Fundamentals of Photonics

Bahaa E. A. Saleh, Malvin Carl Teich

송 석 호
Physics Department (Room #36-401)
2220-0923, 010-4546-1923, shsong@hanyang.ac.kr
http://optics.hanyang.ac.kr/~shsong

Midterm Exam 30%, Final Exam 30%, Homework 20%, Attend 10%
< 1/4> Course outline
 < 2/4> Course outline

(Supplements)

From Maxwell Eqs to wave equations

Optical properties of materials

Optical properties of metals

< 3/4> Course outline
< 4/4> Course outline
Optics
Also, see Figure 2-1, Pedrotti
(Genesis 1-3) And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.
 A Bit of History
Empirical Law of Wave Theory (Longitudinal)
“...and the foot of it of brass, of the (Fresnel)
lookingglasses of the women Refraction (Snell)
assembling,” (Exodus 38:8)
Light as Pressure Transverse Wave, Polarization
Rectilinear Propagation Wave (Descartes) Interference (Young)
(Euclid)
Law of Least Light & Magnetism (Faraday)
Shortest Path (Almost Right!) Time (Fermat)
(Hero of Alexandria)
v<c, & Two Kinds of EM Theory (Maxwell)
Light (Huygens)
Plane of Incidence
Rejection of Ether,
Curved Mirrors Corpuscles, Ether Early QM (Poincare,
(Al Hazen) (Newton) Einstein)

-1000 0 1000 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000

(Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University)

 More Recent History
Laser Hubble
(Maiman) Telescope
Polaroid Sheets (Land)
Phase
Erbium
Optical Fiber Contrast SM Fiber HeNe
Fiber Amp
(Lamm) (Zernicke) (Hicks) (Javan)

Optical Maser GaAs

Quantum Mechanics (4 Groups) FEL
(Schalow, Townes)
(Madey)
Speed/Light
CO2
(Michaelson) Holography Commercial
(Patel) Fiber Link
(Gabor) (Chicago)
Spont. Emission Many New
(Einstein) Lasers

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

(Chuck DiMarzio, Northeastern University)

Let’s warm-up

일반물리

전자기학
 Question
How does the light propagate through a glass medium?

(1) through the voids inside the material.

(2) through the elastic collision with matter, like as for a sound.
(3) through the secondary waves generated inside the medium.

Secondary
on-going wave

Primary incident wave

Construct the wave front

tangent to the wavelets
What about –r direction?
 Electromagnetic Waves

Maxwell’s Equation

r r Q
∫ E ⋅ dA =ε0 Gauss’s Law
r r
∫ B ⋅ dA = 0 No magnetic monopole
r r dΦ B
∫ E ⋅ d s = −
dt
Faraday’s Law (Induction)
r r dΦ E Ampere-Maxwell’s Law
∫ B ⋅ d s = μ 0 i + ε μ
0 0
dt
 Maxwell’s Equation
r r r r r r ρ
ρ ∇⋅E = Gauss’s Law
∫ E ⋅ dA = ∫ ∇ ⋅ E dv = ∫ε dv ⇒ ε0
0
r r r r r r
∫ B ⋅ dA = ∫ ∇ ⋅ Bdv = 0 ⇒ ∇⋅B = 0 No magnetic monopole
r r r r r d r r r
r r
∫ E ⋅ ds = ∫ ∇ × E ⋅ dA = − dt ∫ B ⋅ dA ⇒ ∇ × E = − ∂B Faraday’s Law (Induction)
∂t
r r r r r dΦ E
∫ B ⋅ d s = ∫ ∇ × B ⋅ d A = μ 0 i + μ ε
0 0
dt
r
r r d r r r r r ∂E
= μ 0 ∫ j ⋅ dA + μ 0 ε 0 ∫ E ⋅ dA ⇒ ∇ × B = μ 0 j + μ 0 ε 0
dt ∂t
r
∂E r r r r r
ε0 = jd ⇒ ∇ × B = μ 0 ( j + jd ) Ampere-Maxwell’s Law
∂t
 Wave equations
r r
r r ∂B r r ∂E
∇× E = − ∇ × B = μ 0ε 0 In vacuum
∂t ∂t
r
∂ ⎛ ∂B ⎞
( )
r r r ∂ r r
∇ × ∇ × B = μ 0ε 0 ∇ × E = μ 0ε 0 ⎜⎜ − ⎟
∂t ∂t ⎝ ∂t ⎟⎠
r ∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ ∂ ˆ
( )
r r r r ∇= i+ j+ k
∇ × ∇ × B = −∇ B2
∂x ∂y ∂z
( ) ( )
r r r r r r r r
∇ × ∇ × B = ∇ ∇ ⋅ B − ∇ B = −∇ B
2 2

( ) ( ) ( )
r r r r r r r r r
A× B × C = A⋅C B − A⋅ B C
r
r ∂ B
2
∂2B ∂2B
∇ 2 B = μ 0ε 0 2 − μ 0ε 0 2 = 0
∂t r ∂x 2
∂t Wave equations
r ∂2E ∂ E
2
∂ E
2
∇ E = μ 0ε 0 2
2
− μ ε =0
∂t ∂x ∂t
2 0 0 2
 Scalar wave equation
∂ 2Ψ ∂ 2Ψ
− μ 0ε 0 2 = 0
∂x 2
∂t

Ψ = Ψ 0 cos( kx − ω t )

ω 1
k − μ0ε0ω = 0
2 2 = =v≡c Speed of Light
k μ 0ε 0

c = 2.99792 ×108 m / sec ≈ 3 ×108 m / s

Transverse Electro-Magnetic (TEM) waves

r
r r ∂E r r
∇ × B = −μ 0 ε 0 ⇒ E⊥B
∂t

Electromagnetic
Wave
Energy carried by Electromagnetic Waves

Poynting Vector : Intensity of an electromagnetic wave

r 1 r r
S= E×B (Watt/m2)
μ0
1 ⎛B ⎞
S= EB ⎜ = c⎟
μ0 ⎝E ⎠

1 2 c 2
= E = B
cμ 0 μ0

1
Energy density associated with an Electric field : u E = ε0 E 2
2
1 2
Energy density associated with a Magnetic field : u B = B
2μ 0
Reflection and Refraction

Smooth surface Rough surface

Reflected ray θ1 = θ1′

n1
n2
Refracted ray n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2
Reflection and Refraction

c με (λ )
In dielectric media, n (λ ) = =
v (λ ) μ 0ε 0

(Material) Dispersion
Interference & Diffraction
Reflection and Interference in Thin Films

• 180 º Phase change

of the reflected light
by a media
with a larger n

• No Phase change
of the reflected light
by a media
with a smaller n
 Interference in Thin Films

δ = 2t = (m + 1
)λ n = (m + 12 )
λ
2
n
Bright ( m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ···)
Phase change: π
m
n t δ = 2t = mλ n = λ
n
No Phase change Dark ( m = 1, 2, 3, ···)

m
δ = 2t = mλ n1 = λ
n1
Phase change: π
Bright ( m = 1, 2, 3, ···)
n1 t
δ = 2t = (m + 12 )λ n1 =
(m + 12 )
λ
n2 Phase change: π
n1
n2 > n1 Bright ( m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ···)
 Interference
Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
 Interference

The path difference δ = r2 − r1 = d sin θ

δ = d sin θ = mλ ⇒ Bright fringes m = 0, 1, 2, ····
δ = d sin θ = (m + 12 )λ ⇒ Dark fringes m = 0, 1, 2, ····

The phase difference φ = δ ⋅ 2π = 2πd sin θ

λ λ
Diffraction

Hecht,
Optics,
Chapter 10
Diffraction
Diffraction Grating
Diffraction of X-rays by Crystals
Incident Reflected
beam beam

θ θ

θ d

dsinθ
2d sin θ = mλ : Bragg’s Law
 Regimes of Optical Diffraction

d >> λ d~λ d << λ

Far-field Near-field Evanescent-field

Fraunhofer Fresnel Vector diffraction