Elastic shortening refers to the shortening of the concrete as the posttensioning force is applied. As the concrete shortens, the tendon length also shortens, resulting in a loss of prestress. The following simplified equation to estimate the appropriate amount of prestress loss to attribute to elastic shortening for member with bonded tendons : ES = Kes*Es*fcir/Ecl Where : Kes = 0,50 for post-tensioned members when tendon are tensioned in sequential order to the same tendon Es = Elastic Modulus fo tendon material Ecl = Elastic modulus of the concrete at the time of prestress transfer Fcir = concrete stress at the center of gravity of prestressing tendons due to prestressing force at transfer and the self weight at the member at the section of maximum positive moment. Assumption losses due ES 2,91 % Pf = total prestressing force at release Pf = 68,9% - 2,91% = 66,2% UTS x nos x Aps = 16738,404 kN Fcir = Pi / A + Pi*ec2/I+Mg*ec/I Fcir = N/mm2 So, ES = 54,12 N/mm2, percent actual ES losses = ES/fpu = 2,91% equal with losses assumption 2. Losses of Prestress (Long Term) d. Shrinkage (SH) SH = 8,2*e-6*K?sh*Es*(1-0,06*V/S)*(100-RH) (ACI 318-95, Chapt.18,6) SH = 30, 29
Negative Mass and Negative Refractive Index in Atom Nuclei - Nuclear Wave Equation - Gravitational and Inertial Control: Part 3: Gravitational and Inertial Control, #3