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Mechanical Interview Questions PDF
Mechanical Interview Questions PDF
No, It will not work,as the Compression ratio of • Definition of Octane number & Cetane
Petrol engine is 6 to 10 & that of Diesel engine number
is 15 to 22. Thus on such high compression,
gasoline gets highly compressed & it may blast. Octane No.- Octane number is defined as the
percentage, by volume, of iso octane in the
• Which Mechanism is used in mixture of iso octane and h-heptane. It is the
Automobile gearing system measure of rating of SI engine.
1. Why are Head Gaskets blown? The basic difference between them is that one
emits cold vapours, while the other one emits
Normally head gasket blows, when the engine hot vapours.
overheats and they can also blow from
incorrect installation or poor design. Head
gaskets expand and contract according to 4. What is the Difference between a Generator
engine temperature, these cycles may happen and Inverter?
after a long period of time, causes the gasket
to fail. If you’re replacing the gasket, check the An inverter is only effective if there is already a
engine block, and head for warping. Follow source of electrical energy. It cannot generate
proper cleaning and torque specifications its own. It can simply convert electrical energy
during assembly. that is already there. On the other hand, a
traditional generator cannot make AC current
into DC current.
2. What is the difference between a Fence and
a Wall?
5. What is the Difference between
A fence is either more temporary or Quantitative and Qualitative Research?
constructed from materials, other than
concrete, stone or brick. Quantitative research involves gathering data
that is absolute, such as numerical data, so that
it can be examined in as unbiased a manner as
3. What is the Difference between a Humidifier possible.
and Vaporizer? Qualitative research may yield stories, or
The basic difference between humidifiers and pictures, or descriptions of feelings and
vaporizers is that humidifiers disperse cool mist emotions. The interpretations given by research
into the air, and vaporizers heat the water to subjects are given weight in qualitative
research, so there is no seeking to limit their
bias. At the same time, researchers tend - Boiling point is highly dependent on the
to become more emotionally attached to external pressure whereas the melting point is
qualitative research, and so their own bias may independent of the external pressure.
also play heavily into the results.
8. Difference between Gas and Vapour · To avoid Cavitation, we have to increase the
Pump size to One or Two Inch;
· Vapour can turn back and forth into liquid and
solid states but a gas cannot · To increase the pressure of the Suction Head,
or
· Gases cannot be see while vapours are visible
· Decrease the Pump Speed.
· Vapours settle down on ground while gases do
not
- The melting point is a defined for solids when Because flow rate is higher compared to
it transfers from solid state to liquid state. reciprocating pump. Flow is smooth and it
requires less space to install. Lower initial cost
- The boiling point is defined for liquids for a and lower maintenance cost.
state change from liquid to gas.
3. Why Centrifugal Pump is not called as a R-Radius
Positive Displacement Type of Pump?
Third Law: As temperature approaches absolute 9. Which has more efficiency: Diesel engine or
zero, the entropy of a system approaches a Petrol engines?
minimum. Off course Diesel engine has the better
efficiency out of two.
3. State Laws of conservation of energy?
According to the laws of conservation of 1. The purpose of jigs and fixtures are to
energy, “energy can neither be created nor be a. Increased production rate
destroyed. It can only be transformed from one
form to another.” b. Increased machining accuracy
c. Surface roughness
Answer:
d. Unsymmetrical shape
Cutting speed
e. Thickness of clearance
3. Tool life of the cutting tool is most affected
by Answer:
a. Elasticity
b. Endurance Answer:
d. Toughness
3. Spring index is
e. Nothing
Answer:
a. High machinability
Answer:
• What is a Newtonian fluid?
D, A, B A Newtonian fluid possesses a linear
stress strain relationship curve and it
• Explain the Second Law of
passes through the origin. The fluid
Thermodynamics.
properties of a Newtonian fluid do not
The entropy of the universe increases
change when any force acts upon it.
over time and moves towards a
maximum value.
In 180 degree angle the Top ring, Second It’s a closed loop hydraulic systems. It
ring and Oil ring are fixed. Position the ring comprises of motor and pump. Here pump
approximately 1 inch gap below the neck.
supplies energy to motor and motor gives
return energy to pump supply.
Heat rate is a measure of the turbine efficiency. • If you heat a piece of steel with a hole
It is determined from the total energy input in the center will the diameter of the
supplied to the Turbine divided by the electrical steel get bigger or smaller?
energy output.
It gets bigger.
• What is PS?
PS is Pferdestarke, the German unit for • Define Torque.
Horsepower. Torque is defined as a force applied
to an object that results in rotational
motion.
• Explain Otto cycle.
Otto cycle can be explained by a
pressure volume relationship diagram. • What is Ductile-Brittle Transition
It shows the functioning cycle of a four Temperature?
stroke engine. The cycle starts with an It is the temperature below which
intake stroke, closing the intake and the tendency of a material to fracture
moving to the compression stroke, increases rather than forming. Below
starting of combustion, power stroke, this temperature the material loses its
heat exchange stroke where heat is ductility. It is also called Nil Ductility
rejected and the exhaust stroke. It was Temperature.
designed by Nicolas Otto, a German
engineer.
The center of mass is a point that acts as if Weight is a measure of how strongly gravity
all the mass was centered there (the mass on pulls on that matter. Force is measured in
one side of the point is equal to the mass on Newton’s.
the opposite side). If supported at the center
of mass, an object will be balanced under the F=m.g
influence of gravity. Thus if you were to travel to the moon your
The center of gravity is the point at which weight would change because the pull of gravity
where the sum (vector) of the gravitational is weaker there than on Earth but, your mass
forces act on an object which will be balanced would stay the same because you are still made
on that point. up of the same amount of matter.
9. What is the difference between Center of 11. What is the difference between Projectile
Mass and Centroid? motion and a Rocket motion?
If the material composing a body is uniform or A projectile has no motor/rocket on it, so all of
homogeneous, the density or specific weight its momentum is given to it as it is launched. An
will be constant throughout the body, and then example of a projectile would be pen that you
the centroid is the same as the center of gravity throw across a room.
or center of mass. A rocket or missile does have a motor/rocket on
Centroid: Centroid is the point, where the it so it can accelerate itself while moving and so
whole area of plane is going to be act. It is valid resist other forces such as gravity.
only for 2D problems like plane figures, square In mechanics point of view projectile don’t have
plate etc. any particular shape it is a point mass. Whereas
The center of mass is a point that acts as if rocket has a particular shape and hence it has
all the mass was centered there (the mass on center of gravity situated at particular point on
one side of the point is equal to the mass on its body. Therefore rocket motion comes under
the OPPOSITE side). If supported at the center kinetics and projectile comes under kinematics.
of mass, an object will be balanced under the
influence of gravity.
12. What type of cooling used in High Voltage
Transformer?
10. What are the differences between Weight The big transformers you find on power poles
and Mass? usually use oil as a dielectric insulator, in
smaller HV transformers, like the ones in TV’s
are usually filled with resin. is the stress which will just cause the material
to plastically deform. If a material yields at
30,000 psi, the yield stress is 30,000 psi. If the
13. What is honing of Cylinder Liners? part in question has a cross sectional area of 2
square inches, the strength at yield would be
The honing equipment used has been 60,000 pounds, but usually we just say the yield
manufactured by "Chris Marine". The head of strength is 30,000 psi.
the honing device consists of four synchronized
stones. For the initial honing diamond stones
are used to break up the hardened surface in 16. What is the difference between Yield and
the scuffed areas. For the main honing very Ultimate tensile strength?
coarse and hard stones are used to produce a
very desirable rough surface all over the liner. The yield strength is reached when the material
becomes Non – linear (that is non elastic) and
The advantage, especially for the 2-stroke takes a permanent set when load is released.
engines, is possibility to save the liner after a Material stretches but does not break. Ultimate
seizure, scuffing or blow-by or even to eliminate strength is when it breaks and is higher than
the ovality of the liner. Another advantage is yield strength.
that it is possible to machine a rough liner wall
to obtain a well oiled surface.
• Which is hard material Cast Iron or L = the total length of peripheries being cut/
Mild Steel? sheared in mm
T = thickness of material in mm 7.Eddy Current technology
Super alloys is an alloy that exhibits excellent D2 – High Carbon Cold Work Tool Steel
mechanical strength and creep resistance at
high temperatures, having good surface finish. D2 is a high Carbon, high Chromium,
Molybdenum, Vanadium, Air hardening alloy
• Why the Super alloys used for land- tool steel which offers good wear resistance,
based turbines? high surface hardness, through hardening
properties, dimensional stability and high
Super alloys are the top most alloys used resistance to tempering effect. D2 tool steel is
for their excellent strength and corrosion also suitable for vacuum hardening.
resistance as well as oxidation resistance. No
other alloys can compete with these grade. Typical Composition
There are normally two to six safety valves • Which two seal oil pumps are driven
provided in the drum depending upon the from the same motor?
capacity.
Main seal oil pump and re-circular seal oil
The super heater outlet will have one to three pump; both are driven by Main seal oil pump
safety valves on either side of the boiler. There motor.
will be an electromatic relief valve on the super
heater pipe in addition. This valve will be set at • When does Emergency Seal Oil Pump
lower pressure than the lowest set safety valve automatically start?
on the super heater.
When its pressure switch senses Main Seal Oil
The reheater pipes both at the inlet and outlet Pump discharge pressure reduced to 78 PSI.
side will also have safety valves which can range
• What is the consequence of not
from two to eight both in the inlet and outlet of
maintaining hydrogen (or air) pressure
the reheater put together.
in generator casing at a value above
• What is a sentinel valve? atmospheric pressure when seal oil
system is in service?
Sentinel valves are simply small relief valves
installed in some systems to warn of impending Failure to do so will cause excessive seal oil to
over pressurization. Sentinel valves do not be drawn into the generator.
relieve the pressure of the system. If the
• What is a radial-flow turbine?
situation causing the sentinel valve to lift is not
corrected, a relief valve (if installed) will lift to In a radial-flow turbine, steam flows outward
protect the system or component. If a relief from the shaft to the casing. The unit is usually
a reaction unit, having both fixed and moving o The machine is overloaded.
blades.
o The initial steam pressure and
• What are four types of turbine seals? temperature are not up to
design conditions.
o Carbon rings fitted in segments
around the shaft and held o The exhaust pressure is too
together by garter or retainer high.
springs.
o The governor is set too low.
o Labyrinth mated with shaft
serration’s or shaft seal strips.
o The steam strainer is clogged.
o Water seals where a shaft o Turbine nozzles are clogged
runner acts as a pump to create with deposits.
a ring of water around the o Internal wear on nozzles and
shaft. Use only treated water to blades.
avoid shaft pitting.
• What is a stage in a steam turbine?
o Stuffing box using woven or
In an impulse turbine, the stage is a set
soft packing rings that are
of moving blades behind the nozzle. In a
compressed with a gland to reaction turbine, each row of blades is called
prevent leakage along the shaft. a "stage." A single Curtis stage may consist
of two or more rows of moving blades.
• What are two types of clearance in a • What is a diaphragm?
turbine? Partitions between pressure stages in a
turbine’s casing are called diaphragms. They
o Radial – clearance at the tips of hold the vane-shaped nozzles and seals
the rotor and casing. between the stages. Usually labyrinth-type
seals are used. One-half of the diaphragm
o Axial – the fore-and-aft
is fitted into the top of the casing, the other
clearance, at the sides of the half into the bottom.
rotor and the casing.
• What are the two basic types of steam
turbines?
• What is the function of a thrust
bearing?
o Impulse type.
o Reaction type.
Thrust bearings keep the rotor in its correct
axial position. • What are topping and superposed
turbines?
• What are some conditions that may Topping and superposed turbines arc high-
prevent a turbine from developing full pressure, non-condensing units that can be
power? added to an older, moderate-pressure plant.
Topping turbines receive high-pressure
steam from new high-pressure boilers. The
exhaust steam of the new turbine has the It is the speed at which the machine vibrates
same pressure as the old boilers and is used most violently. It is due to many causes, such
to supply the old turbines. as imbalance or harmonic vibrations set up by
• What is a combination thrust and radial the entire machine. To minimize damage, the
bearing? turbine should be hurried through the known
This unit has the ends of the Babbitt bearing critical speed as rapidly as possible. (Caution,
extended radically over the end of the shell. be sure the vibration is caused by critical speed
Collars on the rotor face these thrust pads, and not by some other trouble).
and the journal is supported in the bearing
between the thrust collars. • How is oil pressure maintained when
starting or stopping a medium-sized
• What is important to remember about
radial bearings? turbine?
A turbine rotor is supported by two radial An auxiliary pump is provided to maintain oil
bearings, one on each end of the steam pressure. Some auxiliary pumps are turned by a
cylinder. These bearings must be accurately hand crank; others are motor-driven. This pump
aligned to maintain the close clearance is used when the integral pump is running too
between the shaft and the shaft seals, and slowly to provide pressure, as when starting or
between the rotor and the casing. If excessive securing a medium-sized turbine.
bearing wear lowers the he rotor, great harm • Besides lubrication, what are two
can be done to the turbine. functions of lubricating oil in some
turbines?
• How many governors are needed for
safe turbine operation? Why? In larger units, lube oil cools the bearings by
Two independent governors are needed for carrying off heat to the oil coolers. Lube oil in
safe turbine operation. One is an over speed some turbines also acts as a hydraulic fluid to
or emergency trip that shuts off the steam at operate the governor speed-control system.
10 percent above running speed (maximum • Do you stop cooling-water flow
speed). The second, or main governor, usually through a steam condenser as soon as
controls speed at a constant rate; however, the turbine is slopped?
many applications have variable speed control.
You should keep the cooling water circulating
• How is a fly ball governor used with a for about 15 mill or more so that the condenser
hydraulic control? has a chance to cool down gradually and evenly.
As the turbine speeds up, the weights are Be sure to have cooling water flowing through
moved outward by centrifugal force, causing the condenser before starting up in order to
linkage to open a pilot valve that admits and prevent live steam from entering the condenser
releases oil on either side of a piston or on one unless it is cooled. Overheating can cause
side of a spring-loaded piston. The movement severe leaks and other headaches.
of the piston controls the steam valves. • How can the deposits be removed?
• What is meant by critical speed?
o Water soluble deposits may be applications have variable
washed off with condensate or speed control.
wet steam.
• How will you detect that misalignment
o Water insoluble deposits are is the probable cause of excessive
removed mechanically after vibration?
dismantling the turbine.
o Coupling to the driven machine
o Experience shows that water is to be disconnected.
soluble deposits are embedded
in layers of water-insoluble
o The turbine is to be run alone.
deposits. And when the o If the turbine runs smoothly,
washing process is carried either misalignment, worn
out, water soluble parts of the coupling or the driven
deposit dissolve away leaving a equipment is the cause of the
loose, friable skeleton of water- trouble.
insoluble deposits which then
break loose and wash away.
• In which part of the steam turbine
does corrosion fatigue occur?
• How can the fatigue damage on high-
pressure blades be corrected? In the wet stages of the LP cylinder.
• What is the significance of Torque(in Epicyclic gear box consists of sun gear planetary
N-m) given in the engine specification ? gears and
an annular called ring gear.
It give the moment about any point or simple different speed ratios are obtained by locking
rotation. any one gear.
• What is the abbreviation of Welding if you lock any two gear , direct gear will be
rod 7018? obtained.
mostly used in overdrives.
7018=
Wrist watch is a practical application of epicyclic
70=tensile strength 70000psi gear box
• Difference between TIG & MIG welding Scrap the excess lube oil from the cylinder
walls. There by preventing oil from entering
Tungsten inert gas welding-non consumable combustion zone.
electrode
• How catalyst converter works?
MIG-Metal inert gas welding-uses consumable
electrode In Fuel Cell, a catalyst is a substance that causes
or accelerates a chemical reaction without
• Specific speed of turbine? itself being affected. Catalysts participate in
the reactions, but are neither reactants nor
The specific speed is defined as the the speed of
products of the reaction they catalyze.
the geometric turbine which can produce unit
power at unit head • WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF RELIEF VALVE
IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEM FAILS?
• Material of Aircraft turbine blade?
The main function of pressure relief valve is to SS is Non Magnetic material & EN8 is
maintain the pressure inhydraulic system. It is Magnetic material
one mounting which is used for safety. When
SS is Corrosion resistant & EN8 is Magnetic
pressure increases then safety valve comes
material
into action & if the valve get fail the system get
• The Compression ratio of
damage due toexcessive pressure.
Petrol engine is always less than
• What does CC Stand for? Compression Ratio of Diesel
engine why?
CC is the abbreviated form of cubic centimeter. Petrol is not self igniting , it needs spark
It is the unit by which the capacity of an engine to flame up in chamber. Where as diesel is
is designated. It is the volume between TDC and self igniting in dieselengine , to attain that
BDC. It represents the quantity of fuel-air mix state it requires high temp &pressure. This
or exhaust gas that is pumped out in a single temperature & pressure is more than what’s
piston stroke. Alternatively it can represent the required in Petrol Engines by property of
that fluid .
volume of the cylinder itself.
• What is the temperature of space ?
• We have read that when the piston The short answer is that the temperature in
goes up and down then the engine space is approximately 2.725 Kelvin. That
works i.e. the suction,compression etc means the universe is generally just shy
etc. then what happens in the case of three degrees above absolute zero – the
of big vehicles, which start at stable temperature at which molecules themselves
condition, i.e. how does their piston stop moving. That’s almost -270 degrees
moves when they are at rest. how Celsius, or -455 Fahrenheit.
suction,compression etc • How to calculate the speed of
conveyer in Meter Per Minute
Smaller vehicles like bikes, cars are started Measure the diameter of the rollers around
with the help of motors. initially, motors which the conveyor belt is wrapped.
turn the crank shaft tillsufficient suction Multiply the diameter of the roller by pi
pressure is reached. when sufficient suction (3.14159). This calculation will yield the
pressure is reached, the engine starts to suck circumference of the rollers. Every time the
the fuel in and then the cycle begins when roller spins one revolution, the conveyor
the fuel is taken in and ignited. similarly, will be moved a linear distance equivalent
for huge engines, instead of motors, we use to the circumference of the roller. Pi is
starting air. air at a pressure of 10-30 bar a dimensionless factor, meaning it does
is fed to the engine which is at rest. this air not matter whether inches, centimeters
rotates the engine till it attains sufficient or any other units of measurement are
suction pressure. once the pressure is used. Measure the revolutions per minute
reached, the cycle starts and it starts firing. (RPM) of the rollers. Count how many full
• What is the difference between S.S revolutions (rotations) are made by the roller
to EN8 in one minute. Multiply the RPM by the
SS- Stainless steel circumference of the roller. This calculation
will give the linear distance traversed by a
En- Medium carbon steel point on the conveyor belt in one minute.
• How can problems of "excessive vibration or be checked.
noise" due to piping strain be avoided on steam • How the problem of excessive speed
turbines? variation due to throttle assembly friction
be overcome?
• The inlet as well as exhaust steam
lines should be firmly supported to The throttle should be dismantled. Moving
avoid strains from being imposed on parts should be checked for free and smooth
the turbine. movement. Using very fine-grained emery
• Adequate allowance should be made paper, the throttle valve seats and valve
for expansion of steam pipes due to steam should be polished.
heat. • How the problems of vibration and
fatigue arise in steam turbine blades?
• How the deposits in turbine be removed?
• Water soluble deposits may be
o These arise due to flow
washed off with condensate or wet irregularities introduced
steam. because of manufacturing
defects, e.g. lack of control
• over tolerances.
• Water insoluble deposits are o System operating parameter,
removed mechanically after e.g. low flow may excite
dismantling the turbine. various modes of vibration in
the blades.
o Experience shows that
water soluble deposits are • How does solid-particle erosion occur?
embedded in layers of water-
Solid-particle erosion, i.e. SPE occurs in
insoluble deposits. And when
the high-pressure blades. And it takes place
the washing process is carried
when hard particles of iron exfoliated by
out, water soluble parts of the
steam from superheater tubes, reheater
deposit dissolve away leaving
tubes, steam headers and steam leads strike
a loose, friable skeleton of
on the surface of turbine blades.
water-insoluble deposits
which then break loose and • How does the internal efficiency
monitoring lead to the detection of
wash away. turbine deposits?
• How the fatigue damage on high-pressure
blades be corrected?
o Process heat drop.
Fatigue-damage on high-pressure blades o Adiabatic heat drop.
arises due to vibration induced by partial- o The process heat drop and
arc admission. This can be corrected adiabatic heat drop are
by switching over to full arc admission obtained from a Mollier-
technique. Chart for the corresponding
• How the misalignment of Flanges be values of steam parameters –
rectified? pressure and temperature – at
The bolts holding the flanges together are to initial and final conditions.
be tightened. The coupling is to be checked • How is a flyball governor used with a
for squareness between the bore and the hydraulic control?
face. At the same time axial clearance is to
As the turbine speeds up, the weights are The Function of a cooling tower is to cool
moved outward by centrifugal force, causing the water coming from condenser.The water
linkage to open a pilot valve that admits coming from condenser is hot and it is sprayed
and releases oil on either side of a piston or in a cooling tower and a air coming out from
on one side of a spring-loaded piston. The bottom cool the water which is coming
movement of the piston controls the steam down.Outside air is cool and air in inside the
valves. cooling tower is hot due to humidity.So there is
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RATED a density difference between outside and inside
SPEED AND ECONOMIC SPEED? air which caused pressure difference.
• What are the causes of main engine boiler efficiency= (heat transferred to feed
black smoke? water inconverting it to steam)/(heat released
by completecombustion of fuel)
There is many cause of black smoke.
n(eta)= Mass of steam * (h- H(water))/(mass of
1.is improper mixture of fuel supply by fuel *calorific value fuel)
carburetor like very rich mixture so the fuel
improper burn. • What is the significance of torque(in N-
m) given in the engine specification
2. it is when piston or piston ring is fail so back
side cooling oil release in combustion chamber it give the moment about any point or simple
it cause black smoke. rotation.
3.improper ignition system like not sufficient • what is the exact requirement of
time of pressure rise delay period . priming?
• what is BHP?
• 745.5 watts
• 1.01389 ps
• 33,000 ft lbf/min