Glover 5e SI - Chapter 05

CHAPTER 5:
Transmission
Lines: Steady-
State Operation
2012 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved. 0
Chapter 5: Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation
Transmission Line Models
Previous lectures have covered how to calculate the
distributed inductance, capacitance and resistance of
transmission lines.
In this section we will use these distributed parameters
to develop the transmission line models used in power
system analysis.
2012 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
1
Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit
Our current model of a transmission line is shown below
2
For operation at frequency , let z = r + j L
and y = g +j C (with g usually equal 0)
e e
e
Units on
z and y are
per unit
length!
Derivation of V, I Relationships
3
We can then derive the following relationships:
( )
( ) ( )
dV I z dx
dI V dV y dx V y dx
dV x dI x
z I yV
dx dx
=
= + ~
= =
Setting Up a Second Order Equation
4
2
2
2
2
( ) ( )
We can rewrite these two, first order differential
equations as a single second order equation
( ) ( )
( )
0
dV x dI x
z I yV
dx dx
d V x dI x
z zyV
dx
dx
d V x
zyV
dx
= =
= =
=
V, I Relationships, contd
5
2 2
Define the propagation constant as
where
the attenuation constant
the phase constant
Use the Laplace Transform to solve. System
has a characteristic equation
( ) ( )( ) 0
yz j
s s s
o |
o
|

= = +
=
=
= + =
Equation for Voltage
6
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
The general equation for V is
( )
Which can be rewritten as
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2 2
Let K and K . Then
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
cosh( ) sinh( )
x x
x x x x
x x x x
V x k e k e
e e e e
V x k k k k
k k k k
e e e e
V x K K
K x K x

= +
+
= + +
= + =
+
= +
= +
Real Hyperbolic Functions
For real x the cosh and sinh functions have the following
form:
7
cosh( ) sinh( )
sinh( ) cosh( )
d x d x
x x
dx dx

= =
Complex Hyperbolic Functions
For x = o + j| the cosh and sinh functions have the
following form:
8
cosh cosh cos sinh sin
sinh sinh cos cosh sin
x j
x j
o | o |
o | o |
= +
= +
Determining Line Voltage
9
R R
The voltage along the line is determined based upon
the current/voltage relationships at the terminals.
Assuming we know V and I at one end (say the
"receiving end" with V and I where x 0) we can
1 2
determine the constants K and K , and hence the
voltage at any point on the line.
Determining Line Voltage, contd
10
1 2
1 2
1
1 2
2
c
( ) cosh( ) sinh( )
(0) cosh(0) sinh(0)
Since cosh(0) 1 & sinh(0) 0
( )
sinh( ) cosh( )
( ) cosh( ) sinh( )
where Z characteristic
R
R
R R
R
R R c
V x K x K x
V V K K
K V
dV x
zI K x K x
dx
zI I z z
K I
y
yz
V x V x I Z x
z
y

= +
= = +
= = =
= = +
= = =
= +
= = impedance
Determining Line Current
11
By similar reasoning we can determine I(x)
( ) cosh( ) sinh( )
where x is the distance along the line from the
receiving end.
Define transmission efficiency as
R
R
c
out
in
V
I x I x x
Z
P
P

q
= +
=
Transmission Line Example
12
R
6 6
Assume we have a 765 kV transmission line with
a receiving end voltage of 765 kV(line to line),
a receiving end power S 2000 1000 MVA and
z = 0.0201 + j0.535 = 0.535 87.8
km
y = 7.75 10 = 7.75 10 90.0
j
j

= +
O
Z
Z
km
Then
zy 2.036 88.9 /km
262.7 -1.1
c
z
y
= = Z
Z = = Z O
Transmission Line Example, contd
13
*
6
3
Do per phase analysis, using single phase power
and line to neutral voltages. Then
765
441.7 0 kV
3
(2000 1000) 10
1688 26.6 A
3 441.7 0 10
( ) cosh( ) sinh( )
441, 700 0 cosh(
R
R
R R c
V
j
I
V x V x I Z x
= = Z
(
+
= = Z
(
Z

= +
= Z 2.036 88.9 )
443, 440 27.7 sinh( 2.036 88.9 )
x
x
Z +
Z Z
Transmission Line Example, contd
14
Lossless Transmission Lines
15
c
c
c
For a lossless line the characteristic impedance, Z ,
is known as the surge impedance.
Z (a real value)
If a lossless line is terminated in impedance
Z
Then so we get...
R
R
R c R
jwl l
jwc c
V
I
I Z V
= = O
=
=
Lossless Transmission Lines
16
2
( ) cosh sinh
( ) cosh sinh
( )
( )
V(x)
Define as the surge impedance load (SIL).
Since the line is lossless this implies
( )
( )
R R
R R
c
c
R
R
V x V x V x
I x I x I x
V x
Z
I x
Z
V x V
I x I

= +
= +
=
=
=
If P > SIL then line consumes
vars; otherwise line generates vars.
Transmission Matrix Model
Oftentimes were only interested in the terminal
characteristics of the transmission line. Therefore we
can model it as a black box.
17
V
S

V
R

+ +
- -
I
S
I
R

Transmission
Line
S
S
V
With
I
R
R
V A B
I C D
( ( (
=
( ( (

Transmission Matrix Model, contd
18
S
S
V
With
I
Use voltage/current relationships to solve for A,B,C,D
cosh sinh
cosh sinh
cosh sinh
1
sinh cosh
R
R
S R c R
R
S R
c
c
c
V A B
I C D
V V l Z I l
V
I I l l
Z
l Z l
A B
l l
C D
Z

( ( (
=
( ( (

= +
= +
(
(
(
= =
(
(

(

T
Equivalent Circuit Model
19
The common representation is the equivalent circuit

t
Next well use the T matrix values to derive the
parameters Z' and Y'.
Equivalent Circuit Parameters
20
'
' 2
' '
1 '
2
' '
2 2
' ' ' '
' 1 1
4 2
' '
1 '
2
' ' ' '
' 1 1
4 2
S R
R R
S R R
S S R R
S R R
S R
S R
V V Y
V I
Z
Z Y
V V Z I
Y Y
I V V I
Z Y Z Y
I Y V I
Z Y
Z
V V
Z Y Z Y I I
Y
=
| |
= + +
|
\ .
= + +
| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ . \ .
(
+
(
( (
=
(
( (
| | | |

(
+ +
| |
(
\ . \ .
Equivalent Circuit Parameters
21
We now need to solve for Z' and Y'. Using the B
element solving for Z' is straightforward
sinh '
Then using A we can solve for Y'
' '
A = cosh 1
2
' cosh 1 1
tanh
2 sinh 2
C
c c
B Z l Z
Z Y
l
Y l l
Z l Z
= =
= +
= =
Simplified Parameters
22
These values can be simplified as follows:
' sinh sinh
sinh
with Z zl (recalling )
' 1
tanh tanh
2 2 2
tanh
2
with Y
2
2
C
c
zl z
Z Z l l
yl z
l
Z zy
l
Y l yl y l
Z zl y
l
Y
yl
l

= =
= =
= =
=
Simplified Parameters
23
For short lines make the following approximations:
sinh
' (assumes 1)
' tanh( / 2)
(assumes 1)
2 2 / 2
80 km 0.998 0.02 1.001 0.01
160 km 0.993 0.09 1.004 0.04
320 km 0.9
l
Z Z
l
Y Y l
l
= ~
= ~
Z Z
Z Z
sinhl tanh(l/2)
Length
l l/2
72 0.35 1.014 0.18 Z Z
Medium Length Line Approximations
24
For shorter lines we make the following approximations:
sinh
' (assumes 1)
' tanh( / 2)
(assumes 1)
2 2 / 2
80 km 0.998 0.02 1.001 0.01
160 km 0.993 0.09 1.004 0.04
320
l
Z Z
l
Y Y l
l
= ~
= ~
Z Z
Z Z
sinhl tanh(l/2)
Length
l l/2
km 0.972 0.35 1.014 0.18 Z Z
Three Line Models
25
(longer than 320 km)
tanh
sinh '
2
use ' ,
2 2
2
(between 80 and 320 km)
use and
2
(less than 80 km)
use (i.e., assume Y is zero)
l
l Y Y
Z Z
l
l
Y
Z
Z
= =
Long Line Model
Medium Line Model
Short Line Model
Power Transfer in Short Lines
Often wed like to know the maximum power that could
be transferred through a short transmission line
26
V
1

V
2

+ +
- -
I
1

I
1

Transmission
Line with
Impedance Z
S
12
S
21
1
*
*
1 2
12 1 1 1
1 1 2 2 2
2
1 1 2
12 12
with ,
Z
Z Z
V V
S V I V
Z
V V V V Z Z
V V V
S
Z Z
u u u
u u u
| |
= =
|
\ .
= Z = Z = Z
= Z Z +
Power Transfer in Lossless Lines
27
2
1 1 2
12 12 12
12 12
1 2
12 12
If we assume a line is lossless with impedance jX and
are just interested in real power transfer then:
90 90
Since - cos(90 ) sin , we get
sin
Hence the maximu
V V V
P jQ
Z Z
V V
P
X
u
u u
u
+ = Z Z +
+ =
=
1 2
12
m power transfer is
Max
V V
P
X
=
Limits Affecting Max. Power Transfer
Thermal limits
limit is due to heating of conductor and hence depends
heavily on ambient conditions.
For many lines, sagging is the limiting constraint.
Newer conductors limit can limit sag. For example, in
2004 ORNL working with 3M announced lines with a
core consisting of ceramic Nextel fibers. These lines
can operate at 200C.
Trees grow, and will eventually hit lines if they are
planted under the line.

28
Other Limits Affecting Power Transfer
Angle limits
while the maximum power transfer occurs when line
angle difference is 90, actual limit is substantially
less due to multiple lines in the system
Voltage stability limits
as power transfers increases, reactive losses increase
as I
2
X. As reactive power increases the voltage falls,
resulting in a potentially cascading voltage collapse.
29

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