Muc luc ‘Li néi dau Cong tée vien 1 Bat ding thie Co sa Ll Bat ding thie AM-GM 11.1 Bét ding thie AM-GM va tug dung 11.2 Ki thuat Cosi nguge dé 1.2. Bat ding thie Cauchy-Schwarz-Holder . 12.1 Bat diing thite Cauchy-Schwarz va ting dung 1.2.2 Bat ding thie Holder 1.3. Bat ding thite Chebyshev eco 1.3.1 Bat ding thite Chebyshev va ing dung 1.3.2 Ki thugt phan téch Chebyshev 14° Bét ding thie voi ham Wi . : 1.4.1 Ham Idi voi bét ding thie Jensen. . 1.4.2 Ham I6i voi ki thuat xét phn ti 4 bien 1.5 Khai trién Abel va bat ding thite hodn vi 1.5.1. Khai trién Abel . 15.2 Bat ding thie hodn vi 16 Bat diing thie d6i xing 3 bién Gaogso 16.1 Bat diing thie thudn nhét khong o6 digu kien. 1.6.2 Bét ding thite d6i xing 06 diéu kien 13 1B 18 27 34 34 39 44 49 53 53 59 6 62LT 18 19 1.10 Lat Muc Tue Bat ding thite va ode da thite déi xing so Ap 17.1 Li thuyét vé eée da thife d6i xing su cp 1.7.2 Da thie déi xiing su cp va ce ting dung trong gidi toda bat ding tte Phuong phép can bing he s6 1.8.1 Bai toan md dia 1.8.2 Can bang hé s6 voi bat ding thie lien he trung, binh cong va tring binh nha (AM - GM) 18.3 Can bing hé s6 véi bit dling thite Cauchy - Schwarz - Holder Dao bam va img dung 1.9.1 Kién thite If thuyé 1.9.2. Khdo sét ham s6 mot bién 1.9.3 Khéo sft ham nbiéu bién 1.9.4 Md rong mot bai thi tod quée té 2004 Bai tap ap dung Mot s6 bai toan dang cht § Sang tao bat ding thie 2a 22 Cac 3a Cie bai toan chon loc Ban vé sing tao bat ding thite 2.2.1 Bat ding thite ca va méi 2.2.2 Mot each xdy dung bat dang thie mdi 22 ‘Tit chtmg minh - phan bien dén ‘két Luan, 2.2.4 Sing tao bét ding thitc phuong php ching minh bat dng thie Phuong phép dn bién va dinb If dén bién manh 3.1.1 Bai toan md dau 3.1.2 Phuong phép don bién.d6i voi céc bit ding thie 3 bién 3.1.3. Dinh If dén bién manh $:M.V 3.14 Dinh i $.MLV va mot s6 ting dung 3.1.5 Phuong phap dn bién ton mign n n 2 m4 4 80 83 + 83 84 86 89 103 105 105 201 201 203 206 208Muc tue iti 3.2. Phuong phap phan tich binh phuong S.0.S. 233, 3.2.1 Bai tom md dau 233 322 ign co 58 cha phitong phip S.0.S va mot s6 ich 239 3.2.3 Nhimg tng dung quan trong cia phutong phép 8.0.5 244 3.2.4 Suy lugn tir mot bai toan 249 3.3 Phuomg phép phan ching 254 3.3.1 Bai toan md dau 254 3.3.2 Nhin nhan mot bit ding thite du6i gée do phan ching 255 3.3.3 Cée bai toén Sp dung. se. 287 3.4 Phuong phép quy nap téng quét 262 3.4.1 Bai todn mé diu . 262 3.4.2 Phuong phip quy nap téng quat va dinb i LG.L 265 3.4.3 Céc bai todn dp dung 267 3.4.4 Xay dug ham sé va bai toén téng quat «276 3.5 Phuong phap sit dung bat ding thie e8 dién ar Nhin lai 5 phuong phap chtmg minh bat dang thie . . wee 285 3.6.1 Phuong phap din bién 235 3.6.2 Phuong phap phan tich binh phutang 8.0. 287 3.6.8 Phuong phép phan chimg . 288 3.64 Phuong phép quy nap téng quit, 289 3.6.5 Phuong phép sit dung bat dang thite 6 dién “290 4 Mot s6 vin d@ chon loc vé bat ding thie 291 4.1 Bat dang thite Schur suy rong : 291 4.2 Nhitug b&t ding thite Kila! : 298 4.3 Bat ding thie Nesbitt va mot s6 dang mé rong 303 4.4 Suy luan va phét trién . . 308 4.5. Bét ding thte than nghich 312 4.5.1 Phwong phép tich phan déi voi bit ding thite 312 4.5.2 Bat ding thie thuan nghich 34iv Muc lye 4.6 Di tim Idi gidi so cp 37 4.6.1 Tré lai vin dé 6 dién 317 4.6.2 Thém mét bai toan 4 bién 320 4.7 Ly thuyét c6e bo tro va bit ding thite Karamata 320 4.7.1 Céc bé trdi vA mét s6 tinh cht lien quan... . 320 4.7.2. Bat ding thitc Karamata cee 324 4.8 Dén bién khong xéc dinh 333 481 a>bhaya NYATIE Gy + YEG aan > 2m *Y BGI, Do dé bit ding thite cing ding khi n bing mot luj thita cia 2. Mat khée néu bat dng tine ding voi n s6 thi cing diing véi n ~ 1 36, that vay ta chi clin chon aq = 8/(n 1) ay $02 +o + Ona [ants aot ates 2 (n-l Yaaoa ‘Ta2 nhan xét tren ta e6 dibu phi chitg mink, Ding thite xy ra i v8 ehi Khi tt cA cée bién aj, a2,...,@n bang nhau. O Bat ding thite AM — GM In bit ding thnte quen thuge vA 66 ving dung rng ri, Ja bit ding thite du tien mA oe ban clin phai ghi nhé rt r6 va sit dung mot céch thanh thao. Khi sit dung bét diing thte my ching ta can hét site chi t6i didu kign cia dng thie Khi a; = az = ... = dy va cn tach ed hé s6 cho phit bgp. Co nhitu ech chitag mink bét diing thnie AM - GM, céch chimg minb hay nhét 6 thé la céch chimg minh sit dung phuong phép quy nap Cauchy (nk ching minh trén). Cé le vi vay mA nhigu nguti lam lin ring Cauchy phét hign ra bat ding thie nay. Ong chi 8 nguti dua ra chiing minh rét hay cita minh chit khong phai la ngui phat hién ra dau tien, bét ding thitc ma ching ta quen goi la bAt ding thite Bunhiacopzki thy chit la phat minh cia 3 nha toén hoc Schwarz, BunhiaCopakt va Cauchy. Thoo each goi ten chung cia thé gi6i, bat ding thite BunkiaCoprki o6 ten la bét ding thite Cauchy - Schwarz, cbn bit ding thitc Cosi (hay Cauchy) 6 ten la bét ding thie AM — GM (Arithmetic Means - Geometric Means), Day la mot si ohm ln kbé ki le va déng ngec nbién trong mot thai gian dai |? Sau day 1a mot s6 bai toan dae trung sit dung bat diing thite AM ~ GM.1.1, Bat ding thite AM-GM 5 Vi dy 1.1.1. Ching minh ring vai moi 36 thye khong am a,b, ta 06 Ljijiy_o a*etc* arbre Lor GiAL. Sit dung bat ding thite AM — GM cho 336 lili y 3 +o4+g(tat44) > svat no, rb4o (S45 +2) 2alaegie Bat dng thic téng quét hon duge ching minh hoan toan tueng ty 1 1 ne a, ~ ay tag +. hay a Vi du 1.1.2 (Bat ding thuc Nesbitt). Ching minh ring udi moi sé thye khéng am a,b,c ta 0 _ Treteaat aye be M=Syet cra tae a2 ye, Beet cea and Ta 06 M +N =3. Mat khéc theo bét ding thie AM — GM thi a+b dee cea > bye tera tane=* ate ath bre Negatte,atb > +8 Tet eta tara Vay M +N +28 > 3 suy ra 28 > 3. Day Ih didu phi clung minh. O ‘Vi du 1.1.3 (Bat ding thitc Nesbitt 4.bién). Ching minh ring vdi moi s6 thye Khong am a,b, ta 06 bat ding thc o, ble a beet ced * deataad 22Lor GiAt. Dat ot ord cra ae ord Ta cé M +N =4. Theo bét ding thite AM — eee +d, end ate ate eae Nose bye a+d (atc) arbtetd Vay M+N +29 > 8 suy ra $ > 2, Ding thite xy ra khi Vi dy 11.4. Gid sitay,a2, dy la ode 86 thye dizang sao cho ay +02+...+ Chuong 1. Bat ding thie co sé . i a at , e+ + ava‘ axe Gea ast GM wh etd d+a ate ata b+d etd a+b 4(b+d) dta atbrerd 4a Ching mink vai moi s6 nguyén ditong k ta 06 bat ding thite ab tah teat > aft + ahh + bla bal Lot GIAI. Sit dung bat ding thie AM ~ GM ta 06 (k-Dat +1 sah tak +.. tat Thay a bdi ay, a2, 412 kVaKERD = kak? sd, TO: cOng cae bAt ding thie lai ta duge (k= t(ak tah +... tak) tn > blak! + af +... +08"), nay Vay ta chi edn ebimg minh ak oft + tat on Sit dung bat dling thie AM - GM a1 4 (b—2) ak $14 ti 12 (R= 1) Wart = (k- 1a. Thay @ bai ay, a2, at yal 4 tak h 4 n(k 2) > (b- Ila tant +n) oq ri cOug e&e bAt ding tite dang tren Iai (k-1)n1.1. Bat ding thite AM-GM 7 satel ec tat ton a) ‘Dang thie xdy ra khi va chi khiay = a2 =... = dy Nhan xét, Tir eéc chimg minh trén ta suy ra af tob+ tah (ote te)" ‘Voi moi s6 nguyen durong k. Ngodi ra cd 2 bit ding thife nay déu diing khi k > 1 1a ‘mot 86 thuc. Néu xét k <1 ta cé bit ding thite / on, V+ VE+ + Vin Voi moi 86 thye duong m > 1, Cée ban hay ty kim nghigmn cde bat ding thie nay bing phuong phép 6 tren, thute chAt.n6 chi la he qué tryc tiép. ‘Vi dy 1.1.5 (Bat ding thie AM-GM suy rong). Voi cde 36 thue duong 04,0354 234250 y ld cc 86 thye Khong dm cb téng bing 1 ta eb ayn + apa2 +... + Onn > af! of?...0R* Lot G1A1. Phung phép chimg minh sit dung quy nap Cauchy hon toan tuong ty nt vdi bat ding thitc AM —GAf thong thu@ng, Tuy nhi¢n trong trutng bgp n = 2 ching ta cin mot loi gidi chi tiét hon. Ta phai chiing minh néu ey =1¥8.@,b,2,9 1a ce s6 thye khong aan thi az + by > a*b¥, Céch lam don gidn nh&t di v6i bat ding thite nay Ia x6t voi s6 hitu th edi ehnyén qua gidi han. Hién nhién néu 2, y hit ti thi bai tosn duge ching minh theo bat ding thie AM - GM ed dién mat nb> (m+ n)a™lortnipnlln 4") > ax + by > a*bY, Trong d6 2 = m/(m +n) va_y = n/(m-+n). Con néu x,y thufe thi sé ton tai day che 86 hitu ti ry + 2,8, — stm + Sy = 1 va ohU vay ary + By 2 ab" 4 ary + BL ~ Fa) > aI. Chuyén qua gidi han khi n + +00 ta duge ax + by > a WY. Day chinh la didu phai ching minh, O Cfich ching minh nay khé cg ban, va néu ban chua duge hoc vé gidi han thi hay tem chép ulgu bat déug thite voi ede 96 2; him ti. Li do rét dum gtam, vi dé dink nghia chinh xée cho lug thita véi sé mii thue, bude phai c6 dinh nghfa gidi han, Céc ign thite ea s6 vé gidi hn va ham lien te s@ duge dinh nghia trong chiang trink8 Chuong 1. Bat dang thite co 96 ‘Vi dy 1.1.6 (IMO Shortlist 1998). Vai x,y, 2 la cdc sé thife duong e6 tich bing 1, ching mink bat dang the saw ey asna+s x bd a (+20 +2)" O¥a)0 ry) ~ 4 Lot G1At, Sit dung bat ding thite AM — GM cho 356 ‘Tuong te ta 06 2 bit ding thite véi y, 218i cOng lai suy ra 3 a 3 Peeee aseeeenee, erst eee Sahat G+H0+2) O+a)ity) 2 ri Twas Mat khée x+y +2 > 3yEyz=3 nen tacé dpem, O Vi dy 1.1.7 (IMO Shortlist 1990). Gid st a,b, ,d la cfc 86 thye khong am thod min ab+ be + ed-+da= 1. Chiing mink —*_ , 8 , @ , @#@ , byevd ‘cvdya atb+d atbte Lor GIAI. Sit dung bat dng thite AM — GM cho 4 sb @ btetd a, 1 da byera* 8 61173 Hoon toan tung ti ta 06 them 3 bét ding thite véi bd sau d6 eOnug lai dude Sac ee eeemnc me ec ueee Lee Le b+ctd c+d+a atb+d atbte 3 Cha § ring ab + be-+ ed + da = (a+ ¢)(b+d) nen (a+b-+c4d)? > 4(ab+ be+ cd +da)=4a+b+e+d>2. Thay két qui nay vio bt diing thite 6 tren ta e6 dpem. Diing thie xdy ra khi va chi khi a= 1/2. 0 ‘Vi du 1.1.8 (Komal Magazine). Ching minh vdi moi a,b,c duomg eee ee ec Bb+e) | cle +a) ~ MatbroP11. Bat dling thite AM-GM 9 Lor GiAt, Sit dung truc tiép bit ding thie AM ~ GM cho vé trai 1 1 1 3 Do dé ta chi cn chitng minh Babe(a + b)(b+ c)(e +a) < Bla ++ c)9 ‘Theo bat ding thite AM - GM Babe < (a+ b+e)%, Slat (b+ Neta) <(atb+b+eteta) =8latb+e) Nhan theo vé 2 bat ding thie tren ta diye digu phai chung min, O Vi du 1.1.9. Cho cde 96 thye a,b,¢ tho man a? + 6% +c = 3. Ching minh bat ding thite sau la} + [0] + fe] ~ abe < 4, Lor GiAl. Ta cding ap dung trye tiép bat ding thie AM — GM nu sau ad g (Et) cto ae (lal + [8] + lel)? < 38(a? + 0? + Cong vé 2 bit ding thie trén ta c6 dia phai chiing minh. Ding thite xy ra khi va chi khi trong 3 s6 a,,c.6 2 s6 bing 1 va 1 s6 bing —1. 01 9 lal + [bl + lel <3. Nhan xét. Ban doe thit lam bai toan trén néu ta bé di cée déu gié tri tuyet déi, tim max cia a+ b+ ¢~ abe. Day l& mot bai tod rt thit vi va khong d8. Vi dy 1.1.10 (Iran MO 1998). Cho cdc s6 the duong a, b,¢,d thod man abed Ching minh ring O4iee m ore pata ee beetdtatetest LO! Gil. Ta phdi chitng minh 2 bat ding thie sau 4+ OP ratdterd a P44 P+? > abet bed +eda+dab (2)10 Chuong 1. Bat ding thie co si Bat ding thc (1) duge chiing minh tuyng ty nbu trong vi dy 1.1.4. Bat ding thite (2) c6 duye bang tong eae bat ding thite sau a +b +c > Babe b+ 8 +d > Sbed 4d +08 > Beda @ +02 +6 > Bdab. Chi e6 ding thite khi a = d=10 Vi du 1.1.11 (USA MO 1998). Ching minh vdi moi s6 thye duong a,b, 1 1 1 1 ee —— BE + abe * PEA + abe * TH aP Habe ~ abe LO1 GIAL. Ta 66 nbén x6t sau a? +? > ab => a? +3 > abla +o) abe abe ¢ SE BES < abatb)babe arbre Xay dimg them 2 bat ding thie twang ty 78i cong lei suy ra did phi civng min acme one Ciomee TBF abe * BFS + abe * SH a babe ~ Ding the xiy ra chi khia=b=c. O Vi dy 1.1.12 (France Pre - MO 2005). Cac s6 thvc duong x, y,= thod man didw ign 22 + y? +2? = 3. Hay ching minh mv +23, ee y Lor G1At. Binh phuong 2 vé oiia bat diing thife, ta phai chitng minh eee : of Ey tp tee y+ 22) 23a? + y+ 2?). Cha § ring theo bat diing thitc AM — GM ta cé Se ener ape ee or ae wy yh Pat) pty ate (VE Ba) | (BaP 2! oe AP oP) = EE) (GE) (EF ) 2 Ur? +y? + 27). Ding thite xfy ra chi khi 2 =y =2=1. 0 Nh&n xét. Céc ban hay kiém nghiem bét ding thie sau ab , be Név a,b,c dang thot mana +b +et=son 24 "4 S> 97 van é tng quat sé duge gidi quyét & chutong sau cia cubn sAch.LI. Bat diing thite AM-GM u ‘Vi du 1.1.13 (IMO Shortlist 1996). Céc s6 dong x,y,z 06 tick bing 1. Chiing mink bat diing thie zy Beayt ye Lor Git. Ta ¢6 nan xét sau Pep rye ry 2a (ety) Tyg __tv pee eee ee Fay ty my teyaty) I+aylety) etyte Xéy dumg 2 bit ding thitc tuong tw v6i 2, y ri cong vé cd 3 bét ding thite ta e6 digu phai ching minh, Ding thite xay ra chi Khi 2 = y a Vi dy 1.1.14 (Viet Nam MO). Cie s6 thye duang £3,2,...,2ty thod man 1 1 ++ = 1+2, l+z2 tive Hay ching minh ring Byrqty 2 (n= 1)" Lor GrAt. Ti gid thiét bai todn ta 6 ty yt fn +m T¥aa1 1425 Sit dung bat dling thite AM - GM véi eéc 96 hang 6 vé trai n-1 fa» —_4#) Tate Yt iL ta) (1+ tna) Ta ob n= 1 bit ding thite tuong tur voi mbi 96 21,22) .04 tong img cia n bat ding thie tren lai suy ra dpe. Vidy 1.1.15 (APMO 1998). Ching minh vdi moi z,y.2 dvamg ta cé (+2) (+2) (142) 224 2B Lor GtAl. Dé dang nhan théy bat ding thie trén 1a he qua tir bat ding thite sau12 Chutemg 1. Bat ding thite co 36 ‘Ta nhom va sit dung bat diing thie AM -GM sGFe2)= (Bed) (Bet)o (et) died var Ding thite xy ra khi va chi Khi «= y= 2. Vi du 1.1.16 (Canada MO 2002). Voi moi x,y,z duamg, hay ching mink 2 ef 8 y F4¥ st oetyte yee ay TY Lot GiAt. Sit dung bit diing thite AM — GM cho 3 s6 2 y a Stutezse , Etctrey , Stety eee e Es ay Cong vé 3 bit ding tinte tron ta e6 digu phi ching mink. Q ‘Vi dy 1.1.17 (Macedonia MO 2000). Ching minh vi moi e,y,2 duong a4 y? +27 > Vay + 22) Lor G1At. Sit dung bit ding thite AM — GM véi 2 sé 2? stapes teaty WZ) 5 Bly +2). 0 Vi dy 1.1.18. Chitng minh vdi moi a,b,e.d duang ta luon 06 16(abe + bed + eda + dab) < (a+ b+e+d)*. LOI GIAL. Sit dung bat dling tinte AM — GM cho 256 16 (abe + bed + eda + dab) = 16ab(e + d) + 16ed(a + 6) £4a+ (cd) +4(c4 d%a+0) SAlatb+e+ dat b)(e+d) S(atbte+ds ng thite xiy ra khi va chi khi 4a ‘Vi du 1.1.19. Ching mink ring vdi che s6 duong a,b,c cé téng bing 3 thi ala+¢~ 2b) , W(b-+a~2c) abel * bert ele +b— 20) >0. cat