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Concrete2 Notes PDF
Concrete2 Notes PDF
Copyright J. Charalambides
Analysis of Reinforced
Concrete Beams
Copyright J. Charalambides
Analysis of Reinforced
Concrete Beams
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Copyright J. Charalambides
Analysis of Reinforced
Concrete Beams
Analysis of Reinforced
Concrete Beams
Copyright J. Charalambides
Flexural Ductility
– That wonderful property of structural materials to bend, crack and yet not
break, is one of the possible characteristics of RC.
– When flexural forces surpass the limit My, steel reinforcement continues to
elongate. Resistance increases slightly, related to the increase of distance
between C and T. That distance increases as the depth of the concrete
stress block decreases until the concrete fractures. Although the stress of
the steel remains constant, the strain at the point of failure is several times
greater than the steel yield strain εty, ..approximately εty=fy/Es ≈.002
Copyright J. Charalambides
Flexural Ductility
– On a section that fractures when the strain of steel is 0.006, if the As was
multiplied by a certain factor (let’s say doubled), then the Whitney block
would take a similar magnification (double in this case). The strain at the
tension could only be 0.003. The stretching of the steel at the range
between yield and beam failure would only be 0.001 instead of 0.004 as it
was for the section with half as much tension reinforcement.
Copyright J. Charalambides
Tension, Compression, and
Balanced Failure
! Compression
! Balanced
Copyright J. Charalambides
Flexural Ductility
Design Requirements
Copyright J. Charalambides
Design Requirements
The capacity reduction “φ”
factor also reflects the
relative ductility of the cross
section at failure. !7250 t ! 0.25f y" !0.65
0.9 ! 0.7 "
For tension controlled, 145 ! f y
0.25( ε t −ε ty )
φ=0.9≥0.65+ ≥0.65
0.005−ε ty
For further details and info, please refer to R. W. Furlong's book: pp 40-41.
Copyright J. Charalambides
MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION
ACI recognizes that the magnitude
of moments at critical locations of
a flexural member, estimated
through elastic analysis, cannot be
totally precise. Therefore,
designers are allowed to
“redistribute” moment values (from
support regions to span) provided
that:
Source: R.W. Furlong: Basic Decisions for Designing Reinforced Concrete Structures, Morgan Printing, Austin , TX, Sept. 2003
Copyright J. Charalambides
Standardized ρ Values
To recap and bring to surface a few
standardized values:
– A recommended ρMax will be applied when
the objective is to minimize the depth of a
beam. The εt will be 0.004 and φ will be
0.81.*
– The ρMin is a threshold value that we shall
never cross.
– The ρlim is the limit that keeps us within an εt
of .005 and ACI 318-14 allows φ=0.9
– The ρ10 is an ideal condition that we should
always aim for in order to have a
comfortable condition for our designed
element and where the εt is 0.010
*Note: The main effective depth suggests that after As is determined, a cover per ACI guidelines should be determined as well.
Copyright J. Charalambides
In Class Example:
Select flexural bars for the section and the required moment and determine the
ΦMn, the β1 ratio (ratio of depth of rectangular stress block, a, to the depth to
neutral axis c) the distance c and the strain on the extreme fiber of reinforcement εt.
(7250ε t −0.25f y )
0.9>0.7+ >0.65
145− f y
Copyright J. Charalambides
In Class Example:
Copyright J. Charalambides