Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of Response Spectrum
March 2013
EQ Ground Motions
Low Amplitude Vibrations
Long distance events
Usually displacements
Earth Scientists
Surface Waves
Amplitude
P PP S
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Time (s)
1
EQ Ground Motions…
0.3
PGA=0.32g
0.2
0.1
Accn. (g)
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (seconds)
2
Maximum Recorded Motion
Characteristics…
Parameters…
Duration of Significant Shaking
Frequency Content
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (sec)
3
Characteristics
Influence of
Magnitude of EQ
Source mechanism Fault
Type of faulting
Fault
Accelerogram
During ground shaking, one can measure
ground acceleration versus time (accelerogram)
using an accelerograph
Accelerograph is the instrument
Accelerogram is the record obtained from it
Accelerogram is the variation of ground acceleration with
time (also called time history of ground motion)
4
Typical Accelerograph
Typical
Accelerograms
Time, sec
5
Response Spectrum (contd…)
T=2 sec,
Damping =2%
a(t)/g
Time, sec
Ground motion time history
Sudhir K. Jain March 2013 Slide 11
6
Response Spectrum (contd…)
d(t)
Time, sec
T=2 sec,
Time History of Deformation (relative displacement
of mass with respect to base) response Damping =2%
a(t)/g
Time, sec
Ground motion time history
7
Response Spectrum (contd…)
ag(t)/g Displacement
Response
Spectrum for
Time, sec
T=0.5 sec the above time
=2% history
d(t)/g
T=1.0 sec
=2% d(t)/g
dmax
T=2.0 sec
=2% d(t)/g
Time, sec
Figure After Chopra, 2001 T, sec
8
Example
Acceleration, g
Mass = 10,000kg
Natural Period T=1 sec
Damping =5% of critical
3m
Time (sec)
Ground Acceleration Time History
Maximum Acceleration, g
From Response Spectrum:
Spectral Acceleration (for T=1sec) = 0.48 g
Max. Base Shear = Mass x Spectral Accln.
=(10,000kg) x (0.48x9.81m/sec2)
= 47,000 N = 47 kN
Max. Base Moment Undamped Natural Period T (sec)
=(47kN) x (3m) = 141 kN-m Acceleration Response Spectrum for the
above accelerogram for 5% damping
(Fig. from Seed and Idriss, 1982)
Sudhir K. Jain March 2013 Slide 17
9
Response Spectrum (contd…)
10
Response Spectrum (contd…)
Note that the two response spectra above show very different frequency content. Ground
motion B has more energy at low periods. An expert may be able to make out from these
spectra that B is recorded at a short distance (say 15km) from a small earthquake, while A
is recorded from a large earthquake at a large distance (say 100km) (Fig. edited from
Housner, 1970)
11
Response Spectrum (contd…)
12
Smooth Response Spectrum
Real spectrum has somewhat irregular shape
with local peaks and valleys
For design purpose, local peaks and valleys
should be ignored
Since natural period cannot be calculated with
that much accuracy.
Hence, smooth response spectrum used for
design purposes
For developing design spectra, one also needs
to consider other issues
We will discuss this later.
13
Ground Acceleration (contd...)
Ground Acceleration
14
Zero Period Acceleration
An infinitely rigid structure
Has zero natural period (T=0)
Does not deform:
No relative motion between its mass and its base
Mass has same acceleration as of the ground
Hence, ZPA is same as Peak Ground
Acceleration
For very low values of period, acceleration
spectrum tends to be equal to PGA.
We should be able to read the value of PGA
from an acceleration spectrum.
15
Typical shape of acceleration spectrum
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Period (sec)
16
Response Spectrum versus Design Spectrum
17
Design Spectrum
Since some damage is expected and accepted in
the structure during strong shaking, design
spectrum is developed considering the
overstrength, redundancy, and ductility in the
structure.
The site may be prone to shaking from large but
distant earthquakes as well as from medium but
nearby earthquakes: design spectrum may
account for these as well.
See Fig. next slide.
18
Design Spectrum (contd…)
19
Soil Effect
Recorded earthquake motions show that
response spectrum shape differs for different
type of soil profile at the site
Fig. from
Geotechnical
Earthquake
Engineering, by
Kramer, 1996
Period (sec)
Sudhir K. Jain March 2013 Slide 39
Fig. from
IS:1893-2002
Period(s)
Sudhir K. Jain March 2013 Slide 40
20
Shape of Design Spectrum
The three curves in Fig. 2 have been drawn
based on general trends of average response
spectra shapes.
In recent years, the US codes (UBC, NEHRP and
IBC) have provided more sophistication wherein
the shape of design spectrum varies from area
to area depending on the ground motion
characteristics expected.
21