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–Fourth level
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Codes and Specifications
Michael Moles
NAVSEA 271st meeting, May 2011
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Outline on AUT Codes

 ASME – AUT and Phased Array codes

 ASME - Code requirements
 TOFD Codes – incl. ASME
 Othercode activities – API, ASTM, AWS,
EN, ISO etc.
 Summary

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ASME Codes

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ASME AUT Codes Today
 AUTdominated for years by ASME Code
Case 2235 (from Sections I, VIII and XII)
 Nowreplaced by three Mandatory
Appendices (publ. July 2010) in Section V
 Nocommitment to specific technologies:
wide variety of options - technique,
equipment, mechanics, data displays etc.

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ASME Mandatory Appendices VI-VIII

 Basedon Performance Demonstration

(Procedure Qualification)
 Requiresdetection of three defects (ID,
OD, sub-surface)
 Requires full data collection and encoder
 (Modified
versions of CC 2235 in API 620
App U, B31.3 CC 181 etc.)
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ASME Mandatory Appendices VI-VIII
 MUCH easier to read and use than CC 2235
 Written in plain English

 For example, Performance Qualification

allows + 25% on wall thickness and 0.9-1.5
on diameter.

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The Portable Approach
One person
operation:
• OmniScan
• twin phased arrays,
• TOFD
• handscanner
• couplant and pump
• linear scanning.
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Phased Array Codes and Code Cases
 Three AUT Mandatory Appendices (VI-VIII):
– Workmanship
– Fracture Mechanics-based
– Procedure Qualification (Performance Demo)
 Two PA Mandatory Appendices (IV-V):
– Manual PA (E-scans and S-scans)
– Encoded linear scanning using linear arrays (E-
and S-scans)
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ASME Phased Array Mandatory
Appendix Requirements

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Phased Array Mand. App. Requirements
 Calibrate all beams (OK for OmniScan)
 Use same Focal Law for cal as for scanning
For encoded scanning:
 Develop Scan Plan to show coverage and
appropriate angles
 Use two (or more) S-scans if required
 Scan parallel to weld with encoder/full data
collection at fixed distance from centerline

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Phased Array Mand. App. Requirements
 Requires“appropriate angles” for bevel
incidence angles (undefined)
 Usual‘Essential Variable’ recording
requirements
 Requires 50% beam overlap
 Requires <5% data drop-out for encoded
scanning
 Extensive reporting requirements.

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Calibrating wedge delay
The operator sets a time
gate with enough width
to encompass all the
reflections at all angles
and positions.

Operator then
“calibrates” the wedge
delay using the
automatic calibration
process.
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Sensitivity calibration
 Need to correct for
angle effects (ACG)
and time effects (TCG)
 OmniScan has ACG
correction, but easiest
to use Auto-TCG
function.
 Auto-TCG does both
ACG and TCG
operations in a single
step.
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Sample Auto-TCG results

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Scan Plans

Ray tracing using ESBeamTool with sample Bevel

Incidence Angles (arrowed) calculated on 25 mm
wall double-V weld.
Can check if angles “not appropriate”
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ASME B31.3 Code Case 181 (-2)
 Recently re-written - again
 Currently out for ballot
 Essentially converts CC 181-2 to
“workmanship”
 Overall, should be a major step forward for
pipes
 In addition, ASME Section V Code Case
2638 allows much greater flexibility in cal
blocks.
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TOFD Codes, especially ASME

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TOFD Signals
Transmitter Receiver
Lateral wave

Back-wall reflection

LW BW

Upper tip Lower tip

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Typical TOFD Display
•Gray scale
and rf for
phase info.
•OD and ID
visible
•Defects
detectable in
middle
•L-wave
display only
19 (usually)
TOFD Advantages and Disadvantages
 ExcellentPoD for mid-wall defects
 Good detection of mis-oriented defects
 Rapid (and relatively low cost) inspections

 Dead zone of ~3mm at outer surface

 Potential dead zone at inner surface
 Can be difficult to interpret.

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TOFD Codes
 Well “codified”, primarily from Europe
 “Invented” and developed there
 Some pluses and minuses of various TOFD
codes, e.g. how to calibrate etc
 Well-used and well-developed technique
 BUT,does require skilled and trained
operators.

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TOFD Codes
 BS7706 essentially a “guideline”
 EN583_6 good, but not well known in North
America
 Replaced by EN14751

 ASTM E-2373-04 published

 ASME TOFD Code (Section V Article 4

Mandatory Appendix III) published in 2006
 ASME TOFD Interpretation Manual
(Nonmandatory App. N) 22
published.
ASME TOFD Code
 Good code; requires calibrating on ASME
side-drilled holes
 Current calibration alternatives from Europe:
– known defects
– grain noise
– lateral wave
 ASME requires conventional UT for ID and
OD to cover off dead zones (unlike most
other TOFD Codes).
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ASME TOFD Code Calibration

T/4
T 3T/4

Weld Hole
Thickness Diameter
in. (mm) in. (mm) Calibration using standard
Up to 1 (25) 3/32 (2.4) ASME notches
Over 1 (25) 1/8
thru 2 (50) (3.2) Defined in Mandatory
Over 2 (50)
thru 4 (100) (4.8)
3/16 Appendix III.
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Over 4 (100) 1/4 (6)
Other Code Activities –
API, AWS, ASTM, EN/ISO etc.

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Code activities - API
 API similar in approach to ASME; two
organizations typically work together
 Approval using PA for API UT 1 and UT
2 procedures with no changes
 Essentially
scan known samples using
new technology/techniques
 Phased arrays now widely used for API,
e.g. API RP2X and API 1104.
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Code activities - AWS
A “prescriptive” code, different from ASME
 With2006 version => new technology and
technique approvals are codified
 Majorproblem: each case requires the
“Engineers” approval
 Working on mandatory Annex for AUT
 AWS responding - slowly.
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Code activities – ASTM (1)
 ASTM E-2491-06 Recommended
Practice for phased array set-up
 Requires
full “angle corrected gain”
(ACG) and “time corrected gain (TCG)
over SDH calibration range
 Limits
to angular range based on
recommendations and calibration.

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Code activities – ASTM (2)
 Recent E-2700 RP for PA of welds
 Essentially allows contact testing for ferritic
steel welds
 No great surprises here.

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EN/ISO

 Still working on PA code development

 Third version more realistic, but still needs a
little work
 Very bureaucratic organization
 Butexpect EN/ISO phased array code in a
couple of years.

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Code Summary

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Code activities – ASME summary
 Phased arrays, TOFD and AUT inherently
accepted by ASME (and other codes)
 May need to get techniques and procedures
approved e.g. by Performance
Demonstration approaches
 Complete ASME Phased Array and TOFD
(Time-Of-Flight Diffraction) Codes now
available.

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Code activities – other summary
 ASTM RP for PA set-up published (E-2491)
 ASTM RP for PA of welds published (E-
2700)
 API generally accepts PA
 AWS D1.1 still requires Engineer’s approval
 Europeans “still behind” on PA and AUT
codes.

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Thank you

Any more questions?

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