Cebu Institute of Technology – University

Cebu City
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
MECC486 – P1

Bullecer, Erlien Jane T. MECC486: Module 3

BSME-4 Assignment 3

1. Find the percentage excess air represented by A/F ratio of 23.5 kilogram of air per kilogram of
fuel with Butane (C4H10) as the fuel.
Given:
Butane = C4H10
n=4
m=10
A kg of air
( )A = 23.5
F kg of fuel

From,
A A
( F )A − ( F )T
% Excess Air = x 100 %
A
( )T
F
Where,
m kg air
A (n + 4 ) (4.76) mol air x 28.97
( )T = mol air
F kg fuel
1 mol fuel x [12 n + 1(m)]
mol fuel
10 kg air
A (4 + 4 ) (4.76) mol air x 28.97
( )T = mol air
F kg fuel
1 mol fuel x [12 x (4) + 1 x(10)]
mol fuel
A kg of air
( )T = 15.45
F kg of fuel
Thus,
kg of air kg of air
23.5 − 15.45
kg of fuel kg of fuel
% Excess Air = x 100%
kg of air
15.45
kg of fuel
 % 𝐄𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐀𝐢𝐫 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟎𝟔%

2. 6.5 kg of Octane(C8H18) is burned with 100% air. Determine the mass of CO2 formed in the
products?
Given:
Octane = C8H18
m = 6.5 kg
percent air = 36%
We know that,
mol of CO2 1 mol C8 H18 molar mass CO2
mass of CO2 = [ x mass of C8 H18 x ( )x ]
1 mol of C8 H18 molar mass C8 H18 mol of CO2
8 mol of CO2 1 mol C8 H18 12 x 1 + 16 x 2
mass of CO2 = [ x 6.5 of C8 H18 x ( )x ( )]
1 mol of C8 H18 12 x 8 + 1 x 18 mol of CO2

𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐎𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝒈

3. A mixture of fuel having a mass of 3.3 kg have the following gravimetric analysis: CH4 – 78%,
C2H6 – 22%. It is burned with 100 % air. Determine the mass of moisture in the products.
Given:
m=3.3 kg
CH4 – 78%
C2H6 – 22%
Percent air = 100%
From,
n
Cm Hn + Ycc O2 + 3.76Ycc N2 → mCO2 + H2 O + 3.76Ycc N2
2

Where,
2.574 kg
CH4 → 0.78 x 3.3 kg = 2.574 kg → kg = 0.160875 mol
16
mol
0.726 kg
C2 H6 → 0.22 𝑥 3.3 kg = 0.726 kg → kg = 0.0242 mol
30
mol

m = 0.160875 (1) + 0.0242 (2) = 0.209275

 n = 0.160875 (4) + 0.0242 (6) = 0.7887
For H2 O:
n molar mass of H2 O
mH2 O = x
2 1 mol H2 O
0.7887 [1(2) + 16(1)] kg
mH2 O = x
2 1 mol H2 O
mH2 O = 7.0983 𝑘𝑔

4. A gaseous fuel mixture is burned with 2.3% deficient air. This mixture contains 2.2 m3 of butane(
C4H10) and 1.3 m3 of methane(CH4). Determine the volume of air required.
Given:
percent defficient = 2.3 %

vol C4 H10 = 2.2 m3

vol CH4 = 1.3 m3

m = 4+1 = 5
n = 10 + 4 = 14
From,
A Vair A
( ) = → Vair = ( ) x Vfuel
F a Vfuel F a
A n
( ) = (m + ) x 4.76
F s 4
A 14
( ) = (5 + ) x 4.76
F s 4
A
( ) = 40.46
F s
Also,
A
( )
F a
% th, air = A
( )
F s

Then,
A A
(F ) = (1 − e) x ( F )
a s
 A
( ) = (1 − 0.023) x 40.46 = 39.52942
F a
Thus,

Vair = 39.52942 x (2.2 + 1.3) 𝑚3

Vair = 138.353 𝑚3

5. The gravimetric analysis of gaseous fuel containing 75% C3H8 and 25% C2H6 is burned using
13.9% excess air but incomplete combustion takes place where 2 mole of carbon monoxide is
formed for every 5 moles of carbon dioxide in the product. Determine the mass of carbon dioxide
in the products.
Given:

C3 H8 − 75%
C2 H6 − 25%
excess air = 13.9 %
CO2 = 2: 5
From,
molar mass CO2
mass of CO2 = [mol of CO2 x ]
mol of CO2

where,
Fuel Gravimetric Volumetric
0.75
C3 H8 → 0.75 → = 0.017
12(3) + 1(8)
0.25
C2 H6 → 0.25 → = 0.0083
12(2) + 1(6)
Total ∶ 0.0253
Then,
0.017
C3 H8 : = 0.67 or 67 %
0.0253
0.0083
C2 H6 : = 0.33 or 33 %
0.0253
For 100 % air:
n
Cm Hn + Ycc O2 + 3.76Ycc N2 → mCO2 + 2 H2 O + 3.76Ycc N2
No. of moles (CO2 ) = m = 3 x 0.67 + 2 x 0.33 = 2.67

For excess air and incomplete combustion:

 n
Cm Hn + YO2 + 3.76YN2 → mCO2 + H2 O + dCO + 3.76YN2 + (Y − Ycc )O2
2
2
No. of moles (CO2 ) = m – d = m - 5 m
2
No. of moles (CO2 ) = 2.67 - 5 x 2.67 = 1.602
[12 (1) + 16(2)] kg
mass of CO2 = [1.602 x ]
mol of CO2

𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐎𝟐 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒈

6. A fuel containing 75% ethane and 25% methane is burned with dry air. The CO2 to CO ratio is
5:1. Thirty percent excess air is supplied at 14.7 psia and 136 °F. For 21.9 lb of this fuel calculate
the volume of air to lb of fuel used.
Given:

C2 H6 − 75%
CH4 − 25%
CO2 : CO − 5: 1
% excess air = 30 %
Pair = 14.7 psia
Tair = 136 ℉
mfuel = 21.9 lb
From,
Pa Va = ma R a Ta
Then,
ma Ra Ta
Va = Pa

From,
Fuel Gravimetric Volumetric
1 kg 7.466
C2 H6 → 0.75 x 21.9 lb x = 7.466 kg → = 0.2489 mol
2.2 lb 12(2) + 1(6)
1 kg 2.4886
CH4 → 0.25 x 21.9 lb x = 2.4886 kg → = 0.1555 mol
2.2 lb 12(1) + 1(4)

Also,
n
A A (m + 4) x 4.76 x 28.97
mair = ( ) = ( ) x (1 + e) = x (1 + e)
F a F s 12 m + n
For 100% air:
m = 0.2489(2) + 0.1555(1) = 0.6533
n = 0.2489(6) + 0.1555(4) = 2.1154

2.1154
(0.6533+ )x 4.76 x 28.97
4
ma = (1 + 0.30)
12 (0.6533)+2.1154

kg air
ma = 21.28
kg fuel
kg air 2.2 lb air 1 kg fuel ft − lb
ma R a Ta 21.28 x x x 53.34 x (136 ℉ + 460) R
kg fuel 1 kg air 2.2 lb fuel lbm − R
Va = =
Pa lb (12 in)2
14.7 2 x
in (1 ft)2

𝐟𝐭 𝟑 𝐚𝐢𝐫
𝐕𝐚 = 𝟑𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟗
𝐥𝐛 𝐟𝐮𝐞𝐥

7. Gasoline(Octane) used as fuel for an engine is combusted in the presence of 19.9 m3 air/kg fuel
supplied at 101.325 KPa pressure and 59.9 °C temperature. Calculate the percent excess air.
Given:

m3 air
Vair = 19.9
kgfuel

P = 101.325 KPa
T = 59.9℃
fuel = 𝐶8 𝐻18
From,
A A
(F) − (F)
a s
% Excess Air =
A
(F)
s

For 100% air:

𝑚 = 1𝑥8 = 8
𝑛 = 1𝑥18 = 18
 n
A (m + 4) x 4.76 x 28.97
( ) =
F s 12 m + n
18
A (8 + 4 ) x 4.76 x 28.97 kg air
( ) = = 15.12
F s 12x8 + 18 kg fuel
Also,

Pa Va = ma R a Ta
Then,
P V
ma = Ra Ta
a a

m3
101.325 kPa x 19.9 kg air
Pa Va fuel kg air
ma = = = 21.0971
R a Ta kJ kg fuel
0.2871 x (59.9 ℃ + 273) K
kg − K
Thus,
A A
(F) − (F)
a s
% Excess Air =
A
(F)
s

kg air kg air
21.0971 − 15.12
kg fuel kg fuel
% Excess Air = x 100 %
kg air
15.12
kg fuel

% 𝐄𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐀𝐢𝐫 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟓𝟑 %

8. A mixture of methane (CH4) and ethanol (C2H5OH) is burned with air and the ORSAT analysis of
the flue gas contains: CO2 = 11.9%; CO = 0.5% and N2 = 85%. Balance the combustion equation
and find the ratio of methane to ethanol.
Given:

CO2 = 11.9 %

CO = 0.5 %

N2 = 85 %

From,
 CH4
Ratio =
C2 H5 OH
Where,
n
xCm Hn + yCm Hn OH + (1 − e)Ycc O2 + (1 + e)3.76Ycc N2 → cCO2 + qCO + H2 O + (1 + e)3.76Ycc N2
2
n
xCH4 + yC2 H5 OH + (1 − e)Ycc O2 + (1 + e)3.76Ycc N2 → 0.119CO2 + 0.05CO + H2 O + 0.85N2
2
From the equation
𝑚 = 𝑐 + 𝑞 = 0.119 + 0.005 = 0.124
Balance in N2
n 0.85
(1 − e) 3.76 (m + ) = 0.85 → e = 1 − n
4 (m+ ) x 3.76
4

n n 0.85
𝑞 = [2m + 2] 𝑥 e → 0.005 = [2(0.124) + 2] 𝑥 [1 − n ]
(0.124+ ) x 3.76
4

𝑛 = 0.4183

CH4 and C2 H5 OH
m = x(1) + y(2) → 0.124 = x(1) + y(2) (Eq. 1)
n = x(4) + y(6) → 0.4183 = x(4) + y(6) (Eq. 2)
x = 0.0463 ; y = 0.03885
n 0.4183
Ycc = m + = 0.124 + = 0.2286
4 4
0.85
e=1− = 0.01099
0.4183
(0.124 + 4 ) x 3.76

Balanced Equation
𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟑𝐂𝐇𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟗𝐂𝟐 𝐇𝟓 𝐎𝐇 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟔𝐎𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝐍𝟐
→ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝐂𝐎𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝐂𝐎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝐇𝟐 𝐎 + 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝐍𝟐
CH4 0.0463
Ratio = =
C2 H5 OH 0.03885
𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟖
 9. A fuel containing 75% ethane and 25% propane is burned with dry air. The ORSAT analysis of
the flue gas yields – 15% CO2; 2% O2 and 84% N2. Determine the gravimetric air-fuel ratio.
Given:

C2 H6 − 75 %

C3 H8 = 25 %

CO2 = 15 %

O2 = 2 %

N2 = 84%

From,
A A
( )a = ( )s x (1 + e)
F F
Where,
n
xC2 H6 + yC3 H8 + (1 + e)Ycc O2 + (1 + e)3.76Ycc N2 → mCO2 + H2 O + (1 + e)3.76Ycc N2 + zO2
2
n
0.75C2 H6 + 0.25C3 H8 + (1 + e)Ycc O2 + (1 + e)3.76Ycc N2 → 0.15CO2 + H2 O + 0.84N2 + 0.02O2
2

Balance in O2
n n
(1 + e) (m + ) (2) = ( ) + (2)(m) + (2)(z)
4 2
n
(2) + (2)(m) + (2)(z)
e= n −1
(m + 4) (2)

Balance in N2
n
0.84 = (1 + e) (m + 4) 3.76
n
(2) + (2)(0.15) + (2)(0.02) n
0.84 = (1 + [ n − 1]) x (0.15 + ) x 3.76
(0.15 + 4) (2) 4

n = 0.214
n 0.214
Ycc = m + = 0.15 + = 0.2035
4 4
 0.214
( 2 ) + (2)(0.15) + (2)(0.02)
e= − 1 = 0.098
0.214
(0.15 + 4 ) (2)
0.214
A (0.15 + 4 ) x 4.76 x 28.97
( )a = x (1 + 0.098)
F 12x0.15 + 0.214

𝐀 𝒌𝒈 𝒂𝒊𝒓
( )𝐚 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟐𝟗𝟗
𝐅 𝒌𝒈 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍

10. C14H30 is burn with 22% excess air to give products of combustion based on ORSAT as follows:
7.5% CO2; 2.2% CO; 0.5% O2 and 83.3% N2. Determine the mass of fuel used.
Given:

% 𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝟐𝟐 %
𝑪𝑶𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟓 %
𝑪𝑶 = 𝟐. 𝟐 %
𝑶𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓 %
𝑵𝟐 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟑 %
From,
molar mass C14 H30
mass of C14 H30 = [mol of C14 H30 x ]
mol of C14 H30

Where,
n
xC14 H30 + (1 + e)Ycc O2 + (1 + e)3.76Ycc N2 → mCO2 + H2 O + (1 + e)3.76Ycc N2 + zO2 + 𝑞𝐶𝑂
2
xC14 H30 + (1 + e)Ycc O2 + (1 + e)3.76Ycc N2
n
→ 0.075CO2 + H2 O + 0.833N2 + 0.005O2 + 0.022𝐶𝑂
2

For excess air (balance in C)

𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 (14) = 0.075(1) + 0.022(1)
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 0.006929 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Thus,
[12(14) + 1(30)] 𝑘𝑔
mass of C14 H30 = 0.006929 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥 mol of C14 H30
 𝐦𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝟏𝟒 𝐇𝟑𝟎 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟗 𝐤𝐠

11. What is the heat transfer in the glass surface area of 9.9 m2 having an inside temperature of 25 °C
and 13 °C outside temperature. The thickness of glass is 0.05 m. The thermal conductivity of 1.3
W/m °C.
We know that,
𝑘𝐴(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )
𝑄=
𝑥
1.3 𝑊⁄𝑚 °𝐶 (9.9 𝑚2 )(25 − 13)°𝐶
𝑄=
0.05 𝑚
𝑸 = 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟖. 𝟖 𝑾

12. The heat loss per hour through a square meter of a furnace wall 12.5 mm thick is 135 kcal.
Determine the outside surface temperature of the wall. Assume an inside surface temperature of
34.9 °C and an average thermal conductivity of 1.7 W/m °C.
We know that,
𝑘𝐴(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )
𝑄=
𝑥
Where,
𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 1.163 𝑊
𝑄 = 135 ( ) = 157.005 𝑊
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
1
ℎ𝑟
Thus, solving for the outside surface temperature,

1.7 𝑊⁄𝑚 °𝐶 (34.9 − 𝑡2 )°𝐶

157.005 𝑊 =
0.0125 𝑚

𝒕𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟒𝟓𝟔°𝑪

13. A solid wall is made up of face brick(k = 0.76 Btu.ft/hr.ft2.°F) 4 in thick, cement mortar( k= 0.67
Btu.ft/hr.ft2.°F) ½ in thick, and 1-2-4 mix concrete (k=0.59 Btu.ft/hr.ft2.°F) 8 in thick. If the
temperature of the exposed surface of the concrete is 55 °F and the temperature of the exposed
surface of face brick is 25°F, find the temperature between the mortar and the concrete.
From,
𝐴(𝑡1 − 𝑡3 )
𝑄=𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1
+ 2+ 3
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘3
Then,
 𝑄 (55 − 25)°𝐶
=
𝐴 1 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑓𝑡
(4 𝑖𝑛 × ) (0.5 𝑖𝑛 × ) (8 𝑖𝑛 × )
12 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛
+ +
𝐵𝑡𝑢. 𝑓𝑡 𝐵𝑡𝑢. 𝑓𝑡 𝐵𝑡𝑢. 𝑓𝑡
0.76 0.67 0.59
ℎ𝑟. 𝑓𝑡 2 ℎ𝑟. 𝑓𝑡 2 ℎ𝑟. 𝑓𝑡 2

𝑄 𝐵𝑡𝑢. ℎ𝑟
= 18.3967
𝐴 𝑓𝑡 2
Thus,

BTU BTU − ft
0.59 2 x (100 − t 2 ) ℉
18.3967 hr = hr − ft − ℉
ft 2 1 ft
8 in x
12 in
𝐭 𝟐 = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟐𝟏𝟐𝟖 ℉

14. It is desired that no more than 2199.5 W/m2 be conducted through a 30 cm thick wall whose
average thermal conductivity is k = 0.865 W/m °C, the conducted heat will be controlled by
insulating one side. Find the least thickness of insulating material (k = 0.592W/m °C) that will
assure this heat constraint if the surface temperatures of the composite wall are 2515 °C and 40
°C.
We know that,
@ 2 layers of a composite wall,
𝐴(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )
𝑄= 𝑥 𝑥
1
+ 2
𝑘1 𝑘2
Solving for the least thickness of insulating material, 𝑥2 ,

𝑡1 − 𝑡3 𝑥1
𝑥2 = 𝑘2 [ − ]
𝑄 𝑘1
𝐴

𝑊 2515 − 40 0.3𝑚
𝑥2 = 0.592 [ − ]
𝑚 °𝐶 2199.5 𝑊 0.865 𝑊
𝑚2 𝑚 °𝐶

𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟖 𝒎
15. The temperature of the outside surface of an 8-in steel pipe (k = 15.95 W/m°C) is 310 °C and the
temperature of the inside surface is 190 °C. What is the heat loss per meter of pipe. For an 8-in
steel pipe, schedule 40: OD = 8.625 in, ID = 7.981 in.
Given:
1𝑚
𝑂𝐷 = 8.625 𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 0.2190754382 𝑚
39.37 𝑖𝑛
1𝑚
𝐼𝐷 = 7.981 𝑖𝑛 ( ) = 0.2027178054 𝑚
39.37 𝑖𝑛
We know that,
2𝜋𝑘(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )
𝑄= 𝑟
(ln 𝑟2 )
1

Where,
2𝑟1 = 0.2027178054 𝑚
𝑟1 = 0.1013589027 𝑚
2𝑟2 = 0.2190754382 𝑚
𝑟2 = 0.1095377191 𝑚
Thus, substituting the values in the formula,
𝑊
2𝜋 (15.95 𝑚 °𝐶 ) (310 − 190)°𝐶
𝑄=
0.1095 𝑚
(ln 0.1014 𝑚)

𝑊
𝑄 = 154971.9525
𝑚

16. A hollow sphere is heated by means of a heating coil having a resistance of 495 ohms placed in
the inside cavity. The average thermal conductivity of the sphere material is 30 Btu.ft/hr.ft2.°F.
Calculate the current necessary to maintain a temperature difference between the inside and
outside surfaces of 21.3 °F. The inside and outside diameters of the sphere are 6.5 inches and 9
inches, respectively.
We know that,
4𝜋𝑘(𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )
𝑄=
1 1
𝑟1 − 𝑟2
 𝐵𝑡𝑢. 𝑓𝑡
4𝜋 (30 ) (21.3 °𝐹)
ℎ𝑟. 𝑓𝑡 2 . °𝐹
𝑄=
1 1
−
1 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑓𝑡
6.5 𝑖𝑛 × 12 𝑖𝑛 9 𝑖𝑛 × 12 𝑖𝑛

𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄 = 15658.3261
ℎ𝑟
Also,
𝐼2 𝑅 = 𝑄

Obtaining the current, 𝐼,

𝑄
𝐼=√
𝑅

𝐵𝑡𝑢
15658.3261
𝐼= √ ℎ𝑟 𝑥 1.055 𝑘𝐽 𝑥 1000 𝐽 𝑥 1 ℎ𝑟
495 Ω 1 𝐵𝑡𝑢 1 𝑘𝐽 3600 𝑠

𝑰 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟕 𝑨

17. Water at an average temperature of 159.9 F is heated while flowing at a velocity of 3125 fph
through a 2 in steel pipe( OD = 2.375 in; ID = 2.067 in). Determine the inside surface coefficient
and the heating capacity for 99.9 sq ft of tube surface. For water, Cp = 1.002 Btu/lb F; ρ = 60.57
lb/ft3; μ = 0.84 lb/ft hr; k = 0.389 Btu/hr ft F; Npr = 2.16
We know that,
𝜌𝐷𝑉
𝑁𝑅𝐸 =
𝜇

1 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏
2.067 𝑖𝑛 (12 𝑖𝑛) (3125 ) (60.57 3 )
ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡
𝑁𝑅𝐸 =
𝑙𝑏
0.84
𝑓𝑡. ℎ𝑟
𝑵𝑹𝑬 = 𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟐𝟑
Also,
𝑘
ℎ𝑐 = 0.023 ( ) (𝑁𝑅𝐸 )0.8 (𝑁𝑃𝑟 )0.4
𝑑
𝐵𝑡𝑢
0.389
ℎ𝑟. 𝑓𝑡
ℎ𝑐 = 0.023 ( ) (38813.923)0.8 (2.16)0.4
1 𝑓𝑡
2.067 𝑖𝑛 × 12 𝑖𝑛
 𝑩𝒕𝒖
𝒉𝒄 = 𝟑𝟑𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟕
𝒉𝒓 𝒇𝒕𝟐 𝑭

18. Two bodies with emissivity factor of 0.79 has a respective temperature of 2250 F and 525 F. The
radiating surface of each body is 102.9 ft2. Calculate the net heat exchange of the two bodies.
Given:
𝑇1 = 2250 𝐹 + 460 = 2710 𝑅
𝑇2 = 525 𝐹 + 460 = 985 𝑅
𝜀 = 0.79

𝐴 = 102.9 𝑓𝑡 2
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝜎 = 0.174𝑥10−8
ℎ𝑟. 𝑓𝑡 2 . 𝑅
We know that,

𝑄𝑅 = 𝜎𝜀𝐴(𝑇1 4 − 𝑇2 4 )

Substituting the values in the formula,

𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄𝑅 = 0.174 𝑥10−8 (0.79)(102.9 𝑓𝑡 2 )(27104 − 9854 )𝑅
ℎ𝑟. 𝑓𝑡 2 . 𝑅
𝑩𝒕𝒖
𝑸𝑹 = 𝟕𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟕𝟑. 𝟓𝟕𝟔
𝒉𝒓

19. A heat exchanger is to be designed for the following specifications: Hot gas temperature, 1555 C;
cold gas temperature, 88.9 C; unit surface conductance, hot side – 230 W/m2 K, cold side - 290
W/m2 K; thermal conductivity of metal wall, 115 W/m2 K. Find the maximum thickness of metal
wall between the hot gas and the cold gas so that the maximum temperature of the wall does not
exceed 889 C.
We know that,
𝑡𝐻 − 𝑡𝑐
𝑄=
1 𝑥 1
+ +
ℎ𝐻 𝑘 ℎ𝑐
Also,
𝑄 = ℎ𝐻 𝐴(𝑡𝐻 − 𝑡)
Then,
𝑄
= ℎ𝐻 (𝑡𝐻 − 𝑡)
𝐴
 𝑄 𝑊
= 230 2 (1555 − 889)°𝐶
𝐴 𝑚 𝐾
𝑄 𝑊
= 153180 2
𝐴 𝑚
Thus,
𝑡𝐻 − 𝑡𝑐
𝑄=
1 𝑥 1
+ +
ℎ𝐻 𝑘 ℎ𝑐

𝑊 (1555 − 88.9)°𝐶
153180 =
𝑚2 1 𝑥 1
𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊
230 2 115 𝑚 °𝐶 290 2
𝑚 𝐾 𝑚 𝐾
1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑥 = 0.204124 𝑚 𝑥
1𝑚

𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝟒. 𝟏𝟐𝟒 𝒎𝒎

20. Calculate the over-all heat transfer coefficient based on inside area for a tube (k = 100.35 W/m C)
having an outside diameter of 59 cm and an inside diameter of 40 cm. Assume that steam is
condensing on the outside of the tube and that individual coefficient for the steam side is 5,107.5
W/m2 C and the coefficient for the inside is 6,242.5 W/m2 C.
We know that,
1
R=
Ui A i
Then,
1
Ui =
𝑅Ai
Where,
D
1 ln ( o ) 1
Di
R= + +
hi A i 2πk ho A o
59 cm
ln (
1 40 cm )
R= +
W π 1m 2 W
6242.5 2 x (40 cm x ) 2π x 100.35
m ℃ 4 100 cm m℃
1
+
W π 1m 2
5107.5 2 x (59 cm x )
m ℃ 4 100 cm
 ℃
R = 0.002607
W
Thus,

1 1
Ui = =
RAi ℃ π 1m 2
0.002607 x (59cmx )
W 4 100 cm
𝐖
𝐔𝐢 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟕
𝐦𝟐 −℃

21. A refrigerating system operates on the reversed Carnot cycle. The higher temperature of the
refrigerant in the system is 99 oC and the lower temperature is -12 oC. The capacity is 9.5 tons.
Determine coefficient of performance.
Given,
𝑇1 = −12 ℃ + 273 = 261 𝐾
𝑇2 = 99℃ + 273 = 372 𝐾
We know that,
𝑇1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑇2 − 𝑇1
261 𝐾
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
372 𝐾 − 261 𝐾

𝑪𝑶𝑷 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟒

22. How much heat is rejected in a refrigerating system that operates on the reversed Carnot cycle.
The higher temperature of the refrigerant in the system is 50 C and the lower temperature is -22 C.
The capacity is 6.9 tons.
Given:
𝑇1 = −22℃ + 273 = 251 𝐾
𝑇2 = 50℃ + 273 = 323 𝐾
We know that,
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑊 + 𝑄𝐴
where,
𝑄𝐴 = 6.9 𝑇𝑅
And,
 𝑄𝐴
𝑊=
𝐶𝑂𝑃
Also,
𝑇1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑇2 − 𝑇1
251𝐾
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = 3.4861
323 𝐾 − 251 𝐾
Then,
6.9 𝑇𝑅 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑊= = 1.9793 𝑇𝑅 (200 ) = 395.8566
3.4861 min min
Finally,
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄𝑅 = 395.8566 + (6.9 𝑇𝑅 𝑥 200 )
min min
𝑩𝒕𝒖
𝑄𝑅 = 𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓. 𝟖𝟓𝟔𝟔
𝐦𝐢𝐧

23. The power requirement of a carnot refrigerator in maintaining a low temperature region at 325 K
is 1.1 KW per ton. Find the COP.
From,
𝑄𝐴
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑊
Where,
Assuming the value of 𝑄𝐴 = 3 𝑇𝑅 𝑜𝑟 10.5506 𝑘𝑊,
10.5506 𝑘𝑊
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
1.1 𝑘𝑊
𝑪𝑶𝑷 = 𝟗. 𝟓𝟗𝟏𝟓

24. Find the maximum temperature in a carnot refrigerator in maintaining power of 1.58 KW per ton
if the low temperature region is at 238.9 K.
Solution:
From,
𝑇1
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑇2 − 𝑇1
where,
 𝑄𝐴
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = ,
𝑊
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑄𝐴 = 3 𝑇𝑅 𝑜𝑟 10.5506 𝑘𝑊
10.5506 𝑘𝑊
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = 6.6776
1.58 𝑘𝑊
Thus,
𝑇1
𝑇2 = + 𝑇1
𝐶𝑂𝑃
238.9
𝑇2 = + 238.9
6.6776
𝑻𝟐 = 𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟔𝟕𝟔𝟒 𝑲

25. A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-134a system operates at an evaporating temperature
of -5 C (hf = 45.17; hg =247.515 KJ/kg) and the condensing temperature of 40 C (hf = 108.257; h
= 271.28 KJ/kg. The enthalpy after compression is 450 KJ/kg. Determine the coefficient of
performance.
From,
𝑄𝑒 ℎ1 − ℎ3 ℎ𝑔 @−5℃ − ℎ𝑓 @40℃
𝐶𝑂𝑃 = = =
𝑊 ℎ2 − ℎ1 ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − ℎ𝑔 @−5℃
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
247.515 − 108.257
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
450 − 247.515
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑪𝑶𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟕

26. What is the volume flow rate needed in a simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-134a system
operates at an evaporating temperature of -5 C (hf = 45.17; hg =247.515 KJ/kg; vg = 0.0829 m3/kg)
and the condensing temperature of 40 C (hf = 108.257; h = 271.28 KJ/kg. The enthalpy after
compression is 259 KJ/kg.
We know that,

𝑉1 = (𝑚)(𝑣1 ) = (𝑚)(𝑣𝑔 @−5℃ )

Wherein,
𝑄𝑒 𝑄𝑒
𝑚= =
ℎ1 − ℎ3 ℎ𝑔 @−5℃ − ℎ𝑓 @40℃

𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑄𝑒 𝑖𝑠 1 𝑘𝑊 𝑜𝑟 1 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
 1 𝑘𝐽/𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑚= = 0.0071809
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑠
247.515 − 108.257
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
Thus,
𝑘𝑔 𝑚3
𝑉1 = 0.0071809 (0.0829 )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔

𝒎𝟑
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟑
𝒔

27. A refrigeration system using R-143a is to have a refrigerating capacity of 45 KW. The evaporating
temperature is -10 C (hf = 45.17; hg =244.52 KJ/kg; v = 0.00654 m3/kg) and the condensing
temperature is 42 C (hf = 111.26; hg =272.14 KJ/kg). The enthalpy after compression is 413 KJ/kg.
Determine the volume flow rate of refrigerant at inlet to the compressor.
From,
𝑉1 = (𝑚)(𝑣1 )
where,
𝑄𝑒 𝑄𝑒
𝑚= =
ℎ1 − ℎ3 ℎ𝑔 @−10℃ − ℎ𝑓 @42℃
45 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
𝑚=
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
244.52 − 111.26
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 0.3377
𝑠
Thus,
𝑘𝑔 𝑚3
𝑉1 = (0.3377 ) (0.00654 )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔

𝒎𝟑
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟖
𝒔

28. A refrigeration system using R-143a is to have a refrigerating capacity of 99 KW. The evaporating
temperature is -10 C (hf =45.17; hg =244.52 KJ/kg; v = 0.00654 m3/kg) and the condensing
temperature is 42 C (hf = 111.26; hg =272.14 KJ/kg). The enthalpy after compression is 299 KJ/kg.
Determine the fraction of vapor in the mixture at entrance to the evaporator.
From,
 vvapor
Vaporfraction =
v4
We know that,
ℎ4 − ℎ𝑓4 ℎ𝑓@42℃ − ℎ𝑓@−10℃
𝑥4 = =
ℎ𝑔4 − ℎ𝑓4 ℎ𝑔@−10℃ − ℎ𝑓@−10℃
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
111.26 − 45.17
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑥4 =
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
244.52 − 45.17
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑥4 = 0.33153
And,

vg4 = v1

m3
vf4 = vf at − 10 ℃ = 0.000946
kg
v4 = vf4 + x4 vfg4
m3 m3 m3
v = 0.000946 + 0.3315 x (0.00654 − 0.000946 )
kg kg kg

m3
v4 = 0.0028
kg
Thus,
m3 m3
vvapor = x4 vg1 = 0.3315 x 0.00654 = 0.002168
kg kg
m3
0.002168
kg
Vaporfraction =
m3
0.0028
kg

𝐕𝐚𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝒐𝒓 𝟕𝟕. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟔%

29. A refrigeration system is to be used to cool 19125 kg of water from 29 C to 18 C in 5 hours. The
refrigerant is ammonia, and the operation conditions are 616 KPa (h = 1471.41 KJ/kg; v = 0.00205
m3/kg) evaporating pressure and 1737 KPa (h = 410.382 KJ/kg) liquefaction pressure. The enthalpy
after compression is 1620 KJ/kg. Determine the quantity of cooling water in the condenser for an
increase in temperature of 25 C. The specific heat of water is 4.187 KJ/kg C.
We know that,
 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡
(𝑚𝑤 )(𝑐𝑤 )(∆𝑡𝑤 ) = (𝑚)(ℎ2 − ℎ3 )
then,
(𝑚)(ℎ2 − ℎ3 )
𝑚𝑤 =
(𝑐𝑤 )(∆𝑡𝑤 )
where,
𝑄𝑒
𝑚= ,
ℎ1 − ℎ3
And,
(𝑚)(𝑐𝑤 )(∆𝑡)
𝑄𝑒 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Then,
𝑘𝐽
(19125 𝑘𝑔) (4.187 ) (29℃ − 18℃)
𝑘𝑔. ℃
3600𝑠
5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ( )
𝑚= 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
1471.41 − 410.382
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 0.0461
𝑠
Finally,
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
0.0461 𝑠 (1620 − 410.382 )
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑤 =
𝑘𝐽
(4.187 )(25 ℃)
𝑘𝑔. ℃
𝒌𝒈
𝒎𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟑
𝒔

30. A refrigeration system is to be used to cool 19500 kg of water from 29 C to 13.9 C in 5 hours. The
refrigerant is ammonia, and the operation conditions are 616 KPa (h = 1471.41 KJ/kg; v = 0.00205
m3/kg) evaporating pressure and 1737 KPa (h = 410.382 KJ/kg) liquefaction pressure. The enthalpy
after compression is 1620 KJ/kg. Determine the volume flow rate entering the compressor.
We know that,
𝑉1 = (𝑚)(𝑣1 )
where,
𝑄𝑒
𝑚=
ℎ1 − ℎ3
 And,
(𝑚)(𝑐𝑤 )(∆𝑡)
𝑄𝑒 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Then,
𝑘𝐽
(19500 𝑘𝑔) (4.187 ) (29℃ − 13.9℃)
𝑘𝑔. ℃
3600𝑠
5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ( )
𝑚= 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
1471.41 − 410.382
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 0.06455
𝑠
Thus,

𝑘𝑔 𝑚3
𝑉1 = (0.06455 ) (0.00205 )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔

𝒎𝟑
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟑
𝒌𝒈

31. Atmospheric condition of a given day is 30 C db(Psat = 4.241 KPa) and 79 %RH. The barometer
reads 169 KPa. Determine the degree of saturation.

Given:
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 30 𝐶
𝑃𝑤𝑠 = 4.241 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑅𝐻 = 79%
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 169 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Required:
∅ =?
From,

𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤𝑠
∅ = 𝑅𝐻 ( )
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤
Where,
𝑃𝑤 = 𝑅𝐻(𝑃𝑤𝑠 )
𝑃𝑤 = 0.79(4.241 𝑘𝑃𝑎)
𝑃𝑤 = 3.35039𝑘𝑃𝑎

Thus,
169 − 4.241 𝑘𝑃𝑎
∅ = 0.79 ( )
169 − 3.35039 𝑘𝑃𝑎
 ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟕 ≈ 𝟕𝟖. 𝟓𝟕 %

32. Air at 2.9 atm at 30 C db(Psat = 4.241 KPa) has a relative humidity of 64 %. Determine the
specific enthalpy of this air.

Given:
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃 = 2.9 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ( ) = 293.8425 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 30 𝐶
𝑃𝑤𝑠 = 4.241 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑅𝐻 = 64 %
Required:
ℎ =?
From,
𝑃𝑤
𝑊 = 0.622 ( )
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑤
Where,
𝑃𝑤 = 𝑅𝐻(𝑃𝑤𝑠 )
𝑃𝑤 = 0.64(4.241 𝑘𝑃𝑎)
𝑃𝑤 = 2.71424 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Then,
2.71424 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑊 = 0.622 ( )
293.8425 − 2.71424 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑊 = 0.005799

Then,
ℎ = 1.0062 𝑡𝑑𝑏 + 𝑊(2501 + 1.8𝑡𝑑𝑏 )
ℎ = 1.0062(30) + 0.005799(2501 + 1.8(30))

𝒌𝑱
𝒉 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝒈

33. Atmospheric condition of a room is at 25 C db(Psat = 3.171 KPa) and 20 C dp(Psat = 2.337 KPa).
The atmospheric pressure is 121.9 KPa. Determine relative humidity.
Given:
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 25 𝐶
𝑃𝑤𝑠 = 3.171 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑡𝑑𝑝 = 20 𝐶
𝑃𝑤 = 2,337 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 121.9 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Required:
𝑅𝐻 =?
We know that,
 𝑃
𝑅𝐻 = 𝑃 𝑤
𝑤𝑠
2.337𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑅𝐻 =
3.171𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑹𝑯 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟕𝟎 ≈ 𝟕𝟑. 𝟕𝟎%

34. A room 1.35 m x 8 m x 2.8 m room is at 25 C db(Psat = 3.171 KPa) and 20 C dp(Psat = 2.337
KPa). The atmospheric pressure is 100 KPa. Determine mass of water in the space.

Given:
𝑉 = 1.35𝑚 × 8𝑚 × 2.8𝑚 = 30.24 𝑚3
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 25 𝐶
𝑃𝑤𝑠 = 3.171 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑡𝑑𝑝 = 20 𝐶
𝑃𝑤 = 2.337 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎
We know that,
𝑃𝑤
𝑊 = 0.622 [ ]
𝑃−𝑃𝑤

2.337 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑊 = 0.622 [ ]
100 𝑘𝑃𝑎−2.337 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑊 = 0.01488
And,
0.287(𝑡𝑑𝑏 +273)
𝑣= 𝑃−𝑃𝑤

0.287(25 + 273)
𝑣=
100 − 2.337
𝑚3
𝑣 = 0.8757
𝑘𝑔

Also,
𝑉
𝑚𝑎 =
𝑣
30.24𝑚3
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚3
0.8757
𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎 = 34.5314 𝑘𝑔
From,
𝑚𝑤
𝑊= 𝑚𝑎

Thus,
𝑚𝑤 = 𝑊𝑚𝑎
𝑘𝑔𝐻2𝑂
𝑚𝑤 = 0.01488 (34.5314 𝑘𝑔𝑎 )
𝑘𝑔𝑎

𝒎𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝒈𝑯𝟐𝑶
35. How much heat must be removed to cool 1.34 m3 per sec of air from 35 C db and 26 C wb(v =
0.896 m3/kg; h = 80 KJ/kg; W = 0.0175) to 21 C db and 49 % relative humidity (h = 40.5 KJ/kg;
W = 0.0077)?

Given:
𝑚3
𝑉 = 1.34 𝑠
𝑡𝑑𝑏1 = 35 𝐶
𝑡𝑤𝑏1 = 26 𝐶
𝑚3
𝑣1 = 0.896
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
ℎ1 = 80
𝑘𝑔
𝑊1 = 0.0175
𝑡𝑑𝑏2 = 21 𝐶
𝑅𝐻2 = 0.49
𝑘𝐽
ℎ2 = 40.5 𝑘𝑔
𝑊2 = 0.0077
Required:
𝑄 =?
From,
𝑄 = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
Where,
𝑉
𝑚=
𝑣
𝑚3
1.34
𝑠
𝑚= 𝑚3
0.896
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 1.4955 𝑠

Then,
𝑄 = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄 = 1.4955 (40.5 − 80) 𝑘𝑔
𝑠
𝑸 = −𝟓𝟗. 𝟎𝟕𝟑𝟕 𝒌𝑾

36. A store is air-conditioned where the temperature and relative humidity is maintained at 20 C db
and 65 % RH. The air cooling apparatus has a dew point temperature is 22 C. Sensible heat and
latent loads are 85 KW and 18 KW, respectively. Determine the sensible heat factor.
Given:
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 20 𝐶
𝑅𝐻 = 65%
𝑡𝑑𝑝 = 22 𝐶
𝑄𝑠 = 85 𝑘𝑊
 𝑄𝐿 = 18 𝑘𝑊
Required:
𝑆𝐻𝑅 =?
We know that,
𝑄𝑠
𝑆𝐻𝑅 = 𝑄 +𝑄
𝑠 𝐿

85 𝑘𝑊
𝑆𝐻𝑅 =
85 𝑘𝑊 + 18 𝑘𝑊

𝑺𝑯𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟓𝟐

37. The temperature and relative humidity of a room is maintained at 21 C db and 60 % RH(h = 44.6
KJ/kg). Sensible heat and latent loads are 59 KW and 24 KW, respectively. The air cooling
apparatus is DX – F22, 4 rows, finned type coil which produces air at 11.5 C(h = 32.9 KJ/kg; ν =
0.82 m3/kg). Outside air is 28 C db and 70 % RH(h = 70.82 KJ/kg). For all outside air AC system,
quantity of supply air in m3/hr.
Given:
𝑡𝑅 = 21 𝐶
𝑅𝐻𝑅 = 60%
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑅 = 44.6 𝑘𝑔
𝑄𝑠 = 59 𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝐿 = 24 𝑘𝑊
𝑡𝑆 = 11.5 𝐶
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑆 = 32.9 𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
𝑣𝑆 = 0.82
𝑘𝑔
𝑡𝑜 = 28 𝐶 𝑑𝑏
𝑅𝐻𝑜 = 70%
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑜 = 70.82 𝑘𝑔
Required:
𝑉 =?
We know that,
𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣
Where,
𝑄𝑠 = 1.0062 𝑚 (𝑡𝑅 − 𝑡𝑆 )
𝑘𝐽
59 = 1.0062 𝑚 (21 − 11.5)𝐶
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 6.1723 𝑠
Thus,
𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 3600𝑠
𝑉 = 6.1723 𝑠
(0.82 𝑘𝑔
) ( 1 ℎ𝑟 )
 𝒎𝟑
𝑽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟐𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟔𝟓𝟒 𝒉𝒓

38. An office space is maintained at a temperature and relative humidity of 21 C db and 60 % RH(h =
44.6 KJ/kg). The air cooling apparatus supplies air at 19 kg/min at a temperature of 34 C.
Sensible heat and latent loads are 82 KW and 18 KW, respectively. For all outside air AC system,
determine the refrigeration load in tons. Outside air is 28 C db and 70 % RH(h = 70.82 KJ/kg).
Given:
𝑡𝑅 = 21 𝐶
𝑅𝐻𝑅 = 60%
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑅 = 44.6 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎 = 19 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( 60𝑠
) = 0.3167 𝑠
𝑄𝑠 = 82𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝐿 = 18 𝑘𝑊
𝑡𝑜 = 34 𝐶 𝑑𝑏
𝑅𝐻𝑜 = 70%
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑜 = 70.82 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑜 = 𝑚𝑎
Required:
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 =?
We know that,
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑚𝑜 (ℎ𝑜 − ℎ𝑅 ) + 𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝐿
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 0.3167 (70.82 − 44.6) + 82 𝑘𝑊 + 18 𝑘𝑊
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑸𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝑾

39. A room is maintained at a temperature and relative humidity of 21 C db and 60 % RH(h = 44.6
KJ/kg). Sensible heat and latent loads are 59 KW and 18 KW, respectively. Determine the
temperature of air supplied to the air cooler. Outside air (28 C db and 70 % RH) is 41.8 % of the
total air supplied to the room.
Given:
𝑡𝑅 = 21 𝐶
𝑅𝐻𝑅 = 60%
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑅 = 44.6 𝑘𝑔
𝑄𝑠 = 59 𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝐿 = 18 𝑘𝑊
𝑡𝑜 = 28 𝐶 𝑑𝑏
𝑅𝐻𝑜 = 70%
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑜 = 70.82 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑜 = 0.418 𝑚𝑎
Required:
𝑡𝑠 =?
From,
 mo t o + mr t r 0.418ma x t o (ma − 0.418ma ) x t r
ts = = +
ma ma ma
Where,
mr = ma − mo = ma − 0.418ma
Thus,
0.418ma x t o (ma − 0.418ma ) x t r
ts = +
ma ma
0.418 (1) x 28 ℃ [1 − 0.418 (1)]x 21℃
ts = +
1 1

𝐭 𝐬 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟗𝟐𝟔℃

40. A room is maintained at a temperature and relative humidity of 21 C db and 60 % RH(h = 44.6
KJ/kg). The air cooling apparatus supplies air at 16.8 kg/min. Sensible heat and latent loads are
82 KW and 16.9 KW, respectively. Outside air (28 C db and 70 % RH; h = 82 KJ/kg) is 36% of
the total air supplied to the room. Determine the tons of refrigeration required.
Given:
𝑡𝑅 = 21 𝐶
𝑅𝐻𝑅 = 60%
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑅 = 44.6 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎 = 16.8 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( 60𝑠
) = 0.28 𝑠
𝑄𝑠 = 82 𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝐿 = 16.9 𝑘𝑊
𝑡𝑜 = 28 𝐶 𝑑𝑏
𝑅𝐻𝑜 = 70%
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑜 = 82 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑜 = 0.36 𝑚𝑎
Required:
𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑓 =?

We know that,

Qref = ma (h2 − h4 ) + QS + QL
Where,
0.45ma h1 + [ma − 0.45ma ] h4
h2 =
ma
 kJ kJ
0.45 x 70.82 + [1 − 0.45 (1)] x 44.6
kg kg
h2 =
1
kJ
h2 = 56.399
kg
Thus,
Qref = ma (h2 − h4 ) + QS + QL
kg kJ kJ
Qref = 0.28 x (56.399 − 44.6 ) + 82 kW + 16.9 kW
s kg kg
1 TOR
Qref = 102.20372 kW x
3.517 kW
𝐐𝐫𝐞𝐟 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟗 𝐓𝐎𝐑