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Air Properties PDF
Air Properties PDF
3.1 Calculate values of humidity ratio, enthalpy, and specific volume for saturated air
at one standard atmosphere using perfect gas relations for temperatures of (a) 70 F
(20 C) and (b) 20 F (-6.7 C).
Solution:
Humidity Ratio:
Eq. (3-14b)
p ps
W s = 0.6219 s = 0.6219
pa P − ps
at t = 70 F, ps = 0.363 psia
P = 14.696 psia
0.363
Ws = 0.6219 = 0.01575 lbmv/lbma
14.696 − 0.363
Enthalpy:
Eq. (3-20a)
i = 0.240t + W (1061.2 + 0.444t ) Btu/lbma
i = 0.240(70) + (0.01575)[1061.2 + (0.444)(70)] = 34.0 Btu/lbma
Specific Volume:
Ra = 53.352 ft-lbf/lbm-R
RT RT
v= a = a
pa P − ps
v=
(53.352)(70 + 459.67) = 13.69 ft3/lbma
(14.696 − 0.363)(144)
In SI units, t = 20 C
Humidity Ratio:
Eq. (3-14b)
p ps
W s = 0.6219 s = 0.6219
pa P − ps
at t = 20 C, ps = 0.00234 MPa = 2.34 kPa
P = 101.325 kPa
2.34
Ws = 0.6219 = 0.01407 kgv/kga
101.325 − 2.34
Specific Volume:
Ra = 287 J/kg.K
RT RT
v= a = a
pa P − ps
v=
(287 )(20 + 273.15) = 0.85 m3/kga
(101.325 − 2.34)(1000)
(b) In English units, t = 20 F
Humidity Ratio:
Eq. (3-14b)
p ps
W s = 0.6219 s = 0.6219
pa P − ps
at t = 20 F < 32.02 F,
use ps at 32.02 F which is nearly equal by plotting on curve = 0.089 psia
P = 14.696 psia
0.089
Ws = 0.6219 = 0.0038 lbmv/lbma
14.696 − 0.089
Enthalpy:
Eq. (3-20a)
i = 0.240t + W (1061.2 + 0.444t ) Btu/lbma
i = 0.240(20) + (0.0038)[1061.2 + (0.444)(20 )] = 8.7 Btu/lbma
Specific Volume:
Ra = 53.352 ft-lbf/lbm-R
RT RT
v= a = a
pa P − ps
v=
(53.352)(20 + 459.67 ) = 12.17 ft3/lbma
(14.696 − 0.089)(144)
In SI units, t = -6.7 C
Humidity Ratio:
Eq. (3-14b)
p ps
W s = 0.6219 s = 0.6219
pa P − ps
at t = -6.7 C < 0.01 C,
use ps at 0.01C which is nearly equal by plotting on curve = 0.00061 Mpa = 0.61 kPa
3. Moist Air Properties and Conditioning Processes
P = 101.325 kPa
0.61
Ws = 0.6219 = 0.0038 kgv/kga
101.325 − 0.61
Enthalpy:
Eq. (3-20b)
i = 1.0t + W (2501.3 + 1.86t ) kJ/kga
i = 1.0(− 6.7 ) + (0.0038)[2501.3 + (1.86)(− 6.7 )] = 2.8 kJ/kga
Specific Volume:
Ra = 287 J/kg.K
RT RT
v= a = a
pa P − ps
v=
(287 )(− 6.7 + 273.15) = 0.76 m3/kga
(101.325 − 0.61)(1000)
3.2 The temperature of a certain room is 22 C, and the relative humidity is 50 percent.
The barometric pressure is 100 kPa. Find (a) the partial pressures of the air and
water vapor, (b) the vapor density, and (c) the humidity ratio of the mixtures.
Solution:
t = 22 C
φ = 50 % = 0.50
P = 100 kPa
pv
φ= ; pv = φ ps = (0.50)(2.672) = 1.336 kPa
ps
pa = P − pv = 100 – 1.336 = 98.664 kPa
RvT
(b) v =
pv
Rv = 462 J/kg.K
v=
(462)(22 + 273.15) = 102.065 m3/kgv
(1.336)(1000)
pv
(c) W = 0.6219
P − pv
1.336
W = 0.6219 = 0.008421 kgv/kga
100 − 1.336
3. Moist Air Properties and Conditioning Processes
3.3 Compute the local atmospheric pressure at elevation ranging from sea level to
6000 ft (1830 m) in (a) inches of mercury and (b) kilopascals.
Solution:
(a) H = 6000 ft
Eq. (3-4)
P = a + bH
Table 3-2: H > 4000 ft
a = 29.42
b = -0.0009
P = 29.42 + (-0.0009)(6000) = 24.02 in. Hg.
(b) H = 1830 m
Eq. (3-4)
P = a + bH
Table 3-2: H > 1220 m
a = 99.436
b = -0.010
P = 99.436 + (-0.010)(1830) = 81.136 kPa.
Solution:
(a) H = 5280 ft
Eq. (3-4)
P = a + bH
Table 3-2: H > 4000 ft
a = 29.42
b = -0.0009
P = 29.42 + (-0.0009)(5280) = 24.668 in. Hg.
(b) H = 1830 m
Eq. (3-4)
P = a + bH
Table 3-2: H > 1220 m
a = 99.436
b = -0.010
P = 99.436 + (-0.010)(1600) = 83.346 kPa.
3. Moist Air Properties and Conditioning Processes
3.5 Compute the enthalpy of moist air at 60 F (16 C) and 80 percent relative humidity
for an elevation of (a) sea level and (b) 5000 ft (1525 m).
Solution:
ps at 60 F = 0.256 psia
φ = 80 % = 0.80
pv = φ ps = (0.80)(0.256) = 0.2048 psia
At sea level, H = 0
Eq. (3-4)
P = a + bH
Table 3-2: H < 4000 ft
a = 29.92
P = a = 29.92 in. Hg = 101.325 kPa = 14.696 psia
pv 0.2048
W = 0.6219 = 0.6219 = 0.008789 lbmv/lbma
P − pv 14.696 − 0.2048
Eq. (3-20a)
i = 0.240t + W (1061.2 + 0.444t ) Btu/lbma
i = 0.240(60) + (0.008789)[1061.2 + (0.444)(60)] = 23.96 Btu/lbma
In SI units
ps at 16 C = 1.836 kPa
φ = 80 % = 0.80
pv = φ ps = (0.80)(1.836) = 1.469 psia
At sea level, H = 0
Eq. (3-4)
P = a + bH
Table 3-2: H < 4000 ft
a = 101.325
P = a = 101.325 kPa
pv 1.469
W = 0.6219 = 0.6219 = 0.00915 kgv/kga
P − pv 101.325 − 1.469
Eq. (3-20b)
i = 1.0t + W (2501.3 + 1.86t ) kJ/kga
i = 1.0(16 ) + (0.00915)[2501.3 + (1.86)(16)] = 39.16 kJ/kga
ps at 60 F = 0.256 psia
φ = 80 % = 0.80
pv = φ ps = (0.80)(0.256) = 0.2048 psia
In SI units
ps at 16 C = 1.836 kPa
φ = 80 % = 0.80
pv = φ ps = (0.80)(1.836) = 1.469 psia
3.6 The condition within a room is 70 F db, 50 percent relative humidity, and 14.696
psia pressure. The inside surface temperature of the window is 40 F. Will
moisture condense on the window glass?
Solution:
Since 40 F < 50.45 F , the moisture will condense on the window glass.
3.7 A duct has moist air flowing at a rate of 5000 ft3/min (2.36 m3/s). What is the
mass flow rate of the dry air, where the dry bulb temperature is 60 F (16 C), the
relative humidity is 80 percent and the pressure inside the duct corresponds to (a)
sea level, and (b) 6000 ft (1830 m).
Solution:
ps at 60 F = 0.2563 psia
pv = φ ps = (0.80)(0.2563) = 0.20504 psia
At sea level, P = 29.92 in. Hg = 14.696 psia
pa = P – pv = 14.696 – 0.20504 = 14.4910 psia
ρ= a =
p (14.4910 )(144) = 0.0753 lb/ft3
RaT (53.352 )(60 + 459.67 )
Q& = 5000 ft3/min
m& = ρ Q& = (0.0753)(5000) = 376.5 lb/min
a
SI Units
ps at 16 C = 1.836 kPa
pv = φ ps = (0.80)(1.836) = 1.4688 psia
At sea level, P = 101.325 kPa
pa = P – pv = 101.325 – 1.4688 = 99.8562
ρ= a =
p (99.8562)(1000) = 1.2033 kg/m3
RaT (287 )(16 + 273.15)
Q& = 2.36 m3/s
m& = ρ Q& = (1.2033)(2.36) = 2.84 kg/s
a
ps at 60 F = 0.2563 psia
pv = φ ps = (0.80)(0.2563) = 0.20504 psia
At H = 6000 ft > 4000 ft
P = a + bH
a =29.42
b = - 0.0009
P = 29.42+ (-0.0009)(6000) = 24.02 in. Hg = 11.798 psia
3. Moist Air Properties and Conditioning Processes
SI Units
ps at 16 C = 1.836 kPa
pv = φ ps = (0.80)(1.836) = 1.4688 kPa
At H = 1830 m > 1220 m
P = a + bH
a = 99.436
b = - 0.010
P = 99.436 + (-0.010)(1830) = 81.136 kPa
pa = P – pv = 81.136 – 1.4688 = 79.667 kPa
ρ= a =
p (79.667 )(1000) = 0.96 kg/m3
RaT (287 )(16 + 273.15)
Q& = 2.36 m3/s
m& = ρ Q& = (0.96)(2.36) = 2.2656 kg/s
a
3.8 Compute the dew point for moist air at 80 F (27 C) and 50 percent relative
humidity for pressures corresponding to (a) sea level and (b) 5000 ft (1225 m).
Solution:
ps at 80 F = 0.507 psia
pv = φ ps = (0.50)(0.507) = 0.2535 psia
Dew Point = tdp = 59.68 F
SI units
ps at 27 C = 3.602 kPa
pv = φ ps = (0.50)(3.602) = 1.801 kPa
Dew Point = tdp = 15.72 C
Since elevation does not affect dew point, the answers are the same as in (a).
3. Moist Air Properties and Conditioning Processes
3.9 A space is to be maintained at 70 F (21 C) dry bulb. It is estimated that the inside
wall surface temperature could be as low as 45 F (7 C). What maximum relative
and specific humidity can be maintained without condensation on the walls?
Solution:
English units
At 45 F, pv = 0.150 psia
At 70 F, ps = 0.363 psia
pv = φ ps
p 0.150
φ = v (100% ) = (100%) = 41.32 %
ps 0.363
pv 0.150
W = 0.6219 = 0.6219 = 0.006413 lbmv/lbma
P − pv 14.696 − 0.150
Maximum relative humidity = 41.32 %
Maximum specific humidity = 0.006413 lbmv/lbma
SI units
At 7 C, pv = 1.014 kPa
At 21 C, ps = 2.506 kPa
pv = φ ps
p 1.014
φ = v (100% ) = (100%) = 40.46 %
ps 2.506
pv 1.014
W = 0.6219 = 0.6219 = 0.006287 kgv/kga
P − pv 101.325 − 1.014
Solution:
At 70 F, ps = 0.363 psia
pv = φ ps = (0.40)(0.363 psia) = 0.1452 psia
P = 14.244 psia
pv 0.1452
W2 = 0.6219 = 0.6219 = 0.006408 lbmv/lbma
P − pv 14.244 − 0.1452
i2 = 0.240t 2 + W2 (1061.2 + 0.444t 2 ) Btu/lbma
i2 = 0.240(70) + (0.006408)[1061.2 + 0.444(70)] = 23.8 Btu/lbma
m& w
= W2 − W1 = 0.006408 – 0.003283 = 0.003125 lbmv/lbma
m& a
3.11 Air with a dry bulb temperature of 70 F and wet bulb temperature of 65 F is at a
barometric pressure of 29.92 in. Hg. Without making use of psychrometric chart,
find (a) the relative humidity of the air, (b) the vapor density, (c) the dew point,
(d) the humidity ratio, and (e) the volume occupied by the mixture associated with
a pound mass of dry air.
Solution:
3. Moist Air Properties and Conditioning Processes
t1 = 70 F
t 2∗ = 65 F
m& v
W= = W1 = 0.012218 lbmv/lbma
m& a
Solution:
3.13 The dry bulb and thermodynamic wet bulb temperature are measured to be 75 F
and 62 F, respectively, in a room. Compute the humidity ratio relative humidity
for the air at (a) sea level and (b) 5000 ft (1225 m).
3. Moist Air Properties and Conditioning Processes
Solution:
Eq. (3-14b)
t 2∗ = 62 F
pv 2
Ws∗2 = 0.6219
P2 − pv 2
pv 2 = ps 2 at 62 F = 0.2774 psia
0.2774
Ws∗2 = 0.6219 = 0.0119865 lbmv/lbma
14.696 − 0.2774
Eq. (3-21d)
c pa (t 2∗ − t1 ) + Ws∗2t ∗fg 2
W1 =
iv1 − iw∗
i ∗fg 2 = i fg at 62 F = 1058.18 Btu/lbm
iw∗ = i f at 62 F = 30 Btu/lbm
iv1 = i g at 75F = 1093.85 Btu/lbm
0.24(62 − 75) + (0.011965)(1058.18)
W1 = = 0.008969 lbmv/lbma – ans.
1093.85 − 30
P = a + bH
pv 2 0.2774
Ws∗2 = 0.6219 = 0.6219 = 0.013907 lbmv/lbma
P2 − pv 2 12.682 − 0.2774
c pa (t 2∗ − t1 ) + Ws∗2t ∗fg 2
W1 =
iv1 − iw∗
0.24(62 − 75) + (0.013907 )(1058.18)
W1 = = 0.010900 lbmv/lbma – ans.
1093.85 − 30
Solving for pv1 :
pv 1
W1 = 0.6219
14.696 − pv1
pv1
0.010900 = 0.6219
12.682 − pv1
pv1 = 0.218448 psia
ps1 = pv at 75 F = 0.435 psia
p 0.218448
φ1 = v1 = = 0.5022 or 50.22 % - ans.
p s1 0.435
3.14 To what temperature must atmospheric air at standard sea level pressure be cooled
to be saturated with a humidity ratio of 0.001 lbv/lba ? What is the temperature if
the pressure is 5 atmospheres?
Solution: