Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Finkelman, Paul. "Jackie Robinson." Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia,January.

EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=t6o&AN=88826553
While playing shortstop with the Kansas Monarchs, a baseball team in the Negro League,
Robinson attracted the attention of Branch Rickey, the general manager and part owner of
New York's Brooklyn Dodgers, At the time, black players were Dodgers in their own
league and were not allowed to play on the same team as while players, Rickey had a
plan to bring black players into the major leagues, which he thought would both help his
team and bring more fans to the games. He believed Robinson was the man to break
through baseball's color line.

Jordan, Michael. "Michael Jordan: 'I Can No Longer Stay Silent.'" The Undefeated, 25
July 2016, theundefeated.com/features/ michael-jordan-i-can-no-longer-stay-silent/.
Michael Jordan spoke out his opinion on the shooting and violence that have taken place
against African-Americans, also the retaliation that law-enforcement is receiving. The
main point is that Michael Jordan an athlete who lead the Chicago Bulls to multiple
championships, is notorious for not giving his view on politics or social injustices but has
spoken out against the recent tragedies. In his statement, Jordan says that solutions should
be found for people of color to receive fair and equal treatment. Also, law-enforcement
are supported and respected for they are sacrificing for us everyday to keep us safe. The
article will help provide evidence that athletes are taking advantage of their position in
society to speak out against racism and inequality.

NBC News. 2 May 2017, www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/ Adam-jones-abuse-

highlights-boston-sports-complicated-history-race-n754026. Accessed 6 Dec. 2017. Its
2017, and a baseball player, Adam Jones, has racist slurs thrown at him. We still have
problems with this and this should be stopped. I found out that he has bi-racial parents
and that's one of the reasons what people say stuff they shouldn't. Also that is also
because he plays for Boston. This source has helped me by seeing how this current event
shows that we still have problems with racism. That this shouldn't be happening after
how many years and events passed.

Reed, Lawrence W. "Hitler Didn't Snub Jesse Owens--F.D.R. Did." Freeman: Ideas on
Liberty, vol. 65, no. 4, Winter 2015, p. 24. EBSCOhost,
 http://web.b.ebscohost.com/src_ic/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=3139fb7f-7819-
4545-b054-6eb6324a6c46%40sessionmgr102
The text gives a brief explanation of Jesse Owens and who he is and his struggle with
racism. The racism he faced what might surprise most people came from our own
president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, not Adolf Hitler. The most important part of the
article is that even through all of his success he did not get recognized for his
accomplishments, the president basically discredited him for his achievements; snubbing
Jesse Owens. This will help provide information and evidence of racism within the US,
and more within the sports aspect of it. Also, giving more insight on how Jesse fought it.

Colin Kaepernick Explains Why He Won't Stand during National Anthem. KTVU, 29
Aug. 2016. Youtube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=ka0446tibig. Accessed 28 Aug. 2016.
The interview is of Colin Kaepernick of the San Francisco 49ers on the reason for him
not standing and or kneeling for the National Anthem. He explains that his actions is the
product of what is going on in America today regarding racial profiling and
accountability for acts of violence against African-Americans. The important part of the
interview is that Kaepernick is taking it upon himself to do what he knows is right and for
those who can't or or not able to do what he's doing. He also stated that he's at a greater
opportunity to stand up because of his status of being an athlete and is willing to risk that
for what is right. This will help with the project by giving actual footage that athletes are
now taking a stand against unjust acts against African-American people.

Secondary sources

5 Most racist incidents in sports this year. D. Watkins, www.salon.com/2017/09/ 25/5-

most-racist-incidents-in-sports-this-year/.Now, though, disgruntled fans are doing things
like spray painting the N-word on LeBron’s home and chanting racist comments to
players at baseball games. People don't like Lebron James because of his skin color.
Athletes like Michael Jordan erased stereotypes with his amazing work ethic and
professionalism. Most of the people don't care about skin color but there always will be a
couple people that don't like them.

Chan, Melissa. "Read LeBron James and Carmelo Anthony's Powerful Speech on Race at
the ESPY Awards." Time Magazine, p. 1, time.com/4406289/
lebron-james-carmelo-anthony-espy-awards-transcript/. Accessed 14 July 2016
The article shows NBA players Lebron James, Chris Paul, Dwyane Wade, Carmelo
Anthony and their actions to contribute to the movement, Black Lives Matter and racism
by giving a speech at the ESPYS; a sports award show. The most important idea of the
article is that the players did this on their own showing accountability and the use of their
fame and stardom to bring attention the the injustices happening in America. This will
help provide more evidence of not only sports players overcoming racism but now trying
to bring attention to it so that the world can see it and help end racism.

"Jackie Robinson and the integration of major league baseball." America's National
Sport, Sept. 2003, pp. 20-25. EBSCO eBook Collection,
web.a.ebscohost.com/src_ic/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=15&sid=a85a008c-4cbf-4a1f-
a392-cf50fdc98cfe%40sessionmgr4007. Accessed 23 Oct. 2017.
Jackie Robinson had confidence and determination when he started out in the Major
Leagues because he was being called all these names and had many racist slurs thrown at
him, and at one point he wanted to quit, but he wanted to make a point. He wanted to
state that anyone should play baseball no matter what race or skin color they have, that
they should only be judged by level of skill and not race.I didn't know that since Negros
couldn't play with the whites, they had their own league.This source helped me by seeing
how Jackie felt during his time playing with whites. Seeing how they treated him and
what he did to just play.This source will help me get a better understanding on why there
was racism in sports. Also how racism in sports was resolved and people looked past
their color, but their actual skills.

Lapchick, Richard. "The Year in Racism and Sports." ESPN, p. 1, abcnews.go.com/

Sports/year-racism-sports/story?id=45035554. Accessed 25 Jan. 2017. In the NFL, a
player named Nikita Whitlock's from the New York Giants was vandalized with racial
epithets and was robbed. Also, they spray painted swastika, the KKK letters, and a
message that read "Go Back to Africa." Another Example, is when they spray-painted
"Trump" on the wall.
Martelle, Scott. "Forget the poll: 'Redskin' offends, and the NFL should drop the name."
Los Angeles Times, 25 May 2016, www.latimes.com/opinion/La-ol-washington-
redskins-racism-nfl-native-american-20160525-snap-story.html. Accessed 6 Dec. 2017.
The source is about how the NFL team name "Redskins should be change because it
offends people.The word 'Redskins' offends Indians. Also that 9/10 Native Americans
didn't find it as an insult. More than 2,000 responses feel it it offensive and that it should
be changed. This source will help me by using how people find it offensive and the name
racist. Using the source can help me tie it in with the other resources that my group and I
have used to show how their is racism in sports even till this day.

“The Year in Racism in Sports." Abc News. abc News, abcnews.go.com/Sports/ year-
racism-sports/story?id=45035554. Accessed 12 Nov. 2017. New York Giants player,
Nikita Whitlock, had his house vandalized because he was colored. Also, Brandon
Marshall joined Kaepernick's protest and was later getting hate mail. People were
referring him as the N-word because he was taking a knee during the national anthem.
These players are getting hate for their skin color. Also that it's 2017 and we are still
having problems with racism. People shouldn't be judged and hated by the way these
player, people should just not think like