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3.6 The Design of Harmonic Filter and Reactive Power Compensation in Power Supply System
3.6 The Design of Harmonic Filter and Reactive Power Compensation in Power Supply System
LIU Zhengzhi
3.6.1 Introduction
The Electro-Magnetic-Compatibility (EMC), i.e. Power Quality (PQ), for a power
supply system in Tokamaks is one of the essential issues in fusion technology because of
its impact of high demands of pulsed power and reactive power, and harmonics as well.
The power supplies in EAST super-conductive Tokamak mainly consist of thyristor
converters, pulse-width-modulation inverters, switching power supplies, and so on. All of
those power converters with power electronics in EAST power supply system are
inherently impulsive and non-linear.
The study and design of power quality control in power supply system of EAST super-
conductive Tokamak have been carried out in order to ensure the safety and reliability in
operation and to realize the compatibility between the power supply system and high
voltage grid. On the one hand, in the design of power supplies of magnets, one of the
principles is to reduce the impact of pulsed power and reactive power, harmonics, and
unbalanced components in AC power system as much as possible. On the other hand,
Static Var. Compensation (SVC) and Harmonic Filter (HF) are very important and
indispensable.
3.6.2 Design Principle and Features of SVC & HF
The analysis and estimation of pulse power level and harmonic contents have been
carried out. The reactive power profile may see Fig.1.
QP
35
MVAR
MW
30
20
10
-10
-20
t
i
m
e
(
s
)
-30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
And the maximum level reaches about 30MVAR in Double Null operation
(48MVAR in Single Null operation*). The harmonic currents in 110KV Point of
Common Connection (PCC) and 10 kV intermediate line can be found in Tab.1 and
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Tab.2. They are beyond the Limit Value of Standards (LVS) of China national standard
and IEC standard and will cause large voltage fluctuation and distortion obviously.
Table.1. Harmonic Current (A) and Voltage Distortion in 110KV PCC
LVS 25.3 17.9 11.4 9.8 7.4 6.6 5.5 5.0 1.5
No PPF 27.3 27.3 16.4 8.2 4.7 2.3 1.4 2.5 3.2
With PPF 4.3 2.7 1.2 0.7 1.4 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.5
LVS 65.4 49.0 30.4 25.8 19.6 17.7 14.7 13.4 3.2
With PPF 47.2 29.4 13.5 7.3 15.2 8.0 5.3 10 3.0
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branches and check up the current, voltage and capacity balance respectively.
The design parameters of PPF are given in Tab.3. The assessment of PPF can be found
in Tab.1 and Tab.2 as well. The voltage fluctuation in the 10KV intermediate line is
reduced from –10.9% to (+2.4 ~ −6.7)% within LVS (< ±7%).
Table.3. Design parameters of PPF
SF(Kvar SI (Kvar)
R L C UN I
(Fundamental (Installed
( ) (mH) ( F) (KV) (A)
Capacity) Capacity)
5th 1097 0.21 4.11 100.0 8.4 346 2246
7th 865 0.19 2.61 80.88 9.7 321 2406
11th 451 0.23 2.00 42.74 10.9 190 1585
13th 254 0.35 2.54 24.11 8.8 87 592
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3.6.5 High Voltage AC Compound Switch
The key equipment for the CSC is the high voltage switch in frequent operation. In
high voltage AC system, as well known, conventional Mechanical Switches (MS) such as
Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) and Vacuum Contactor (VC) are not so good for frequent
and precise operation; and the Solid State Switches (SSS) are advanced but too expensive
to use. Can we combine MS and SSS together to take their advantages and to avoid their
shortcomings? That is the compound switch combining MS with SSS together. It can be
operated just as “soft switching” with low electric tension and long life. A prototype made
by vacuum contactor and thyristor valve with ratings of 10KV/630A and a 1.2Mvar
capacitive load has been developed and will be tested soon. The principle scheme of CSC
and its simulation result are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 respectively.
1 8 4 0
2
A Current in thyristor
B Current in mechanism breaker
C
DS1
I
(
k
A
) - - -
DS T1 T3 T5
4 8 1
T4 T6 T2
20
T0
(
m
s
)
5
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
2
0
Fig.3 Principle scheme of CSC Fig. 4 Simulation result of CSC
3.6.6 Hybrid Active Power Filter
Active power filter (APF) is a new power electronics technology for harmonic
suppression and reactive power compensation with good controllability and fast response.
A novel topology for HAPF is proposed to reduce the capacity of APF, i.e. to reduce the
fundamental voltage and current of APF. The topology of proposed HAPF and its
Equivalent circuit are shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6.
Ea C Ish A
Eb Zs
I Ih Z1 I Fh
Ls Vsh
Ec
Zl I Lh
APF n:1 PF
Z2
Y VAPF
Vdc Y
D B
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is negligible in a non-linear system, the grid voltage line current can be expressed as:
u a = U cos(ωt )
u b = U cos(ωt − 120 ) (1)
o
u c = U cos(ωt + 120 )
o
∞
a ∑ I n cos( nωt − ϕ n )
i =
n =1
∞
n =1
Using a sine wave with 90 degree lagging behind the phase voltage to modulate the
phase current, the result will be:
3
A= ∑m i
k = a ,b,c
k k = I1 sin ϕ1 + f (ω )
2
(3)
where the f( ) is the alternative component and the (3I1sinϕ1)/2 is the direct
component which denotes the peak value of the fundamental reactive current. With a low-
pass filter as shown in Fig.7, the fundamental reactive power current can be detected and
used for SVC and TCR control in real time easily.
A microcomputer-based system for SVC control is designed to determine the control
logic to ensure the control precision and to avoid the switching oscillation. The
stabilization of line voltage can be further improved with closed-loop control of TCR as
shown in Fig.8.
i
r
e
a
i
v
e
u
r
r
e f
n (
a ct c t
,
I
+
i
Sin( t-120 o ) +
v
l
a
g
e
a
j
u
s
e
Peak value of U -
c
reactive current o t d t r
+
Sin( t+120 o ) Uref
Fig.7 Block diagram of reactive current detecting Fig.8 Block diagram of TCR control
3.6.8 Summary
With the power quality control in EAST power supply system, the grid voltage
fluctuation and total harmonic distortion are within the limitation of standards. The
compatibility between the power supply system and high voltage grid is realized. The
feasibility and availability of the design are demonstrated.
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