largest application in this
situation would be an Internal combustion engine driving an electric generator. That way, you
can use standard electric tools driven by an internal combustion engine.
• The advantages of these is the portability. It is more convenient using this type of engine in
vehicles over electricity. Even in cases of hybrid vehicles, they still use an internal combustion
engine to charge the battery. The disadvantage is the pollution that they put out. Not only the
obvious, air pollution, but also pollution of broken or obsolete engines and waste parts, such as
oil or rubber items that have to be discarded. Noise pollution is another factor, many internal
combustion engines are very loud. Some are so loud, people need hearing protection to
prevent damage their ears. Another disadvantage is size. It is very impractical to have small
motors that can have any power. Electric motors are much more practical for this. That is why
it is more likely to see an gas powered electric generator in an area that has no electricity to
power smaller items.
 Diesel engine ignition process
• Compression ignition systems, such as the diesel engine and HCCI (Homogeneous Charge
Compression Ignition) engines, rely solely on heat and pressure created by the engine in its
compression process for ignition. Compression that occurs is usually more than three times higher
than a gasoline engine. Diesel engines will take in air only, and shortly before peak compression, a
small quantity of diesel fuel is sprayed into the cylinder via a fuel injector that allows the fuel to
instantly ignite. HCCI type engines will take in both air and fuel but will continue to rely on an
unaided auto-combustion process due to higher pressures and heat. This is also why diesel and
HCCI engines are also more susceptible to cold starting issues though they will run just as well in
cold weather once started. Most diesels also have battery and charging systems however this
system is secondary and is added by manufacturers as luxury for ease of starting, turning fuel on
and off which can also be done via a switch or mechanical apparatus, and for running auxiliary
electrical components and accessories.
Most modern diesels, however, rely on electrical systems that also control the combustion process to
increase efficiency and reduce emissions.

IC Engine Classification There is a wide range of internal combustion engines correspond

 Classification
• There is a wide range of internal combustion engines corresponding to their many varied
applications. Likewise there is a wide range of ways to classify internal-combustion
engines, some of which are listed below.
• Although the terms sometimes cause confusion, there is no real difference between an
"engine" and a "motor." At one time, the word "engine" (from Latin, via Old French,
ingenium, "ability") meant any piece of machinery. A "motor" (from Latin motor, "mover")
is any machine that produces mechanical power. Traditionally, electric motors are not
referred to as "engines," but combustion engines are often referred to as "motors." (An
electric engine refers to locomotive operated by electricity.)
• With that said, one must understand that common usage does often dictate definitions.
Many individuals consider engines as those things 15 which generate their power from
within, and motors as requiring an outside source of energy to perform their work.
Evidently, the roots of the words seem to actually indicate a real difference. Further, as in
many definitions, the root word only explains the beginnings of the word, rather than the
current usage. It can certainly be argued that such is the case with the words motor and
engine
Four-stroke
Engines based on the four-stroke cycle or Otto cycle have one power stroke for every four strokes (up-
down-up-down) and are used in cars, larger boats and many light aircraft. They are generally quieter,
more efficient and larger than their two-stroke counterparts. There are a number of variations of these
cycles, most notably the Atkinson and Miller cycles. Most truck and automotive Diesel engines use a four-
stroke cycle, but with a compression heating ignition system. This variation is called the diesel cycle.
Cylinders
Internal combustion engines can contain any number of cylinders with numbers between one and twelve
being common, though as many as 36 (Lycoming R-7755) have been used. Having more cylinders in an
engine yields two potential benefits: First, the engine can have a larger displacement with smaller
individual reciprocating masses (that is, the mass of each piston can be less) thus making a smoother
running engine (since the engine tends to vibrate as a result of the pistons moving up and down). Second,
with a greater displacement and more pistons, more fuel can be combusted and there can be more
combustion events (that is, more power strokes) in a given period of time, meaning that such an engine
can generate more torque than a similar engine with fewer cylinders. The down 16 side to having more
pistons is that, over all, the engine will tend to weigh more and tend to generate more internal friction as
the greater number of pistons rub against the inside of their cylinders. This tends to decrease fuel
efficiency and rob the engine of some of its power. For high performance gasoline engines using current
materials and technology (such as the engines found in modern automobiles), there seems to be a break
point around 10 or 12 cylinders, after which addition of cylinders becomes an overall detriment to
performance and efficiency, although exceptions such as the W16 engine from Volkswagen exist.
 Fuel systems
• Fuels burn faster, and more completely when they have lots of surface area in contact with oxygen.
In order for an engine to work efficiently the fuel must be vaporized into the incoming air in what is
commonly referred to as a fuel air mixture. There are two commonly used methods of vaporizing
fuel into the air, one is the carburetor and the other is fuel injection.
• Often for simpler, reciprocating engines a carburetor is used to supply fuel into the cylinder.
However, exact control of the correct amount of fuel supplied to the engine is impossible.
Carburettors are the current most widespread fuel mixing device used in lawnmowers and other
small engine applications. Prior to the mid-1980s, carburettors were also common in automobiles.
• Larger gasoline engines such as those used in automobiles have mostly moved to fuel injection
systems. Diesel engines always use fuel injection.
• Autogas (LPG) engines use either fuel injection systems or open or closed loop carburettors.
• Other internal combustion engines like jet engines use burners, and rocket engines use various
different ideas including impinging jets, gas/liquid shear, preburners, and many other ideas.
Lubrication systems
• There are several different types of lubrication systems used. Simple two-stroke engines are lubricated
by oil mixed into the fuel or injected into the induction stream as a spray. Early slow speed stationary
and marine engines were lubricated by gravity from small chambers, similar to those used on steam
engines at the time, with an engine tender refilling these as needed. As engines were adapted for
automotive and aircraft use, the need for a high power to weight ratio lead to increased speeds, higher
temperatures, and greater pressure on bearings, which, in turn, required pressure lubrication for crank
bearing and connecting rod journals, provided either by a direct lubrication from a pump, or indirectly
by a jet of oil directed at pickup cups on the connecting rod ends, which had the advantage of providing
higher pressures as engine speed increased.
Engine pollution
• Generally internal combustion engines, particularly reciprocating internal combustion engines, produce
moderately high pollution levels, due to incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuel, leading to
carbon monoxide and some soot along with oxides of nitrogen and sulfur and some unburnt
hydrocarbons depending on the operating conditions and the fuel/air ratio. The primary causes of this
are the need to operate near the stoichiometric ratio for petrol engines in order to achieve combustion
(the 18 fuel would burn more completely in excess air) and the "quench" of the flame by the relatively
cool cylinder walls.
Internal combustion engine efficiency
• The efficiency of various types of internal combustion engines vary. It is generally accepted that most
gasoline fuelled internal combustion engines, even when aided with turbochargers and stock
efficiency aids, have a mechanical efficiency of about 20 percent. Most internal combustion engines
waste about 36 percent of the energy in gasoline as heat lost to the cooling system and another 38
percent through the exhaust. The rest, about six percent, is lost to friction. Most engineers have not
been able to successfully harness wasted energy for any meaningful purpose, although there are
various add on devices and systems that can greatly improve combustion efficiency.
• Hydrogen Fuel Injection, or HFI, is an engine add on system that is known to improve fuel economy of
internal combustion engines by injecting hydrogen as a combustion enhancement into the intake
manifold. Fuel economy gains of 15 percent to 50 percent can be seen. A small amount of hydrogen
added to the intake air-fuel charge increases the octane rating of the combined fuel charge and
enhances the flame velocity, thus permitting the engine to operate with more advanced ignition
timing, a higher compression ratio, and a leaner air-to-fuel mixture than otherwise possible. The result
is lower pollution with more power and increased 19 efficiency. Some HFI systems use an on board
electrolyser to generate the hydrogen used. A small tank of pressurized hydrogen can also be used,
but this method necessitates refilling.
• There has also been discussion of new types of internal combustion engines, such as the Scuderi Split
Cycle Engine, that utilize high compression pressures in excess of 2000 psi and combust after top-
deadcenter (the highest & most compressed point in a internal combustion piston stroke). Such
engines are expected to achieve efficiency as high as 50-55%.
 BIODIESEL

Neem biodiesel
• The harvested Neem seeds are used for production of Neem oil and biodiesel. The first step is to extract
the oil in the seeds, which can later be converted into biodiesel.

Mechanical and chemical oil extraction

• There are two different options for extracting oil from the Neem seeds: mechanical extraction and
chemical extraction. In both cases the seeds have to be dried prior to extraction, either in an oven or in
the sun. (Achten 2008)
• Mechanical cold pressing of seeds is the conventional extraction method, due to its simplicity
and affordable investment cost already at 23 small scale (Aadrians 2006). For mechanical
extraction either an enginedriven press or a manual press can be used, where the engine-driven
option is reported to extract a higher percentage of the available oil, normally 75- 80 percent
compared to 60-65 percent for the manual press. The mechanical expeller can be fed with either
whole seeds, kernels or a mix of the two (Achten 2008).
• Chemical extraction methods were developed in order to achieve a more complete extraction,
where the amount of oil per ton of seed increased. The chemical extraction methods use a
solvent. The most common solvent used in extraction of Neem oil n-hexane, which extracts 95-
99 percent of the oil. However, the use of solvent-based oil extraction is only economical at
large-scale production. Also, the use of n-hexane as a solvent generates large amounts of waste
water, requires high energy consumption and causes emissions of volatile organic compounds,
and affects human health by forcing operators to work with hazardous and flammable
chemicals. (Aadrians 2006) New production units for extraction with n-hexane as a solvent are
more efficient and have a lower environmental impact, but research and development of
alternatives, such as supercritical or bio-renewable solvents, could be useful. Environmental
impacts can also be decreased by substitution of solvent based oil extraction with aqueous
enzymatic oil extraction, but that would lead to decreases in the percentages of oil extracted.
(Achten 2008)
Conversion to biodiesel
• The Neem oil can be used directly as a liquid fuel in older diesel motors, in generators and
pumps running at a constant speed, or in newer engines with small modifications in the fuel
system. The Neem oil can also 24 be mixed with fossil diesel before use in the engine, which
combines the properties of the fossil fuel with the lower environmental impact of the
vegetable oil. (Siddharth 2009, Achten 2008) However, Neem oil has a viscosity that is 20-25
times higher than the viscosity of conventional diesel, which causes problems when using
the unmodified oil or blends with a high percentage of Neem oil in an engine. Thus, there is a
need for modification of the oil to reduce viscosity and make it more suitable as an engine
fuel. (Siddharth 2009) Methods for this are pyrolysis and microemulsification with solvents
like methanol, ethanol, and butanol, but the most common method is to convert the Neem
oil into biodiesel through transesterification. This method transforms an ester into another
ester; in this case a reaction between Neem oil and methanol is 10 used to produce a methyl-
ester (biodiesel) with glycerol as a by-product. The biodiesel can be used directly in a diesel
engine or in a blend with conventional diesel. (Siddharth 2009, Achten 2008)
By-products
• There are three important by-products from the production of biodiesel from Neem: the seed
husk from the seed production, the seed cake produced in the oil extraction, and the glycerol
from the transesterification.
• The seed husks that are removed before oil extraction can be used directly for combustion, but
also as feedstock for gasification. Fuel characteristics are reported to be comparable to those of
wood (Achten 2008, Vyas 2006).
• Remaining from the oil extraction from seeds and kernels is a seed cake, with an oil content that
depends on the efficiency of the extraction method. The seed cake contains high quality proteins
(Achten 2008) but also various toxins which make it unsuitable as a fodder (GEXSI 2008).
However, if detoxification methods become feasible, the use of the seed cake as animal feed
becomes beneficial (Achten 2008). Studies show that the seed cake is rich in plant nutrients
which make it valuable as an organic fertilizer (Planning Commission 2003). The toxins make it
work as a biopesticide (Achten 2008). Neem farmers commonly bring back seed cakes to the
fields for fertilizing purposes (GEXSI 2008). But still there are few studies on long-term impact of
the toxins on soil and crops, and more research is needed, especially if the cake is to be used as a
fertilizer for food crops. It is also possible to combine the use of seed cake as a fertilizer with
production of biogas, through anaerobic digestion of the cake before using it on agricultural soils.
(Achten 2008)
• Glycerol is produced in the transesterification of Neem oil into biodiesel. The glycerol can be used
to produce heat by combustion, but it can also be used in the cosmetic industry as a feedstock for
production of soaps and other products. (Achten 2008)
Environmental impact
• The environmental impact of the Neem biodiesel production has been evaluated by several studies
applying the Life Cycle Assessment approach. This approach shows the total environmental impact
for the production system during its whole life cycle. It determines the processes in the system that
contribute most to environmental impact and where the 26 possibilities for improvement are. These
assessments show varying results, possibly due to differences in methodology.
Energy balance
• If the energy output of a given system is greater than the energy input, the system has a positive
energy balance. However, energy balance is affected by energy quality and the utility of different
energy carriers. A high energy input can be acceptable if the input energy is low-quality and the
output a high-quality energy carrier, such as a liquid fuel usable for vehicle operation. The production
of Neem biodiesel reportedly has a positive energy balance (Achten 2007). The largest differences in
energy requirement between different production sites are derived from differences in cultivation
intensity, as irrigation and use of fertilizers are energy intensive practices (Achten 2007). Higher
cultivation intensity does not always pay off in higher energy production, and optimization of inputs
and yield is required for maximized positive energy balance. Another energy intensive production
step is the transesterification of Neem oil into biodiesel, which implies that the direct use of crude
Neem oil would improve the energy balance. However, in the use phase, the combustion of 11
Uses of Neem
• As you will see below, the medicinal uses of neem leaves and other parts of
the neem tree are incredibly varied. All parts of the neem plant have been
used in traditional medicine for several thousand years, with very impressive
results...
• Not that it means much here in the western world. Modern research is only
just beginning to understand the medicinal properties of the neem tree.
• First our scientists have to figure out which of the over 150 active ingredients
in the neem plant do what. And then, maybe, you'll see neem medicines
being developed. But don't hold your breath.
• The situation is totally different in South East Asia, especially in India, where
the neem plant is at home.
• Most of the medicinal research on neem has been done in India, and neem is
a staple in Ayurvedic medicine and in many traditional home remedies
• See the list below for the many different uses of neem as a medicine plant,
and follow the links to find out more about the traditional uses and about the
latest research results.
 Medicinal Uses of the Neem Plant
• Every item on this list is either a traditional medicinal use of the neem plant,
or a potential medical use of neem where some research has been done.
• Follow the links (more coming soon) to find out more about how traditional
neem medicines were used, how effective they were, and whether modern
research could confirm that effectiveness
TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS
Biodiesel production methods
The present study is based on biodiesel production which consists of reaction where an ester
reacts with alcohol to form another ester and another alcohol. Ester here is the vegetable oil
(Neem oil) which consist triglyceride. There are four ways to use neat vegetable oils in diesel
engine:
i.Direct use or blending in diesel fuel
ii. Micro emulsions in diesel fuel
iii. Thermal cracking of vegetable oils
iv. Transesterification
Experimental Setup of Transesterification Process
Step 7: Add an amount of methanol equal to 0.217 x [grams of unreacted triglycerides] and an amount of sodium
methoxide equal to [0.25 + (%FFA) 0.190]/100 x [grams of unreacted triglycerides]. Mix the sodium methoxide with
the methanol and then add to the oil. This corresponds to a 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil for the unreacted 36
triglycerides. It ignores any methanol that may have carried over from the pre-treatment.
Step 8: Agitate for 1 hour at 60°C
 Testing procedure

1. First the rate load of the engine is applied.

2. The engine is started under no lode condition by sensors.
3. Open the cooling water line to the engine.
4. The engine run under no load condition for a few minutes so that speed stabilized at the rate value.
5. The time taken for 10cc of fuel consumption is noted using step watch for no load condition.
6. The cooling water flow rate is adjusted such that rise in temperature does not exceed 10 degree
Celsius.
7. The difference in water column in the manometer down noted.
8. Similarly for one half, three fourth and full load the about procedure is followed.
9. The loads are removed gradually and the engine is stopped.
Model Calculation
Data required
Volume of fuel consumed (q) = 7×
Time taken for 10cc of fuel consumption in seconds ()
Density of fuel = 843 kg/
Rated speed (N) = 1500 rpm
Load on the pan (W) = 0.78 kg
Mean radius of brake drum () = 0.198 m
Calorific value of fuel () = 40914 KJ/Kg
Calculation

1. TOTAL FUEL CONSUMTION = × density of fuel

2. = ×843

3. = 0.98×

4. BRAKE POWER =

5. =

6. =

7. = 0.024 Kg/S
1. FRICTION POWER = 2.75

4. INDICATED POWER = +

= 0.024 + 2.75

= 2.774 KW

5. = ×100

= ×100

= 0.86 %
6. = ×100

= ×100

= ×100

= 69.18 %
7. = ×100

= ×100

= ×100

= 0.59 %

8. = ×100

= ×100

= 0.4× Kg/KW hr

= 14.4 Kg/KW sec

 RESULT & DISCUSSION
Performances report
IC Engine Soft Test Report

Report Date : Mon, Mar 06, 2017 , Time : 2:12:48 PM

Organization : Organisation, Operator : Operator
Data File : NE10%.xlsx, Last Modified Date: Mon, Mar 06, 2017,
Config. File : Kirloskar TV1 Engine.xls

Engine Details :
IC Engine set up under test is Kirloskar TV1 having power 5.20 kW @ 1500 rpm which is 1 Cylinder,
Four stroke , Constant Speed, Water Cooled, Diesel Engine, with Cylinder Bore 87.50(mm), Stroke
Length 110.00(mm), Connecting Rod length 234.00(mm), Compression Ratio 17.50, Swept volume
661.45 (cc)

Combustion Parameters :
Specific Gas Const (kJ/kgK) : 1.00, Air Density (kg/m^3) : 1.17, Adiabatic Index : 1.41, Polytrophic Index :
1.24, Number Of Cycles : 5, Cylinder Pressure Referance : 3, Smoothing 2, TDC Reference : 0
Performance Parameters :
Orifice Diameter (mm) : 20.00, Orifice Coeff. Of Discharge : 0.60, Dynamometer Arm Legnth (mm) :
185, Fuel Pipe dia (mm) : 12.40, Ambient Temp. (Deg C) : 27, Pulses Per revolution : 360, Fuel Type :
Diesel, Fuel Density (Kg/m^3) : 843, Calorific Value Of Fuel (kj/kg) : 40914
CONCLUSION
• Biodiesel is a viable substitute for petroleum-based diesel fuel. Its advantages are improved
lubricity, higher cetane number, cleaner emissions, reduced global warming. Neem as biodiesel
has potential as an alternative energy source. However, this oil alone will not solve our
dependence on foreign oil within any practical time frame. Use of this with other alternative
energy sources and suitable additives could contribute to a more stable supply of energy. Biodiesel
thus produced meets the standard biodiesel specifications. The production and consumption of
biodiesel will inevitably rise in future due to low environmental impact, ease of handling, and
possibility of use without need for major adjustments of existing engines of motor vehicles.
• Production and use of biodiesel leads to
 Saves foreign exchange.
 Improves energy security of the nation.
 Provides employment to rural masses.
 Produce sustainable and relatively inexpensive fuel.
 Start propagating the concept with village population to supplement their income with
the existing tree population.

Based on engine performance tests, it can be concluded that biodiesel blends can be used
satisfactorily in the diesel engine without any major modifications in the hardware of the system.
 Pros of Biodiesel Cons of Biodiesel

Renewable May damage fuel filters and pipes

Incredibly Safe Can Effect Food Supply

Ready to Use Little bit Expensive

Extends engine lifespan Lower fuel Efficiency than Diesel

One disadvantage of biodiesel is its incompatibility with cold regions. Researchers discovered biodiesel
turns into a gel at low temperatures. Drivers are unable to use the fuel source in cold climates.
Consumers can only use biodiesel as a fuel source in warm climates.
Disadvantages of Biodiesel
•Variation in Quality of Biodiesel. ...
•Not Suitable for Use in Low Temperatures. ...
•Biodiesel Could Harm the Rubber Houses of Some Engines. ...
•Biodiesel is Way More Expensive than Petroleum. ...
•Food Shortage. ...
•Increased use of Fertilizers. ...
•Clogging in Engine. ...
•Regional Suitability.
What Is Biodiesel Used for?
•Fuel filters.
•Heating oils.
•Oil spill cleanups.
•Biodiesel electricity generators.
What is application of biodiesel in industry?

• Biodiesel can also be used as a heating fuel in domestic and commercial boilers, a mix of heating
oil and biofuel which is standardized and taxed slightly differently from diesel fuel used for
transportation. Bio-heat fuel is a proprietary blend of biodiesel and traditional heating oil .
 Two application of biodiesel
Biodiesel blended in various proportions
with petroleum-based diesel is used mostly
as a transportation fuel to power different
vehicle engines. Other applications for
renewable biodiesel fuel include: Fuel
filters. Heating oils.
Jatropha oil has been used in India for several
decades as biodiesel for the diesel fuel
requirements of remote rural and forest
communities; jatropha oil can be used directly
after extraction (i.e. without refining) in
diesel generators and engines.
 5 examples of biofuels

Various Types of Biofuel

•Wood. This is the most basic form of fuel that is derived from organic matter. ...
•Biogas. This is the gaseous form of biofuels. ...
•Biodiesel. This biofuel is liquid in nature. ...
•Ethanol. ...
•Methanol. ...
•Butanol.
Biodiesel is a liquid fuel often referred to as B100, pure, or neat biodiesel in its
unblended form. Like petroleum diesel, biodiesel is used to fuel compression-
ignition engines.
...
Biodiesel Fuel Basics.

Specific gravity 0.88

Oxygen, by dif. wt% 11

Boiling point, °C 315-350

Flash point, °C 100-170

Sulfur, wt% 0.0 to 0.0015

Largest producer of biodiesel

Over 40 percent of FAME biodiesel plants are

located in five states: Iowa, Texas, Missouri, Illinois,
and Arkansas. The Renewable Energy Group
(REG) is the largest biodiesel producer in the U.S.,
with 5 plants and capacity of 432 million gallons.
largest producer of biodiesel in India

Emami Agrotech Limited (EAL) is a leading Manufacturer

of Biodiesel (B-100) in India and supply biodiesel to
various Applications and Industry Sectors across the
country. EAL has its state of the art Biodiesel Plant in
Haldia, West Bengal with a Production Capacity of 350
tons of Biodiesel (B-100) per day.
THAN
K YOU