CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND IT`S BACKGROUND

Background of the Study

The two most prevalent type of engines used in the vehicles have been mainly gasoline
engine and diesel engine, which are different from one another. Diesel powered heavy duty
vehicles came on the market on 1950`s and the predominant type has been sold between the 1960`s
and 1970`s, resulting in their gradual infiltration into road traffic. Diesel engine was first used in
underground mines in Germany in 1927, and their use increased considerably in the 1970`s. Their
use in railroad locomotives was first introduced around 1930 and they largely replace steam engine
between 1945 and the 1960`s. In some countries passenger cars may be almost exclusively
powered by gasoline engines.

Increasing environmental concerns over the past decades have resulted in regulatory
actions to introduced successively stricter emission standards for both diesel and gasoline engine.
Current emission standards for both diesel and gasoline engine. Current emission standards for on-
road vehicle vary across the world, and are generally introduced in North America and Europe
initially, Followed by other countries; however, may countries do not apply such regulations.

Gasoline engine technologies have also evolved significantly. Tetraethyl lead had been
banned as a fuel additive in most countries by 2000, although it is still used in a few geographical
regions and in aircraft gasoline. Most gasoline automotive engines are now fitted with complex
electronic feedback control systems, port fuel injection and three-way catalyst systems that have
reduced emissions of particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and non-methane
hydrocarbons, as well as unregulated emissions. To improve efficiency, the most recent gasoline
engines have been fitted with a direct in-cylinder injection system, which may, however, increase
emissions of particulate matter. Many industrial applications, especially small (below 10 kW)
engines, still employ older gasoline engine technology.
 This results in much higher heating of the contents; in fact the temperature becomes so

high that the ignition of the fuel and air becomes spontaneous. You may ask, where does the energy

to power the compression stroke come from? It comes from inertia in the engine as it is running.

Another way to say it is that the previous power stroke provides the energy for the compression

stroke. The power stroke is when the exploding air fuel mixture pushes the cylinder out, doing

useful work. There is so much work released in the power stroke that there is enough to move the

car forward as well as provide inertia for the next compression stroke.

One of the hallmarks of the U.S. transportation system is its ease of use. Not only are the

vehicles cost-efficient, safe, and reliable, but the infrastructure to support them is widespread,

efficient, and easy to use. Service stations and truck stops serve a growing fleet of light-duty (LD)

and heavy-duty (HD) vehicles. For alternative fuel vehicles to achieve a significant market

penetration, consumers need to be reasonably assured that they will be able to refuel without undue

inconvenience. Vehicle fleet modeling in the LD and HD sector analyses of this study assumed

the sufficient and steady-state availability of fuel and fueling infrastructure to support alternative

fuel-vehicle systems. This chapter discusses the cost of providing fuel infrastructure, transition

hurdles for infrastructure deployment, and potential strategies to minimize the impact of transition

hurdles. The LD and HD vehicle integrated economic analyses suggest that once a fuel-vehicle

system has achieved commercial scale and infrastructure utilization is high, infrastructure costs

are likely to be a small portion of the total cost of driving. However, the transition to these potential

future states presents a significant hurdle for several fuel-vehicle systems. Concurrent

development of both new fuel vehicle systems and corresponding fuel infrastructure is a major

challenge. Widespread deployment of fueling infrastructure without sufficient demand could result

in an extended period of low utilization of fuel infrastructure.

Theoretical Framework
The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine) and named
after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel which is
injected into the combustion chamber is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the
cylinder due to mechanical compression (adiabatic compression). Diesel engines work by
compressing only the air. This increases the air temperature inside the cylinder to such a high
degree that atomised diesel fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber ignites spontaneously
. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline engine) or gas
engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to petrol), which use a spark plug to ignite an air-fuel
mixture. In diesel engines, glow plugs (combustion chamber pre-warmers) may be used to aid
starting in cold weather, or when the engine uses a lower compression-ratio, or both. The original
diesel engine operates on the "constant pressure" cycle of gradual combustion and produces no
audible knock.
The diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency (engine efficiency) of any
practical internal or external combustion engine due to its very high expansion ratio and
inherent lean burn which enables heat dissipation by the excess air. A small efficiency loss is also
avoided compared to two-stroke non-direct-injection gasoline engines since unburned fuel is not
present at valve overlap and therefore no fuel goes directly from the intake/injection to the exhaust.
Low-speed diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is
relatively unimportant) can have a thermal efficiency that exceeds 50%.

In 1876, a German engineer, Nikolaus August Otto advanced the study of heat engines by
building of the first working four-stroke engine. a stationary engine using a coal gas-air mixture
for fuel. Wilhelm Maybach (1846-1929), one of the most important German engineers, perfected
the construction, which was produced in large quantities already at the end of the year 1876. These
inventions quickly reshaped the world in which they lived.

Gasoline engine, any of a class of internal-combustion engines that generate power by

burning a volatile liquid fuel (gasoline or a gasoline mixture such as ethanol) with ignition initiated
by an electric spark. Gasoline engines can be built to meet the requirements of practically any
conceivable power- plant application, the most important being passenger automobiles,
small trucks and buses.
Definition of Terms

Compression Ratio- in a piston engine, it is a ratio bet the volume of the cylinder and combustion
chamber when the piston is at the top of its stroke.

Spontaneous- produced or performed through natural processes without external in influence

spontaneous movement.

Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI)- is a form of internal combustion in

without a well-mixed fuel and oxidizer (typically air) are compressed to the of auto ignition.

Methanol- a lite volatile flammable poisonous liquid alcohol CH3 OH used especially as a solvent,
antifreeze or denaturant for ethyl alcohol and in the synthesis of other chemicals.

Dilution- a lessening of real value (as of equity) by decrease in relative worth I specifically; a
decrease of per share value of common stock by an increase in the total number of shares.
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Descriptive Research Design

The research would utilize the case study type of descriptive research design in the
conduct of the study. The case study type of research involves a conducting survey. The group of
students were going to ask and give a questionnaire to the selected teachers of Amaya School of
Home Industries. For the researcher to have a better and accurate outcome of the research. The
difference between gasoline and diesel engine is the way explosion happens. In gasoline engine,
fuel is mixed with air compressed by the piston and ignited by sparkplugs. In diesel engine,
however, the air compressed first, and then the fuel’s injected. Because air heats up when it’s
compressed, the fuel ignites.

Quantitative Data Collection Method

In this study, have Ten (10) respondents from selected teachers in Amaya
School of Home Industries (ASHI). The researcher thinks that the questionnaire is a
good tool through collected information easily. The researcher gives the
questionnaire to those teachers voluntarily wanted to answer the questions. When all
questionnaire done answering by the respondents it will be used and show a chart to
show the data collected.