4

pHAr{ vAN rruffirrr - nd vAn BAc

K+{ I TRT€N* HINH GO

Bi€n dich: VO Mai Li - Nguy6n Xtttur Qui

NHA xu^{T sAN HAr PHONG

 rei Bi6[ thiQu
Cudn "Khai tridn hinh gb" drtgc bi6n soan tr€n co sd nhflng bii
grdng cia tfic gi6 cho c6ng nhAn kg thuat gb hhn.
NQi dung cudn s6ch kh6ng nhirng gidi thiQu nguy6n lf vd phrrCIrg
phdp thr/c hiQn bdn vE khai tridn hinh gb, mh cdn trinh biy nhfrng vd'n
dd co bin vd hinh hoc hga hinh cing nhfrng phrrong phdp khai tridn hinh
gd cu thd cria nhilng cdu kiQn gd itidn hinh trong thgc t€', dnc biQt ldm
s6ng t6 nguy6n lf vd qui luft cria nhirng phrrong ph6p c16,.
cudn s6ch niy Ia tai hQu hoc tflp vh tham kh6o bd ich thio't thuc
cho c6ng nh6.n, nhdn vi6n ki thuAt, gido viOn d4y nghd.
 CHUONG 1.

NquYrN lv cHrv H|NH

| - | Ph6p chi6u ttring (trgc €,iao)

Phuong phrip ding mQt chim tia s6ng song song vuOng g6c vdi mit phEng,
chidu vho vft thd dd a,rgc ttinh chidu cria vQt nhy tr6n mdt ph&ng gqi ld ph6p chidu
truc giao; nhrr thd hien d hinh 1-1.
Qua didm A trong kh6ng gian drrng duong vufing g6c v6i mdt ph8ng P;
drrdng vuOng g6c ndy cdt met phEng P d didm a; mit phEng P ndy goi ld m4t
chidu, drrdng vuOng g6c Aa qua didm A goi ld
drrdng chieu; tlidm a g9i Id hinh chidu th8ng
cria didm A tr6n mat ph6ng P. Sau khi xdc
dinh m6t chidu, ddi vdi m5i didm hodc v4t
thd cria khOng gian ddu c6 thd ding phrrong
ph6p tr6n tim duoc hinh chidu cfra n6 trOn
mdt chi€-u. Nhu hinh 1-2 chinh ld loi dqng
phuong phrip hinh chidu chinh dd c6 hinh Hinhl -1 Phuong Hinh 1 - 2 Phudng
chiSu tam giric abc cfra tari grde ABC trong phtip hinh chieu ph6phinhchiduchinh
khOng gian tr6n mit chidu P. chinh cria didm c0a tam giac

Do phuong ph6p hinh chidu c6 thd phAn dnh mQt cdch tuong ddi chinh x6c
hinh d6ng vir kich thudc cria v{t thd, dgng hinh cfrng trJong cldi tign lgi, vi thd drrgc
rlng dqng rOng r5.i trong kf thuat. Dd trinh bdy dugc ng6n gon, trong cdc chtlong,
tidt sau niry ddu goi tdt Id hinh chidu.

1-2 Hinh chidu c&a diiim tron$ hp ba m|t chi€u

Dd c6 thd chn crl vho hinh chidu crja didm nhhm xdc rlinh vi tri cria didm ndy
trong khOng gian, trong vE kf thu4t co khi 6p dung ba m4t chidu vu6ng g6c v6r
nhau. Nhu thd hiOn d hinh 1-B (a), mpt chieu 6 vi tri thEng dfing chinh diQn gqi ld
mdt chidu drlng chinh, bidu thi bbng V, ggi tdt le m4t V ho4c m{t chinh. M4t chi6u
6 vi tri ngang bhng ggi lh m4t chidu bbng, bidu thi bdng H, ggi t{t le mdt H ho{c
m4t bhng. fVfit ctridu 6 vi tri b6n c4nh, goi lh m{t chidr.r canh, bidu thi bhng W, g9i
tit mqt W ho{c mht b6n. Nhrr thd, ba m4t H - V - W vudng g6c vdi nhau t4o thinh
mgt hQ thdng ba mqt chidu. Trong d6, dudng giao nhau gitra V vdi H ggi li trqc
chidu X, bidu thi bbng X, g9i tdt trr=rc X; dddng giao-nhau giita H vdi W goi lir truc
chidu Y, gqi tdt irUc Y; drrgng giao nhau giira V v6i W goi ld tryc chidu Z gqi tdt truc
Z. Didm giao nhau O cria ba trgc chidu goi li tlidm gdc'
.7
 l. Hinh chiSu bo mgt cfro didm
Trong hinh 1-3 (a), cdn crl vd.o phrrong ph6p lQp hinh chidu til tlidm A trong
khdng gian dung dudng thing vdi mdt H, chAn dudng thiirg drlng cria n6 ld hinh
chidu cfra didm A tr6n mit H; goi ld hinh chiSu bhng cria didm A, bidu thi bhng a; trl
didm A dqng drrdng vu6ng g6c vdi mdt V, chAn dudng vu6ng g6c a', goi ld hinh chidu
drlng cria didm A; til didm A dgng dudng vuOng g5c vdi m{t W, chAn drrdng vu6ng g6c
{'; gqi ld hinh chi6u canh cria tlidm A. Xoay m4t H quanh trr;c X xudng, xoay mit W
quanh ttuc Z sang phAi, khidn chfng trirng vdi m{t V dugc bdn v6 hinh chidu ba
m6t cfia didm nhu thd hiOn d hinh 1-3 (b). Bdi vi m6t chidu c6 thd md rQng tny y
theo y6u cdu, cho ndn
trong b6n vE hinh chidu
ba mit kh6ng cdn vE
ranh gidi cfia mdt chidu,
md chi vE truc chi6'u.
Trong d6, truc Y khi
quay theo mrnt H thi
bidu thi bing YH , khi
quay theo mrnt W thi
bidu thi bing Y*, nhu (a) (b) (c)
thd hien 6 hinh 1-3 (c).
Hinh 1 - 3 Hlnh chieu c0a didm trong hQ ba m{t chidu

ll. Quy ludt hinh chiSu c0o didm lrong b6n vE hinh chidu bq mqt.
Til hinh 1-B (a) c6 thd bidt: Aaa* a' ld hinh chf, nhat. a'a* cria n6 vu6ng g6c
truc X, aa* vudng g6c truc X, sau khi mnt H quay tring vdi m{.t V, dudng ndi aa' gif,a
a - a' nhdt dinh vu6ng g6c.vdi truc X. Vi Aa' az { cfrng ld hinh chf, nhdt, dttgc chfng
minh cirng l1i 16 tr6n, sau khi mit W quay trilng vdi mit V thi drrdng ndi cria a'- a"
nhdt dinh vu6ng g6c vdi tryc Z. Ngoii ra, trong hai hinh chfr nhdt do Aa' = aax ve
Aa' = {'at n6n trong b6n vE hinh chidu ba mdt, aE = {'^, .
Cdn crl vdo phdn tich tr6n, c6 thd rrit ra quy lu4t chidu cfia mQt tlidm trong bin
v6 hinh chidu ba mIt li: cltrdng ndi gifa hinh chidu chinh vdi hinh chidu bhng cfra
didm, vudng g6c vdi truc X, ttc a' a vudng g6c truc X; dttdng ndi gitra hinh chidu chinh
vdi hinh chidu b€n cfra d.idm, vu6ng g6c vdi truc Z, ttc a'{' vuOng g6c truc Z; khoAng
c6ch hinh chidu bhng cria tlidm tldn tryc X bhng kho6ng crich hinh chidu b6n cria didm
ddn truc Z,tttc aax = d'ar. Ndu xem hQ thdng ba mpt chidu thAnh h0 tqa dQ vu6ng g6c
kh6ng BraD, trlc xem m6t chidu li mit tga dQ, qua hinh 1-3 c6 thd bidt, khoing c6ch
til didm A tldn ba mlt chidu W - V - H cflng trlc lh ba tga dO Xn . Yn - Zoc&a tlidm A.
Gifra ba hinh chidu d, d' , {' crta didm A vdi tqa tlQ tdn tai quan hQ sau:
XA =A{' =8&r=a'&s=OB1
YA = A a' - aE = d'd2 =Oa"
Z^ =Aa =a'ax-{'^r=Odz
Vi the', ndu rld bidt toa d0 (xa - yA - Z,pi crta didm A thi c6 thd xiic clinh hinh
chidu ba m4t (a - a' - {') cfia didm niy; nguQc lai, dte bidt hinh chidu ba m4t cfia
didm A thi cflng c5 thd x6c dinh tri sd toa dO cfia didm A.

8
 1-5 Hinh chidu c&a dudng thin€
l. Hinh chiSu c0o dUdng thdng xi€n
I(hi dudng thing kh6ng vu6ng g6c vdi m6t chidu, hinh chidu cria n6 trOn mqt
chidu v6n ld dudng th8ng. Trong bin vE hinh chidu ba mit, hinh chidu cria dudng
thing cfing duoc x6c dinh blng hinh chidu cua hai didm tr6n tlrrdng th8ng. Vi dg
dudng th8ng AB nhu thd hiQn d hinh 1-4.
Dd vE hinh chidu ba mdt cfra n6, trudc tiOn ldn lrrgt vC hinh chidu ba mft cria
hai tlidm ddu A, B ld a, d' , d' vd b, b', b-, sau d6 ndi hinh chidu cfia hai didm tr6n
cDng mQt mdt chi€'u (trlc hinh chidu ctrng m4t) sE drloc hinh chidu ba n{t ab,
d'b', a"b crja dudng th8ng AB. Nhung tir hinh (a) c6 thti thdy, vi ABba li hinh
thang vudng, cho n6n d0 dei thrlc stl cria doan th8ng AB ldn hon d0 ddi cfra hinh
chidu bhng ab. Cfrng ctng ly lC d6, tlQ dii cfra hinh chidu chinh a'b' vd hinh chidu
b6n a'b" cfing ddu ngin hon dQ ddi thuc srJ cfra doan thfng AB, trt hinh chidu cria
doan th8ng ddu khdng phdn rinh d6 dAi thrrc td crja doan thing.

(b)

Hinh 1 - 4 Hinh chieu c0a dudng th&ng xi6n

Trong hinh 1-4 cdn thd hiCn, khi tlidm K nhm tren dudng th&ng AB thi hinh
chidu ba m6t K, K' , K' cua tlidm K nhdt tlinh ldn lrrot d tr6n hinh chidu cing m4t
ab, a'b' , {V cfra tlrrdng th8ng. Ngodi ra, vi AaJ/I*/tBb, A{ lfiW ltBb' , A{ lllff IIBH, cho
ndn AK: I(B = ak:kb = a'k': k'b' , {'V: Yb', trlc ti lC dg ddi cfia hai doan th&ng tr€n
ttrrdng th8ng bhng ti lQ hinh chidu cfia n6. Ngttgc lai, khi cdc h)nh chidu cria didm
ldn lrrot nlm tr€n c6c hinh chidu cing mdt cria dudng th8ng thi didm ndy nhdt
dinh ti tr6n drrdng thing; ti le dO ddi hinh chi6u cfra hai doan trOn cDng mQt dddng
thEng bhng ti lC dO ddi th{c td cria hai doan th8ng.

. ll. Hinh chiSu cOo dudng th6ng co v! tri dgc biQt

Khi dudng th&ng c6 quan hQ vudng g6c, song song vdi mdt chidu thi ggi ld
dudng th&ng vi tri ddc biQt.
1. Drrdng song song vdi m4t chidu: Drrdng thing song song vdi mQt m{t chidu
mi, ch6o vdi hai m6t chiSu kia thi goi ld drrdng song song vdi mit chidu. Drrdng thing
song song vdi mit V gpi Id clrrdng song song chinh; tltrdng thing song song vdi m4t H
goi ld iludng song song bhng; tlrrdng thing song song vdi mit W thi goi Id dudng song
song canh. Drrdng thing CD thd hiQn 6 hinh 1-5 Id dudng song song chinh. Hinh
chidu cira n6 c6 c6c tinh chdt sau: (1) Hinh chidu chinh id bbng dO dai th{c eria dudng
th6ng CD. (2) Hinh chiSu bbng cd song song vdi truc X; hinh chiSu mf,t canh i, d' song
song vdi truc Z, tlQ dai hinh chiSu cua chring ddu nh6 hon dg ddi thrrc cria CD.

(a) (b)

Hinh 1 - 5 Hinh chidu c0a dudng song song chinh

Cdn crl vdo tinh chdt hinh chidu ctia drrdng song song chinh c6 thd suy dod,n
tinh chat hinh chidu cria dtrdng song song bhng EF vd drrdng song song canh KL ld:
(1) Hinh chidu bbng ef cria tlrrdng song song bhng EF bing d0 dei th{c sr/ ctia drldng
thdng EF; hinh chi6'u chfnh e'f'song song vdi truc X; hinh chi6-u b6n
d'f" song song vdi truc Y*, tlQ dai hinh chidu cria chring ddu nh6 hdn d0 ddi thuc srr
cira EF (Xem hinh L-6). (2) Hinh chidu canh V'1" crta clrrdng song song canh KL bang
dO dai thrlc srJ cfra tlttdng th8ng KL; hinh chidu chinh k'l' song song vdi trucZ, hinh
chieu bing kl song song vdi truc Y", dg dai hinh chidu cria chring ddu nh6 hon itQ dii
thrJc srJ cfra KL (xem hinh 1-7).
z

(a) (b)

Hinh 1 - 6 Hinh chi€u crla dr;dng song song blng

(a) (b) YH

Hinh 1 - 7 Hinh chidu c0a dr/dng song song cqnh

10
 2. Drrdng vu6ng g6c vdi mit chidu. Dudng thing vu6ng g6c vdi m6t mht chieu
vi tldu song song vdi hai mdt chidu kh6c thi goi ld drrdng vuong g6c v6i mdt chidu.
Drrdng thing vu6ng g6c vdi mdt V thi ggi ld clt/dng vu6ng g6c chinh; drrdng thing
vudng g6c vdi m5t H goi ld drrdng th8ng dr1ng, tlttdng thing vudng g6c vdi mat W
thi goi ld dudng vudng g6c canh. AB thd hiOn ti hinh 1-8 le drrdng vudng g6c chinh.
Hinh chidu ciia n6 c6 cd.c tinh chdt nhtr sau:

Hinh 1 - 8 Hinh chidu dUdng vuong g6c chinh

Hinh 1 - 9 Hinh chidu dt/dng vu6ng gdc dung

Hinh 1 : 10 Hinh chidu dr/dng vuOng goc b6n

11
 (1) Ilinh chidu chinh ) co lai thdnh mOt didm'
a'(b'
(2) Hinh chidu bhng ab vu6ng g6c v6i truc X, hinh chidu bOn a"b " vuong g6c
vdi truc Z; abrrl*'U" adu"Ubng aO Jaithrrc cria AB. Cdn cr1 vdotinh chdt hinh chi6u
cfra th
g6c chinh, c6 ria ttttdng th&ng
-df"g
CD ng g6c c4nh EF c(d) cfia tlrrdng th8ng
d"[ mQt didm g6c vdi t.,rc X, hinh
drln cria CD
chidu b6n i'd' vu6ng g6c vdi truc YW, c'd' vd i'd' ddu bhng dO dai thr.rc sg
(xem hinh 1-9). (2) m"n chidu b€n e"(f") cria drrdng vu6ng g6c b6n EF co I4i thhnh
mOt didm; hinh chidu chinh e'f ' vufing g6c vdi truc Z, hinh thld-u bbng ef
vu6ng g6c
,rOi ti": YH, e'f ' vh ef ddu bhng dO dei thrlc sr.l cria EF (xem hinh 1-10)'

1-4 Phucrr€ phrip dgng dO dd,i thgc cira doqn thin€

Hinh khai tridn Ih bdn vE hinh dq
. hinh d?ng thuc td cria bd md.t, trttdc
thing be mat. Hinh chi6u cria dudng t
dO dei thrrc td cria doan th8ng ndy, cbn hi
phdn rinh dO ddi thrJc td cfia tloatt th&ng ndy, phai thong qua phrlong ph6p d!t'*
hinh rld 6m ra. Tim dO dai thrrc td c,ia drrOng tnEng xi€n thddng :ip dung hai
phrrong ph6p: phrrong ph6p tam gi6c vu6ng vd phuong ph6p xoay trbn.

l. Phudng ph6P tom gioc vu6ng

Hinh 1-11(a) Id dudng thang xien AB vh hinh chidu ab vd a'b' c&a n6 trong
hO thdng hai mlt chidu. Ndu th6ig qua didm .ldu A dung drrdng thang AB,
song
song vdi ab vir cdt iludng chidu Bb 6 did
clrrdng song song vu6ng g6c v6i nhau; cho
gi5.c vuOng. Canh huydn AB ctia tam gi
vu6ng AB, bhng c4nh ddi ab cfia hinh c
BB.=Bb-Aa= ZB - ZA, mb. tron bin v6 hi
tU b', a' ddn t4rc X. Trong b6n v6 hinh
gi6c vu6ng ddu de bidt, vi thd vE ra hi
cria n6 chinh le dO ddi thrrc td cria doan t
thd cfra n6 nhu thd hien 6 hinh 1-11(b). T
song song cria truc X cdt b'b A bo, clo ldy
dhi thrrc td ctia dudng thing AB. C6ch hai
th&ng d(tng bBo cria ab sao cho bBo = ZB
td cfra dudng thing AB.

dO ddithtjc

Hinh 1 - 11 Phudng ph6p tam gi6c vu6ng tim d9 ddi thtJc c0a drrong thing (1)

12
\
 Trong hinh 1-11(:r), ndu qua A dung
AB2ll :ib' thi c6 thd drroc mQt tam gidc vu6ng
khric AB2B. Hai cung g6c vu6ng cria n6 lAn
lt4o,t le ABz=6b' -YA=bb*-aa".
Hai phtrong phdp thd crja chring
nhu thd hien I h
Trong bdn v6 hinh khai tridn gb kim
loai, dd ldm cho b6n vE 16 rAng th6ng thudng
6p dung phrrong phdp mOt, vi k6o tam giric
vudng b'b0A0 sang ph6i (hoec sang trrii) m6t Hinh 1 - 12 Phudng phdp tam gi6c vu6ng tim dQ dAi
dog.n, nhrr thd hien d hinh I - L2. thr/c td c0a dudng th&ng (2)

ll. Phudng ph6p quoy

Girl nguy€n mit chidu, xoay drrdng thEng xiOn quanh truc ld dudng th{ng
vudng g6c vdi mdt chidu ndo d6 thdnh dudng song song vdi mdt chidu d6, thi hinh
chidu cria drtdng thdng tr6n mit chidu song song cfra n6 sE phdn 6nh dQ dni thrlc td
crla n6. Nhrr thd hi6n d hinh 1 - lS(a), AB la dudng thing xi€n, ldy iludng thing
drlng OO vu6ng g6c vdi mdt H ld.m trvc, xoay trdn n6 thdnh drrdng song song chinh
AB1 hinh chidu bhng ab, sau khi xoay song song vdi truc X, hinh chidu chinh :ib,
phdn dnh dQ ddi thrrc cfra drrdng th8ng AB. Dd tlon gi6n h6a viQc dUng hinh, trong
hinh 1-13(a) truc quay O0 th6ng qua didm dAu A, khidn vi tri crja tlidm A tnJdc vd
sau khi quay li kh6ng thay ddi, chi cAn quay didm tldu B li drroc. Lfc ndy, qu! tfch
crja didm B ld hinh trdn bHng, hinh chieu tr6n md.t V lA drrdng thing song song vdi
truc X; hinh chidu tr6n rndt H ph6n 6nh hinh thrrc, trlc hinh trbn ldy O ldm tAm
drrdng trbn, ob le Khi didm b quay ddn didm b, (abrl/truc X) thi ttg ddi cria
ribi bhng dQ dai t B . Citc btrdc dung hinh cu thd cria n6 (xem hinh 1-13(b)),
qua didm A (a,ri) OO vu6ng g6c vdi m5.t H, ldy didm O (trilng vdi a) ldm
tAm, Ob ldm brin kinh v6 cung (theo chidu hodc ngrroc chidu kim ddng hd tldu drrgc);
qua a d{ng drrdng song song vdi truc X, cdt cung trbn 6 b,, duqc ab,, sau d6 qua b'
dUng dudng song song ctia truc X vd qua b, dgng drrdng vu6ng g6c oiua truc X, hai
dttdng cdt nhau d b;,thi db; le dq ddi thrJc td crja a,ra"g thdng AB. Hinh
1-13(c) le ldy tlrrdng vudng g6c chinh OO lim truc, quay doan th8ng CD thAnh
drrdng nhm ngang, cdch cl{ng hinh cfra n6 giong nhrr hinh 1-1g(b).

(a) (b) (c)

Hinh 1 - 13 PhrJdng phdp quay tim dd ddi thUc t6 cOa dudng rh&ng

t3
 1-5 tucrng ddi cira hai duon$ thin$
Vi tri
Vi tri trrong ddi cria hai dudng thing kh6ng gian c6 ba kieiu: song song, c6t
ld
nhau vd ch6o nhau, hai loai tnJdc goi Id dudng tn?"g cing
mdt, loai sau'goi
dudng thing kh6c m[t'
1. Hai dudng thing song song: Hinh chidu cua hai dtldng thing song
song
ai song song L4a)- c|'c nh6m hinh
nhau trong k
chi6u cirng m thfrng song s h chidu cUng tat phii
song song v6 hion 6 hinh thi ab//cd; a'b'llc'd' '
a"b" ll c" d .

Cung cDng Ic d6 hinh chidu cirng mat ddu song song vdi nhau
thi hai tlrrdng
thing trong kh6ng gian cfrng nhdt dinh song song vdi nhau.
z

(a) (o,

Hinh 1 - 14 Hlnh chieu c0a haidudng thing song song

2. ;g,.ai thing cdt nhau: Hinh chieu cira hai tlrrdng thing c6t nhau trong
dirdng
ctrng mdt cua
kh6ng gian tat pfral cdt ,.rft"u (xem hinh 1-15a). C6c nh6m hinh chidu
hai dudng th h ctia nhau' Giao ilidm
n6 chinh lDr h hau' Nhrr thd hien d
hinh (1-15b) tq du ab vdi cd' 6b' vdi
c.d.,a..b.'v6ic"d" cirngtdtpheildnlrrgtc6tnhaudk,k,,k,,,vdphirhQpquiluat
hinh chieu cua mOt did; K khOng gian. Cgng cilng 16 d5, cdc nh6m hinh phn hgp
chidu cua
trai arrung th6ng ddu c6t nhau, *a aic- giao nhau crja cdc nh6m hinh
chidu
vdi qui lu4t hinh chidu cria mot didm kh6ng gian thi hai drJdng thing
nhy cflng
nhdt dinh cdt nhau trong khOng gian' z

(a) (b)

Hinh 1 - 15 Hinh chieu cOa hai dudng thing song song

I4
 3. Hai dtidng thing ch6o nhau: Hai drrdng thing khOng song song nhau cfrng
lihOng cdt nhau goi ld hai dudng thing ch6o nhau. Bin vd hinh chidu cria chfng c6
hai kieju: (1) Nhtr thd hiQn d hinh 1-16, hinh chieu cria hai drrdng thing ch6o nhau c6
thd co m6t nh6m hodc hai nh6m hinh chidu cr)ng mdt song song vdi nhau, nhung
nh6m hinh chidu ctng mdt thrl ba tdt ph:ii cdt nhau (kd cri cdt nhau sau khi k6o
dei). (2) Nhu thd hi6n o hinh I-I7, cd.c nh6m hinh chidu cing mdt cua hai drrdng

(a) (b)

Hinh 1 - 16 Hinh chieu c0a haiduong th8ng ch6o nhau (1)

thing ch6o nhau deu cdt nhau (kd cA c6t nhau sau khi k6o ddi), nhung giao didm cua
n6 nhat dinh khOng phr) hop qui luAt hinh chieu cing mOt didm. Nhrr trong hinh
1-17 (a), (b), giao didm cria ab vd cd tr6n thrJc te ldn luot ld hinh chieu I(2) cua didm
I trOn AB vd didm II trOn CD trirng nhau m6t ch6, hai didm I-II goi ld mOt d6i didnr
hinh chiSu tring(chAp) ddi vdi mdt H. Do ZrrZ' cho nOn khi nhin thing tir tr6n
xudng, didm I c6 thd thdy, didm II khOng thdy Theo tAp qudn, d:inh ddu ngodc don
vdi hinh chieu didm kh6ng thd nhin thdy nhtr (2). Cnng lo d6, hinh chieu chinh
d6'i
3 vd 4 cria hai didm III 'vd IV tring nhau mQt ch6, cho n6n hai didm III, IV la d0i
didm hinh chidu chAp ddi vdi m4t V.

(a) (b)

Hinh 1 - 17 Hlnh chieu c0a hai dudng tning c5t nhau (2)

Khi hai tlrrdng th8ng cdt nhau song song vdi cDng mQt mat chi5u, hinh chieu
g6c kep crja hai drrdng thhng trOn mit chidu ndy nhat dinh phrin 6nh dring dO ldn
thrJc ctia g6c ndy. Nhu thei hien d hinh 1-18, bdi vi AB vi BC ddu ld drrdng ngang, cho
ndn labc = IABC = lO, ndu trong g6c vu6ng c6 mOt canh song song vdi mOt mdt
chidu, thi hinh chieiu cua n6 trOn m5,t chiefu d6 vAn phin 6nh g6c vu6ng. Nhtl trong

l5
 (a) (b)

Hinh 1 - 18 Hinh chidu g6c k9p c0a hai dr-ldng thtng giao nhau song song vdi mit chieu

rinh 1-19, g g6c song vdi m4t H. Bdi vi BC vu6ng

J6c AB,
vdi nOn at phing ABba, lai vi BC// bc, cho
r6n bc cfing t ph , bc vu6ng g6c ab, ttc labc =
900.
rTgrrQc lai, n6u hinh chidu cfra mOt g6c vu
ti chi6'u tdi thidu c6 mQt cung song song
lrrdng thing ch6o nhau bing vdi g6c k9
lUdng song song cria hai drrdng thing ch6
khi vu6ng
:hidu n6i tr6n c6 thd md rqng cho trtrdng hop hai dudng thing ch6o nhau
36c. Ndu di chuydn tlrrdng ,rg"rrg bhng nC .ottg
song l6n xudng, thi bc vd ab vAn
irudng g6c v6i nhau. u c

AI
I

(a)

song song vdimfi chieiu

g6c vu0ng c6 mOt cqnh
Hinh 1 '19 Hinh chidu c0a
EF ftinh 1-20)'
g6c chung cira hai drrdng th&ng AB vh
tvi dul tim-dudng w6ng
d. e'
k'
Y

b'
\ l'

agb
(b)

c0a AB - EF
- Tim drrdns thin3 dfing chuns
*.i1?', 20

16
 Gi6i: Bdi vi tludng thing AB vu6ng g6c vdi mit chidu bdng, EF le dudng
th8ng vi tri binh thudng cho n6n dudng vu6ng g6c chung cria chring dinh phAi
li drrdng ngang bing, c6 thd loi dung "ddc tinh hinh chidu g6c vu6ng""nat dd drrng hinh.
Trlc til tlidm a(b) hinh chidu bXng cria tlrrdng thing AB dr.rng drrdng vu6ng gdc v6i ef,
dugc giao didm k, tU k dgng dudng vu6ng g6c vdi truc X cdt e'f 6 rlidm k', tU didm
k' dr,lng drrdng song song trr,rc X c6t a'b' 6 ttidm g', thi g'k' va gk chinh ld hinh chidu
tr6n hai mdt cira tludng vu6ng g6c chung GK cAn tim.

1 - 6 Hinh chidu m+t phin€

I Hinh chidu cOo coc togi mgt phdng.
Trong cdng t6c thrrc td, ding hinh chidu cria hinh vE m4t ph&ng dd bidu thi vi
tri m6t phing trong khdng gian, Khi mdt ph8ng vu6ng g6c vdi mEt chidu, thi
cfra
hinh chiSu cfra n6 co lai thdnh mQt drrdng thing; khi mat ph&ng kh6ng vuOng g6c
vdi mdt chi6u thi hinh chidu cfra n6 ld mQt hinh tdong trr nhd hinh v€ m4t ph8ng.
C5'n crl vdo vi tri cria m4t ph8ng trong hQ thdng ba mat chidu, c6 thd chia ra ba loai:
mdt vu6ng g6c v6i mbt chidu, mdt song song vdi mit chidu, vd m{t phing vi tri xi6n.
1. Met vuOng g6c vdi mdt chidu: Mdt phing vu6ng g6c vdi mQt mdt chidu md
xi6n vdi hai mdt chidu khdc thi goi ld mdt vu6ng g6c vdi mit chidu. M4t phEng
vu6ng g6c vdi mit H ggi li mat ph8ng vu6ng g6c dring; m+t phing vu6ng gdc vdi
m*t V g9i ln mdt vudng g6c chinh; mdt ph8ng vuOng g6c v6i mit W goi li mdt
vu6ng g6c canh. Nhu trong hinh l-2L, tam gi6c ABC ld m6t m4t thEng drlng, tinh
chdt hinh chidu cira n6 ld hinh chidu bhng abc co tu thhnh mQt drrdng thing; hinh
chidu chinh tam gi6c a'b'c' vd hinh chidu b6n tam gi6c a"b" c" tldu ld hinh trrong
trJ cfra tam giric ABC nhung nh6 hon hinh thr/c. CIn crl vdo tinh chdt hinh chidu cria
m6t thinB dtlng c6 thd suy ra tinh chdt hinh chidu cfra mdf, vu6ng g6c chinh vd m4t
vudng g6c b6n lA: (1) Hinh chidu chinh tam gi6c d'e'f cfia mdt vu6ng g6c chinh tam
gidc DEF co tu thdnh mQt drrdng th&ng; cbn hinh chidu bing tam gi6c def vd hinh
chidu canh tam gi6c d"e"f 'tldu ln hinh trJong trJ cfra tam giSc DEF nhung nh6 hon
hinh thuc (hinh L-22). (2) Hinh chidu c4nh tam gi6c g"h"k cta m{t vu0ng g6c b6n

Hinh 1 - 21 Hinh chidu c0a mft th&ng drlng

t7
tam gi5.c GHK co tu thdnh mQt cltfdng th8ng, cdn hinh chi6u chinh tam gi6c g'h'k'
vi hinh chidu bing tam gi6c ghk ddu ld hinh trlong tU cria tam gi6c GHK nhung nh6
hon hinh thuc (hinh 1-23).

Hinh 1 - 22 Hlnh chieu c0a mdt vu6ng g6c chinh

Hinh 1 - 23 Hinh chidu cOa mdt vuOng g6c ben

2, Met song song vdi mdt chidu: Mdt phing song song vdi mQt mdt chidu vd
vuOng g6c vdi hai mdt chidu kh6c goi ld md,t song song vdi mdt chidu, m{t phing
song song vdi mit V gqi lh mit chinh, m4t ph8ng song song vdi mdt H goi.ld mdt
bing, mdt phing song song vdi mdt W ggi td m5.t canh. Tam giric ABC thd hiCn d
hinh I-24 lb, mit bXng, tinh chdt hinh chidu cfia n6 li: hinh chidu bhng tam gi:ic
abc bhng hinh thuc cria tam giSc ABC, hinh chidu chinh a'b'c' vd hinh chidu bOn

Hinh 1 - 24 Hinh chieu c0a mat phtng b6ng

18
a"b c" co tu thinh mQt clt/dng thing vd lAn lugt song song vdi truc X, truc Yw. Cdn
crl vdo tinh chdt hinh chidu cria m{t bhng c6 thd suy do6n ra tinh chdt hinh chidu
cfra mqt chinh vh m{t b6n ld (1) Hinh chidu chinh tam gi6c d,'e'f'cfra m{t chinh
tam giric DEF bhng hinh thrJc cria tam giric DEF; hinh chi6'u bing co tu thdnh
tludng th8ng def song song vdi truc X, hinh chidu canh co tu thanh dtrdng th8ng
d e" f " song song vdi truc Z (hinh l-25) (2) Hinh chidu canh tam gi6c r.'h,'k.. crta

Hinh 1 - 25 Hinh chieu cOa mdt ph8ng chinh

m6.t canh tam giric GHK bhng hinh thUc cfia tam gi6c GHK; hinh chidu bhng co tu
thdnh tlrrdng thing ghUl truc Y"; hinh chidu chinh co tu thdnh mQt dtrdng thing
g'}r'k'/l truc Z (hinh ].-26).

Hinh 1- 26 Hlnh chidu cOa mf,t phEng b6n

3. Mdt phing (vi tri) xi6n. Mdt phlng xi6n vdi cd ba mit chidu thi goi m4t
phing (vi tri) xi6n. Nhu thd hiQn d hinh I-27 , d.o tam gidc ABC ddu xi6n vdi ba'mqt
chidu do d6 bahinh chidutamgiric abc, tam gi6,ca'b'c', tam gi6ca"bc" crtan6 ddu
ld hinh tr/ong tu nh6 hon hinh thdc.

Hinh 1 - 27 Hinh chi0'u c0a mdt phEng vi tri xi6n

r9
 ll. Didm vo drtdng th6ng tr6n mQt ph6ng.
1. Ddng tlrrdng th&ng tr6n mit phing: DUng dtrdng th8ng tr6n mdt phing da
bidt thudng ep dvng hai phuong ph6p sau: (1) Mqt dddng thfng di qua hai didm tr6n
mqt phing thi tlrrdng thing d6 tdt ph6i nhm tron md,t ph6ng ndy. Nhrr thd hien 6f
hinh t-28, tam gi6c ABC quydt clinh m4t phing P; bdi vi hai didm M-N IAn lrrgt d

Hinh 1 -28Ldy dudng thing tr6n mit phing (1).

tr€n hai cung AB vd AC cfia m[t phang tam giric, thi dudng ndi MN tdt phii nim
tr€n mat phing ndy. (2) MOt drldng th8ng di qua mQt didm tr6n m5.t phing vi song
song vdi mQt drrdng thing kh6c tr6n m4t phing thi itrldng flring ndy tdt ph6i nhm
tr6n m{t phing ndy. Nhu thd hien 6 hinh I-29, hai dtrdng th8ng cdt nhau DE vd
EF quydt dinh mdt phing P. Ndu tr€n EF ldy tlidm M, qua M drrng MN/iDE thi MN
tdt phai nXm tr6n mdt ph8ng nay.
2. Drlng didm tr6n m{t phing: Ndu didm nim tr6n tlrrdng th8ng bdt ky trong
mit phing thi didm ndy tdt ph6i nhm tr6n mit phing d6. Ndu mudn didm trOn
mit ph8n g fid6c ti€n phdi ldy drrdng thing trOn m{t phing. Nhu thd hiQn 6 hinh
L-zg, do tlidm N nhm tr6n dudng th8ng MN trong mit phfrng P, thi didm N nhdt
dinh nhm tr6n m{t ph8ng P.
^b

Hinh I - 29 Ldy dudng th8ng tr6n m{t phEng Hinh 1- 30 Dudng song song c(Ja mit chi6u tren mqt phing

[Vi du]: TrOn m+t ph&ng tam giric ABC d{ng tludng song song chinh vi clUdng
song song bhng (hinh 1-30)
Gidi: Khi dr;ng drrdng song song trOn m4t ph&ng cAn phdi phi hop hai didu
ki6n: M6t, ph6i phn hgp tinh chdt hinh chidu cria drrdng song song. Hai, ph6i phir
hop didu ki6n tludng th8ng trOn mi.t ph8ng. Nhu tr6n m{t ph8ng tam giric ABC qua
tlidm A dung ilrrdng song song bbng AD, trttdc ti6n c6 thd qua a' dung hinh chiSu
chinh a'd' cira tludng bXng, song song vdi tr\rc X, rdi dga vAo tlidu kiOn d{ng tludng
th&ng trOn m{t phing dd tim ra hinh chidu bhng ad thi a'd' vd ad trlc ld hinh chidu
0 hai m{t cria tlrrdng ngang bing AD tr6n mht phing tam gi6c ABC. Cfrng cDng 16
d6, c6 thd qua tlidm C dgng ttudng ngang bhng chinh CE.

20
 l-7 Vitri tucmg deii $ifta ducmg thinE, m|t phing
Vi tri trrong ildi giita tludng thing vd mdt ph8ng, gifla mdt phing v6i mAt
phing chia ra ba trt/dng hop: song song, c6t nhau v vudng g6c. Cdn ct1 vdo y6u cdu
dUttg hinh gb khai tridn chi gidi thiQu tinh chdt hinh chidu vh qui luat drJng hinh
khi mQt drrdng th8ng, mQt met phing vu6ng g6c vdi m4t chidu.

l. Song song.

1. Drldng th8ng song song vdi mpt ph&ng: Khi mQt tlrrdng th8ng song song
vdi mQt tlrrdng th8ng Uft f.y tr6n mdt phing, thi tttrdng thing d6 vd m4t phing 6t
phfli song song vdi nhau. Nhrr trong hinh 1-31, do iludng thing AB song song vdi
ttudng thing CD trong mit phing P, cho nOn drldng thing AB song song v6i mdt
phing. Ngodi ra, khi m4t phEng ney vu6ng g6c vdi m4t chidu thi hinh chidu cria
m+t ph8ng tr€n m{t chidu mh n6 vuOng g6c co tu thdnh mQt drJdng th8ng. Cdn crl
vho tinh chdt cfra hinh chidu ndy, khi drrdng thing song song vdi m{t vu6ng g6c cfia
m4t chidu, thi hinh chidu cfia drrdng th&ng trOn m{t chidu ndy tdt phAi song song
vdi tlttdng thing co tu cria m{t vu6ng g6c. Cbn phrrong c6c hinh chidu kh6c cria dudng
thing nlry c6 thd tny y. 6r-t'
AB

CD

Hinh 1 - 31 Duong thtng song song vdi mit ph&ng Hinh 1 - 32 Dudng thEng song song vdi mft
vu6ng g6c vdi m{t chi6u

Trong hinh L-32, khi hinh chfr nhQtt EFGH

vu6ng g6c vdi m5t H, n6'u ttudng thEng MN song
song vdi hinh chfi nh4t EFGH thi hinh chidu bhng
cria n6 cfrng song song vdi nhau (trlc mn song song
vdi efgh). Cbn phuong cfra hinh chidu chinh m'n' cria
tlttdng thing MN c6 thd tty y. Ifti m'n' song song
vdi truc X thi tlrrdng th&ng MN Ia mQt dudng th8ng
bhng; khi m'n' vudng g6c'vdi truc X, m vi n trirng
chap nhau mOt didm, thi tlddng thing MN ld mQt
tlrrdng thing drlng. D6 ddng thdy rhng, m4t ph8ng
song song vdi iludng vudng g6c cria m6t chidu, 6t Id
mlt vu6ng g6c cria mit chi€fu ndy. Trong hinh 1-33, Hinh 1 - 33 MAt Ph&ng song song vdi
tludng th8ng AB vu6ng g6c vdi mdt phing hinh thang drJdng vuOng g6c v6i mit chidu
CDEF, nhrr khi tludng thing AB vu6ng g6c vdi mdt
H, thi m4t phEng hinh thang CDEF nhdt tlinh ld
m4t thing drlng.
2. M4t phing song song vdi m4t phing: Ndu hai tludng thing c6t nhau trOn
mQt m[t
mQt mqt ph&ni, song song trldng rtng vei hai drrdng thing c{t nhau trOn
2l
phhng khiic, thi hai m4t phing ney song song vdi nhau. Nhrl t;rong hinh 1-34, do
drrdng thing AB song song vdi drrdng th8ng A,B,, dudng thing BC song song v6i
dttdng th&ng BrC' cho nOn mdt phing P song sorlg vdi m6t phing Q. Ngodi ra, khi
mit vuOng g6c cria hai mdt chidu song song vdi nhau thi hinh chidu co tg thdnh
drrdng th8ng cria chring sE song song vdi nhau. Trong hinh 1-35, khi hai m[t ph8ng
chinh ABCD vd EFGH song song vdi nhau thi hinh chidu chinh a'b'c' d' vh e'(g'h'
cfrng 5t sc song song vdi nhau.

Hlnh 1 - 34 MAt phlng song song vdi m{t phAng Hlnh 1 - 35 Hai mf,t vu6ng g6c c0a mf,t chidu vu6ng
g6c vdi nhau

ll. Cdt nhou

1. Drrdng thing cdt nhau vdi mdt phing. Khi tludng thing kh6ng song song
vdi m6t ph6ng thi 6t s6 cdt nhau, didm giao nhau cira n6 ld didm chung cria drrdng
thing vd mdt phing. N6i chung, c5n crir vdo tinh chdt niy dd tim ra hinh chidu crla
giao didm. Nhu trong hinh 1-36, tlrrdng thing drlng EF cdt nhau vdi tam gidc ABC
xi6n, tim giao tlidm cfia n6. Bdi vi drrdng thing EF la drrdng thing drlng, cho nOn
hinh chidu bhng cria n6 co tg thinh mQt didm e(0. Do giao tlidm K nhm tr6n drrdng
thing EF cho n6n hinh chidu bhng k cria giao didm f 5t s6 trr)ng vdi e(0. Lai vi
giao didm K cbn d trOn tam gi6c ABC, cho n6n c6 thd loi dung tinh chdt didm tr6n
mdt phing, til k tim ra hinh chidu chinh k' cfra giao didm K. Khi d{ng hinh cu thd,
c6 thd trr/dc ti6n thdng qua didm k d trOn hinh chiSu bhng abc cria hinh tam gidc,
dUng m6t dfdng thf,ng phu ad, lai tim ra hinh chidu chinh a'b' crja n6 thi giao didm
k' cira a' d' vdi e'{ tftc lA hinh chidu chinh cria giao didm K.

Hinh 1 - 36 Giao didm c0a dudng th&ng dfng vdi mdt phing vi trixi6n

22
 hin thdy va
Phdn c6 thd
Giao didm uei uu c4nh

phdn k'fl' bi
drrdng thlng
ne thhng xi6n
Ja chirng' Do
a m{t thing ddn

didm K coa n6 L4i ,

erg.
a n6 cttng
l?dliT#';
vdi
K giiraefg I {trung Totg
vbo tinh .hdt d;;;;
qti; K tr( ,h didm can tim'

;?: ffi",,il"il?1;:#',1;:,,*:U,il{:, dnhin,hdvcrra

II (2''2) toan
tren duoirl n'g ia* chinh 'dm
a'b'.Do didml(t"l)
dudng FG,
t^rdc;"'ffi;ffie* I c6 '
khi nhin tu - ;A^'ntTi*"J;tif,l;;
ffi_.,# jlJS+J,'lnT* :*1ffi,1i?;ffi'-atqrianglh
;;;*-+;-Oa"fc6 tinh co t9' trrJdc
mit vu.n s g6cv6i m4t chidu, , ,"J*"* r'i&og-uai n6' riii lgi'dung
ti€n tlinh ra mQt hinh chidu. dd dgng ;il;i tfti6" ttttat cria giao didm
tinh chdt cfia tlidm tron tludng th&ng d^ ^d.

Hinhl.3TGiaodidmgiuadUdngtn&ngvitrixi€nV6idudngth&ngdrlng

2. M4t phing giao nhau vdi m4t P

thi tdt ph6i giao nhau; dttdng giao nhau c
Vi thd, chi cdn tim ra hai didm chung h
cria hai mat phing thi c6 thd tim ra giao
hinh 1-38, m4t thfng dri'ng Q grao nhau v
tuydn MN cfra n6. G g.o t"yA" MN nhm tr6n mdt thing drlng Q, cho nOn hinh
chi6u bbng mn cita n6 ilt sd trirng vdi hinh chidu bhng
d6 lai loi dqng tinh chdt hinh chidu cira giao tuydn MN
eH cira mit th6ng dfng, sau
tron hinh tam gi6c EFG, til
mn tim vd drrng hinh chidu chinh m'n' cria n6i ho4c loi dung tinh
chdt hinh chidu
ldn lrrot tr6n hai tludng th m_n ldn lrrot
.cria chring. Ngodi ra, khi
cdt nhau, md
6ng g6c vdi mdt chidu, c6 loi dung tinh
mdt vudng g6c, tim drroc mot hinh chi^du cira giao
tuydn, lai loi dvng tinh chdt hinh
tuyOn mdt m6t phing kh:i1 dd dung ra m6t hinh chidu kh:ic cria
didm G -tron
d phia trt/6c QH, cho n0n khi nhin ti/ trdd'c ra sau, ttidm g' c6
thi g'm'n' ddu c6 thd nhin thdy, v6 thdnh dudng n6t lidn, m6t"bon
khdc cfra giao tuydn m'n'e'{ tdt nhion khdng nhin
thdy, v6 thinh dtrdng n6t drlt.

Hinh 1 - 38 Giao tuyeln c0a mdt th8ng drrng vdi

mit phtng xi6n

-,ai nhu thd ?t gp

4 tri xi0n, t ria frin
ling P co tu ch chi
rDng vdi Pv, sau d6 loi dung tinh chdt hinh chidu
cria MN tr6n tam giric ABC, try
n'n' tim vi d\rng hinh chidu_bE"g mn cria n6. Do didm B nXm tr6n pu,
cho n6n khi
rhin thEng til tron xudng, didm b c6 thd nhin thdy, n6n
bmn ddu c6 thd nhin thdy,
'6 thdnh drrdng n6t lidn mQt bon khric cfra giao tuydn mnca tdt nhien
kh6ng c6 thd
rhin thdy, vE thinh drrdng n6t dr1t. Tham tfrao phrrong phrip
tr6n cflng c6 thd tim
a giao tuydn cria hai mdt phlng giao nhau md c6 rrai
m+i ptrirrg ddu vlong go" uii
Dng mdt mdt chidu hoic ldn lrrot vuOng g6c vdi hai
m{t crriou.-

Hinh 1 - 39 Giao tuydn gi[a m6r phtng bing vdi mqt phlng xi6n
 ilt. Vu6ng g6c
1.E
m'tphing
mit phing.
?

il:# ;??ff',,:.i
t g6c vdi dt nhau bat
kj' tron mdt phing thi dudng thing ndy xt ph6i vu6n g g6c vdi mdt ph6ng ndy.
Nhttng khi mdt phing vu6ng g6c vdi mdt chidu thi c6 tng fqi dung tinh co tu cria
mat phing dd drrng hinh tlon gi6n. Nhrr thd hion d hinh r-40, airarrg th{ng MK
vu0ng g6c vdi hinh chir nhft ABCD, khi hinh chd nhat cbn vu6ng g6c vdi mdt H thi
dudng thing MK nhdt dinh song song vdi mdt H. Khi MK ta auArr! thEng bing, mi
phdi ddu vu6ng g6c vdi tdt ce c6c drrdng tirEng trong mdt phing hinh chtr ::hit
ABCD thi hinh chidu bhng m\ cria MKnhdt dinh vuong gdc vdi dtrdng thEng ad-bc
cria hinh chieu bing co tu lai cria hinh chf, nhal ABCD. Til d6 c6 thd t[Ay au]c: Khi
drrdng th8ng vudng g6c vdi mdt vu6ng g6c vdi mdt chidu thi drrdng th6ng nhdt airrf,
song song vdi m6t chidu md mdt phing vu6ng g6c vdi n6; mlL hinh chidu cfra drrdng
thEng vuong g6c vdi hinh chidu cing m6t cria mdt ph8ng co tu.
a
m
K

o c

\
m
b'c

Hinh 1 - 40 lDrldng thtng vuong g6c vdi mqt vuOng g6c cOa mit chieu

phEng: Ndu m6t mdt phEng chrla. dttdng

hai mit phing ndry vudng g6c vdi nhau.
d{ng mdt mdt ph8ng vu6ng g6c vdi m4t
crl vAo nguy0n l1f hinh hgc n6i tr6n, qua
didm M dttng drrdng thEng MK vudng g6c vdi mqt pi8"g hinh chf, nhqt ABCD. Thi
tdt cA cdc mdt phing c6 chrla auOng tft8ng MK ddu vuo"n g g6c vdi m4t phing hinh
chfl nh4t. Do mqt phEng hinh chrl nh{t ABCD vuong g6c vdi mdt V cho n6n dtrdng
thEng drlng MK thOng qua didm M nhdt dinh li d,/dd bbng. Ngodi ,r, q,r" afA- fr,f
lai dgng drrdng thing triy y, thi m4t phing do hai auung th6-ng Jdt ,rh"u MK vd MN
quydt dinh trlc ld m6t phEng cdn tim.
Khi drrng hinh cu t.hd, qua tlidm m' dqng m'k' vuOng g6c vdi hinh chidu chinh
a'd' - b'c' crta mdt ph&ng hinh chrl nhAt ABCD, qua didm * aU"s mk song song vdi
truc X. Phuong cria hai hinh chidu m'n' vA mn cria dtrdng th8ng MN c6 thd v6 r" tUy
f. Cdn giao tlidm K N gif,a hai dudng th8ng MK, MN vdimdt phflng hinh chfr
nhdt ABCD c6 thd tim "e ra, cfing c6 thd ]hi ng tim.
Do drrdng thing MN tiry .! v6 ra.
\n thd, c6 thd dung n6n v6 sd mqt phing vu6ng g6c vdi
-lt pnirrg hinh chfr nhat
ABCD. Trong d6, don gi6n nhdt Id qua ttidm M dgng mQt m6t vuOng g6c chinh sao
cho n6 vudng g6c vdi mit vudng g6c chfnh ABCD, chi idn lim cho hai hinh chidu
cing m5't ctia mQt m5t chidu mdt vuOng g6c c6 tinh co tu vu6ng g6c v6i nhau ld tlrrgc.
 Hinh 1 - 41 Qua didm da bi6t dung mit ph6ng Hlnh 1 - 42 Qua didm dd bi6t drJng mft th&ng dfng
vu6ng g6c vdi m{t vu6ng g6c cOa mflt chi6u vu6ng g6c vdi mit ph8ng xi6n

Lai nhrl thd hien d hinh !-42, qua ilidm M de bidt y6u cdu drrng mQt m{t
th6ng drlng vu6ng g6c vdi m4t ph8ng hinh tam gidc ABC vi tri xi6n. CIn crl vdo y6u
cAu ndy, m4t ph&ng cdn dqrng ngohi qua didm M ra cbn phdi ttrip rlng hai ilidu kiQn,
vUa vu6ng g6c vdi m{t H vUa vu6ng g6c vdi mdt ph8ng hinh tam gi6c ABC. Vi thd,
m{t ph6ng cdn dgng cfing phdi vudng g6c vdi giao tuydn cfra m{t H vd tam gi6c
ABC, mA, giao tuydn nly l4i nhdt dinh song song vdi tlrrdng th&ng blng trong m{t
phEng tam gi6c ABC. \n thd, trrJdc tiOn dr,tng mOt iludng thEng bhng trong m{t
ph&ng tam gi6c ABC, sau d6, qua didm M lAi d{ng m{t phing vu6ng g6c vdi drrdng
th&ng bbng ndy. I(hi dgng hinh cu thd, c6 thd tai didm bdt ky C trong m4t ph&ng
hinh tam gi6c ABC, d{ng dudng th8ng bing CE (ce, c'e'),lai qua didm hinh chi6u
bhng m cfra didm M, d1rng ilrrdng thing Q, vudng g6c vdi Ce, thi Q" la hinh chidu
bhng cria m6t thing ttrlng cdn tim. Hinh chidu chinh cria mdt Q ndu khdng c6 yOu
cAu gi kh6c thi c6 thd b6 qua, khOng cdn v6 hinh ddng cu thd cfra n6.

1-8 Hinh thgc c&a hinh ph&ng

C6 $t nhidu phuong ph6p dgng hinh thr,rc cia c6c hinh m4t phing; dtrdi dAy
gidi thi6u hai phuong ph6p thudng ding: phrrong ph6p tim d0 ddi thqc cria c6c canh
vd phrlong ph6p quay.

l. PhrJdng phop tim dq doithr,Ic cfio c6c cgnh.

DAy ld phuong phdp lgi dung tim dO ddi thrrc ctia doan thing dd tim ra dQ
dhi thr/c c6c cq.nh crta cdc hinh mdt phEng, rdi dDng ilQ ddi thtrc dd vE ra hinh thdc
cria hinh ph8ng. Ddi vdi hinh tam gi6c c6 thd tnrc tidp tim ra d0 dei thuc cira ba
canh, sau d6 vE ra hinh thr/c cria tam gi6c. Ddi vdi mat phing cfra c6c da gi6c hinh
nhidu canh nhrr hinh 4 canh, hinh 5 canh v.v...) thi tru6c ti6n phdi chia hinh tla
gi6c thdnh mQt sd hinh tam gi6c, sau d6 ldn lttot v6 ra hinh thrrc cua c6c hinh tam
gi6c ndy, hinh do c6c hinh thr,Ic tam giric niry td hop thdnh chinh lh hinh thr{c cria
hinh nhidu canh cdn tim.
[Vi du 1] De bidt hinh chidu hai m4t tam gi6c a'b'c' vd tam giiic abc cria hinh
tam gi6c ABC, tim hirih th{c cria hinh tam giric ABC (hinh 1-43).
Gidi: Cin crl vho tinh chdt hinh chidu cria c6c loai dudng thEng, phAn biQt
quan hQ gif,a hinh chidu tam gi6c vd dQ ddi thtrc cria tam giric ABC: do a'b' song

26
 song vdi trgc X, AB le dudng thing bhng, thi
hinh chidu bing ab cira drrdng thing bhng bhng
dg ddi thuc cria AB. Do d'c' , ac ddu xiOn vdi
truc X, cho nOn AC le drrdng th8ng vi tri xiOn.
C0ng cing le d6, BC cfrng ld drrdng thEng vi
trf xiOn; yOu cdu th6ng qua dgng hinh'tim ra
d0 aai thuc cria chring. Trlc dr)ng phrrong phrip
tam gi6c vu6ng ldn luot tim ra dO dei thuc L,
vd L, cria BC - AC (drrOng ddi n6t ddm trong
hinh 1-43). C4nh huydn L, (trong hinh n6t
mrinh) tuong rrng vdi canh g6c vuOng ac bing
LrB d0 dei thuc AC, canh huydn L, tuong rlng vdi
canh g6c vudng bc bhng dg dei thrrc BC. Rdi
Hinh 1 .43 Tim hinh rhgc cOa hinh tam gidc dtrng d0 dai thrrc Lr-L, - abba cfra cdc canh tam
Si6c dd vE ra hinh thuc tam gi6c ABC.

Hinh 1 - 44 Tim hinh thr,/c c0a hinh binh hdnh

[Vi du 2]: Da bidt hinh chi6u chfnh d'e'f g vA hinh chidu b6n {{f
binh hdnh DEFG, tim hinh thrrc cria hinh binh hdnh { ctahinh
DEFG (hinh r-44).
Gizii: Dd tiQn vE ra hinh thuc cua tft gid,c, trudc ti6n cdn v6
drrdng ch6o DF
bdt ky crja trl giric chia tt gi6c DEFG thdnh rr"i i"- giric DEF vd
DFG, rdi ldn luot
vE rd'p ndi hinh thrrc cria hai tam giric, thinh hinh
thrrc cfra hinh binh hdnh DEFG
cd'n tim' Do canh ddi cria hinh binh hdnh bing nhau
trlng d6i m6t, trlc DG = EF,
DE-FG, cho n6n, chi cAn tim ra dO dai thuc crla ba canh EF,
DE vd drrdng ch6o DF
li drroc' B<ii vi e"f' song song vdi trqc Z, cho n€n EF ld drrdng song song chinh. Hinh
chi6'u chinh e'f'cria tlrrdng song song chinh EF bing
aO'ajitnr/c cria EF. Do
d'e' , {'€' vd d'f , d'f' ddu xi€n vdi tryc Z, cho nOn DE vd Of'
ad, h dudng th&ng vi tri
x16n, c6 thd dirng phucrng phdp hinh tam gidc vudng
lAn lrrgt tim ra dQ dii thrJc crja
chrlng' Trlc, dirng phuong phrip tam gi6c vuong lAn lrrot tim ra
dO dei thfc L, cira DE vir
FG vd d0 dai thrJc L, cria DF, nhrr drrdng n6t dfm trong hinh 1-44
thd hion. Dilng dO dai
thrrc Lr- Lr- e '{' crta ba canh vE ra tam giric O-nf', rdi Idy Op ta- canh d6y

21
dd v6 ra tam gi6c DFG 6 b6n kh6c cfra tam gi6c DEF, hinh h.gp thdnh tt gt6c DEFG
cria hai hinh tam gi6c, trlc hinh thrlc cria hinh binh hhnh cdn tim.

ll. PhrJdng Ph6P quoy

Khi hinh phing In g6c vdi mht ch quay
vuOng g6c vdi cDng
thing-cfridu idu, thdnh mlt thi hi
m+t *a tio song so 6nh hinh thtic hing
hiQn 6 hinh l-45, tarn gi6c DEF Id mQt m6t thing drlng, cho n6 quay quanh dtldng
th6ng drlng OO qua didm D ldm truc quay thdnh m4t bhng chinh, khi drrng hinh'
cho i.inh chidu def quay quanh tlidm d ddr vi tri song song vdi truc X, c6 tlrroc
hinh
chidu b qua e' tlrrdng song song vdi truc X;
tim ra hic d6 sE chuydn thdnh m[t bhng
chinh, d'erf, inh thuc cfra tam gi6c DEF'
Hinh 1-46(a) ld ldy tlrrdng song song ldm trqc,
quay mit ph8ng vi tri xiOn thdnh m4t song song dd
tim hinh thtlc cria hinh phing. Tam gi6c ABC trong
hinh ld mdt phing vi tri xi6n, canh BC cria tam
gi6c ABC ld tludng thing bhng, ldv BC ldm trgc X
quay OO cho tam gi6c ABC quay quanh n6. Lfc ndy,
do hai didm B-C cria tam gi6c nhm trOn truc quay, vi
tri ftddc vd sau khi quay kh6ng thay ildi; cdn qui
tfch cira didm A quay quanh truc bhng OO ld mQt
tludng trbn, m[t phf,ng tlrrdng trdn n]ry vudng g6c
vdi truc OO, vi thd, hinh chidu bhng cfra n6 vudng
g5c v6r bc, tfc vi tri cria didm A sau khi quay nhdt
ai"r, ld 0 tr6n drrdng thlng cfia hinh chieu bdng a Hinh 1 - 45 Xoav tron mat th&ns drlns
qua didm A vd vu6ng g6c vdi bc. Khi tam gi6c ABC thdnhm{tsonssons
quay ddn vi tri song song vdi mdt H thi canh. AB
cria n6 thhnh auOnglbrrg ArB, dO dai hinh chidu bhng a,b cfra n6 bhng t10
ddi thrJc
cfia AB, ding dO dai thr,Ic ndy c6 thd x6s dlnh vi tri didm A,, s1u khi tlidm
A quay'
(1) ldv dtrdng bhng BC tron
C6c brr6c dqng hinh .',, iftd cia n6 nhtt (hinh 1-46b) lh:
mdt phing tJm gi6c ABC ldm truc quay OO, vd th6ng qua a dgng tlrrdng thEng
tam
,,rbrr! g6c cria bc. (2) Tim ra dO dai thrrc cria AB (L tim dtrgc bing phrrong ph6p
gi6c vuong trong hinh Ie dO ddi thgc cria AB). (3) Ldy didm b ldm tam, L ldm
bdn
ir"rt .rre cing .5i a.rurrg thEng vu6ng g6c cria bc qua a t4i didm a, ndi arb vd arc thi
tam gi6c arbc chinh le- hinh thrrc cria tam gi6c ABC cdn tim.

(b)
t
(a)
I
Hinh I ' 46 Xoay trdn mit vitrlxi6n thdnh mpt song song \

28
 [Vf du 1] Da biet hinh chidu chinh d' e'f' g' vd hinh chidu bing defg cria hinh
thang DEFG, tim hinh thrrc cria hinh thang oprc (xem hinh 1-47).
Gi6i: B<ii vi e'f ll d' g' , ef il d,g // truc X, cho nen hai canh EF vd DG cfra hinh
thang ld hai dudng bing chinh song song vdi nhau, hinh chidu chinh e'f : vir d. g.
cfra drrdng bing
fi"g chinh phdn rinh dQ ddi thrrc cria EF vd DG. Do d' e'// tn1cx, D-E
ld mQt dudng thdng blng, hinh chi6u bhng de cria n6 phdn rinh dQ ddi thuc cfra DE,
f 'g' vit fg ddu xi0n vdi trgc X, FG le dudng th8ng vi tri xi6n, hinh chiou f 'g'
n6 ddu nh6 hon ,fg cfra
. Dd tim trinh thgc"cfra hinh thang DEFG, ldr a,larrg
bing chinh EF I y, Quay hinh thang DEFG quanh truc ndy thdnh mdt
bing chinh. Cric hinh crja n6 nhu Lu: (1) Trudc tiOn dung hinh chidu
chinh qul tich quay cria didm D, tfic qua didm d' dqng drrdng vu6ng g6c ciia e'f '
dung d0 dai thtrc cira DE xdc dinh vi tri d, c,ia aidm D sau khi quay, toc ldy didm
,loi
e' ldm tdm, d0 ddi de lAm b6n kinh vO cung cdt tludng thEng vu0ng-g6c a aidm ar.
(2) Dr'rng qui tich quay cria didm G, trlc qua g'
d{ng drrdng vuOng g6c crtae,f .. (3) c[n
crl vdo tinh chdt hinh chidu cria hai drrdng thinl ,ong .orrg fa song song,
didm d, drJng drrdng song song crta e'f' .ai auurrl vu6ng g6c thrl "a" hai d ajdm eua
e'd, vdi f'g,' thi hinh thang die'f'g; la hinh thrrc cria hinh thang DEFG. {, Si

Hlnh 1 - 47 Tim hinh thUc c0a hinh thang vi trixi6n Hinh 1 - 48 Tim hinh thr/c c0a tam gidc vi trf xi6n

tVi De bidt hinh chiSu chinh tam gi6c a'b'c' vh hinh chidu bhng tam
dr,r 2J
gi6c abc cria tam giric vi tri xiOn ABC, tim hinh thrrc cfra tam giric
ABC (hinh 1-48)..
Gidi: Tit hinh ! - 48, c6 thd bidt, ba canh tao thinh tam gi6c ABC ddu ld drrdng
thang vi tri xiOn, phdi drrng tiy y mQt dudng song song tren mdt phing tam gi'il
ABC ldm truc quay OO quay mdt phing tam gidc ABC quanh truc OO thdnh m6t song
song dd tim hinh thyc cria n6. Cac budc dr.rng hinh cu thd nhu sau: tr6n m{t phing
tam giric ABC, qua tlidm B dr.rng drrdng thEng bbng BD (b,d., bd), ldy n6 ia* t"gt
canh AB. (3)
qui tich quay
cria canh AB
tc ldy didm b ldm tAm, ldy dO dei L ldm
g g6c chinh Ib, a,. (4) C6 thd dtrng phuong
ph6p trOn tim ra didm C,. Nhung tld don gi6n h6a viec dung hinh, Ioi dung ti"U
vi tri cria didm D tr€n dtrdng truc Oo trudc vd sau khi quay kh6ng "Uai

29
tldi, thi drJdng ndi giCta hai tlidm a, vdi d chinh ld phuong hinh chidu bhng cria canh
AC sau khi quay didm 9, cAtt tim d tr6n d.rrdng ndi a,d, vi/a nhm trOn qui tich quay
cira tlidm C (trlc qua tlidm C dr,rng drrdng vu6ng g6c iua bd). \n thd, giao ttidm gitra
dudng vudng g6c v6i tludng a,d chinh ld didm c, cdn tim. Sau cilng ndi a,b vdi bc,
thi tam gi6c a,bc, chinh ld hinh thUc cria tam gidc ABC.

- 9 Phucmg phAp ho6n etii mqt

1
Phrrong phrip hodn ddi mdt kh6ng thay ddi vi tri cia cdc nguy6n tO' hinh
hoc kh6ng gian, md thay ddi vi tri ctia mdt chidu, trlc ding m4t chidu mdi thay
thd mdt chidu cfr, lim cho mdt chidu mdi vd nhfrng nguy6n td hinh hoc d vio vi
tri loi cho viQc gi6i tld. Hinh 1-49 la tam giric ABC m4t thing ctfng
c6 vA hai hinh
chidu a'b'c', abc crja n6 trong hO thong hai
mdt chidu V/H. Hai hinh chi6'u ndy ddu
khdng phein rinh hinh thrrc cfia hinh tam
gi6c. Gid dAy ndu d{ng mQt mdt chidu mdi
V, vAn'vu6ng g5c vdi mit H vi. song song
vdi mdt phing tam giitc ABC thi mdt V vA
mit H tao thdnh h9 thdng hai mdt chidu
V/H mdi, hinh chi6'u tam gi6c a'rb'rc, cta X
tam gid.c ABC trOn md.t V, trong hQ thdng
mdi sO phAn 6nh hinh thrrc. Qua d6, c6 thd
thdy su chon lrra mdt chidu md'i phrii phn
hop vdi hai ctidu kiQn: (1) Met chidu rndi Hinh - 49 Nguy6n ly phudng phdp hodn ddi mat
1

ph6i dr vd,o vi tri c6 loi cho vi6c gi6i dd. (2)

MIt chidu mdi phii vu6ng g6c vd'i mQt mdt chidu ndo d6 trong hO th6'ng mdt chidu
cfr, tao thdnh hQ thdng hai mht chidu mdi. Didu ki6n trtfdc duoc xric dinh cdn crl vdo
nhu cAu gi6i d6, cbn th6a mdn didu kiOn thrl hai md'i c6 thd rlng dung qui lu4t hinh
chidu trong hQ thdng hai hinh chidu d5 trinh bdy trOn.

l. Qui lugt thoy Adi Aidm.

Didm li nguy6n td hinh hoc co bdn nhdt. Do tt6 nghiOn crlu qui luat thay ddi
cria didm li co sd dd hoc t4p phtrong ph:ip hodn ddi mdt.
1. Thay ddi m6t ldn mdt chidu: Nhu thd hiQn d hinh 1-50(a), trong hQ thdng
hai m[t chidu YlH c6 mQt didm khdng gian A vd hai hinh chidu a' - a ctia n6. Ndu
ding mQt mit chidu mdi V, vudng g6c vdi mdt H dd thay thd mlt V khidn mdt H cfr
khOng thay ddi, nhu vfy sE lQp n0n mOt hQ thdng hai mdt chidu mdi V,/H. Giao
tuydn X, giira mdt V, vdi mit H li truc chidu mdi hinh chidu cfra didm A trOn met Vr
li. a',, nhrr vfy c6 duoc hai hinh chidu a vi ai cria tlidm A trong hQ th6'ng V,fr, thay
the hinh chidu a vd a' trong hQ thdng V/H.
Khi mdt V, xoay theo chidu mfii t6n trong hinh quanh truc X, d6h trDng vdi
mlt H, drrdng ndi hinh chidu aai cria didm A nhat dinh vudng g6c vdi truc X' didu
ndy gidng nhu tinh chdt aa' vu6ng g6c truc X. Do hQ thdng hai mdt chidu cfr, mdi c6
cing mQt mdt phing bhng H, cho n6n khoring cdch trl ttidm A ddn mdt H girl
nguy6n khdng diii, a;a*, = a\ = Aa. Qua d6 c6 thd rft drJoc quy lu6t bidn ddi crja
didm ld: 1/. Dudng ndi gi8a hinh chi6u mdi cria didm vdi hinh chidu cfr nhdt dinh
vu6ng g6c vdi truc hinh chidu rndi. 2/.I(hoing crich tir hinh chidu mdi ctra alidm ddn

30
 truc mdi bhng vdi khoting crlch tU hinh chidu bi thay thd ddn truc hinh chidu cfr.
Trong hinh 1-50 (b) da thd hiQn 16 cric btrdc dung hinh khi chuydn ddi hinh chidu
(aa') trong hQ th6ng V/H thhnh hinh chidu (a-ai) trorrg
he thdni V,/II: eua didm a
vu6ng g6c vdi tru di X1, do ldy aia*r=a'a* tr6n drfdng vu6ng
i c6 drroc ld hinh didm A cAn firn^tren-mdt V,, Ndu dnn!
H, vuong g6c vdi
. trlc ld
(hinh 1-51)
ay m6,t H cfrng c6 ddgc kct luin trrong tJ
mdt chidu mdi H, vd mdt V von c6 tao thdnh mQt hQ tno'ng toi
YH, giao tuydn X, cria chring li truc chidu mdi. Bdi vi mdt V gif, nguyen t<trOn! adi,
khoring cdch tr] didm B ddn mit v cfrng kh6ng ddi, vi thd b,bx! bb; Bb.. Khi d{ng
=
hinh cu thd, chi cdn til b' dung drrdng vu6ng jo. ad' trgc x, ua do idy brb,,,=uu,. trei
drrdng vudng g6c, ld s6 duoc hinh chidu mdi i, cria didm B ir6n m4t Hr. ^'

(a) (b)

Hinh 1 - SO eien Odi mOr tdn cira didm (hodn Odi mqt V;

(a) (b)
Hinh 1 - St eten Odi mOt tdn c0a didm (hoan Odi m{t n)

2. Thay ddi hai lAn mlt chiSu: Khi ding phrrong phrlp ddi m4t dd gi6i quydt
nhfrng vdn dd thrJc td, c6 hic phrii lAn luot ddi hai ldn, thqm chi nhidu lAn m4t
chidu hinh L-52 thd hiQn tinh hinh thay ddi hai lAn mdt chidu: Trddc ti6n, thay
mdt v thinh mdt v, (v, vuOng g6c H) ilrroc hQ th6'ng v,fr, l4i thay mdt H bltng
mqt H, (H, vu6ng g6c v,) drrgc h0 thdng mdi v,iH, thay thd he thdng c0 v/H.
P.huong phrip dUng hinh cria hai ldn thay hoi.n todn gidng nhu phrrong ph6p cria mQt
ldn thay, ch8ng qua ld l6p lai mQt ldn nffa qud. trinh dung trintr. Hi;h r-sz tUl tfrd
;
hiOn ld hai lAn thay ddi cria didm. cric bu6.c dung hinh cfra n6 td: (1) Tn/dc ti6n, ddi
I
mdt ld.n, trlc tir hQ thdng V/H tldi thdnh hO thdng Vr/H, ttr a' vi. a tim ra
\.(2) Tim
co sd cria Vr/H lai tltii ldn nf,a, Idy mdt H, thay thd mnt H tao thinh hQ tirdng mdi
/
vr/Ilr; til a, vd a tim drloc a, hic ndy aia, vudng g6c truc x", ara*r=aa*r. Khi hai
31
 (b)

Hinh 1 - 52 Hai ldn thay Odic0a oidm

ho[c nhidu ldn ildi mat chidu, do mht chidu mdi phAi vudng g6cvdi mflt chidu cfr khOng
ddi kia, cho nOn sau khi ddi mgt m[t chidu, trong hQ thdng hai m[t mdi lai phAi thay
m6t chiSu chrra thay kia; chrl khdng thd cirng mOt hic thay cA hai mht chidu mQt lAn.

It. Bdn vdn d6 cd b6n cOo phrJdng ph6p Adi met.

1. Bidn ddi clrrdng th8ng vi tri xi€n thdnh ttudng song song: Nhu thd hiCn A
hinh l-b3(a); AB la drrdng thing vi tri xi6n, ndu mudn bidn tldi n6 thdnh drrdng
bbng chinh thi AB ph6i song song vdi mit V, mdi, trlc ph6i dtng m4t V, thay m{t
V. Bdi vi m6t V, song song vdi AB, truc chidu X, mdi nhdt tlinh song song vdi hinh
chidu bhng ab crla AB. Cric brrdc dUng hinh cu thd cfra n6 ld (hinh 1-53(b)): (1) d{ng
truc chidu mdi X,//ab. (2) tU hai didm a vd b IAn lrrot dq.tg tlrrdng vu6ng g6c cria truc X,,

(a) (b)

Hinh 1 - 53 Bi€'n ddi dudng xi6n thdnh dudng song song

cdt truc X, d ax' bx' do ldy aia*r= a' ax)

brb.r=brb* tron hai dudng vuOng g6c, drroc
hinir ctridu mdi a,, b;. (3) ding dudng thEng
ndi hai riidm ai vi b, duoc hinh chidu mdi
aib,, dtQ ddi cria n6 bhng d0 dei th{c cria
doan th&ng AB.
2. Bidn ddi clrrdng song song thdnh
tludng vuOng g6c: Nhu thd hign & hinh 1-54. cd
CD le dudng song song chinh, ndu mudn
bidn ddi n6 thinh drrdng vu6ng g6c dfrng Hinh 1 - 54 Bidn Odi Ouong song song thanh dudng
thi mat chidu mdi ph6i vu6ng g6c vdi drrdng vuOng goc

32
a
I

thing CD, md mat ph8ng vuOng g6c vdi tlrrdng song song chinh nhd.t dinh sE vuong
g6c v6i m{t V. \n thd mdt chidu mdi li m{t H, vu6ng g6c vdi m{t V, trlc ph6i dDng
mit, H' th3_v m4! H. L4i th8ng cD vu0ng g6c vdi mft H,, cho trgc
chidu mdi X, nhdt dinh v di hinh chidu chfnh c'd' crja CD.^C6c b d{ng
htnh cU thd eria n6 le (1) chidu mdi X, vu6ng g6c c.d., (Z)K6o dii c,d''cit
trr,rc X, d. ctidm c*, (d*,),
ilo ldy crcxr=ccx, d,d*,=dd" trCn duUng k6o ddi nAy, s6 drJgc
hinh chidu c,d, (co tr; thanh rnOt didml cria'doan'th8ng cD ir6n m{t H,.
3. Bidn tldi mdt ph8ng vi tri xi6n thdnh mdt vuOng g6c: Nhu thd hien ti
hinh 1-55, hinh tam giric ABC ld mit phdng vi tri xion, mudn bidn ddi n6 thinh
mit drlng chinh ph6i l{y mdt chidu mdi V, thay m{t V. ViQc b6'tri m[t V, ph6i
th6a mdn vrJa vu6ng g6c vdi tam gidc ABC, vt:ta vu6ng g6c vdi mdt H. \n thd, cO tfrd
tnJdc ti6n drrng mOt dt/dng bhng trOn tam giric ABC sau d6 dqng m5.t V, vudng g6c
vdi tludng bhng ndy. MEt V, vrla d{ng cfrng nhdt tlinh vudng g6c vdi mdt H. Cric
brrdc dung hinh cu thd xem hinh 1-55(b): (1) D{ng dudng bing bdt ky CD (c.d., cd)
ti6n tam giSc ABC. (2) Dr.tng truc X, vu6ng gdc cd. (B) Cdn crl vdo qui lu4t bidn ddi
tim ra hinh chi6u a,bic, (co tu thdnh tlrrdng thing) cfra tam giric ABC trOn mdt V,.

(a) (b)
Hinh 1 - 55 Bidn Odi mat ph8ng vi trf xi6n thinh m6t rhEng drtng

Ndu mudn bi6n ddi mit phing vi tri xi6n tam gi'ic ABC thAnh m4t th8ng
dfng thi ph6i ldy m4t H, thay mit H; giir nguyOn mlt V. Cdn rtidu kign bd tri p4t H,
ld: VUa ph6i vu6ng g6c vdi tam gi6c ABC, vila phAi vudng g6c vdi mit V glr nguy6n.
Do d6, chi c6 khi mit H, vu6ng g6cvdi drrdng song song chinh tr6n tam gi6c ABC thi

Hinh 1 - 56 Bi€in odi mat tn&ng df ng thdnh Hinh 1 - 57 Tim hinh thr,lc c0a tam gi6c
m{t song song mdt ph&ng vi trixiOn

33
mat Hl mdi c6 thd cing 16c ctrng vuorig g6c voi mat V. Cho nOn, brrdc dgng hinh ddu
tiOn bien ddi mat vi tri xiOn tam gi6c ABC thhnh mit thing ditng Id trddc tiOn dung
m6t drJdng song song chinh bdt ky trOn m5.t phing tam gi6c ABC.
4. Bidn tldi mat vuong g6c thdnh mit song song. Nhrr thd hiQn & hinh 1-56.
Tam gi6c DEF Ie mQt m6t drlng chinh. Dd bidn ddi n6 thdnh mit song song thi m{t
hinh chiSu mdi lua chon nhdt dinh Id m[t V vuOng g6c v]r song song vdi mlt H,' cria
tam gi6c DEF; truc chidu m6i X, nhdt dinh song songvdihinh chidu chinh d'e'f cl0'a
tam gtac DEF. Cdc btro-c dqng hinh cu thd la: (1) Dung truc X, song song vdi d {t' . Q)
Can crf vdo qui lu4t bien ddi crja didm tim ra tam gi6c hinh chidu dr"rf, cfra tam gi6c
DEF trOn m5,t H,, tam gi6c nhy s6 phAn 6nh hinh thrrc cria tam gi6c DEF.

lll. Vi d9 Ong dVng

Tr6n d6y ddu ld bidn ddi mQt ldn m[t chidu ld c6 thd dat muc dich Si{ii d6;
nhrl tim dO dei thUc cria drrdng thing, hinh thrJc crja m4t phing vu6ng g6c v'v"'
Ddi vdi phuong phdp dqng hinh hai lAn bien tldi chi li dem so t16 hinh chidu
sau mot ldn bidn ddi ldm alidu kiOn girii dd rdi drrng hinh ld.n nfra.
tVi dU 1l Da bidt htnh chidu chinh tam gi6c a'b'c' vd hinh chidu bhng tam
gi6c abc cria tam gi6c ABC mdt phing vi tri xiOn, tim vh d{ng hinh thuc cria tam
gidc ABC ftinh 1-57)
Girii: c[n crl vio hinh 1-55 vd 1-56 c6 thd bidt khi bidn ddi mqt ph6ng vi tri
xi6n thdnh mit phEng song song, c6 thd tnJdc ti6n bidn ddi mdt ph&ng vi tri xi6n
thhnh met phdnl thdng drlng , sau d6 lai bidn ddi mdt phing thftng drlng thdnh
mat phing .ong rottg. \n thd, nhu thei hien d hinh I-57 , trddc ti6n bidn ddi tam gi6c
ABC thdnh m4t thing drlng V,, sau d6 biSn ddi thanh mit song song cria mdt Hr.
C6c brrdc dqng hinh cria n6 la (1) Ldy dudng song song bhng AE trOn tam gi6c ABC,
dUng mdt chieu mdi V, vudng g6c AE, titc dUng truc Xr vuOng g6c ae, sau d6 tim ra
hinh chieu mdi a,brc; itri"f, chiSu trirng chap thdnh mOt drJdng th8ng) cria tam gi6c
ABC tron mlt V,. i'Zi O,l"g mbt chidu mdi H, song song vdi tam giSc ABC, titc dung
truc X, .orlg .ottg v6i qb'rc'r, sau d6 tim ra hinh chidu mdi cfra tam gi6c ABC trOn m4t
Hr; hintr chidu mdi tam gi6c arb,cr PhAn 6nh hinh thr,tc cria tam gi6c ABC'
[Vi du Z] De bidt hai m{t ph8ng tam gi6c MNF vd MNG cdt nhau d MN,
hinh chidu chinh cfia chrlng Id m' g'n'f hinh chidu bhng ld mgnf; tim g6c kgp gitra
hai m{t ph8ng (hinh 1'58). " I

(a) (b)

Hinh 1 - 58 Tim goc kep gifa hai mAt ph8ng

)+
^1
 Gizii: Khi giao tuydn MN cria hai mat phing vudng g6c vdi mrt chidu thi hinh chidu
cria hai mrt phing trOn mdt chidu niy trd thanh hai dudng thing c6t nhau. G6c
kep 0 gifra hai drrdng thing cdt nhau chinh ld g6c kep ctia ttui cdn tim.
Nhrr thd hien d hinh 1-58(a). Do giao tuydn MN .f," tam gi6c-+iph8ng
MNF vd tam gi6c
MNG ld drrdng song song chinh, chi cdn bidn ddi m6t ld.n, ui tfrA bidn ddi n6 thdnh
dudng vu6ng g6c cria mit H, ld duoc. Cric budc d{ng hinh cu thd cria n6 ld: (1) dung
truc chidu mdi X, vudng g6c m'n'. (2) Tim ra hinh chidu cria tam gi6c MNF vd tam
gi:ic MNG tr6n mdt H,, chrlng ld.n luot co tu thdnh cdc doan thing (nr) mrf, vd (nr)
DrB,. .f,-,9, ld g6c kep 0 gifra hai mdt rhing cdn tim,
lvi d9 3] Tim g6c kep 0 gifra hai m6t canh cfra ddu ndi bieh d?ng.

. Hlnh 1 . 59 Tlm g6c rgp gi8a hai m{t b6n cOa ddu ndi bidn dgng

Gi6i: Hinh 1-59 (a) thd hign mQt dAu ndi bidn d+ng. Khi chd tqo, y6u cdu
kidm tra dQ ldn cria g6c kgp gifla hai m{t b6n ABCD vA ABEF. Mdu chdt cria viQc
gi6i dd niy ld tim crich bidn tldi giao tuydn AB thdnh drrdng vudng g6c.
eua hinh
bidt giao tuydn t bOn
dn ddi mdi thdn vu6ng
giao tuydn AB c ng AB
H' rdi lai bidn ludng vudng g6c cfia mit v,. cdc brrdc cfia
n6 ld: (1) Dung truc X, song song vdi hinh chidu chinh a'b' cfia giao tuydn, tim ra
hinh chidu mdi a,brf,e, vd a,brd,c, cria hai mdt phing trOn mit H,- (2)Lqj drlng truc
X, vu6ng g6c vdi hinh chi€'u mdi arb, cria giao tuydn, tim ra hinh chidu mdi
arb,fi e, vd arbrdrc, cfra hai m6t phing tron mdt v,. G6c eiblc, Id g6c kep gifra hai
mat bOn cria dAu ndi bidn d?ttg.
35
 BAr rAp

1. Tim dO dai thgc c0a tlrrdng th&ng EF

z

(a) (b) (c)

2. Tim hinh thqlc cria m4t ph8ng hinh tam giric ABC vd hinh thang ABCD'

(b) (c)

3. Kidm chfng tt gi6c CDEF sau ddy c6 phAi li m[t chung'

(a) (b) (c,

4. Tim g6c kep 0 giira hai m{t ph&ng (giao tuydn crlra hai m4t phf,ng lt AB)

(b) (c)

36
 CHUOT',JG 2

2- | Hinh chidu c&a dudrng con$

Dudng cong c6 thd xem nhrr qul tich chuydn dQng cfia tlidm. Dttdng cong cfia
didm chuydn dO"J trong m[t ph&ng t?o n@n thi goi Id tlrrdng cong ph&ng, nhu drrdng
trbn, drrdng elip, dudng thAn khai, dUdng paraboi v.v... Drtdng cong cfia didm chuydn
dOng kh6n! d trong cr)ng mQt mdt phing,tao n6n thi gpi ld cltrdng cong khdng
gian
,rirriauUngloSr.r dc tru trdn, dudnf *o6tt dc n6n v.Y... Cirng mqt dudng cong c6 thd
dugc hinh- thdnh bdi nhidu pn.rong phdp kh6c nhau; nhrr hinh elip vira c6 thd xem ld
qui ti.h chuydn dQng theo qui tuat ntrdt rrinh cira didm trong mAt ph8ng, l+i vira c6
thd xem ld giao tuydn girla mdt ph&ng vdi mdt hinh tru. Drrdi dAy sE gidi thiQu m6t
so tludng cong thrJdng g?p.

l. Hinh chidu crio dr.ldng lr6n.

Vi tri kh6ng gian cfia drrdng trbn kh6c nhau thi hinh chidu cfia n6 cfing khdng
gidng nhau. Khi tludng trdn vuOn! g6c vdi mdt chidu thi hinh chidu trOn m{t chidu
,ray tO co tr,r thdnh mQt dudng th!n--g Khi dubng trbn song song vdi mQt m4t chidu
ndo d6 thi hinh chidu tren m41 nay ptrdn 6nh ld hinh thuc. Khi drrdng trbn xi6n vdi
m4t chidu thi hinh chidu trOn mdi ta hinh elip (hinh tdong tr,r cfia hinh trbn)'
"ay
1 Hinh chidu c0a tlrrdng trbn khi 6 vi tri song
song vdi mdt chidu: Ktri cludng trdn song song vdi
mQt mdt chidu niro d6 tdt phai vu6ng g6c v6i hai m4t
chidu kia cfia n6. Hinh chidu cria drrdng trbn tr0n m{t
chidu niy ph6n 6nh
mdt chidu khdc co
hiendhinh2-t,d,

2. Hinh chidu cria cludng trbn khi A vi tri vudng

g6c vdi mft chidu' Khi dudng trbn 6 vl tri m4t th&ng
Hinh 2 - 1 Hinh chidu c0a dudng
trdn khi song song vdi mit chi€lu
a*g thi hinh chidu cria drrdng trbn nhy tron mf,t chidu
37
mh n6 vu6ng g6c sE eo t9 thdnh mQt drldng th&ng, cbn hai hinh chidu kia Ih drrdng elip.
Nhrr thd hiQn 6 hinh 2 - 2, mlt phhng hien tai cria hinh trbn lir mQt mlt thhng drlng.
Vi thd, hinh chidu bhng ab cfra hinh trbn co tu thhnh mQt dudng thing, tlQ dei cfra n6 lh
drrdng kinh D cfia tlrrdng trbn; hinh chidu chinh cria dtrdng trbn ld hinh bAu duc, truc ddi
cria hinh bAu dgc nhy lh hinh chidu c'd' cfia dudng kinh th&ng dwrg CD cira tludng trbn,
d0 ddi cfia n6 bhng dudng kinh D cfra dudng trbn. Tnrc ng6n Ii hinh chi6u a'b' cira dtrdng
kinh bhng AB drrdng trdn, dO dei cria n6 c6 thd c[n crl vdo quan hQ hinh chidu ild dung ra.
Sau khi tim drloc tryc diri, t4rc ngSn thi c6 thd dung ttrrgc hinh bAu dqc.

Hinh 2 - 2 Hlnh chidu c0a hinh tron khi vuOng g6c vdi mqt chieu

3. Hinh chidu cria tlrrdng trbn khi dr vi tri xiOn. Khi hinh trbn d vi tri xi6n, thi
c6c hinh chidu cria drrdng trbn ld dudng elip. Nhrrthd hien d hinh 2 - 3(a), hinh trdn
c6 drrdng kinh li D nhm tr6n m5.t phing vi tri kh6ng dac biQt ZMNKL, hinh chidu
cria drrdng trdn ndy tr6n m6.t V vd m4t H ddu ld dudng elip. Khi cho trrldc hai hinh
chidu D m'n'k'l' vd,D mnkl vd tAm O(o,o') cria drrdng trbn tr0n mdt phlng thi c6
thd dtrng phrrong ph6p ho6n ddi mat dd tim ra phrlong vd dQ ldn cria truc dii, vi
truc ngdn cria elip. Trong hinh 2 - 3(b), dd tim hinh chidu chinh cria drrdng trbn,
trddc tiOn bidn ddi m[t hinh binh hinh z7 MNKL thdnh mlt th&ng drlng, trlc ldy H,

(a) (b)

Hinh 2 - 3 Hinh chidu cOa dr.tong trdn khi nbm xiBn vdi m{t chidu

38
thay H, thi trong h0 thong V/H, drrdng trdn vu6ng g6c v6i H' ltic ndy c6 thd cdn cf
vdo phttong ph6p d{ng hinh cria hinh chidu drrdng trdn tr6n mdt th8ng drlng dd tim
ra hinh chidu - elip cria n6 tr6n m4t V. Dtrng phuong phrip tuong tt/ c6 thd tim ra
hinh chieu - elip cria hinh trdn trOn mit FL

ll. StJ hinh thonh, hinh chidu vo hinh khoitridn drJdng xodn dc trr,r tr6n (dUdng
dinh dc).
I(hi mdt tlidm trOn bd mit hinh tru trdn chuydn dQng ddu quanh truc, ddng
thdi chuydn dQng thing ddu theo phuong drrdng truc cfia hinh tru, thi qui tich chuydn
dQng crja dieim dOng tr6n bd mit hinh tru trdn goi ld tludng xoSn dc tru trbn. Qui tich
cria didm A thd hien 6 hinh 2 - 4(a) chinh Id mOt drrdng xodn dc tru trbn. Kho6ng cdch
di chuyeln hrrdng truc cria didm A khi chay quanh dugc mQt vdng (nhrr AoA, r) gOi lA bddc
cria drrdng xoin dc tru trbn khi da bidt dudng kinh d cria hinh trg trbn, chidu quay
(quay tr6i ho5,c quay ph6i) cria didm A vd dQ ldn cria brrdc S thi c6 thd vE ra hinh chidu
cria dudng xoSn dc tru trdn (drrdng dinh 6c). Cdc brrdc drrng hinh cria n6 (hinh 2 - 4(b))
ld: (1) tnjdc tiOn dung hinh chidu hai mdt cria m4t tru trbn c6 dt/dng kinh lA d, sau d6
chia brrdc S trOn hinh chidu bbng (drrdng trbn) vh hinh chidu chinh cria n6 thinh cdc
phdn bbng nhau (trong hinh chia thdnh 12 phAn) (2) TU cdc phdn tr6n budc S dgng
tludng song song ngang bbng vd til c6c phAn tr6n chu vi drrdng trdn dqng tlrrdng thing
drlng, c6,c giao didm trJong rlng cria chfng nhu: ai, a, ai...ld hinh chidu chinh c$a ct.c
di6m tr6n dudng xoSn dc. (3) Ldn luot ndi trbn hinh chidu c6c didm niy, sE drroc hinh
chiSu chinh cria ,iltrdng xo6n dc. Dudng xodn dc tr0n mit hinh tru nita phia tnrdc c6 thd
nhin thay, vd thd.nh dudng n6t lidn dQm, dudng xo6n dc tr6n mIt hinh tru nira sau
khdng nhin thdy thi vE thdnh dudng n6t drlt. Hinh chiSu bing cua drrdng xoin dc co
tu thdnh itrrdng trbn. Ndu khai tridn mdt hinh tru, thi tludng xoSn dc tr6n n6 trd
thdnh mQt dt/dng thing 6inh 2 - 4 c). Drrdng th&ng niy lh canh huydn cfra tam gi6c
vuOng. MQt canh g6c vuOng cfia tam gi6c vudng ld dQ ddi chu vi nd cfra dttdng trdn t161'
hinh tru trbn, m6t canh g6c vudng khdc li budc S crja tlttdng xoSn dc. D0 dhi cria brrdc
S dtldng xodn tr6n dc fa fflrd)a$ , g6c kep gifra canh huydn vd canh d6y cria tam gi6c
vu6ng goi ld g6c l6n (ddc) cria dttdng xodn 6c, g6c kep I gif,a canh huydn vdi mQt canh
g6c vuOng kh6c goi Id g6c xo6n cria drrdng xoSn dc, c5'n cr1 vdo nguy0n lf tr6n, ndu
qudn mQt mAnh giay hinh tam gi6c vu6ng I6n mit hinh tru trdn thi trOn mqt hinh
tru trdn, canh huyAn sE quay thhnh m6t dUdng xodn dc tru trdn (drJdng dinh dr).

(b) (c)
Hinh 2 - 4 SU hinh thdnh hinh chieu vd hinh khai tridn dUdng xoin cic tru trdn (drldng dinh cic)

39
 tlt. Sg hinh ihonh vo hinh chidu cfio dr;dng xo6n dc hinh non.
ICri mQt dOng tlidm d trOn mdt hinh n6n chuydn dQng ddu quanh drldng truc,
ddng thdi chuydn clOng thing ddu theo phrrong dttdng truc ctra hinh n6n, thi
qui tich
.t rid1 dong cfra dQng didm tr6n mit hinh n6n goi ld drldng xoSn dc hinh n6n.
rcroang c6ch di chuydn hudng truc cira didm A khi chay quanh d'ttoc mOt vbng goi lh
-
brrdc cira drrdng xodn dc hinh n6n (S). Khi da bidt dudng kinh d cria drrdng trbn mdt
driy cria hinh n6n chinh, dO cao H cria n6n. Vd chidu quay (tr6i, phii) cria ctidm di
dOng vd rlQ ldn cfra budc S thi c6 thd vE ra hinh chidu cria dudng xo6n dc hinh n6n.
Cdc brrdc dqng hinh cria n6 lh (xem hinh 2 - 5) (1) Drrng hinh chidu hai m4t cria mdt
hinh n6n chinh c6 dtldng kinh tludng trbn d5'y
le d, tlQ cao H cria n6n li H. Sau d6 chia cria
hinh chidu bXng (tlrrdng trdn) vd budc S tr6n
hinh chidu chinh thdnh cric phdn bing nhau.
(trong hinh lA 12 phdn bdng nhau). (2) TrOn
mdt n6n dqng hinh chidu cfia c6c dudng sinh
(S'1' , S'2'... S'L2' vit 51, S2... S12 v'v.'.) giao
didm {0, {r, ar... arL gifra hinh chidu chinh cria
cdc tludng Sinh S'1', S'2' ... S'12' tr6n mbt hinh
n6n vd c:ic dudng ngang tudng fng dqng dttoc til
c6c phdn bhng nhau trOn budc S, Ie hinh chidu 11 210 39 48 5
chinh cfra cdc di6m tr6n d.ttdng xo6n dc n6n, lAn
.lrrot ndi tron lidn cric didm ndy sE dugc hinh
chiSu chinh cria dudng xodn dc n6n, drrdng xodn
dc trOn mdt hinh n6n nilta trudc thinh tltrdng
n6t lidn, tlrrdng xodn dc tr6n mit hinh n6n nila
sau drJoc vE thdnh drrdng n6t dft. (3) Do cdc
didm A0, A1, Ar... trOn ttudng xoSn dc lAn lrrot d
tr6n ttubng-Sinh trrong ftng S0, SI, SII..., c6 thd
trl c6c didm ai, a'r, {2... dab du
bhng osr a1, ar... tdong r1ng, dn
lidn c6c didm ndy sE drJgc ria
'tlttdng xodn dc n6n. Tit phuong phdp dUng hinh Hinh 2 - 5 SU hinh thdrnh vd hinh chieu c0a
ta bidt, n6 ld mQt ihrdng xodn dc Acsimet. dudng xo6n tr6n oc hlnh n6n

tV. Hinh chidu cfio dUdng cong khong gion bdt quit6c vo sgkhoitridn gdn dOng
Hinh chidu cira Cludng cong khOng gian c6 drlgc bdi ndi tron lidn tudn tr/ hinh
chidu cing m6t cfra cdc tlidniauUtg .orrg. Odi uOi tlrrdng cong kh6ng gian bdt qui t6c,
ngodi vi6c c[n crl vdo hinh chidu cira tlrrdng cong dd bidu thi hinh d6ng cria n6 ra
co1 phei d6nh kf hi€u ddi vdi c6c didm tlac biet nhu ttidm tldu, didm hinh chidu
trirnl v.v... cria dudng cong. Nhu trong hinh 2 - 6(a), (b) hinh chidu cria hai hinh v6
gidng nhau, nhtrng kf hiQu cria chring khdc nhau. Vi thd, hinh ddng kh6ng gian cfia
hai drrdng cong cfrng dai thd khdc nhau. Nhu ndu de bidt hai hinh chidu cfra dudng
do dei khai tridn cfi Trong hinh 2 - 7(d d'e
6t cria mot dudng co BIXC, tld khai trid.n n6
6 thd dDng ntridu tl 6ng gian thay the gAn
dring drrdng corrg kh6ng gian (trong hinh chia ra 11 doan drrdng gdy), sau d6 dirng

40
t

(a) (b)

Hinh 2 - 6 Hinh chieu c0a dudng cong kh6ng gian bdt quit6c

phtrong ph6p hinh tam gi6c vuOng lAn luot tim ra dO dai thr,Ic cria m6i doan tlrrdng
gdy thdnh drrdng thing nhrr thd hiQn 6 hinh 2 - 7(c).

40 50 bo 60 70

(a) (c)

Hinh 2 - 7 Phudng phdp khqi tridn gdn d0ng thdnh dudng thtng c0a dudng cong khong gian bdt qui t6c

V. Tidp tuydn crio drldng cong

Trong tinh hinh chung, bdt kd Ie dudng
cong mdt phing ho4c dttdng cong kh6ng gian
thi hinh chidu crta c6t tuydn vd tidp tuydn cria
drrdng cong lh kh6ng thay tldi, hinh chidu cria
clidm c6t va tidp didm v6n ld tlidm cdt ve tidp
didm tr6n hinh chidu cria dudng cong nhy. Nhu
thd hign d hinh 2 - 8, giao tlidm gif,a dudng
cong khdng gian K vdi c6t tuydn L la C vD. D,
hinh chidu 1 cira c6t tuydn L vAn ld crlt tuydn
cira hinh chidu k cria dudng cong, giao didm lh c
vi d. Khi tlidm C chuydn tlQng theo dtrdng cong
gdn vd phia D, thi c6t tuydn L bidn thdnh tidp
tuydn T, hinh chidu 1 cfia n6 cfrng trd thinh
tidp tuydn t cria hinh chidu drrdng cong; hinh
chidu d cria tidp tlidm D cflng Id tidp tlidm giita
Hinh 2 - S Tidp tuYdn c0a dudng cong
tidp tuydn t vdi drrdng cong k.
4l
 ivi du 1l: Tim vh dung tidp tuydn cria dttdng xo6n oc tru trbn-
Gi6i: Til tinh chdt cfia dddng xodn oc tru trdn vd hinh 2 - 9(a), ta c6 thd bidt
g6c nghiOng c0a tidp tuydn IA,, IIA2... cria m6i didm trOn dudng xodn dc trg trbn
v6i
ir+t fr ac1,"Uhng gOc ttrang a(g6c I6n, g6c ngdng) cria drrdng xo6n oc, cl6 dii cira tidp
LAr, 2A2... (tr1c tid
g theo sd tdng cao
trdn. Cin cfi ddc
dc tru trdn. Cdc bttdc d{ng hinh cfra n6 lir
(hinh 2 - gb). (1) Vd ra hinh chidu cria drrdng xodn dc tr6n m4t hinh trg vdi budc
x.ra,.., le S, dtrdng kinh Ie d, vd drrdng thAn khai cfia hinh trbn d6y.
(2) Do hinh
chidu cira tiep tuydn drrdng cong nhat tlinh c6t vdi hinh chidu cing mbt cfra dudng
cong, cho nOn khl drlng hinh, trddc ti6n tit c6c phAn bhng nhau: l, 2, 3"' tr6n hinh
chidu bhng, dgng tidp tuydn cfia hinh trbn. Nhrr a hinh trbn dttng qua
didm 3 c6t a,rang th-an khai t?i clidm a' til a, t 3'ai thi 3'a, c6t v6i
hinh chidu chinh cfia drrdng xodn dc tru trbn ia a, vd 3a, trlc Ii hinh
chidu chinh vd hinh chidu bhng cria tidp tuydn cdn tim. Cin cfi vdo phuong ph6p
nhu vfy cfrng c6 thd tim ra cdc ti6p tuydn khdc'

(a) (b)

Hinh 2 - I Phudng phdp v6 tidp tuyen crla dridng xo6n oc hinh trq

2 - 2 Su hinh thd,nh vi phAn loq'i mi,t con€l

M6t cong c6 thd coi nhu ld drroc t4o bdi qul tich cfra mQt tludng chuydn dOng
vdi didu kien nhdt dinh trong kh6ng gian. Thong thrldng ggi dudng chuydn dQng
ndy ld dr-rdng sinh, g.oi c6c didm, tluong ho6c mft khdng chd sg chuydn ilQng cfia
drrdng Sinh ld didm dAn (chudn), ddv d6n (chudn) ho4c
mit dAn (chudn). Drrdng Sinh cria m6i vi tri tr0n m{t
cong ggi la td tuydn cfia m{t cong' Nhu m4t tru thd
hiQn 6 hinh 2 - 10 le do drrdng Sinh L chuvdn dQng

cong ld dudng thEng hay drrdng cong, c6 thd chia thdnh

Hinh 2 - 10 SLj hinh thinh mqttrq
mit drldng th&ng vd mit tlrrdng cong.
l)
 2 - 5 M+t dudrn€ thing
didu trong kh6ng gian
dng t ng thEng lai chia
tridn thing kh6ng thd
chi mdt cong c6 thd tr6i phEng l6n mOt
ntt rdch ndo. Khi hai drrdng Sinh v6 cing
t nhau ho5.c song song vdi nhau thi-c6 thd
cong tidp tuydn v.v...; khi hai dddng Sinh
thing giao ch6o nhau thi khOng thd khai
dt xodn 6'c chfnh v.v... Mudn bidu thi mpr
g thrldng phdi vE ra hinh chidu cria drrdng
c m4t chudn vA dddng bao ngod.i cria mdt
vi trf chfr ydu cria dudng Sinh.
l. Mgt tru.
Mdt cong drroc hinh thdnh bdi mdt drrdng Sinh thing chuydn dqng theo drrdng
ng son hi goi li mdt tru. Do vi
dttdng gian khOng gidng nhau,
ai loai tru trbn va mdt tru elin.
1. M+t tru trdn
. (1) Su hinh thdnh m5.t tru trbn. Nhu thd hion d hinh 2 -
11(a), n6u I, II le
dudng Sinh thing, drrdng chudn Q ld trdn, dttdng rhudt AB le drrdng
thing vu6ng
g6c vdi mdt phang ma dudng chudn d trong d6, mdt cong hinh thdnh khi clrrdng
Q
Sinh I II chuydn dQng theo drrdng chudn Q
-J lu6n ludn ,ong .ong vdi drrdng chudn
AB goi li mdt tru trbn. Tron bdn vE, dtrdng truc oO cfia maitru lrdn tdt pnai song
ria drrdng Sinh qua cdc vi trf do drrdirg truc
su hinh thdnh ctra mit tru trbn li mdt
I quay quanh drrdng truc OO song song vdi
{t tru trdn ld hai drrdng thing song song
vdi nhau, vi thd mdt tru trdn ndy ld mdt drrdng thing c6 thd mli tridn
(2) Hinh chidu cria m6t tru trbn. Khi bidu
di6n mdt tru trdn tren bdn v6 hinh
chidu, n6i chung ph-6i v6 drrbng ir,rc ve dudng bao ngodi cria m6t tru trbn. Nhrr
thd
hiQn d hinh 2 - tl(b), khi drrdng truc cfra mqt tru trdn vudng g6c vdi md,t H, trrtfuc
ti6n vE hinh chidu ba m{t cria dudng truc rdi vE hinh chidu Uu *+t ctia md.t tru trbn.
Do drrdng truc OO vu6ng g6c vdi mdt H, cho n€n hinh chidu bing cria d6dng trbn
dinh, tlttdng trbn d6y vd mit tru trdn ddu qui tr,r thdnh mgt dudng trbn q. Sau cr)ng
vE dudng bao ngoA'i cria hinh chidu chinh vd hinh chidu cgnh, ar.rirrg ndi a'a'
cfra hinh chidu ttidm t{n cDng b6n tr6i, didm t4n cDng b6n ph6i hinh trbn dinh,
, b'b'
hinh trbn d6y tr6n hinh chidu chinh ld tludng bao ngohi chinh diQn, cgng trlc ld
hinh chidu cfra drrdng chuydn hrrdng m{t trr,r trbn tnrdc, sau. Dudng ndi c' ' d.'d"
cria hinh chidu tAn cirng phia tnrdc, t{n cing phia sau hinh trbn "'7,
dinh, hinh trbn d6y
tr€n hinh chidu bOn ld tlrrdng bao ngohi b6n, c0ng ld hinh chidu cria drrdng chuydn
hrrdng mit hinh tru b6n tr6i, b6n phdi.
(3) Ldy didm tr6n mlt tru trbn. Cdn cf viro dd,c tinh hinh chi6u cria m6.t tru
trbn, c6 thd til mQt hinh chidu cria tlidm trdn m[t tru trdn dd tim ra cd,c hinh chidu
43
kh6c. Nhrr hinh 2 - 11(b), de biSt hinh chidu chinh m' cria didm M trOn m[t tru trbn,
tim hinh chidu bhng v6i hinh chidu canh cria didm M. Khi didm M c6 thd nhin thdy,
thi didm M 5t nhm trOn mdt hinh tru nfia trudc, cho nOn hinh chidu bbng m nhdt
tlinh nbm trOn hinh trdn hinh chiOu bhng nfia trudc c6 tinh qui tu. Til m, m' c6 thd
tim duoc m".
q ?i.

Dudng chudn Q

Oudng sinh

Hinh 2 - 11 SU hinh thdnh, hinh chidu vd dqlng didm tr6n bd m4t c0a m{t trq trdn

2. M+t try elip

(1) su hinh thdnh m4t trg elip. Nhrr thd hien d hinh 2 - 12 (a), I, II ld drrdng
Sinh thing, ctrrdng chudn (cl6n) Q ld tlrrdng trbn, drrdng chudn AB la drrdng thing
xi6n vdi tlrrdng tron trdn. M?t cong tluoc hinh thdnh bdi khi drrdng Sinh I, II chuydn
dOng theo iludng trbn Q vd lu6n song song vdi dudng chudn AB, d6 ld mit trg elip.
Do hai dudng Sinh (td tuydn) cAn ki tr6n mdt trg elip li hai ilrrdng thing song
song, n6n mit trg elip Ii mQt loai mdt dudng thing c6 thd khai tridn.

Dudng chudn Q

Hinh 2 - 12 StJ hinh th?rnh vd hinh chi6'u c0a mft trq elip

(2) Hinh chidu cfra m4t tnr elip. Thd hien m[t tru elip tr€n b6n vE hinh
chidu, n6i chung, phdi vE drldng chudn vd drrdng bao ngodi cfia md,t cong, khi cdn cbn
phfii vE ra mQt sd tlrrdng Sinh. Nhtl thd hiQn 6 hinh 2 - L2 (b) khi drrdng chudn Q
(drrdng trbn) vu6ng g6c vdi m4t H. C6 thd tnldc ti€n v6 ra hinh chidu chinh vd hinh
chidu bbng cria tlrrdng chudn AB vi tludng chudn Q (drrdng trbn). Dttdng trbn Q Id
tlrrdng trbn tlinh cria mdt tru elip, th6ng thrldng chon drrdng trbn song song vdi

44
tlrrdng trbn dlnh Q lhm drrdng trdn d6y cfra n6, dudng ndi tam OO cria dudng trdn
dinh vd dudng trbn ddy, d6 la dudng trr,rc cria m{t tru elip nAy. Bdi vi dudn! trr,rc
nhdt clinh phAi song song vdi drrdng chudn thlng AB, phrrong c(ra dudng Sinn ao
drrdng trr;c quydt tlinh; cho n6n c6 thd khong cdn ue aiung chrkn thfing ,in ,".-
s.,
cDng vE dudng bao ngodi cria m{t trr; elip. Drrdng ndi cria hinh chidu didm
tren cilng
b€n tr6i, tfn cDng b€n phdi drrdng trbn dinh, dJdng trbn ddy tr6n hinh chidu chinh
ld hinh chu m{t trr,r e vd nfia sau; tr6n hinh
chi6u b tuy hung cfra tric hinh chidu dtrdng
chuydn at t nt?a trOn ao ngoii ndy ddu phdi
li hinh chidu cr)ng mit song song vdi dudng truc.
(3) Hinh chidu cria mdt tru elip tr6n mdt chidu vu6ng g6c vdi
dudng trr,rc cira
n6. Nhu thd hien d hinh 2 - t3, mdt tru elip md driy tr6n vi d6y drrdi ddu ld hinh
hing d vf tri xi6n. Ding phrrong phrip hai
OO thdnh drrdng th8ng drlng cfia mdt H,
mQt hinh elip, truc ddi cfra n6 bhng drrdng
i
tr) quan hO hinh chiSu md dr/ng ra. eua
crja m5.t tru elip md dttdng truc xi6n, d6y
tron, ddy dudi ddu ld drrdng trdn thi so ld mQt hinh elip. Trong thrrc td s6n xudt, cL
thd dilng dng m[t tn; elip tld ndi hai dng mrt tru trdn song song vd so le vdi nhau
nhtrng drrdng kinh bing nhau, nhrr thd hiQn d hinh 2 - L4.
(D Ldy didm tr€n mit tru elip. Cdn cf vi.o d5.c didm hinh thdnh
cfra md.t tru
elip, c6 thd tir mot hinh ctridu cria ,iidm tr6n mdt tru elip, tim ra hinh chidu kh6c
cria n6' Nhu thd hi6n 6 hinh 2 - L3, de bidt hinh chidu .rtinn m' cria
didm M tron

Hinh 2 - 13 Hinh thUc mdt cit chinh c0a mir tru etip vir tdy didni rren bd mdr

45
mat tru elip, c6 thd dp d,.rng phrrong phdp dddng
Sinh bd tro vh phrlong phdp drrdng trbn bd tro dd tim
ra hinh chidu cbn lai cria didm M, phrtong phdp dudng
Cing trr; elip
Sinh bd tro ld qua didm M drrng drrdng Sinh bd tro I
II, cdn cr1 vdo didu kien de bidt dd xdc dinh hinh
chieu chinh l' 2' cria I II, sau d6 tim ra hinh chieu
bbng I 2 cta n6, hinh chidu L', 2', trOn mdt V, vd
hinh chieu Lr 2, (co tu thinh m6t didm) trOn m5.t H,.
Lai trr didm m' cdn cr1 vdo tinh chdt hinh chidu cria
didm trOn dudng thEng, tim ra m, m; vd m,. Do hinh
chidu cria md.t tru elip tr6n mdt H, co tu thdnh mOt
dudng elip, cho nOn hinh chidu Lr2r- m, trOn mit H, Hinh 2 - 14 Dung ong trq elip dd noi
cfia dudng Sinh bd tro I II vd didm M tr6n mdt tru hai ong trq tron
elip nhdt dinh trirng chap thdnh mOt didm.
Phuong phdp drrdng trdn bd tro ld qua didm M drrng drrdng trbn bd tro ngang
bhng song song vdi trbn ddy, hinh chidu trOn mdt chinh cfia drrdng trdn ndy ld
dudng bhng a'b' qua didm m', a'b' cdt durdng truc o'o' 6 didm e', r6i tir didm e' tim
ra e, thi didm E ld tAm cfra dudng trbn phu. Sau C16, tU hinh chidu chinh a'e'b' (co tu
thdnh mQt dudng th6ng song song vdi truc X) cfra drrdng trbn bd tro bbng cl6 tim
dtroc dd tim ra hinh chidu bhng acbd ld tlrrdng trbn c6 dudng kinh bing a'b' cfia n6
vd hinh chidu c', a', b', d, (co tu thdnh mQt cludng th6ng song song vdi truc X,) trOn
mlt V,, hinh chidu tr6n mdt Hl le dudng elip a,c,b,d,.E cli€im M phAi nbm tr6n chu
vi dudng trbn bd tro phu, n6n lai tit m' tim ra m, mi vir m,.

ll. Mqf c6n (Conic)

Mdt cong duoc hinh thdnh bdi mOt drrdng Sinh thEng chuydn dQng theo
drrdng chudn cong vd lu6n lu6n di qua mQt didm nhdt dinh, goi d6 ld mdt c6n. Do vi
tri trong khOng gian cfra didm cd dinh vd dudng chudn cong khdc nhau, nOn c6 thd
hinh thdnh hai loai m5.t cOn thudng gap: mat cdn trbn (n6n) vd. m5.t cOn elip.
1. MAt c6n trbn (n6n)
(1) Su hinh thhnh m{t n6n: Nhu thd hien 6 hinh 2 - 15(a), SI le drrdng Sinh
th8ng drrdng chudn Q td duong trbn tdm O, S ld didm chudn me dudng ndi SO ld
dudng th8ng vuOng g6c vdi dudng trbn Q. Iftri dudng Sinh SI chuydn dQng theo
drrdng trbn Q vd lu6n IuOn di qua didm S thi mqt cong dugc hinh thdnh ld m{t n6n
(con trbn) d trong bdn v6, dudng th6ng SO vd dudng trr,:c cfra mdt hinh n6n, do d6,
cfrng c6 thd trinh bdy s',J hinh thdnh m{t n6n theo cdch kh6c nhu sau: mQt drrdng
Sinh th8ng quay quanh dudng truc cdt nhau vdi n6 md thdnh. Do hai drrdng Sinh
canh kd tr6n mbt n6n nhdt dinh li hai drrdng thEng giao nhau qua dinh n6n, vi thd,
m5.t n6n lh loai md.t drJdng thing c6 thd khai tridn'
(2) Hinh chidu cfia mdt n6n. Nhtt thd hien 6 hinh 2 - 75(b), khi dudng trgc
cria mdt n6n vuOng g6c vdi mflt H, hinh trbn d6y Q song song vdi m6t H, trudc ti6n
vE hinh chidu ba mdt cria dudng truc dinh n6n vi drrdng trdn d:i5r. Trong hinh, hinh
chidu bhng q cfia drrdng trbn driy ph6n :inh hinh thdc, q' vd q" m6i cdi co tU.thdnh
dudng th&ng, sau d6 v6 dudng bao ngodi cria mdt n6n, nhu trOn hinh chiSu chinh ld
hinh chieu s'a', s'b' cfra hai dudng Sinh SA, SB tQn cing trdi, tAn cing phii, tr€n
46
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cfing ld didm phAn chia b0 phan n6t dtrt vd nr,6t lidn cria hinh chidu bhng drrdng t gt nop.
(2) Do hinh chidu canh cfra hinh tru trdn c6 tinh tfch tu, cho non hinh chidu
canh cria dudng kdt h-op trung hgp tr6n hinh chidu canh (hinh trbn) cria hinh tru trbn.
Ndu trrrdc ti6n chia ddu hinh chidu canh (hinh trbn) ctia hinh tru trbn thi qua c6c didm
chia ddu dtrng mqt phr,r dd tim cdc didm tr6n dudng kdt hop, s6 c6 thd narrg cao tinh
chinh x6c cria b6n v6 khai tridn.

ll. PhLrdng ph6p met ph8ng drJdng sinh

Phttong phrlp mdt phing dudng sinh lA dd cho mdt phing phv qua dinh ctia
m[t conic ho5.c song song vdi drrdng sinh vd dudng truc cfra mdt tru, dd brio ddm
m5't phu dd dttng c6t nhau vdi drrdng sinh cfia hai m4t cong nhhm tim didm chung
cfr_a hai mdt cong - Hinh 3-3 thd hiQn dp dung phuong phdp m6t phing
drrdng sinh
dd tim d{ng tludng kdt hop. Trudc ti6n phan ticfr dine t"it pt 6"9 vi tri nho li.m
m4t phr,r mdi c6 thd cdt hinh tru trbn, hinh n6n t4i dudng sinh. Ndu mu6'n m6t phu
cdt hinh n6n tai dddng sinh thi mdt phu phrii qua dinh cfra hinh n6n; ndu mud'n
mdt phu cdt hinh tru tai drrdng sinh thi m5.t phu ph6i song song vdi drrdng truc vd
dudng sinh cria hinh tru trbn. Trong hinh, dudng truc cfra hinh tru trdn vu6ng g6c
vdi mdt canh thi mdt phu nhdt dinh cfrng ph6i ldy vuong g6c vdi m[t canh. d day,
xem x6t tdng hop y0u cdu ri6ng bi6t cria hinh n6n vd hinh tru trdn doi vdi mdt phu,
c6 thd xdc dinh nOn chon mdt phing di qua tlinh cria hinh n6n vd vudng g6c vdi
mat b6n ldm mdt phu.

mqt phq

Hinh 3'3 Dung phudng phAp mdt phEng dudng sinh Od tim, drJng dr;dng Xet frqp

Iftri dttng hinh, thing xi6n qua dinh n6n trong ph?m
trr,Idc tiOn tlttng dtrdng
vi chung crja hinh chidu canh hinb n6n, hinh tru trbn vd. dem drrdng thing ndy ldm
hinh chieu canh crla mdt phu. Eudng thing xi€n drrng duoc s6 giao nhau vdi hinh
chidu bOn cfra hinh tru trbn o hai didm I"(2) vd 3"(4"), hai tlidm ndy chinh ld hai
giao tuydn gifra mdt phu vdi hinh tru trdn, trlc hinh chi6u ben cia hai drrdng sinh
trOn trv trbn, m6i dudng tich tu thb.nh m6t didm. Tu 1' '(2 ) vd 3' '(4" ) dtra vho qui
luqt hinh chidu, tr6n hinh tru trdn dUng hinh chidu chinh vd hinh chidu bhng cria
61
hai drrdng sinh nhy. Hinh chi6u canh cria m5.t phu vd. hinh chiSu canh cria hinh n6n,
ngod.i giao nhau 6 dinh n6n ra, cbn giao nhau v6i hinh chidu canh cria dudng trbn
driy hinh n6n tai hai didm d" , b". Cdn crl quan hQ cria hai ttidm a" , b" tr€n hinh
trdn ddy, c6 thd dgng ra hinh chidu bhng a, b vd hinh chieu chinh d' , b' cfra hai
tlidm nhy. Dilng dudng thing lAn lttot ndi hinh chidu cr)ng m6t gifra didm S vdi hai
didm A, B thi sa, sb vd s'a', s'b' c6 drroc chinh ld hinh chidu bbng vd hinh chidu
chinh cria hai giao tuydn gif,a mit phu vdi hinh n6n. M4t phu giao nhau vdi hinh
chi6u bhng cria hai tl6i giao tuydn hinh n6n, hinh tru trdn tai bon didm L, 2, 3 vd 4,
hinh chidu chinh cria n6 cft nhau tai bdn didm L' ,2', 3' vi 4',b6n didm ndy ld hinh
chi6u bhng vd hinh chi6u chinh cfra didm chung gif,a hinh n6n vdi hinh tru trdn.
Hinh chidu canh cria ttidm chung le 1" ,2" ,3" vd 4".
TrOn hinh chidu canh qua dinh n6n s" dqng mQt drrdng th8ng *iett kh6., ttl.
dqng mQt mflt phu kh6c, cfing tdong trJ nhu vdy, c6 thd tim tluoc b6'n itidm chung crit
thd dung hinh nhidu ldn, sau khi tim dri so lrrgng didm thi lAn lrrot dDng dudng cong
ndi theo thf tu hinh chidu cing mEt cria chring sE drJoc hinh chiSu ba mdt cfia tltrdng
kdt hop.
Khi drldng sinh vd drrdng tr\rc cria mdt tru trdn kh6ng vu6ng g6c vdi mdt
chidu thi m4t phu cfing khdng vu6ng g6c vdi mit chidu, trong trUdng hop c16 dirng
phuong phrip mdt phing dudng sinh dd dq.tg hinh tim dtrdng kdt hop sO trrong ddi
kh6 khnn, tdt nhdt chuydn hay rip dVng phrrong phrip mdt ph&ng song song.

lll. PhUdng phop mit cdu.

Ngsai ding m4t phing lhm mit phu dd tim d{ng tlidm chung ctra hai m4t
cong ra, cbn c6 thd dilng m{t cdu ldm mit phu. Khi dttdng truc cria mit quay di qua
tAm cfra mlt cAu, thi giao tuydn gifra mdt quay vdi mdt hinh cdu li tludng trbn, md
drrdng trdn nd.y vu6ng g6c vdi tludng truc cria m6.t quay (hinh 3-4). Khi dudng truc
cria m{t quay song song vdi mdt chidu, dudng trbn giao tuydn vu6ng g6c vdi mdt
chidu, hinh chidu cria n6 tr6n mdt chidu ndy Ih drrdng thing vu6ng g6c vdi hinh
chidu dudng truc cfra m6.t quay. Khi dudng truc cfra hai mdt quay cong di qua t6rn cria
cilng mQt mit cdu mi. cA hai drrdng truc ddu song song vdi cing mQt mdt chi6u (hinh
3-5) thi hinh chidu cfra hai drrdng trbn giao tuydn gifia hai m5,t cong niy vdi m{t cdu
trOn mit chidu ld drrdng thing. Giao didm cria hai
dudng th8ng chinh li hinh chidu (trr)ng hop thdnh
mQt didm) cria hai giao didm hai drrdng trbn giao
tuydn tr6n mdt chidu ndy. Cin crl vdo hiQn trlong
tr6n, chrlng t6 c6 thd rip dUng m4t cAu lhm mdt phu
dd tim d{ng didm chung cria hai mdt cong. Nhrrng do
tinh tldc thr) cria hiQn trrong hinh chidu tr6n, vi thd
dA hqn chd chi khi phn hop vdi didu kiQn sau mdi c6
thd 6p dgtg mdt hinh cdu ldm m4t phg. Tfc hai mdt
cong ddu ld mit euey, dudng truc cria hai m4t quay
ph6i c6t nhau, giao didm ld tAm cria mgt cdu; dttdng Hinh 3 - 4 Mat quay giao nhau
truc cria hai mdt quay ph6i song song vdi cirng mQt vdi mdt cdu
mit chidu.
BAy gid, ldy hai hinh n6n giao nhau li.m vi d9 tim d{ng drrdng kdt hop nhrr
trong hinh 3-6 vd n6i 16 qu6 trinh d{ng hinh cu thd cria n6. Hinh chidu bhng cria
68
 dLJdng k6t hQp

giao tuy6n gi0a

mit cdu vd

mdt cdu phrT

giao tu.ydn gi0a \

mdt cdu vdi mdt n6n

Hinh 3 - 5 Nguy6n ty phudng phdp mqr cdu Hinh 3 - 6 D0ng m{t cdu dgng dudng ket hQp
c0a hai hinh n6n giao nhau

Qt drrdng ii drrdng thEng ngang bing, mQt

ndy ni.in trOn dudng thing ngang bing,
6.t nhau, vd ddu song song vdi mlt chinh.
phD hop vdi ba didu kiQn cdn c6 khi dnng
mdt phu phii drrng hinh tr6n m6t hinh
g hinh tr6n hinh chidu chinh trong hinh
dudng truc O' crja hai hinh n6n ldm tdm
dudng trdn, drrdng trbn ndy ld hinh chidu
a cit drrdng bao crja hinh n6n drlng 6 bdn
, c'd' ld hinh chidu cria hai dudng trdn cdt
. Drrdng trdn tld vE cit dudng bao cfra hinh
f chinh ld hinh chidu cfia drrdng trdn cdt
Hai giao didm I'(2') vd, S'(4') crta doan
dm chung cta hai hinh ndn. Khi thay ddi
thich hop brin kinh cria mdt cdu phr;, l4i c6 thd dung mQt m c, cfrng nhu
vsy, lai c6 thd dudc didm chung kh6c. crl ldn lugt dune hinh sau khi tim
drroc dfi sd luong rtidm, c6 thd aung drrdn cong ae ,ibil fi
tludng kdt hop cria hai hinh n6n.
; ;; ;td;f";
Bdn cdu phr; bdi pham vi nhdt
tlinh' Qud I h6ng c6 kinh rdn nhdt cria
n6 khong d kinh nh d6m mit cdu
tidp xfc vdi hinh n6n ldn hon.
Ba phrrong ph6p mdt phu n6i tr6n ddu ld phrtong phrip thudng aip dung dd
6 thd ein cr1 vio tinh hinh cg thd tld 6p
6i chung, d{c Clidm cria phuong ph:ip mEt
mEt hinh chidu, hinh vh giao tuydn tr6n
sq cfra brin thdn hinh; khi s6'lrrong rndt
hop chinh x6c. Phrrong ph:ip md.t phlng
cong ld m{t trg v}r m5't conic bdi vi giao
Id drrdng sinh (trlc tldu ld tlrrdng th&ng)
cria mdt cong, cho n6n d{ng hinh tiQn loi. Nhtrng nhrloc didm cua n6 le khi hai giao
tuydn giira hai mdt cong vdi m5,t phu gdn nhrl song song thi khOng thd thu clttoc giao
didm chinh x6c, til d6 Anh hrrdng tinh chinh xd.c cria dudng kCl hgp. Phrrong phdp
mdt cdu ph6i th6a md.n ba didu ki6n mdi c6 thd rip dUng rru dieim cria n6 ld trong
mQt hinh chidu riOng biet c6 thd hodn thdnh dgng dudng kdt hop; cdn khuydt aidm
ld drJdng n6t tr6n bdn vE thrrdng thrJdng trrong tldi ddy d4c, d6 gAy nhAm lAn.

5 - 2 Dudrng teit ngp 6fiita mit phin€ vd, mit cong

Khi hai mdt giao nhau tldu ld mdt cong, th6ng thddng dtng phuong ph6p dd
gidi thi6u d tidt tr6n dd tim dttdng kdt hop cr-ia chring. Cdn khi mOt trong hai mdt
giao nhau ld mit phing thi qu6 trinh dgng hinh cria n6 thrldng thudng c6 thd don
gi6n h6a. Bdi vi khi mdt phing ndy vudng
g6c vdi mdt chidu thi hinh chidu cria n6 tr6n
mdt chidu ndy tich tu thdnh drrdng thd.ng,
l4i vi dudng kdt hop nhdt dinh nim trOn
mdt ph&ng ndy, cho n6n hinh chidu cira md,t
kdt hop cfrng nhdt dinh tich tu tr€n dtrdng
thing ndy. Trong tinh hinh d6, c6 thd xric
dinh mQt hinh chidu cria dttdng kdt hop, loi
dUng hinh chidu ndy, cdn crl vdo phuong phrip
ldy didm trOn bd mdt vE ra cdc hinh chieu Hinh 3 - 7 Hinh chieu duong keit hQp khi mdt
kh6c cria drrdng ket hop. Trong dqng hinh phtng vu6ng goc vdi dudng truc mdt tru lron
thrrc td khai tridn hinh gd khdng cAn thidt
v6 ra tdt cA hinh chidu cfra tludng kdt hop;
thrrdng thrrdng c6 hai, thQm chi chi bidt mQt hinh chidu cfra dudng kdt hop ld c6 thd
v€ ra b6n vE khai tridn cria mit cong. Vi thd, chi cAn ndm ch6c c6c trddng hgp m4t
ph8ng cit nhau vdi mdt cong vi. hinh chiSu dudng kdt hgp cfra chrXng, lA c6 thd lrroc
b6 hodc tlon gi6n h6a quri trinh dqng hinh tim dudng kdt hop.

l. DrJdng kdt hgp girJo mqt ph6ng v6i mgt trr,r tr6n.
Cdn cf vdo stl kh6c nhau vd vi tri tuong ddi gif,a m4t ph8ng vdi mit tru trdn,
dttdng kdt hop c6 thd chia ra tludng trdn, dudng sinh vd dudng elip.
Ktri mlt ph8ng vudng g6c vdi drrdng truc cfia mit tru trdn, thi Chldng kdt hgp
cria chring ld drrdng trdn. Trong hinh 3 -7, dtrdng truc cira mdt tru trbn vu6ng g6c vdi
mdt chi6u bing, mit phEng song song vdi mdt chidu bhng, l6c nAy m{t phdng
vuOng g6c vdi tltrdng truc cria mdt trv trbn thi dudng kdt hgp cira chring lh dtrdng
trdn. Trong ba hinh chidu thi hinh chidu chinh vd hinh chidu cqnh cria drrdng kdt hgp
tich tu thdnh tlttdng th6ng; hinh chidu bhng trr)ng vdi hinh chiSu cfia md.t tru trbn.
Khi mdt phfng song song vdi dudng truc cfra m{t tru trbn, drrdng kdt hop cria
chring chinh ld hai dtrdng sinh tr6n mdt trr,r trbn. Trong hinh 3-8, drrdng truc cria
mit tru trdn vi mlt phing tldu vu6ng g6c vdi m4t chidu bhng. Lric ndy m[t ph8ng
song song vdi drrdng truc cria mit tru trbn, tludng kdt hop cria chring ld hai dudng
sinh tr6n mdt tru trbn. Trong ba hinh chidu thi hinh chidu bhng cria mdt phing cdt
nhau vdi hinh chidu bhng cria md.t tru trdn d hai didm, hai didm ndy Ih hinh chidu
bhng cria md.t kdt hop. Hai hinh chi6u kh6c cria drrdng kdt hop c6 thd chn crl vho quan
he cria clrrdng gi6ng tr6n m[t tru trdn dd tim ra, m6i hinh chiOu ld hai dudng thing.

10
 Hinh 3 - 8 Hinh chieu drJdng k€it hqp khi mar ph&ng Hinh 3 - 9 Hinh chidu dudng Xet ngp khi mat phing
song song vdi dudng trgc mqt hinh trq cdt xiCn dudng truc mit hinh tru

Khi mat ph&ng cdt xiOn vdi dudng trUc cria mbt tru trbn thi d.udng kdt hgp cria
chring ld dudng elip. Trong hinh 3-9, drrdng truc cua m[t tru trbn vuOng g6c vdi m5t
chidu bhng, m[t phing vu6ng g6c vdi m6.t chidu drlng; hic ndy mAt phing c6t xiOn vdi
dudng truc crja tru trbn, drrdng kdt hop cria chring li drldng elip. Trong ba hinh chi6u thi
hinh chidu chinh cua dudng keit hop tring vdi hinh chidu chfnh ciia mit phing; hinh
chidu bbng cira dttdng kdt hop trirng vdi hinh chidu bhng cira m6t tru trbn; hinh chidu
c4nh cria drrdng kdt hop phii thOng qua dqng hinh mdi c6 drloc. Do dd bidt hai hinh
chidu cria m{t kdt hop n6n hinh d6ng do hai hinh chidu nhy quydt dinh. Hinh chidu thrl
ba cria n6 c6 thd tim drroc bbng phttong ph6p hinh chidu thfi ba cira didm phu. Qud trinh
dgng hinh cu thd li: trudc tiOn chia hinh chidu bhng cria dudng kdt hop (titc hinh chi6u
bhng cria mdt hinh tru) thdnh 12 phAn bbng nhau, vh tim drroc hinh chidu chinh'cira c6c
didm chia ddu ndy tr6n hinh chidu chinh cria drrdng kdt hop (tfc hinh chidu chinh cria
mlt phhng), sau d6 tU hai hinh chidu da bidt cira cdc ttidm chia ddu lAn luot tim ra hinh
chidu thft ba cira chring, sau cilng dilng dudng cong ndi hinh chidu canh cria c6c didm chia
ddu sE c6 drroc hinh chidu canh cria drrdng kdt hop. Trong hinh 3-9, 0" 6" vd 3''9" Idn
lirot Id truc ngin vd truc ddi cria dudng elip hinh chidu tlrrdng kdt hop.

ll. Drldng kdt hQp girto mgt ph6ng vdi mgt non (c6n trdn)
Cdn crl vdo vi tri trrong ddi gitla mit phing vdi mdt n6n khric nhau, dudng
kdt hop cfrng chia ra dudng trdn, drrdng sinh vh dudng cong phing,
Khi mht phing vdi dudng truc cfia mdt n6n thi dudng kdt hgp cria
vuOng g6c
,n6 Id dttdng trbn. Trong hinh 3-10, dudng truc cria m5.t n6n vudng g6cv6i mdt chidu
bi.ng, m4t phing song song vdi mdt chidu bhng, m4t ph8ng vu6ng g6c vdi drrdng
truc cria mlt n6n, ilrrdng kdt hop cria n6 ld ctrldng trbn. Trong ba hinh chidu, thi hinh
chidu chinh vd hinh chidu canh cira drrdng kdt hop trirng vdi hinh chidu cria mdt

ha

Hinh 3 - 10 Hinh chi6u dudng t<6t nop khi mar Hinh 3 - 11 Hinh chidu drJdng fet nqp khi mbt ph8ng
phhng vuOng 96c voi dUdng irgc m{t n6n di qua dinh non c0a mft n6n

7l
ph6ng, ddu ld dudng thing. Hinh chidu bXng cria drrdng kdt hop la dudng trdn; hinh
chiOu bbng cria dinh n6n Id. tAm drrdng trbn cua n6, d0 dai cria hinh chidu chinh
dudng ket hop ld cludng kinh cfra n6.
Khi mdt phing di qua dinh n6n cria md.t n6n thi drrdng ket hop cfra n6 li hai
dudng sinh trOn m5,t n6n. Trong hinh 3-11, dudng truc cfra mdt hinh n6n vuOng g6c
vdi m5.t chidu bXng, mdt phing vudng g6c vdi mat chidu drlng canh vd di qua dinh
S ctra m5.t n6n thi cltldng kdt hgp cfia n6 Id hai dudng sinh tr6n mdt n6n, trlc hai
dudng th8ng giao nhau vdi tlinh S. Trong ba hinh chieu thi hinh chieu canh cria
dudng kdt hop trr)ng vdi hinh chidu canh cria mdt phing. Hai hinh chidu cbn lai cfra
dudng kdt hop c6 thd trddc ti6n tim ra hinh chidu chinh vd hinh chidu bhng cria hai
didm A, B tr6n drrdng trdn d6y md.t n6n, sau d6 ding dudng thing ndi hinh chidu
cDng mdt vdi dinh n6n S ld drroc.
Khi mlt ph6ng kh6ng vu6ng g6c vdi dudng trqc cria mlt n6rr, Iai khOng di qua
dinh n6n, thi drrdng kdt hop cria n6 lh dudng cong phing (gdm ba tnrdng hop: dttdng
elip, dudng parabol, dudng hypebol). Trong hinh 3 - 12, dudng truc cria m4t hinh n6n
vudng g6c v6i mdt chidu bhng, mAt phing vu6ng g6c v6i mdt chidir dfng chinh, mdt
phEng c6t xi0n drrdng trr,rc mit n6n, thi dudng kdt hop cria n6 lh dudng cong ph&ng.
Trong ba hinh chidu, do mht ph&ng vuOng g6c vdi m6t chidu d.rng chinh, n6n hinh
chidu chinh cfra n6 ld drrdng thing; hinh chidu chinh cria drrdng kdt hop cflng trirng
tr6n dudng thf,ng niy. Hai hinh chidu cbn lai cria dudng kdt hop c6 thd tim duoc bbng
phrrong ph6p mit ph8ng song song. Trong hinh 3-L2, chon ding rngt bbng lim m{t
phu, giao tuydn cira n6 vdi mit n6n ld dudng trbn, giao tuydn vdi m[t phing ld dudng
th6ng vudng g6c vdi mit chidu d'lng chinh, giao didm I vd II gilta drrdng trbn vdi
dtrdng thing li hai didm trOn dudng kdt hop. Thay ddi vi tri cria rnqt phing phu, cril
thd drrng hinh nhi6u lAn sau khi tim dfr sd lrrgng didm thi c6 thd dnng tlrrdng cong ndi
lai li thu drloc hinh chidu bbng vd hinh chiSu canh cfra dtrdng kdt hop.

Hinh 3 - 12MAlph8ng c6t xiCn m{t n6n Hinh 3 . 13 Mat phtng c6t xien mAt n6n

Ilinh 3-13 thd hiQn mQt phrrong ph6p kh6c tim drrdng kdt hdp gitra mib ph&ng
vdi mdt n6n. Phrrong ph6p nhy lh dgng mQt loat drrdng sinh trOn m{t n6n, tim ra giao
didm cira c6c drrdng sinh vdi m[t ph6ng, drtdng cong ndi theo thrl tu cria cac giao didm
nby chinh ld drrdng kdt hop giffa mht ph&ng vdi m6t n6n. Phuong phSp vE cu thd trong
hinh ln: Trudc ti6n chia mlt n6n thenh 12 phdn bhng nhau, m6i phAn bbng nhau c6
mQt dudng sinh, IAn luot dpng c6c giao didm 0', y,2'... v.v... giira hinh chiOiu chinh cira

72
 c6c drrdng sinh vdi hinh chi6u chinh cria
m6t phing, sau d6 dung hinh chidu bbng
0,1,,2... vd hinh chidu canh 0" , f ' ,2" ...
crta c6c giao didm nhy trOn hinh chidu
bhng vd hinh chiSu canh cla cilo dudng
sinh sau cing ndi hinh chi6u cirng m[t
cia c1,c giao tlidm ndy thdnh dudng cong,
sE ddoc cdc hinh chi6u cfra drrdng kdt hop.

Hinh 3-14 thd hiQn hinh d?ns

hinh chi€u dudng kdt hop vd c6ch vE
n6 khi mdt phing vd drrdng ti't"rc cua
mdt hinh n6n ddu vu6ng g6c vdi m4t
chidu bdng vi. mIt ph8ng song song
Hinh 3 - 14 Hinh chi€iu dudng kelt hgp khi mqt phEng vdi dudng truc cria mdt hinh n6n. Trong
song song vdidudng truc crla mat hinh non hinh, hinh chidu b[ng crja drldng kdt
hop tring vdi hinh chidu bbng cira m4t
ph8ng, ld m6t drrdng th8ng, cdn hai hinh chidu kh6; ddu ld dudng cong - cdch vO
drrdng kdt hop tdong tu nhrr hinh B-18, d day kh6ng trinh bdy l4i.

lll. DrJdng kdt hep gi0o mgt phdng vdi mff trv etip vd m{t conic
Met phing giao vdi mdt tru elip vd m6t conic thi hinh dAng hinh chidu
drrdng kdt hop cria n6 ttlong tu nhu mdt phfrn g cit nhau vdi mdt tru elip vd mdt
couic, cfrng c6 thd chia ra ba trudng hop nhrr thd hiQn d hinh 3-15 vd 3-16. Khi mOt
m[t phing song song vdi ti6t diQn trbn cria mit tru elip, mdt conic, elip thi drrdng
kdt hop ld iludng trbr1, nhu hinh 3-15(a) vi 3-16(a). Khi mdt phEng song song vdi
tlrrdng truc cira tru elip ho[c mdt phing qua dinh conic cria conic elip thi tlrrdng k61
hop gifra mdt ph6ng vdi tru elip, conic elip ld dudng sinh cfra mdt cong, nhu thd
hiQn d hinh B-lb(b) vd B-16(b). Ngoni hai trudng hgp tr6n ra, dudng kdt hop khric
aldu li drrdng cong ph8yrg, nhr/ thd hign d hinh 3-15(c) vd 3-16(c). Drrdng kdt hgp cria
hai tnJdng hgp tr6n C6 thd truc tidp tim drrgc, tnrdng hop thrl ba phdi rlp dqng
phrrong phrip mit phEng song song dd tim didm chung gifla mqt ph8ne vdi trr.r eiip-,
conic elip, sau d6 dDng drrdng cong ndi thdnh tludng kdt hop. Trong m6i hinh 3-15(c)
vd 3-16(c) d6u vE ra mQt mit phu thd hi6n quri trinh dung hinh cfra tlidm chung.

(a) mit phEng song song vdi (b) mit phing song song (c) trr-long hQp khdc
elip
tidt dien tron c0a trq vdi dudng trqrc c(la trr,r elip

Hinh 3 - 15 Mat phAng giao nhau vditrq elip

73
 (a) mit ph&ng song song vdi (b) mat phEng song song (c) tntong hQp kh6c
tiet dien trdn c0a trg elip vdi drldng truc c0a trr; elip

Hinh 3 - 16 Mat phEng giao nhau voi tru elip

TrOn rldy ld gidi thiQu mQt sd tnrdng hop thudng g+p khi m7t phing giao nhau
v6i mdt tru, mit conic trong khai tridn hinh gd. D4c tliim chung cira n6 ld, mit
phing tdi thidu phdi vu6ng g6c vdi mQt m6t chidu, mQt hinh chidu ciia dtrdng kdt hop
li dudng thing. Trong rdt nhidu tnrdrig hop, c6 mQt hinh chidu nhy d6 ihl dd vd bin
vE khai tridn, c6c hinh chidu kh6c cria drrdng kdt hgp thudng thudng c6 thd lrroc b6
kh6ng cAn v6. Trong khai tridn hinh gb, c6 khi cbn glp trrrdng hgp m6t phing kh6ng
vuOng g6c vdi m4t chidu. BiQn phdp xrl lf trong tnrdng hgp ndy li: MOt ln 6p dUng
phtrong ph6p ho6n cldi mat dd bidn ddi mQt lAn hinh chidu cfra mit phing vdi m[t
tru, m6.t conic, ald mdt phing sau khi bidn tldi vu6ng g6c vdi mlt chidu mdi; khidn n6
trd thdnh m6t trong c6c tnldng hgp de gidi thiQu trOn. MQt phrrong phdp kh6c ld dirng
phuong ph6p mqt phu de gidi thiQu 6 tldt tr6n tld tim drtdng kdt hqp cria chring. Ngodi
ra, trong khai tridn hinh gd cbn g{p trtldng hop c6 mQt sd mlt phHng giao nhau vdi
ctng mQt mht cong ho4c mQt sd mit phing giao l5n nhau vdi m4t cong. Lfc nhy,
phrrong ph6p vh nguy6n If tim, lfr"g tludng kdt hop kh6ng thay ddi, chi c6 trudc khi
dUnS hinh cdn ph6n tich 16 hai mlt ndo c6 thd giao nhau, drrdng kdt hop cria chring
thuQc tnldng hgp ndo de gidi thiQu tr6n. Sy phdn tich nhy s6 girip cho viQc drrng hinh
duoc chinh x6c, v6 ra dudng kdt hop mQt cdch thu4n loi.
Hinh 3-17 thd hi6n mat n6n giao nhau vdi m4t tru luc l5ng, vd. quri trinh vE
tludng kdt hop cria n6. Trong hinh, dr.tdng truc cria m5.t n6n vu6ng g6c v6i mdt chi6u
bing drtdng canh cria mdt trr,r lgc l6ng vudng g6c vdi mdt chidu drlng canh. Til trong
hinh c6 thd thdy, m[t n6n chi cdt nhau vdi ba mdt phia tr6n cia hinh tru luc lAng,
mdt gifra phia trOn ld mdt phEng ngang, dtrdng kdt hop giita n6 vdi mdt n6n ld
tlrrdng trbn, hai mdt hai bOn vuong g6c vdi hinh chidu drlng c4nh, cdt xiCn vdi dUdng
truc cria mdt n6n, dudng kdt hop gifia chting vdi m[t n6n li dr/dng cong, phAi 6p
d\tng phUong phrip mqt phu dd dgng hinh mdi tim ra. Khi d{ng hinh cu thd, c6 thej
trddc tiOn ldy giao clidm cfra hai dttdng trung tdm tr6n hinh chidu xudng lAm tAm
hinh trbn, Idy kho6ng c6ch gifra hai giao didm a' vd b' cria tludng bao chinh mdt
n6n vd mit tr6n hinh trqr luc ldng ldm dtrdng kinh dd vach cung trdn, c6 duoc hinh
chidu bing 18 vd 19 cria dudng kdt hop gifla mdt n6n vdi mdt tr6n hinh tru lgc ldng,
rdi tU 18 vd 19 tren doan thing a'b' tim ra hinh chidu chinh a'1' vi, 2'b' crta drrdng
kdt hop. Drrdng bao mlt b6n cfia mit n6n cdt nhau vdi mit hinh tru luc l5ng d hai
didm 3" , 1O"; cEn crl vd.o quan h0 cira hai cli6m ndy trOn tlrrdng bao (thJimg sinh) m?t
bOn cria hinh n6n drtng ra hinh chidu chinh 3'10' vir hinh chidu bhng 3, 10 cfia n6.

74
 Drrdng k61 hop gifra rndt canh hai bon tron
hinh tru luc ld.ng voi mdt hinh n6n
chinh ld hai i rr ,'a VIII x IX, cric did hric tr6n- hai rludng cong ndy
co thd ldv m nsans_ ldm mdt. orro aa t
;. T;;;g-irj"r, s-12(b), trd6c
ti6n vo ra h h vd hinh crtiau canh c ?t phing ngang phu, giao
mrt phu vdi mdt n6n ld tltlqng trdn, hinh chidu'bhrrf cfia n6 ph6n rinh
vdi tdm ld giao ttidm hai dttdng trung tdm tr6n hinh chidu
bdng vi,
ld c" d" lAm drrdng kt."l tuydn gif,a m6t phu vdi hai mdt luc ldng
ld dudng thing, c6 thd tr],hinh chidu -Giao
acn +::sli-vd 6,- 7" crtan6 tim ra hinh chidu
bing 45 vd 67 cita n6. Hinh chidu bing cua hai nh6m giao
tuydn cdt nhau o bdn
didm 4, 5, 6,7 do- chfng c6, thd tu tron md.t phu tim drloc hinh
5'7' crta n6, n6n IV, v, w vd vII chinh ln bdn didm tr6n drrdngchidu chinh 4'6' vit
r.at rrqp.

Mqt phtr

(a)

Hinh 3 - 17 Oudng ket ngp gi0a mit n6n vdi mft tnr tuc tdng

m{t cong giao nhau tao thAnh, dudng

e
6ng cria n6 tr6n thrJc td ld hinh dring
c cfia tlrrdng kdt hop th6ng thr/dng ding
ng phrip khric bidn bdi mdt phing chrla
m6t chidu

tim drloc. Trorg hinh, dDng mat H, mdf song song

vdi mdt phEng nAy_ ctd thay mqt H. Trong hglhdng "l
hai mdt chidu Vi_Hr: mgt phing nay song sorrg rrdT
mdt chidu mdi H' hinh chieu .,j, -d,rOrrg f.ginqp
$)
tr6n m4t H, phrin rlnh hinh dring thrrc.
+.<
euri trinh
if:.: T1l:o,lhf
nhdn
cria hinh r
manh lA trong qurl trinh .t8.
bq q,". Ni*; ;; x,v
dq"g hinh, aid-
vdi trJ crich ld didm bida ddi hinh .rridu phrii rd
didm trong quri trinh tim dr,rng dtrdng ket hqp, kfrOrrg
cdn ldy didm mdi khric tren drrArr! tat ir.op. Nhu
v6.y, kh6ng nhrlng c6 thd don gi6n h6a aU"g hinh
Idm cho hinh v€ thoiing ma cdn_cO thd nAig cao
Hinh3.lsTimhinhthr,rcctadudns
tinh chinh xdc cfia hinh khai tridn. kethQp

75
 BAI TAP

Tlm tludn* hgp trong c6c tld sau dAy

+dt

76
 CHUo|{G 4

\EHiruu I<HAI TRIEN

viro
vho
Hinh khai tridn Id hinh hinh thr,tc cria bd
hinh chidu cria dng trbn; (b) Ia hinh khai
cua qu5, trinh khai tridn dng trdn' Khi
kiQn vd y6u cAu c6ng nghe ddu c6 6nh
cria hinh khai tridn. Dd tiQn trinh bhy, c
cap 6 dAy ddu giA thidt dO dev tdm bbng
yel cAu cOng nglrq ddi v6i hinh khai tridn sO gidi thiQu 6 chuong 5'

(b) (c)
(a)

Hinh 4 ' 1 Khai niQm hlnh khai $i6n

tridn cria n6 cfrng khric

Hinh d6ng cdu kiQn kh6c nhau thi cdch v6 hinh khai
thudng 6p dgng phrlong phdp drrdng
nhau. Th6ng thrrdng ddi vdi .du t igr, mit tru
song song dd khai tridn; ddi vdi cdu kiQn m{t
coni i 6p dr,rng phdong phdp tia
ph6ngx4ddkhaitridn,ddivdicdukiQnmitcongngthdkhaitridnthidilng
hinh tru hoqc mflt conic dd
phuong ph6p dudng tam gi6c hoac coi n6 gdn nhu"m4t
;;6;t r,ai pr',rong phdp tren tidn hdnh khai tridn'
4 - | Phucnrg phip dudrn$ sonE sonEi
Khi m{t l6ng tru
thidt cit rd drrdng canh h
m6 bd m4t i6u vudng g6c
trAi ra tr0n m4t phf,ng Id dugc hinh khai tridn cria c
77
 hodc dudng sinh tnrdc khi trii ph6ng ra Id song song vdi nhau,
phing ra van song song vdi nhau. xtd a,rrrg hinh, c6 thd loi dung nen sau khi trdi
cho
ddy t1i ddc tinh
ndy, chi cdn tim ra khodng crich-girra dtrdnglcanh hodc drrdng
sinh song song n1y vd
d0 dai ri6ng cfra chring la c6 thd drroc hinh k"hai
tridn. bnuong"phrip cdn cf vdo nguy€n
lf ndy dd v6 hinh khai tridn goi rd phuong ph6p drrdng song song.

l. Khoi tridn cdu ki6n mql ldng tru.

Hinh 4 - 2(a) la hinh chi6'u ba m5t cria cdu kion m[t ldng
tru bdn canh thing
drlng miQng vrit. Qua hinh
h AI' BII' CIII vd DIV song
song vdi nhau cria n6 ddu l
hidu chinh crja n6 phAn rinh
dd dei thdc; miQng cldy hinl ,l::_-;'*;;",^i:;'^;;
r!
bing cdc canh crra n6, cnng
vdi mat miQng ddy, n6 cfrng nhdt dinh vu0ng g6c
;u:;:;#-."T;TilT::
vdi canh cfia tr1 giric miQn g d6y,
sau khi khai tridn, c6c can
c4nh, trlc khoang crich gira
thuc cira cdc canh trrong r1n6
'fi"Tlll,T#;ff
SJ;?
;;;;;:_;:"_:':^:.^',:,^:",-::
tridn thdnh 1 drrdus
hinh khai tridn ld: d vi
tr,?ng. nil hltT#
;':t-"rltlffJ
tri thich hop tron dudng k6o ddi hinh chidu chinh (hodc
hinh chidu canh) cfia mi6n g v6t, rdv da ddi lan r,rqt
t rr - r2,II Iu = 2B,III ry = 84,
IV I = 14 dtroc doan th&ng I II m IV I; qua c6c didm I, II, III, rv dgng cric tltrdng vu6ng
g6c cira doan thEng, ldv d0 dhi cfra no idn lrrot
IVD = 4'd' &toc cric didm ABCD, ding drrdng thdng
-
ld IA 1.a,, IIB _ 2.b.,IIIC = 8,c.,
ldn irrot noi cdc didm A, B, c, D
so drJoc hinh khai tridn mdt ldng tru to giic th6ng
drlng mi6ng v6t.
i (d')

(1'.)2' s (4')

ra, (b)

Hinh 4 - 2 Khai tridn mdt tdng trq t0 gidc th8ng Orlng

miQng viit

Hinh 4 - B ld hinh lep thd vd hai

gi6c xi€n. Tr) trong hinh (b) c6 thd nhin t
IY IVr cria md,t l6ng tru bdn canh ddu ld
ddu song song vdi mdt H, tuy frirrf, chidu
cdc canh cria mdt driy tr€n drrdi ddu ph6n
vudng g6c vdi mdt d6y. D6.i vdi cdu ki6n d
diQn chinh vA phrrong ph6p ldn canh.

78
Lrlc ndy mdt ldng tru nd.y sC bi0n
thdnh gidng nhr-t hinh 4 - 2, til d6 c6 1',(3',) '2'
thej cdn cr1 vdo phuong phdp thd hign
trong hinh dd khai tridn. M6t ldng
tru nhd trong hinh 4 - 3 c6 thd 6p
dyng phrtong phdp tiet diQn chinh ,{r!.
de khai tridn, cdc budc dr,rng hinh IV,

cua n6 ld (nhu hinh 4 - 4): (1) Do cdc

drrdng canh cria m5.t ldng tru tO gi6c
ddu ld dudng song song chinh, mdt
phing vuOng g5c vdr canh l6ng tru
nhat dinh ld mit drlng chinh, vi thd
d vi tri thich hop tr6n hinh chidu
chfnh d{ng dtrdng thdng Pu vu6ng
g6c vdi c6c drrdng canh, Pv Ia hinh
(a) (b)
chidu chinh tich tu cua mdt phEng
P. (2) Pu cdt nhau vdi hinh chidu
Hinh 4 - 3 Hinh lAp thd vd hai hlnh chidu c0a
chinh crta c1,c drrdng canh tai bdn
mdt l6ng trq tf gi6c xi6n
didm a', b', c' vA d', dgng hinh
chiSu bing a, b, c vi d cua bdn didm
ndy thi b6'n canh cria trl giric ABCD ld giao tuydn cdt gitra mdt phing P vdi mdt
l6ng tru tr1 giric. (3) Van dVng phuong phrip ddi mat (ding mdt H, vu6ng g6c v6i cdc
drro'ng canh thay thd cho mdt H) tim ra hinh chidu mdi cria cdc drrdng canh, ttdng
thdi c0ng drroc hinh thtlc a,b,c,d, cria giao tuydn cdt ABCO (trong hinh 4 - 4 ba
khOng vd truc hinh chidu nhung khodng cdch trlong ddi Y, gifra cd,c nguyOn td hinh
hoc tnldc vd. sau khi bidn ddi v6n khOng thay tldi). (4) Dnng phrrong phrip 6 hinh 4 - 2
vO hinh khai tridn m[t ling tru tf gi6,c, ttc tnJdc ti6n cdt ldy cdc doan thdng tr6n
dr-tdng k6o ddi cia Pu, ldn lr.rgt cho DC=drcr, CB=c,b,, BA=b,a,, AD=ard' lqi ldn luqt
d{ng drrdng vu6ng g6c cira Pu qua cdc didm A, B, C, D vd ldm cho d0 ddi cria cdc
dudng vu6ng g6c bhng vdi dQ ddi thrrc ciia drrdng canh tudng r1ng, ho{c dfng dudng

(a)

Hinh 4 - 4 Dung phudng phdp tidt diQn chlnh od *naitridn mit ldng tru t0 gi6c xion

79
song song cria Pu qua c6c didm ddu 1' ,2' , 3' , 4' crta hinh chieu chinh c6c dddng c4nh,
iAn lrrot cit vdi dudng vuOng g6c trrong rlng, se drloc cdc didm I, II..., sau cirng ding
dudng thing ndi c6c didm cudi I, II,... cua cdc dudng vuOng g6c sE drJdc hinh khai
tridn cria mdt ldng tru t(t gi4'c xiOn.
QuA trinh phAn tich vd d{ng hinh 6 hinh 4 - 2 vit hinh 4 - 4 c6 thd quy nap
thdnh quy lu4t dqng hinh bhng phrrong ph6p ti6t diOn chinh ld: Trong hinh khai tridn,
c6c dudng canh crja mbt l6ng tru song song v6'i nhau, khoAng crich gifra cdc drldng canh
kei can bhng tlQ dai thuc cria canh tuong rlng & da gi6c tidt diCn chinh; didm dAu crja c6c
drrdng canh hinh khai tridn do d0 dhi thuc cta cfrc dudng canh xdc dinh.
2. Phrt'ong ph6p lin bOn: Phrrong ph6p l6n b6n la khi dudng canh cua mit
lang tru ld drrdng song song cria mdt chidu, lay dudng canh ldm truc guaY, rip dung
phuong ph6p xoay quanh dudng song song, li6n tuc xoay ct,c ml,t bOn l6ng tru khiSn
chring lAn luot xoay ddn vi tri song song vdi mat chidu, ti/ d6 dat duoc hinh khai
tridn. Khi hinh phing hoic mdt l6ng tru quay quanh dudng song song thi qui tich
chuydrr dOng cli,a c6.c didm dinh trOn hinh phing vd mdt ldng tru nhdt dinh phdi
vu6ng g6c v6i drrdng song song, hinh chidu trOn m5.t chiSu song song cfia drrdng song
song cfrng vu6ng'g6c vdi nhau; hinh phing hoEc mit canh cira mdt l6.ng tru quay
den vi tri song song vdi mlt chiSu thi hinh chiSu cria n6 trOn mit chidu niy nhdt
dinh phin rinh hinh thUc. Cric ddc tinh hinh chidu ndy cfrng ld. nguy6n lli dung hinh
cria phuong phrip ldn b6n. Cdc bt6c d{ng hinh khai tridn bing phttong phdp l6n bOn
mit ldng tru tfi gi6c xi6n trong hinh 4 - 3 Ia (nhrr hinh 4 - 5): (1) Do cric dudng canh
cria mdt l6ng tru tt gi6c xi6n Id drrdng song song chinh, ldy chring ldm truc xoay
mdt lang tru tr1 giric xi6n thi qui tich xoay crta c6,c didm dinh tr0n mdt l6ng trq tr1
giric xi€n vuOng g6c vdi drrdng c4nh, vi the, qua c6.c tlidm itinh 1' ,2' , 3' , 4' vd. L'r,21,
3't, 4'1 cria m5.t l6ng tru bdn canh tr6n hinh chidu chinh, dqttg drrdng vu6ng g6c
f l;, 2'2'0... v6i dtrdng canh cdc dtrdng vu6ng g6c nAy lh hinh chidu cira qui tich quay
c6c didm dinh. (2) Gie dinh khi bdt dAu, trtldc tiOn xoay m{t c4nh I IV cria mdt ling
tru trl gi6c xi6n quanh drrdng canh IV IVl ddn vi tri song song v6i m6t chidu, hic ndy
brin thdn canh IV la truc xoay, vi tri sau khi xoay kh6ng thay ddi, cho ndn 4'4',

N.|41 1,|

11 1

Hinh 4 - 5 Dung phudng phrip ldn b6n khaitridn m{t lang tru bdn canh v6t

80
 i tridn. Didm dinh I tr6n mdt canh I IV do
ng 1'1i, ddng thdi khoring c4ch gifra hai
h I IV, vi thd ldy rlidm 4' ldm tAm vd lay
di thr/c ldm brin kinh vE cung, c6t I'Ii, cd
song cria dudng canh IV IVl, c6t nhau vdi
I,. Nhrr v4y s6 tlrroc hinh dring cfra m4t
phrrong ph6p nhrl tr€n ldn luot v6 ra hinh
E drrgc hinh khai tridn mdt l6ng tru trl gidc
khi dr.rng hinh c6 thd ddi hinh khai tridn
mQt qudng. Til quri trinh dgng hinh tr6n,
hdp ldn b6n li: trong hinh khai tridn, c6c
di nhau; qui tich chuydn dQng ldn b6n crja
di dudng canh; hinh chidu tr6n md.t hinh
nh, cffng vudng g6c; vi tri cfia tlrrdng canh
dQng c&a cdc tlidm dinh vd rt6 dei thuc cfra
c6c canh miQng driy m{t ldng tru quydt dinh.
So srinh
frai nhgong phdp vUa trinh bdy tron, thi tlidm chung cria chring lA chi
thich hop vdi khai tridn- m{t ldng trq, sau khi khai tridn cric drrdng canh song song
vdi nhau, qui tich chuydn dOng cria cdc didm dinh cfrng song song vdi nhau.
Didm
khdc nh-au ld phuong phdp tidt dien chinh loi dgng d6 dai thuc
cric canh tidt diQn
chinh dd xdc dinh vi trf tludng cq.nh, phrrong phrip ldn bon loi dung 60
dai thr;c cfra
m[t ddy tld xdc dinh vf tri drrdng c4nh. tn tfrd t
tru vu6ng g6c v6i dudng canh thi rip dung ph
don giAn, ti6n loi, cbn khi m6t m6t driy ndo
song vdi mit chidu thi dr)ng phrrong ph6p ldn bOn tuong ddi
tdt.

lt. Khoi tridn cdu ki6n mqt trr,r trdn.

thd cho hinh trdn tidt di0n
phdp
chinh r!-- r
;,Tif,llX;ffi"H?;3J;:i
thd coi gdn ilfng hinh khai tridn cria mat tru trbn. Vi rhd, ddi ;i-;4" iie"'*a,
hinh tru, c6 thd vQn dung phuong phrip tidt dien chinh dd v6 hinh khai tridn cfia
n6.
u Sai sd sinh ra do dDng mdt lang tru khai tridn thay thd md.t tru trbn b6t
ngudn til ch6 laiv d0 ddi canh cria hinh da giric ddu thay tnd aO ddi cria cung
tdong
rlng. Khi khai tridn dO dAi c6c c4nh thdnh mQt dudng trr8ng thi tdng aE lai cria
drrdng th8ng ndy s€ ngdn hon chu vi hinh trbn. Nhung khi ting thich,hop
s6' canh
cfra hinh da giric ddu (nhrr lG canh ho6c 24 canh) sC cOlnd giam-thidu
sai .f, f.frf"g
chd n6 E trong
lh+* vi cho ph6p crra c6ng trinh. Ao6;;:;;; inr. no trnh ra dQ
ddi cfra n6, sau d6 cdn crl vAo s6'canh cria hinh da giric ddu chia n6 thdnh cric phdn
bing nhau dd thu drroc dO ddi cfia m6i canh thi saisd cfia n6 s6 cdng nh6.
1. ong tru trdn thing drlng miQng vrit: hinh 4 - 6(a) vn (b) rd hinh rap thd
(phdi crinh) vi hai hinh chidu cria 6'ng t'u trdn thing drlng miQng
vrit. eua hinh
c6 th trdn ndy vudnglOc vdi mdt H, miOng
tr6n i drrdng truc. Ldy rla giric dOu iZ
thay iQng dudi, c6c brrdc dUrrg hinh cira"u.rh
mdt
hinh tru ndy ld: (1) Chia ddu chu vi hinh trdn mi6ng dudi m[t tru thdnh 12 phdn

81
 dqng hinh
trOn hinh chiSu bhng drloc cdc didm l, 2,...th6ng qua cec didm chia ddu
(trong hinh kh6ng ghi chri
chidu chinh cua dttdng sinh mdt trr,r trdn: I'a' ,2'b' ,3'Q' ,...
kf hiQu c6c drrdng sinh cria m4t tru trbn nrla sau). (2) Khai tridn cdc canh cla 12
.anh ddu miQng drrdi thdnh mQt drJdng th8ng, tr6n drrdng k6o ddi hinh chidu miQng
dudi m?t tru tron cria hinh chidu chinh, dDng 12 phan bi"* nhau cfia chu vi hinh
trbn cdt ldy 12 doan duoc cdc didm I, II, III,... cfrng c6 thd e" ..u vdo cong thfrc nD
tinh ra tcjng dO ddi cria n6, Iai dem n6 chia thhnh t2 phAn bing nhau, dUgc ctic
didm I, II, III,... (3) Do L',a' , 2',b' , 3'c"... ph6n rinh do ddi thrle cua cd.c dudng sinh,
cho non qua c5.c didm I, II, III,... duttg drrdng vu6ng g6c, Iai qua c6c clidm a' , ,
b' c'
d,,rng dudng ngang bhng, dtrdng trlong rlng cria chring lAn ltlot cdt nhau, drloc
cdc

did; A, B, C,... (i) Ndi c6c didm ddu A, B, C,...bXng dudng cong trdn s6 duoc hinh
khai tridn dng tru trdn thing dfng miQng vdt (hinh 4 - 6c).

(a) (b) (c)

Hinh 4 - 6 Khai tridn dng hinh tru drlng th6ng mi6ng vdt

Th6ng qua drlng hinh c6 thd nhAn thdy' Khi miQng driy cira m6t tru trdn
vu6ng g6c vdi dudng truc mdt trV thi sau khi khai tridn sd thdnh drrdng. thing
vuOng g6c vdi drrdng canh; khi mieng d6y khdng vu6ng g6c vdi drrdng truc mdt
tru
(1)
thi sau khi khai tridn sE ld mQt drrdng cong'
Z. 6ng tru trbn hai miQn g v6t: Hinh 4 - 7 dA c6 hai hinh chidu, hinh chidu
chinh vd hinh chiSu bhng c.ia dng tru trdn hai miQng v6t d4t xiOn vd hinh m4t cit
N - N ph6n 6nh hinh thrrc mdt cdt chinh crja n6. Tuy tlrrdng tn;c ciia dng tru trdn
trong hinh li drrdng song song chinh, hinh d6ng ctia hinh chidu bhng cfrng trrong tloi
phirc tap, nhrrng hinh d6ng ban thAn dng tru trdn ndy v6n tr/ong td nhrr hinh 4 - 6,
ch6 kh6c nhau crja n6 chi li mi6ng drrdi, tu tidt diQn chinh aldi thhnh mdt xien,
trrong drrong vdi hai dng hinh tru trbn tao thdnh, md phdong phrip khai tridn cflng
giong. nhau. Cdc brrdc dqng hinh cU thd cfia n6 nhd sau:
(1) TrOn hinh mdt cft N - N,
chia chu vi hinh trdn thdnh 12 phdn bing nhau dr-loc cdc didm !, 2, 3,... qua cdc didm
chia dtrng drrdng sinh cria mqt tn; trbn, trOn hinh chidu chinh, vE hinh chidu I'a' ,
2'b. , g'c'-... cua c6c dudng sinh. (2) Khai tridn chu vi hinh trdn tidt di6n chinh thdnh
dtrdng thing, ldy c6c did; I, II, III... tran dttdng k6o ddi cria N - N. (3) Qua c6c didm
I, II, III... dung drrdng vudng g6c vdi drfdng N - N. Lai qua didm ddu a',b', c'... vd

"' otldng cong niry lir duong cong hinh sin.

82
a;,b; , c't...cua c+,c dudng sinh 6 miQng vdt tr6n vd mi6ng vdt dudi,
d{ng dudng song
song vdi dudng N - N. Cric dudng tudng rlng cria n6 ldn
tuqt .at nhau, tlugc cric did;
B, C vd A,, Bl Cr... (4) LAn lrtot noi cric didm bhng dudng
t,
khai triejn dng tru trbn hai mi6ng v6t.
cong tron s6 duoc hinh

Hinh 4 - 7 Khai tridn ong tru trdn hai mi6ng vdt

3' Ong tru trdn xi6n mi6ng cong. Hinh 4 - 8 de cho hai hinh chi6'u, hinh chiSu
chinh vd hinh chieu bing cing mdt chidu hudng A ctia 6'ng tru trdn xi6n mi6ng
cong' Ti/ trong hinh, c6 thd thdy, su khric nhau gif,a hinh dring cira
n6 vdi hinh 4 -
6 le d ch6 hinh dring mi6ng vrit tit drrdng thdng thdnh adang cong, n6n phrlong
phdp dyng hinh cria hinh khai tridn v6n gidng nhrr hai hinh tr6n.
Trong hinh dd vE
mot nua cua hinh khai tridn, hinh d6ng nfia kia cloi xtlng vdi n6. Cd,c brt6c dqng
hinh cu thd khOng trinh bdy th€m nfra.

Hinh 4 - I Khaitridn 6ng trg trbn xi€n mi6ng cong

83
 lll. Khoifiidn cdu kiQn dng eliP
Cdu kiOn dng elip cfrng c6 thd thay thd bbng m6t llng tru nQi tidp, hinh khai
tridn cria n6 cirng .O tfrd theo phrrong ph6p khai tridn hinh ldng tru. Nhung, ti6t diCn
thing cria m{t tru elip ld elip, chu vi kh6ng thd chia ddu, vi thd khi dirng phuong ph6p
tidt aien thang dd ng ttdi phrlc tap. Mdt t dqng
trong ky thuat; th6 diQn miQng tr6n, miQng hinh
trOn-r1ra da sd 6 vir chi5u, vi thd thich hgp a tldu
m6t dAu hinh trbn, 6p dung phttong ph6p lan ben dd vE hinh khai tridn cfia n5.

1. Cing hinh tru elip miQng v6t. Trong hinh 4 - g, dirng hinh chiSu chinh, hinh
chiSu bbng va mqt chiSu hu6ng K thd hi6n hinh d6ng cira dng hinh tru elip miQng
v6t. Til hinh c6 thd thdy, tltrdng truc cria mlt tru elip ndy song song vdi m{t V,
miQng tr6n xi6n v6i drrdng truc, miQng cfit ld hinh trbn song song vdi mit H. MiQng
dudi vu6ng g6c vdi dudng truc, trong mat chidu hu6ng K phan 6nh_ hinh thuc cfia n6.
Dudi tt6y fAV ft^i phuong phdp tld trinh bAy crich vE hinh khai tridn cria n6:

Hlnh 4' 9 Khai tridn dng trr; ellip miQng vdt

(1) phuong ph6p mqt cdt chinh. TnJdc tian chia hinh elip mit c6t chinh cria
m6t hinh tru elip thdnh mQt sd do4n, chia dudng trdn hinh chidu bhng tiSt dien vtit
*igttg tr6n cria dng tru elip thAnh 12 phAn bdng nhau, dtroc cde didm a, b, c ... vd tU
a; b, c ... tim ra hinh chidu chinh { ,b' , c' ... cita n6' Lai qua c6c didm { ,b' , Q"" d{ttg
hinh chi6'u chinh cria dudng sinh mit tru elip vd tim ra hinh chidu cfra c6c tlrrdng
sinh nd.y trgn m6t chidu hrrdng K, sO duoc c6c didm chia 1, 2,3.".tr6n chu vi dudng
elip. Kho6ng c6ch gif,a c6c dGm ndy kh6ng bhng nhau. Sau d6, khai tridn chu vi
ninrr elip tidt diQn chinh thinh dudng th&ng, tron dudng k6o ddi cria hinh chidu
chinh mi6ng auOi dng tru elip lAn luot cEtt ldy I II = !2,I1III = 23.-. tlrrgc c6c didm
I, II, III.,. Iai qua cac aidm t, tt, tft... Idn lttot d{ng dttdng song song vdi drrdng sinh
dng tru elip, qua c6c clidm d',b', e'...lAn hiot d{ng tludng vu6ng g6c vdi tlrrdng sinh,
hai nh6m drrdng tudng rlng cria drrdng song song ldn lrrot cdt nhau & cdc ttidm A, B,
C... Sau cing dtrng dtrdng cong trdn ldn luot ndi c6c didm sE drJoc hinh khai tridn cria
dng tru elip.
(2) Phuong phdp l6n b6n: Tl1dc tiOn chia hinh trdn tidt diQn v6t miQng trOn
dng trq elip thnnfr fZ-phAn bhng nhau dtroc hinh chidu bing a, b, c... vd' cdc didm

84
chia hinh chidu chinh d' , b' , c' ...Qua c6c didm a' , b' , c' ...lAn luot d{ng dudng vu6ng
g6c vdi hinh chiOu chinh drrdng truc 6'ng tru elip vd k6o ddi dtrdng I'7' cta hinh
chieu chinh mi€ng drrdi. Ddng thdi, ldy didm A E vi trf thich hop tr6n drrdng vudng
g6c, qua didm a' vd qua didm A dung dttdng song song cria drrdng sinh, cdt dudng k6o
ddi cria hinh chidu bhng 1'7' mi6ng dudi, duoc didm I. Sau d6 ldy didm A ld.m tdm,
mQt phAn bdng nhau ab cria hinh trdn tidt diQn miQn g v6t tr6n ldm bdn kinh vE
cung, cdt drrOng vuOng g6c qua b' tai didm B; l4i ldy B lirm tAm, bdn kinh gidng
nhau vd cung cdt dudng vu6ng g6c qua didm C' tai didm C, drla vDro phuong phrip ndy
li6n tuc v6 cung, ttc c6 thd drroc cric didm B, C, D... Sau cirng ding thudc cong tron
lAn lrrot ndi cd.c didm A, B, c... so duoc hinh khai tridn mdt tru elip.
Z. 6ng tru elip ddt xi6n: Hinh 4 - 10 dd cho hai hinh chidu, hinh chidu chinh,
hinh chieu bhng cua dng tru elip da.t xiOn - Qua hai hinh chidu c6 thd thdy: dudng
truc vi. drrdng sinh crja dng tru elip nhy ddu ld dudng th&ng vi tri xi6n, miQng trOn,
miOng drrdi song song vdi nhau, ddu ld hinh trdn song song vdi mit H, hinh chiSu
bhng cua n6 phdn 6nh hinh thrrc cria hinh trdn. D6'i vdi tnrdng hop ndy tnldc ti6n
nOn 6p dgttg phuong phrip ddi mdt, ding md.t V, song song vdi dudng sinh thay md.t
V, bi6n tldi dudng sinh vi tri xiOn thdnh drrdng song song cira mdt V,; sau d6 6p
du.tg phrrong phrip ldn bOn dd khai tridn n6. Hinh khai tridn vd cdch vE n6 thd hiOn
trong hinh 4 - 10. Cric budc dUng hinh khOng trinh bdy.

Hinh 4 - 10 Khai tridn 6ng tru ellip d{t xi6n

4 - 2 Phucmg phip tia (ph5n€ x+)

Doi vdi cdu kiQn mdt hinh ch6p hodc hinh n6n, cfrng gidng nhu met tru c6
thd giA thidt cdt t6ch cdu kiQn theo drrdng canh hodc dudng sinh, sau'd6 md mdt
trrii bdng ra mdt phing, c6 drJoc hinh khai tridn. Dtrdng canh hodc tlrrdng sinh cria
mdt ch6p tnJdc khi khai tridn hop lai d dinh ch6p, sau khi khai tridn vdn c|t nhau
tai mdt didm. Mdu chdt viQc dqrng hinh khai tridn Id d ch6 xic dinh dq dai crta cdc
dudng canh hoic tlrrdng sinh ndy vA g6c kep giffa tludng canh ho4c tlrrdng sinh canh
nhau. Xd.c dinh d0 dai th6ng thrrdng dilng phuong phrip tam gi6c vu6ng hodc phrrong
phdp xoay tld tim dQ dhi thrrc cria n6; x6.c'dinh g6c kep thi loi dVng tlQ dai thrJc cria
cdc canh mlt d6y hinh ch6p hoic dQ ddi cung cria mdt d6y hinh n6n dd x6c dinh
85
khoAng cdch giila hai drrdng canh c4nh nhau hodc didm dAu phAn t16y dttdng sinh dd
gi6n tiep d4t drrgc muc dich x5,c d.inh g6c kep crja n6. Do c6c dudng c4nh (dtldng
sinh) hop lai m6t didm tr0n hinh khai tridn, cho ndn phuong phdp ndy goi ld
phuong phrip tia (ph6ng x?).

[" Khoitridn cdu ki€n dng hinh chop

Hinh 4 - Il d6 cho hinh lap thd hinh chidu chinh, hinh chidu bhng cira dng
hinh ch6p tO gi6,c vd. qud trinh vE hinh khai tridn cria n6. Qua hinh c6 thd thdy,
tr6n hai hinh chidu, dirng drrdng k6 hai didm thd hign hinh chieu chinh vd hinh
chidu bhng cua c6c drrdng canh, sau khi k6o diri, chring ldn lugt hgp giao 6 hai didm
S' vd S, md tludng n6'i gifla S' vdi S ld drJdng vu6ng g6c (vudng g6c vdi truc X). Di6u
ndy chrlng t6: bdn dudng c4nh A I, B II, C III vd D IV cdt nhau d mQt didm, trlc didm
S dinh ch6p; miQng tr6n, miQng dudi cria dng hinh ch6p tt gi6c ndy song song vdi
nhau vd song song vdi mdt H; c6 thd xem cdu kiQn ld do mdt hinh ch6p tt gi6c
S - I II III ry cat b6 m6t hinh ch6p tO gi6,c S - ABCD nh6 ben tr6n md thinh. Dd vE
hinh khai tridn cria n6, yOu cdu tim ra d0 dei thr,tc c0a c6c drrdng canh vd cdc canh
cria miQng tr6n, miQng dddi. Bdi vi hinh d6ng cria cdu kiQn ld ddi xrlng trtldc sau vA
trrii phdi, dO dei cfia bdn drrdng canh bhng nhau; cho n€n chi cdn tim ra tlQ ddi thrJc
cria mQt dudng canh trong sd d6 li drrgc. Cdn miQng tr6n, miQng drrdi ddu song song
vdi md,t H, dg ddi thuc c6c canh cria n6 dd phAn 6nh trong hinh chidu bbng. C6c tlidm
dinh A, B, C vd D cfra miQng tr6n ldn lttgt nhm tr6n dudng cqnh SI, SII, SIII vd SIV,

y''tt-l

Hinh 4' 11 Khai tridn 6ng hinh ch6p ttl giac

vi tri cria n6 cfrng c6 thd dua vdo tinh chdt ti le d0 ddi cria hai doan thEng tr6n cirng
mQt rh/dng thing sau khi chidu khdng thay ddi tld xric ctinh. C6c btr6c dqng hinh cr,r
thd cria hinh khai tridn ld: (1) Ldy drrdng truc cria dng hinh ch6p t(r gi6c ldm truc,
dp dr;ng phrrong ph6p xoay, dgng tlQ dei th{c SI cfra ilrrdng canh SI vi vi tri Ao cria
didni A tr6n tludng ddi thrJc. (2) Dd tiQn dung hinh ldy tlidm s' dinh ch6p ldm
86
didm dinh S trong hinh v6 khai tridn vd qua didm S, tren vi tri thich hop, dung
drro'ng thing SI ldm dudng b6t dAu cria hinh vE khai tridn. (3) D{ng hinh thuc cdc
mAt canh S I II, S II III... dd ldm didu d6, lay didm S ldm tAm, SIo ldm brin kinh, ve
cung c6t drrdng b6t dAu S I d dieim I, lai lay didm I ldm tAm, d0 ddi hinh chieu bhng
12 ldm bdn kinh, vO cung, cdt cung vO tnldc d didm II, ding dudng thing noi hai
diejm S vd II, dtroc hinh thuc cua m[t canh S I II. Lai ldy S II lim dudng bdt dAu,
bing phttong ph6p nhrJ tr6n, loi dung dq ddi cua hinh chidu bhng 2 3 dung hinh thuc
cr-ia mdt canh SII III. C'l thd suy ra, IAn lrrot dqng hinh thuc crla hai m4t canh S III
IV vd S IV I. (4) D{ng vi tri cdc canh cria miQng trOn trong hinh vE khai tridn, dd
Idm didu d6, lay didm S ldm tAm, SAo ldm bdn kinh, vd cung, cit vdi S I, S II, S
III... duoc cdc didm A, B, C... Iai ldn lJot ding dudng th8ng ndi hai didm kd c4n s6
drroc hinh khai tridn cria ong hinh ch6p trl gi6c.
Hinh 4 - 12 da cho hai hinh chidu, hinh chidu chinh, hinh chidu bing cria ong
hinh chop tam giric vd qu6 trinh vE hinh khai tridn oria n6. Trong hai hinh chieu
bOn tr5.i phtin dnh dd ddi ba dudng canh cria dng hinh ch6p tam gi6c kh6ng bing
nhau, mi6ng dudi le mdt ngang bhng, hinh chidu cria n6 phrin rinh d0 ddi th{c cria
cd.c canh miQng drrdi, miQng tr6n ld mit thing d(rng. Dd vO hinh khai tridn cfia n6,
cdn cdn cr1 vd.o kdt cdu hinh d6ng cria cdu ki6n ndy, tntdc ti6n ldn luot tim ra dQ ddi
thuc cua ba dttdng canh vd vi tri c6.c tlidm dinh c'3a miQng tr6n d tr6n dudng ddi
thr-rc cila drrdng canh. C6c budc dgttg hinh cu thd hinh khai tridn lh: (1) Ding phuong
phdp tam gidc vudng ldn lrrot tim ra d0 dai thr,rc s'a', s'b' vh s'co cfia tlrrdng canh
SA, SB, vd SC vd ldn lrrot qua l' , 2', 3' dung dttdng song song, c6t nhau vdi c{.c
duUng dhi thuc, drloc c6c vi tri Io, 20 vi. 3o cfra cdc didm dinh miQng tr6n d tr6n
drrdng ddi thrJc. (2) Tr6n vi tri thich hop, dung tlrrdng thing SA, ldm dudng b6t dAu
cua hinh khai tridn, ldy doan thing SAl, SBr vh SC, tr6n drrdng thing SA, Sao cho

Hinh 4 - 12 Khaitridn ong hinh ch6p tam giac

chring ldn luot bhng dg dai thrlc s'ao, s'bo vd s'co cfia cd.c dudng canh. (3) LaV ctidm
S ldm tAm, lAn luot vd cung qua c6c tlidm ,{1, 81 vd' Cr. G) L{y A, lhm tAm, dQ dii
hinh chieu bing ab ldm brin kinh, vE cung, cdt nhau vdi cung qua didm B, tai tlidm
B, lai ldy didm B Idm tdm, d0 ddi hinh chidu bhng bc ldm b6n kinh, v6 cung, cdt
vdi cung qua didm C, tai didm C. Theo phttong ph6p niry lai Idy didm C ldm t6.m,
hinh chieiu bhng ac lim b6n kinh, tim dugc didm A. Sau cing, ding dttdng thing ndi
cdc didm sE duoc hinh khai tridn cria hinh chdp tam gidc S - ABC. (5)
87
Trpn cdc dudng canh SA, SC vd SA IAn luot ldy c6c doan th8ng SIl, SII, SIII
vd SI sao cho chring ldn I hng vdi s'10, s' 2r, s' 30 vd s'10 rdi dr)ng dtldng th&ng
Idt'r ttrqt ndi cric didm I,, II, III vd I tlttgc hinh vE khai tridn cria 6'ng hinh ch6p tam
gi{c cdn tim.

ll. Khoitridn cdu kiQn dng hinh non.

D6'i vdi cdu kiOn do m[t hinh n6n tao thdnh, thdng thudng lh drlng hdng
loi t drrdng sinh qua dinh ch6p tr6n m6t hinh n6n, chia m4t hinh n6n thirnh mQt s6'
ph n bing nhau, coi drrdng sinh ld drrdng canh cria mdt hinh ch6p, ding m4t hinh
ch p dugc hinh thhnh bdi cric drrdng canh ndy thay thd m4t hinh n6n, ti€n hdnh
kh i tridn n6, vE ra hinh khai tridn. Vi du, khi cAn v6 hinh khai tridn mat hinh n6n
rg hinh 4 - 13(a) c6 thd chia chu vi hinh trbn crja hinh chidu bbng hinh n6n
ng
nl 12 phdn bhng nhau, duoc 12 phAn didm 0, I, 2... rdi drrng hinh chidu chinh
rnh
0' v , 2' ... c$a cdc didm ndy. Ding dudng th&ng ldn lrrgt noi cric ttidm ndy vdi dinh
ct ip drroc 12 drrdng sinh. N6'u coi tludng sinh ld ilrrdng canh, thi ldy mlt hinh ch6p
t" canh chinh tlrroc hinh thdnh thay cho rndt hinh n6n dd v6 hinh khai tridn. Cdc
dqrng hinh cu thd cria n6 lh trddc ti6n ldy hinh chi6u chinh S- cria dinh ch6p
ta tAm, ldy hinh chidu chinh cria dtrdng sinh s'6' phdn rinh dd ddi thrrc cria dttdng
si: h ldm bdn kinh vd cung, chon tlidm O 6 vi tri thich hop trOn cung ldm didm bft
ldn lrrot dirng d0 dei cfra mQt phdn bhng nhau c6 dAy cung ddi 01 tr6n hinh
ch bbng lhm brin kinh citldy 12 doan tr€n cung, dugc c6c didm O, I, II... XII, sau
ci ding drrdng th8ng ldn lrrot ndi didm S vdi cdc didm O, I, II... XII tlrroc hinh
qu t, chinh ld hinh khai tridn cria mit hinh n6n.

Trong quri trinh drlng hinh n6i trOn, do ding mdt hinh ch6p thay m[t hinh
, titc dilng ddy cung m6t phdn bhng nhau cria chu vi hinh trdn thay cho clQ ddi cria
XI

ilinh 4 - 13 Khaitridn mit hinh n6

dd drrng hinh, cho n6n hinh khai tridn dat duoc sE c6 sai sd nhdt tlfnh. Nhtrng
cd.n tdng thich hop sd phAn bhng nhau, s6 c6 thd giu duoc sai sd trong dQ chinh
c cho ph6p cira c6ng trinh. Cfing c6 thd loi dlrng quan hO hinh hoc gif,a hinh
 chieu va hinh khai tridn crja mdt hinh n6n dd tinh ra g6c trung t6m q, cria hinh
qu?t, sau d6 dqng hinh, nhrr v4y s6 c6 thd khdc phuc sai sd. Hinh 4 - l3(a) vd (b) da
thd hign quan hQ hinh hoc gifra chring, trlc dQ ddi cung ciia hinh quat ph6i bbng chu
vi hinh trbn driy cria. mdt hinh n6n, tfc bhng nD. thd, g6c trung tam cria hinh
T
quat a = nD/L. Neu bidu thi b}ng sd tl6 thi: q=tgO'.P=1800q
2NLL

Hinh 4 - 14 Khai tridn cing hinh n6n mi6ng tr6n vdt

Drrdi dAv l-dv

9du ki6n mdt hinh n6n didn hinh lim vi du dd n6i rd phrrong
phdp dqng cu thd ddi vdi hinh khai tridn cria n6.
Hinh 4 - 14 ld 6'ng hinh n6n mi6ng tr6n vdt. eua hinh cd thd thdy, cdu
ki6n ndy ld 6'ng hinh n6n cdt vrit phdn ttinh; hinh dring miQng tr6n ld m6t hinh
elip. Hinh khai tridn c0a 46 c6 thd trddc ti6n tim giao didm gif,a hinh elip mi6ng
tr6n vdi dudng sinh cric phdn beng nhau, sau d6 tim d0 ddi thuc cd.c drrdng sinh tr]
cdc giao ttidm ndy d6n didm S dinh ch6p dd xric dinh vi tri cria no trong hinh khai
trien. Cric brrdc dung hinh crja hinh khai tridn ld: (1) Chia hinh trdn driy miQng
drrdi crja mat hinh n6n thinh 12 phdn ddu nhau, vE ra hinh chidu bing vA hinh
chieu chinh 12 drrdng sinh bing nhau. (2) Dnng phuong ph:ip d hinh 4 - 1B(a) v6 ra
hinh khai tridn cfra dng hinh n6n, ho{c ding c6ng thrirc a = 1800D/L tfnh ra gdc
tam cr, vd vE ra hinh qu+t, sau d6, chia g6c tarn q, thdnh 12 phdn bing nhau, v6
cric dudng sinh phdn bbng nhau tr6n hinh khai tridn, (B) C6c giao didm
, A. ,'c. ...
g' gifrs' dtldng sinh cdc phdn bXng nhau vd'i miQng tr6n & tr6n hinh chidu ^.
chinh
cria ong hinh n6n c6 thd til tinh tich tu cria mdt vu6ng g6c chinh miQng tr6n dd
tnrc tiep tim ra. Cd,n cr1 vdo tinh chdt ti lC dO ddi cira hai doan thing t6n c,:ng
mQt drrdng thd,ng khong ddi sau khi chidu, eua cric didm B', b', c'... g' dung dudng
thdng bing cdt nhau vdi s'7', khodng cdch tr] cric didm tlat drJoc tldn
89
dm S' le dg dhi thrrc cria c5'c didm miQng trOn ddn
nh ch6p. (4) LAn lrrot cit ldy SA, SB, SC ... trOn
ddng sinh c6c phdn bhng nhau SI, SII, SIII ..' cho
ring ldn luot bhng d0 ddi thrrc ctia cdc drldng sinh
r1ng, drJoc c6c didm A, B, C lai ding drrdng
ng trbn noi cdc didm ndy dugc hinh khai tridn
ng hinh n6n mi6ng tr6n v6t.
Qua qud trinh dqng hinh tr6n c6 thd thdv:
hi miQng cdt cfia mdt hinh n6n khdng song song
r ,l'.?irng trgc m{t hinh n6n, lai khOng qua dinh
p thi miQng c6t nay sau khi khai tridn li mQt
rldng cong. Ddng thdi cdn nhin thdy, trong qud
,inh dung hinh, hinh chidu bing cria miOng c6t
6t c6 thd lrrgc b6, kh0ng cdn vE.
Hinh 4 - lS ld cdu kiQn dng hinh n6n miOng
n vu6ng g6c vdi drrdng trgc m{t hinh n6n cdn
ieng drrdi cong. C6c budc dgng hinh hinh khai
idn cua n6 trlong tr/ nhrr hinh 4 ' L4, didm khdc
chi ld vi miQng tr6n vuOng g6c vdi drldng tn;c
Hinh 4 - 15 Khaitridn ong hinh non
ria m6.t hinh n6n, ph6i tnJdc ti6n cdn crl vdo drrdng
migng trCn bdng, miQng drJdicong
nh cua hinh trbn miOng tr6n dd vE ra hinh khai
dn - hinh quat cria mdt hinh n6n, sau cl5 tim ra
h d6ng cria drrdng cong d4t ddoc sau khi khai
idn miQng dttdi.

Itl, Khoitridn cdu ki€n dng hinh n6n elip.

Nguy6n lf khai tridn cdu kien dng hinh n6n elip v6i cdu kiQn dng hinh n6n
rbn cd ban gidng nhau, trlc vfin ldy dng hinh ch6p thay cho dng hinh n6n elip dd
hai tridn Nntr"! tidt dien chinh cfra m4t hinh n6n elip li hinh elip, khdng thd
hia c6c phdn bang nhau nhrr hinh trdn, khdng c6 dr/gc d0 dei cung (hof,c dAy cung)
c doan tldu bhng nhau. Vi thd, dO'i vdi mit hinh n6n elip thdng thudng ld loi dUng
\t c1tt xi€n cria n6 c6 hinh dring trbn dd tien hdnh chia ddu hinh trdn ndy, mugn
tld chia mlt hinh n6n elip. Ngodi ra, khodng ct.ch til dinh ch6p mdt hinh n6n
Iip den c6c didm tr€n mit c$t hinh trdn, tfc dO ddi cfra drrdng sinh cfrng ddu kh6ng
ng nhau. Khi drrng hinh ddi h6i tim ra dO dai thr/c cria c6c drrdng sinh. Sau clAy
dV du vd dac didm vh qu6 trinh dgng hinh ding phrrong phrip tia ph6ng xa dd vO
"i
nh khai tridn cdu kiQn dng hinh n6n elip'
Bon tr6i hinh 4 - 16 Id hai hinh m5.t nhin chinh vd nhin xudng de cho cria
ng hinh n6n elip. Qua hinh c6 thd thdy, miQng d6y cria dng hinh n6n elip lh hinh
rdn song song vdi m[t H. Cric bUdc dqlng hinh hinh khai tridn cfra n6 ld: (1) Chia
trbn mi6ne tt6y thdnh 12 phdn bittg nhau va dudng sinh qua cdc ph6n didm
ng nhau, drroc hinh chieu chinh vd hinh chidu bhng cta 12 drrdng sinh SO, SI,
II... (do hinh ddi xfng, trong hinh chi vE biy dudng nfia tnJdc). (2) Ap dung phttong
ph6p xoay tim ra dQ dhi thuc cfia c6c drrdng sinh. Do dO ddi thr/c cria dudng sinh SO
vh S VI dd phin rinh tr6n hinh chidu chinh s'0' vir s'6' cira n6, trong hinh chi cdn
tim dQ ddi thr,rc c6c dtrdng sinh cdn lai lir s'1,, s'2r, s'31... (3) Vi hinh d6ng dng hinh
90
 Hinh 4 - 16 Khai tridn ong hinh n6n eiip
I

n6n elip ddi xrlng trudc sau, n6n hinh ddng hinh khai tridn cfia n6 cfrng nhdt dinh
ddi xfng, cho n6n v6 dudng thEng SO 6 vi tri thich hgp lim clrrdng bit ddu vi dudng
trung tAm ddi xrlng cria hinh khai tridn.Ldy hinh thgc ba canh cria m{t cong SOI ld
s'o', s'li vi o1 (dAy cung) vE ra hinh tam gi5.c SOI, rdi dr)ng phudng phrip nhttv4y
Iai ldn lrrot dtrng racl,c hinh tam gid.c S I II, S II III... SVVI drtoc cdc didm ddu II,
III, ... VI. BOn ph6i SO, dirng cirng phrrong phdp vE mQt nfra khdc, drrgc crlc didm cldu
doi xrlng. Sau cirng dirng dudng tron lidn ndi crlc didm ld duoc hinh khai tridn cdn
tim. Brrdc (3) cfrng c6 thd rip dqng brrdc (4) trong hinh 4 - L7 tld dtrng hinh.
BOn trrii cfia hinh 4 - 17 ld hai hinh nhin chinh vd nhin xudng cfia dng hinh
n6n dd ngugc mh miOng tr6n li dudng trbn ngang bhng, miQng dudi ld dudng cong
- cdu ki6n trong hinh cflng ld dng hinh n6n elip. Ch6 khric nhau gifra n6 vdi hinh 4
- 16 le dinh n6n bi m4t hinh trr,r cdt dft, hinh thdnh miQng dudi cfia dng hinh n6n
eiip. Drrdng cong cfra mi6ng drrdi sau khi khai tridn c6 thd tu::idc tiOn tim ra giao
didm girla miQng dudi vdi cdc drrdng sinh, sau d6 tim ra dO dei thr.tc cria dudng sirrh

I6 s rd ri

Hinh 4 - 17 Khaitridn dng hinh n6n elip miQng cong

91
o
D
u
cA nhfrng c5.i ndy ddu Id dudng thing hodc mdt phing thi sai sd cria n6 trrong doi
ldn. Neu c6 khd ndng thi khi d{.rg hinh, cAn cd g6ng tim c6ch gi6m thidu cdc sai sd
ndv. Drrdi ddy lay mdy vi du cdc cd.u ki6n thtrdng g?p dd trinh bdy phuong phdp
d{ng hinh bang phrrong ph6p dudng tam gi6c.

bd'

Hinh 4 - 19 Khai tridn ddu ndi cing mi€ng vu6ng

Hinh 4 - 19 ld hinh chi6'u ba mdt cria dAu ndi dng miQng vu6ng vi phuong
ph6p v6 hinh khai tridn cfia n6. Til hinh chidu ba m4t c5 thd thdy, hai dAu ndi cfia
ong ddu Id hinh vudng, hinh vu6ng ABCD cria ddu tr6n song song vdi mdt W, hinh
vuing MNPQ ctia dd.u dudi song song vdi mdt H, vd vin xoay nhau 450. LAn lrrot
ding drrdng thEng ndi c:ic didm cfia hai hinh vu6ng sE hinh thdnh tdm mdt phdng
hinh tam gidc, tao thdnh ddu ndi cria dng. Ap dung phuong phrip tludng tam giric d0
vE hinh khai tridn ddu ndi cfia dng, trudc ti6n cAn tim ra dg dai thrJc cira c6c canh
t6m hinh tam gi6c, sau d6 ldn lttot vE gh6p gQp theo thf tu ld drroc. Cdc budc d{ttg
hinh cu thd nhu sau: D6'i vdi vi6c tim dO ddi thuc cria c6c canh, do hinh vu6ng ABCD
song song vdi mdt W, hinh chieu b6n phdn rinh d0 ddi thrrc cia c|,c canh, hinh
vu6ng MNPQ song song vdi mdt H, hinh chieiu bing phdn rinh dO ddi thrlc cdc canh
cria n6 cho n6n ddu khdng cdn d{ttg hinh ri6ng. Ngodi ra, do hinh d6ng cria ddu nOi
dng ddi xfng tnjdc sau, vi thd chi cd.n tim ra dQ ddi thrrc cria bdn tlrrdng canh AM,
BM, BN vd CN. Hinh 4 - 19 6p dung phuong phrip hinh tam t6c vu6ng dd tim d9 dei
thuc cria n6, hinh d0 dei thdc vE b6n phdi hinh chidu trdi. Sau cing, dirng dg dai
thrlc c6c canh cta ct.c hinh tam gi6c ldn lttot v6 gQp theo thrl t{ hinh th{c ABM,
BMN, BCN... ctia cdc hinh tam gi6c sE drloc hinh khai tridn dAu n6'i cria 6'ng.
Hinh 4 - 20 ld hinh chidu ba mit ddu ndi cfra dng chuydn hrrdng g6c vudng vd
phrrong phdp vd hinh khai tridn n6. TU hinh chiSu ba mdt e6 thd thdy, hinh trdn
miOng tr6n ddu ndi cria dng song song vdi mdt W, hinh trdn miQng drrdi song song vdi
mdt H, dudng sinh song song vdi mit hinh tru cira mit V (tham kh6o hinh 2 - 19 vd
srJ trinh bdy li6n quan cria n6). Nr?a hinh trbn dudng k6 nh6 trong hinh chidu chinh
ld mQt phttong phrip vE don gi6n h6a d{ng hinh tdm kim loai (tdn); dirng ttd bidu thf
hinh ddng miQng trOn cria ddu n6'i dng lA hinh trdn. Sau khi hinh chidu chinh vE ra
nrla hinh trbn ndy thi hinh chidu trdi c6 thd ltroc b6. D6'i vdi ddu ndi dng ndy, c6
thd chia hai hinh trdn mi6ng tr6n, miOng drrdi cfra n6 thdnh cdc phAn bing nhau,
gi6ng nhau rOi dlng phrrong ph6p drrdng tam giSc tld khai tridn. Cric btrd'c d{ng hinh
cu th6 ld: (1) Hinh trdn mi6ng trOn vd hinh trdn mi6ng drrdi tldu chia thdnh 12
phAn bing nhau; dilng drrdng thing ndi cfc didm cria cric phdn bhng nhau tddng

93
unl , dtloc cdc hrnh chidu cua 12 dttdng sinh AO, BI, CII... MUdi hai drJdng sinh
chi mat hinh tru thdnh 12 hinh 4 canh, nhu AOIB, BI IIC, CII IIID..' (2) DUng
du( ng ch6o AI, BII, CIII... cfra cric hinh bdn canh, m{t hinh tru lai tidp tuc bi chia
tha nh hai mrJdi bon hinh tam gidc. (3) DDng phrrong ph6p hinh tam gi6c vudng
tin dg dai thdc cila cric dudng ch6o, nhr.t trong hinh 4 - 20 v€ qu6 trinh d{ng hinh
sar bOn phrii hinh chidu trrii. Bdi vi cdc dudng sinh song song vdi mlt V, cho n6n
hir h chidu chinh cria n6 phein dnh dQ ddi thrrc. (4) Dnng d0 dei thuc cria c6c dtrdng
sin vd dr/dng ch6o cing dAy cung mQt phdn bhng nhau cua hinh trdn miQng tr€n,
mir ng drrdi lAn lrrot vC gQp hinh thuc cric hinh tam gidc AIO, ABI, BI II... dtroc
hd g loat didm dinh A, B, C... vd O, I, II... cria hinh tam gid,c. Sau cirng ding
du( ng tron lidn ndi chring lai sE drroc hinh khai tridn dAu noi cria dng.

Sf e d'c

AU
Hinh 4 - 20 Khai tridn ddu noi c0a ong goc vu6ng chuydn hudng

Hinh 4 - 21 ld hinh chieu hai md,t cua mdt xo6y trOn dc hinh tru dfrng vd
ph ng phdp v6 hinh khai tridn n6. Hinh d6ng cria m5.t xody oc hinh tru trdn ld do
da trinh S, dudng kinh D vd d cria hai mdt tru trdn dAn quydt dinh. Dudng sinh
cu n6 d€u song song v6i mdt H. Cin cf vi,o tinh chdt mdt xoSn 0'c hinh tru trdn,
keo dai cdc d.udng sinh khidn n6 ddu cdt drrdng tr\rc cua hinh tru dAn thi mit
xo, n dc tru trbn lir mdt hinh n6n. M5.t xodn dc tru trdn cflng c6 thd dDng phrfong i

ph p drrdng tam gi6c tld khai tridn. Cric brrdc dgng hinh cria n6 ld: (1) TrOn hinh
ch u bhng chia m[t xodn dc tru dfng mOt d6n trinh thinh 12 phAn bdng nhau, vd I

ra hinh chidu bhng cria cdc drrdng sinh, sau d6 tim ra hinh chidu chinh cria cdc dudng
sir h, L2 dudng sinh c6 duoc sE chia mdt cong niy thdnh 12 hinh bdn canh. (2)
ng m6i hinh bdn canh dqng dudng ch6o AII, BIII... chia m6i hinh 4 canh thdnh
ha hinh tam gid.c. (3) Dilng phuong phdp hinh tam giSc vudng tim dlQ dii thr/c ctic
ca h cria m6i hinh tam gi:ic. Nhttng do hinh d6ng cria 12 hinh bdn canh chia ra
h n toi.n giong nhau cho n6n chi cAn d0 dei thrlc cdc canh cria hai hinh tam. gi6c A
I vd AB II trong d6 Ie drrgc. Hinh thtic c4nh AI vi canh BII cria hai hinh tam gi6c
dA ph6n dnh trong hinh chidu bhng, d{ng hinh d0 dai thuc ba canh AB, AII vd
 I IIcdn lgi vO b6n phrii hinh chidu chinh. (4) Ding dg dai thuc c6c canh tim duoc vO
gh6p gQp thdnh hai hinh tam giric AI II vd AB II sE duoc mOt phAn mrJdi hai cua
hinh khai triein md,t xo6n oc hinh tru drlng mQt dan trinh. (s) Lai ldn luot v6 li0n
tuc hai hinh tam giric AI II vd ABII, m6i crii vE 11 cdi nira s6 drtgc hinh khai tridn
cua md.t xodn dc hinh tru drlng mQt dAn trinh.

(a) (b)

Hinh 4 - 21 Khai tridn mdt xo6n dc hinh trr,r trdn d0ng

Hinh 4 - 22 lir hinh chidu hai mat cria ddu ndi hinh m6ng ngUa vd cd.ch vO hinh
khai tridn cia n6. Til hinh (a), (b; c6 thd thdy duoc, miOng trOn, miQng dudi cua ddu
n6i d6u ld hinh trdn, miOng trOn vuOng g()c vdi mdt V, miOng drldi vuOng g6c vdi mdt
H. Khi miOng trOn, miOng dudi le hinh trdn kh0ng song song ldn nhau, thi ddu ndi
nhy thdng thudng kh6ng phAi Id m5.t c0n(1)md ld mdt cong khOng thei khai tridn cho
nOn dAu noi ney khOng thd khai tridn drroc bdng phuong ph6p tia ph6ng xa, md phdi
chia chu vi hinh trbn miOng tr6n, mi0ng drr6i thdnh c6c phdn bhng nhau, gidng nhau,
ldn lrrot noi didm c6c phdn bing nhau trJong rftrg rdi khai tridn bhng phuong ph6p
dudng tam gid.c. C6c brrdc dung hinh cu thd cria n6 ld: (1) Dem hai hinh trbn miQng
tr6n, miQng drrdi ddu chia thdnh 12 phdn bhng nhau, drrgc tdt cd 24 didm cria c6c didm
phdn bhng nhau O, II, IV... vd I, III, V vd ding drrdng thing ldn lrrot ndi cric didm
phdn tudng rlng, drloc 12 dtldng th6ng, 12 dddng thing ndy sE chia mdt cong ddu noi

"' C6 thd ch(ng minh Oang ninn hoc, chi c6 khi hai hinh tron mieng tren, miQng duoi song song lln nhau hoac cung ndm tren
mQt mat hinh cdu chi mat cong cira ddu ncji mdi li
mit c0n)

95
 5 7 91113

(a) (b) (c)

Hinh 4 - 23 Phuong phap bd tridudng sinh trong mat cong cdu kiQn met cong dqng ong khbng tnd knai tridn

)6
khai tridn tao thdnh, khi c6t cd.u kien theo m6t drJdng sinh ndo d6 triii phing ra
mat phing hod'c dem vAt liOu tam cdn cr1 vdo hinh khai tridn ra vAt lieu rdi cuOn
thdnh cd'u ki€n thi nhdt dinh tdn tai cong vonh vd bien d+rrg vdi mrlc d6 khdc
nhau. Cdn bd tri drrdng sinh c5 hgp ly nay mrOng s6 quydt ainfr mrlc dQ nghiom
trong cua hiQn t'{qng cong v6nh, bidn dang cho n6n khi bd tri vi tri dudng sinh
trong m6t cong cdn c4n crl vdo y6u cdu cr,r thd cria cd'u kiQn, qui dinh hqp ly phdn
di6m tr€n dudng cong hai dAu cdu ki6n, cd gdng l4m cho hai drrdng sinh cin kd gdn
c6t nhau ho6c song song nhhm girim thirju cong vdnh vd bidn dAng. Thong thudng
phuong phdp qui dinh phan rlidm trOn drrdng cong hai ddu cdu kiQn c6:
(1) Can crl sd bhng nhau d9 dei cung cria dudng cong chia dttdng cong thbnh mQt
sd phdn bbng nhau. Nhu trong hinh + _ Zg(a), dudng cong mi6ng trOn miQng dtrdi crja
cau ki6n li hinh elip, dua vho srJ bbng nhau cria dQ dii cung chia chring thenh 12 phdn
bhng nhau, sau d6 ndi cdc phAn didm trrong fng, dugc dudn; sinh. Uu ai"- cria phtrong
Shdp nhy lh dF,rg hinh don giAn, drroc frng dung rQng rdi khi drrdng cong m6t ddu ld
hinh trdn, nhu hinh 4 - 22 chinh ld khai tridn sau khi b6 tfi dudng sinh crla mht cong.
Khuyet didm cua n6 lir khi khai tridn, cong venh vi biSn d?ng a6u trrong ddi lfn.
(2) Can crl vdo srr bXng nhau dg dai cung ctia hinh chidu dudng cong chia
dudng cong thd.nh mQt sd phdn bxng nhau. Nhrl trong hinh 4 - z}(b) dudng cong
miQng trOn cria c{u ki0n tuy ld hinh elip nhung hinh chi6u bing cfra n6 ld hinh
trdn, dd dung hinh don gidn, chia n6 thdnh lf phdn bbng nhau theo hinh chidu
bhng cila n6 (tr6n thtrc te do dei cung thuc str cria m6i ptrdn Ubng nhau kh6ng bXng
ilhau). Dudng cong mi6ng dudi c,ia cdu kign va hinh chidu bhng itia .ro ddu in hinh
elip, vi thd trudc tiOn phdi ldy truc ddi crla hinh elip lim dudng kinh ve hinh trbn,
sau khi chia hinh trdn thdnh 12 phAn bhng nhau, lai cin cr1 viro hudng truc ngdn
chieu cdc phAn didm l6n tr6n hinh elip, chia hinh elip thAnh 12 phAn. tJu muyet
didm cua phuong ph6p ndy gidng nhu phuong phdp tran. Khi hinh chiSu cria hinh
elip la hinh trbn thi rip dung phuong ph6p nhy trrong ddi thich hop.
cong cdt nhau vdi mQt o d6 dd
botri 6ng qua tAm crja hinh e au kien
d{ng trdng sinh tr6n cdu kiQ vdi n6.
Phrrong ph6p v6 cu thd cria n6 lh, trudc tiOn chia hinh elip mi6ng tr6n cria cdu kiQn
thdnh 12 phdn bhng nhau theo hinh chidu bhng ctra n6, noi cac dieim phAn bhng nhau
vdi hinh chieiu bhng cr-ia t6,m hinh elip mi6ng trOn sO duoc hinh chieiu bhng cua drrdng
sinh. Sau do lai trl hinh chidu bing girla cdc dttdng sinh vdi giao didm hinh elip
miOng trOn mi6ng drrdi dd tim ra hinh chidu chinh cfra n6, ndi cric diem trJong.rrng s6
duoc hinh chidu chinh cria c6c drrdng sinh. Uu khuydt didm cua phrlong ph6p nAy c0ng
gidng nhrr hai phrrong phdp trOn, ndu bd tri vi tri dudng thdng dfing thich hop thi c6
thd girlm thidu hiQn tudng cong vOnh khi khai tridn.
(4) C[n crl vd.o dr.tdng n6'i tidp didm girla hai dudng cong ddu trdn ddu dudi vdi
mit tiep chung cria n6 dd b6' tri drrdng sinh nhrl thd hiCn d hinh 4 - 24. Cric brrdc
dung hinh cu thd cila n6 ln: (1) Qua hinh c6 thd thdy miQ,ng.trOn vuOng g6c vdi m4t
V, mi6ng dudi song song vdi mdt H, giao tuydn crja n6, Id dudng thing drlng mat
chinh. Vl thd k6o ddi hinh chidu chinh cria hai m+! ph{pg miQng tr6n mi6ng drroi,
diejm P*
9.o
dtroc do chrlng cit nhau Ii hinh ehiefu ehinh clra g:,ao tuydn, qua P" drr. ng
duo'ng thing ditng xuong P, trlc ld hinh chidu b.ing cua giao tuyen. (2) Cdn.f ,rao
tinh chat dAy cung cua hinh chieu drrdng cong bhng nhau, trtrdc liOn chia hinh chidu
91
 2 phAn bhng nhau, drloc c6c didm Phdn
ieu chinh cua chirng vd hinh chiSu cua n6
didm 0' , L' , 2' ... vd 0' , Ir 21... (3) Trddc
Ung t hinh chidu bhng
uYdn H drroc cric diejm
dqng hinh chidu bhng
, c, d... sau cirng tim ra hinh chidu chinh
ng th6ng ndi hinh chieu cDng mdt cdc tiep
miOng drrdi sO dttgc hinh chidu hai mdt
phttong ph6p gidng nhu hinh 4 - 22 ti6p
cria cdu ki6n.

foeodo co oeo do co

VI
II

{t2

cons rrng hinh erip

Hlnh 4 .2a Apdvns phLrdns;ff1,;rlliiH.',
ffiiJilii:i;'Jl;;"'mat
ludng sinh thi d0 thrra ddy
Khi 6p dung phuong
khoAng cdch gitra 7a. tigp
( drrdi sE thav ctdi trrong d6'i
--i?,1"U::'jfo ttidm ke can
Idn, cAn IAn lrrot dr)ng dudn n cua n6 xem c6 cdt nhau
miQng tran miQn* -.0
016
ui?t,
ing mi6ng tron' miQng dudi'
khong, giao didm nht t'e ib - c ndu giao didmm cria
Tronghinh 4 - 24.?ltAfan nir L..--fA r.-;
PH' chfing t6 hai dudng sinh IB vd IIC cdt nhau'
-; --lt nh* trOn
hai dttdng thhng 12
nlau mQt' hai
Ndu keit n c6t thi
;, i, auu
drrdng . dd ti thd
phr-rong le loat
98
 ..

khai tridn cAn tim, cho n6n sd cong vOnh vd bidn d?ng khi khai tridn ddu rdt nh6, sai
sd cfrng trrong ddi nh6. Nhrrng khuydt didm cria n6 ld drrng hinh trrong ttoi phfc tap.
Bdn phuong ph6p n6i tr6n m5i c6i ddu c6 rru, khuydt, khi khai tridn c6 thd
cdn crl vdo tinh hinh vd y6u cdu cu thd cua cdu kiQn.tld chon sfi dung. N6i chung khi
dd chinh xdc cria cdu kiOn y6u cAu kh6ng cao thi c6 thd chon ding ba phuong phrip
dAu, khi dQ chinh xdc you cdu cao thi chon ding phrrong ph6p thrl tu.

4 - 4 Phucrr€ phiip tim g6c kgp tim du6rn€

Trong thrrc td sdn xuAt khai tridn kim loai tdm, sau c6c cOng doan doc hinh,
ra liOu, gb cudn tao hinh v.v... Cbn phAi tidn hdnh hi6u chinh vd kidm nghi6m ddi
vdi cdu kiOn dd chd tqo. D+c biet ph6i tinh ra chinh xdc g6c kep gitra hai m6t
phing kd c4n trong cdu kiQn tdm phing, sau d6 cdn crl vdo g6c thrrc cfia n6 ldm ra
tdm m6u g6c kep (drrdng) dd tidn hdnh do. Til hinh hoc khOng gian c6 thd bidt, g6c
kep gifra hai m5.t phing duoc bidu thi beng g6c hai mit cria n6. Dd tim drroc dO lOn
thdc srJ cria g6c kep gifra hai mdt, ngodi dp dung phuong phdp ho6.n ddi m6t ra cdn
c6 thd ding phuong ph6p mit cdt chinh girip du. ng hinh khai tridn. Nhu thd hien d
hinh 4 - 25, gid thidt hai m[t phing I vd II c6 cilt
nhau trong khdng gian, chring duoc xdc dinh bdi
giao tuydn AB vi hai alidm C vd D d ngodi dtrdng
AB (bon didm A, B, C, D kh6ng cirng m4t). Neu qua
didm O bdt k), tr€n AB drrng m6t m5t cdt p vu6ng
g6c AB, v) hinh tam gi6c mdt cdt OEF gifia m6t
phing P vd hinh ch6p tam gi:lc tudng trrong A -
BCD vd hinh tam gid.c m6t cdt chinh OGH gifra
hinh ch6p tam gi6c tudng trJgng ACrDl - BCD, thi
ZEOF hofc ZGOH ld g6c hai m{t a giCra m{t I
vdi mit II. \ii thd, tim g6c hai m{t c6 thd qui n4p Hinh 4 - 25 Nguy6n ly phudng phdp
thdnh ra tim hinh thr,rc m{t cdt chinh cfra hlnh mit cit chtnh
ch6p tam giric hoic hinh ldng tru tam giric. Gie
thidt hinh khai tridn cria hai mdt phing I, II tl6 drrgc dgng ra lgi dVng hinh khai
tridn vi hinh hinh chidu sd dE ding tim ra hinh thr,rc cfra m{t cdt chinh vd g6c hai
m4t a. BAi vi l6c ndy dQ ddi thuc cfra hai canh kgp g6c s c6 thd trr,rc tidp tim ra tr6n
hinh khai tridn, cbn c4nh d6'i ctia g6c a thi c6 thd cln crl vdo'dQ dai thr,rc .cria n6
ho{c toa d0 c0a hai didm ttdu dd x6c dinh.

l. Phudng ph6p mqt cdt chinh hinh ch6p tom gi6c.

Gia thidt ite bidt hai hinh chidu vd hinh khai tridn cria hai m{t phing giao
nhau tam gi6c ABC vh tam gidc ABD (hinh 4 - 26a, b). Ndu coi tam gi6c ABC vd
tam giric ABD ld hai mEt b6n cria hinh ch6p tam giric trldng tugng A - BCD thi g5c
kep hai m5.t s c6 thd tim dugc theo c6c brrdc dgng hinh sau dAy: (1) Dung drrdng
cao cfia AB qua D tr6n hinh khai tridn (hinh 4 - 26b) cdt AB, AC d O vA E, thi OD
vd OE trlc ld d0 dai thuc cria hai canh trong ti6t dien chinh tam gid,c DOE (dtrOi
tldy chi cdn tim ra dQ ddi thrrc cfra canh thrl ba DE cria tidt dien chinh ld drrgc). (2)
Do DE d tr6n mdt b€n thrl ba tam gi6c ACD cria hinh ch6p tam gi6c turing trtgng,
n6n trrrdc ti6n tim ra dQ ddi thuc c'do cfra CD tr6n hinh hinh chidu (hinh 4 - 26a)
sau d6 ldy AC tr6n hinh khai tridn ldm c4nh tl6y, dung hinh thrlc tam giric ACD,

99
 Hinh 4 - 26 Phudng phep tiet dign chinh hinh ch6p tam gi6c

(trong d6 CD,=c'di, AD'=AD) cria tam gi6c ACD thi DrE le d0 ddi thrrc cria canh
thrl ba DE tidt diQn chinh. (3) Cdn crl vio dQ ddi thrrc cira ba canh OD, OE vd DrE
tim duoc, dqng hinh thrlc tam giric D'OE cfra tidt dien chinh, ttc /.D'OE = cr.
C6ch tim dQ dhi thuc canh thrl ba DE cira tidt dien chinh cfrng c6 thd dirng qui
ludt hinh chieu cria mQt didm tr6n dudng thing, chia doan th&ng theo ti lQ nhdt dinh,
tim ra e vh e' tr6n bdn vE hinh chidu rdi tU de vd d'e' tld tnlc tidp tim ra. Khi ndu AC
ld drJdng song song vdi mqt chidu thi dg ddi thuc cria DE sO tnlc tidp tim ra theo hinh
chidu de vd de' tr6n hinh ph6ng dang kh6ng cAn tim gi6n tidp th6ng qua hinh thrJc cria
mdt bOn tam gi6c ACD trl&ng tt/png. Khi ndu ACD ld mit song song cria m[t chidu thi
d0 dhi thttc ciia DE c6 thd truc tidp phAn 6nh ra trOn hinh hinh chi6u.

ll Phudng phop mqt cdt chinh hinh long trq tom gioc.
Ndu xem tarn giric ABC vd tam giric ABD thd hien d hinh 4 - 27(a) ld hai mdt
b6n cr-ia hinh ling tru tam gi6c tddng tupng thi loi dgng phrrong phrip tidt diCn
chinh cung c6 thd tim ra dttoc g6c hai mdt cx. Cdc budc drrng hinh cria n6 ld (hinh 4
- 27a): (1) Qua didm C trong hinh khai tridn dqng dudng song song cfraAB duoc canh
C, lai qua D d{ng rludng thing drlng cria AB c6t AB vd canh C d O vi M thi OD vd
OM Ie dg dei thrrc cria hai canh trong tidt diQn chinh tam gi6c DOM. (2) Ldy C ldm
tam, d0 dai thrJc c'di cria cD ldm b6n kinh dung cung c6t MD d didm Dl thi MD' trlc
ld khoAng cdch gifra canh C vdi canh D (tam gi6c vudng MCD trong hinh 4 - 27b),
cung trlc ld d0 dei thUc ctia canh thrl ba tiSt dign chinh. (3) Cen crl vho dQ ddi th{c
ba canh OD, OM vd MD, tim duoc dgng hinh thrJc tam giric D'OM cria tidt diQn
chinh, ttc /.D'OM = cx.

(a) (b)
Hinh 4 - 27 Phudng phdp mdt c5t chinh hinh ldng trq tam gi6c

100
 lll Phudng phop too dQ mqt cot chinh.
Hinh thrrc crja mht cdt chinh khOng chi c5 thd bidt drroc trl d0 dai thrlc cua
ba canh hinh tam gi6c cfrng c5 thd dr)ng toa tlO ba dinh didm crja tam giric dei x:ic
dinh. Vi dr,r, gie thidt tle bidt khi hai hinh chiOu cria hai m4t phing c6t nhau tam
gi6c ABC vd tam gidc ABD (hinh 4 - 28) thi khi tim g6c hai m6t a c6 the trddc
tiOn gid thidt truc X, song song vdi ab, bien AB thdnh thJdng song song cfra mdt
V, trong hQ thdng HN L, sau d6 qua C, D ldn lrrot drrng drrdng song song cria AB (trlc
qua c, d ldn lrrot drrng dudng song song cria ab, qua c'r, d'r lAn lrrot d{ng drrdng song
song ctia a'rbr) duoc ba canh cria ldng tru tam gi6c trJdng trrgng. Dd tlm ra m{t c6t
chinh cria hinh l6ng tru tam gi6c trldng tdQng, c6 thd gid thidt mdt ph8ng P bft
ki trong hO thdng H/Vl vu6ng gdc vdi AB vd tim ra giao didm Co (co,.o,)
Ou (oo, ooi) vd Do (do, doi) gifra mat phing P vdi ba canh. Cho mdt ph8ng P xoay
quanh truc P" den vi tri tring vdi mdt H sE drroc hinh thdc tam gi6c CoODo cria
mlt c6t chinh, cdn I C0OD0 li g6c hai md.t cr cAn tim. Dd don gi6n h6a dung hinh
mdt phing P c6 thd bd qua khOng vC. Lric ndy c6 thd ldy didm O bdt kj' tr6n
drrdng k6o dii crla ab ldm alidm g6'c drrng hQ toa d0 g6c vuOng u - v, thO- la C0, Du
cdn crl vAo tri sd toa d0 (u., v.) vd (uu, vu) tld xdc dfnh. R6 rdng, u., ud ldn lttot bang
khoring c6ch cd ddn ab, V., V,r bing kho6ng cdch ctia C, D ddn AB. O dAy, OCo= r.
r---i-------l-
= Jul + v3 , oDo= ro = /ul + v].
Neu dd dqng hinh khai tridn tam gi6c ABC vh ABD thi hinh chi6u mdi tr6n
mf,t V, c0ng c6 thd b6 qua khdng v6, nhrr thd hien 0 hinh 4 - 29. L(tc ndy, r" - rd c6
thd truc tidp tim ra til trOn hinh khai tridn, C0, D0 thi cin cf vdo (u", r") vir (ua, ro) dd
x6c dinh. Nhung d dAy cAn chfr i, khi V. - % cing kf hieu thi C0, D0 ndm cr)ng mdt

Hinh 4 - 28 Nguy€n li/ phrjdng phdp tOa dQ mdt cit cninh

t01
 Hinh 4 - 29 Phr/dng phdp phan biQt tri s6 V khi 0ng dqng phudng phdp tga d0 mit cat chinh
0d tim g6c hai mdt

b6n cria truc u; ngugc lai, Co, Do nhm hai b6n trgc u. Qui t6c phdn biet kli hiQu V. - V,
ld trUdc ti6n qua AB drrng m?t thing drlng Q ftidu thi bhng Qg) vA tim ra hinh
chieu (cr, c', vd d,, di) cria C, D tr6n m?t Q, sau d6 lai c6n crl vdo vi tri tdong ddi cria
.;,d; vdi a'b'quyet dinh kf hi6u drrong Am cria n6. Trong hinh 4 - 29, c;, d; nbm
hai b6n a'b', n€n V., Vd le khric kli hiQu, Co - Do phdi nim d hai b6n truc u. Cfrng
cing ly Ie nhu vdy, ndu ldy mQt didm O ba't kj' tr6n drrdng k6o ddi c&a a' b' lAm
dieim gdc dttng hQ tga d6 vu6ng g6c u - v (nhrr thti hign <i hinh 4 - 30) thi c6 thd
cdn crr vdo phtrong phrip tdong tu hinh 4 - 29 dd tim g6c hai mdt cr. Nhrrng lfic
ndy u., uo ldn lrrot ld khodng c6ch drlng trl c'd' rldn a'b'. Qui tdc phdn biQn kf
hiOu V. - Vd la phrii trudc ti6n qua AB dung mdt thdng dri'ng R (bidu thi bing \)
vd tim ra hinh chidu (c, - ci vd d, - di) cria C, D tr6n mdt phing R, sau d6 cdn crl'
vdo vi tri trlcng ddi ctia c, - d, vdi ab md quydt dinh ddu drrong dm c'ia n5. Trong
hinh 4 - 30, cz, d2 ti hai b€n ab, n€n V. - Vo khric kf hiQu C0, D0 phdi nim hai b6n
truc u,

Hlnh 4 - 30 Phudng phdp phAn biQt tri sel V

khi ong dvng phudng phdp tqa d0 mdt c5t chinh od tim g6c hai m{t (2)

102
 [Vf dv 1] Da bidt hai hinh chidu vd hinh khai tridn cria tldu ndi 6ng miQng
vuOng miQng trOn xi6n, miQng drr6i bhng (hinh 4 - 31) tim g6c kep tdm drrdng cria n6.

fs dO dirithuc GT
do ddithr.tc CE

Hinh 4 - 31 Dirng phudng ph6p mqt cit chinh hinh chop tam gidc, hinh ling trq tam gidc
od tim goc kgp tdm drJdng

GiAi: Do cdu kiQn tldi xrlng trrldc sau n6n chi cdn tim ra g6c hai md,t ot,, 02
cr, cta c4nh AE, canh CH vd c4nh BF. Trong d6, crl la g6c kep giila hai mit phing
tam gi6c AEB vd hinh binh hdnh AEII I, bidu thi bhng kj hiQu B - AE - I(II). Do ba
didm A(a,a'), B(b,b'), I(1,1') nim tr6n m{t ph&ng ngang, dq dai thrJc c?nh thrl ba
gria tam giric mqt c6t chinh tta phAn dnh trgc tiSp tr0n hinh hinh chi5u, n6n 6p
dung phuong ph6p m4t cdt chinh hinh ch6p tam gi6c dd giai trrong tldi tign lgi. Cdc
budc cria n6 ld: qua didm I tren hinh khai tridn dUng tludng thing drlng cfia AE, duoc
hai didm O' M, thi IO1 vd MO, le dg dhi hai canh cria hinh tam gidc m{t cdt chinh,
dg dei thr/c cua canh thrl ba tM ta IMo = 1 m6t. lIOrMo tqo bdi ba canh IO1 - MOl
vir IMo - ctr.
a, ld g6c kgp gifla hai mqt ph6ng tam gi6c CHD vi tam gi6c CHG bidu thi
bhng kf hiQu D - CH ' G. Do cqnh CD (cd - c'd' ) song song vdi m{t H, tlQ ddi th{c
cria canh thrl ba c6 thd tim dugc tren hinh hinh chidu, n€n 6p dt,ng phrrong ph6p
mqt c6t chinh hinh ch6p tam gi6c tld tim dz tudng ildi tiQn lgi. C6c brrdc d{ng hinh
cfia n6 lA: qua didm G tr6n hinh khai tridn agttg itrrdng th&ng drlng cria CH dugc O'
T thi GO, vd TO2 le dO dai hai c4nh cria hinh tam gidc m{t cdt chinh; clO dhi th{c
cira canh thrt ba GT Ie GTo - GT (GT tim drrqc bhng phrrong ph6p hinh tam gi6c
vu6ng). ZGOzTo tao bdi dq dai thgc ba c+nh GO, - TO, vh GTo = ctr.
103
 cr3 Ib. hai m6t phhng tam gi6c BFE vd BFGC bidu thi bhng ki'hiQu
g6c kep gitra
E - BF: C, .p du"gphrrong ph6p ldng tru tam gi6c dd tim trrdng ddi thuan tiQn. C6c
budc d\rng hinh cria n6 ld: Qua E trOn hinh khai tridn dqng drrdng song song cria BF dttoc
canh E, qua C dqng dttdng thing drlng cira BF drtoc O' N tim NO, vh CO3 h d0 dei hai
canh hinh tam gi6c m4t cdt chinh, canh thrl ba NCo - NC, mir NCl = dO dei thrrc cria
CE (nhrr dudng n6t lidn thd hiOn). Vay Ie Z CoOrN = crr.
[Vi du 2] gi6ng nhu vi d.u trOn, nhtnrg hinh khai triejn li khai tridn ri6ng tirng
m6nh, tim g6c kep tdm m6u (hinh 4 - 32).
Gi6i: Do hinh khai tridn da cho id khai tridn riOng ti/ng minh, vi thd kh6ng
tiOn 6p dUng phrrong ph6p m5't cit chinh hinh ch6p tam gi6c hoic hinh l[ng tru tam
gi6c dd gi6i-md nOn 6p dUng phtrong ph6p toa dQ mdt cdt chfnh ttd gi6i trong hinh 4
- 32, g6c hai m6t H - AE - B tim dUoc tr6n hinh chidu chinh ld a, = lHoorBo (bdi vi
tam gi5,c AEH li m[t th8ng drlng lai tring vdi truc V cho nOn un = 0, Ho. phdi nd'm
tr6ntrucV, trlc trOn dudngk6o dhi cria a'b');E - BF - C vd D - CH - GthilAnlttottim
drloc trOn hinh chidu xudng ld cr, = lEoOrCo vh ct, - D0O3G0.

Qua trinh bdy tr6n dAy, c6 thd nit ra k6t luAn sau: phrrong phdp m4t
cft
chinh hinh ch6p tam gi6c, phuong phdp mdt c6t chinh hinh l6ng tn; tam giric vd
phuong phdp toa dQ -!t .5i chinh ddu c6 uu didm: d{ng hinh don gi6n, chidm dien
li.n trtt6, do phtrong phrip m[t cdt chinh hinh ch6p tam gi6c vd phrrong phdp rn4t
cdt chinh hinh ldng tru tam gidc dqng hinh trOn hinh khai tridn, vi thd chi thich
hop vdi khai tridn cA khdi tron ven; phrrong phdp toa dO mdt cft chinh d{ng hinh
tr6n co sd hinh chidu cria cdu kiQn, n6 nhanh gon hon phuong ph6p ddi mqt, bdt kd
ld khai tridn ci khdi tron ven hay khai tridn tilng mAnh ddu thich hqp.

Hinh
khai tridn lV khaitridn lll

Hinh 4 - 32 Ap dqng phUdng ph6p t'a d6 mqt cdt chinh tim goc kep tdm dudng

r04
 nAr rAp
1. Dr)ng phrrong phrip drrdng song song dgng hinh khai tridn crt.a c6.c cdu kiQn
sau dAy:

(a) (c)

+-

(d)

2. Dirng phttong phdp tia ph6ng xa dgng hinh khai tridn cdc cdu ki6n sau:

(a)

105
 3. v6 drrdng kdt hgp vd hinh khai tridn cfra c6c cdu kiQn sau:

(d)

106
 4. De bidt brJdc S cfra m4t xodn dc hinh tru drfng le 56, drrdng kinh hinh tru
d6n D=100, d=54; tim dung rrintr khai tridn mgt irloc cfra n6.
5. VC hinh khai tridn cia c6c cdu ki€n sau dAy:

(b)

(c) (d)

107
 6. Dirng phrrdng ph6p m4t cdt chinh dqttg g6c kep tdm dtfdng trong c6c cdu
ki6n sau

108
-I

CHUOING 5

LY cOruqNqI+KHAI rnlErrl
KIMLOAITAA4

Khi chd tao cdu kiQn bbng vat IiQu kim loai tdm n6i chung ph6i cdn cr1 vho
hinh mh ti6n hdnh nhidu cdng doan ph6ng d?ng, khai tridn, ra liQu, gb, hirn ndi vh
hiQu chinh nghiQm thu v.v... trong cdc c6ng doan ddu dung ch4m ddn nhidu khdu
c6ng ngh6 1i0n quan. d aay chi bhn vd xfi lf cdng nghe c6 li6n quan ctdn hinh ddng
hinh khai tridn.
Cdn cr1 vdo dQ dhy, cdu kien kim loqi tdm c6 thd chia ra hai loai: cdu kien
tdm ddy vd cdu kiQn tdm m6ng. Crii trudc phdi x6t t6i 6nh hudng cfia dQ ddy kim
loai tdm ddi vdi hinh ph6ng deng vd hinh khai tridn cdu ki6n, ph6i xft If tdm dhy.
Cdi sau do vQt liQu tdm tuong ddi m6ng, n6i chung dudi 1,5mm sau khi gb tao hinh,
6p dung mO'i ndi hai m6p tdm,.cho n6n cdn x6t tdi hinh thrlc mdi ndi vd 6nh hrrdng
du lttong cfra n6 ddi vdi hinh khai tridn

5 - | Hinh diiq€ hinh hgc cira ciu ki€

vi xfr li d0 diy tim
COng doan ddu ti6n c5.n crl vdo hinh dd chd tao cdu kiQn kim lo4i ld ph6ng
dang; trlc cdn crl vd.o hinh drlng vd dO ldn thrrc td c0a cdu kign trong hinh dd v6 bAn
vE hinh chidu (th6ng thrrdng goi ld hinh ph6ng dang) ctia cdu kiQn vdi ti lQ 1:1'
Trong hinh ndy tuy khOng ghi kich thrtdc, nhr.rng do hinh khai tridn phdi cfn crl vdo
dQ ldn nh6 cria n6 dd v6, cho n6n n6 sG trrJc tidp 6nh htrdng ddn ctg chinh xdc chd
tao cdu kiQn, vi thd phdi ve chinh x6c. Do b6n vE khai tridn cldu dtrgc vE theo b6n v6
hinh chidu khi gi6 thidt c19 diy tdm cfra cdu kiQn bbng 0, cho n6n trong hinh ph6ng
d?ng, phdn ldn khOng v6 clQ ddy tdm cfra cdu kiQn. Cbn vat lieu tdm cfia cdu kiQn
thrlc td ddu c6 dQ dey nhdt tlinh. Ddi vdi cdu kiQn tdm m6ng, ndu b6 qua clQ ddy cria
vQt liQu tdm, thi Anh hrrdng do n6 sinh ra tudng ddi nh6, sai sd cria edu kiQn lhm ra
c6 thd nhm trong ph+m vi dung sai cho ph6p cfia cOng trinh. Nhrrng ddi vdi cdu kiQn
tdm ddy, thi phAi nghiOn crlu xft lf dg ddy v4t liQu tdm theo ndo, tim c6ch
lrroc b6 n6, vE ra hinh ldy mdtr kh6ng c6 dO ddy, sau i16 khai bAo ddm cau
kiQn ldm ra phir hgp yeu cdu thidt kd. D6 Ii qu6 trinh xfi lf ttQ ddy tem.

l. Xfi li de ddy tdm c0o cdu kien m{t cong , '

Hinh 5 - 1 thd hien srqr thay ddi dq ddi mdt cdt cria tdm ph&ng c6 dO diry t,
cong thdnh dang cung trbn. Sau khi cong, ldp ngodi ..9" tdT bi k6o gidn trd n6n dii,
ldp trong bi n6n trd n€n ngdn, chi c6 tdp trung tinh v6n gitr nguy€n d0 ddi cfl.
109
Th6ng thudng c6 thd xem l6p giita cria
tdm ld ldp trung tinh. Do dQ dii cfia ldp
trung tinh khOng thay tldi trong quri trinh
cong, vi thd ldy n6 lhm chudn dd v6 hinh
ph6ng d+ng vh khai tridn sd c6 thd b6o
d6m kich thudc cria cdu ki6n phtr hop yOu
cAu thidt kd. Nhrr dng hinh tru trong hinh
5 - zldy dudng kinh giita cfia n6 (tludng
kinh binh quAn) ldm chudn dd v€ hinh
ph6ng d?ng vir khai tridn, hinh khai tridn
Hinh5-1Tdmbicong
cfra n6 ld hinh chir nh4t. Chidu cao cfra
hinh chtr nhat vdn ld H; chidu rQng

d0 dAy tdm 6ng hlnh

criahinh chfl nh$t lDr nd, cfrng bhng r(D + t) ho+c lr(D - t). Hoic r*ur dng hinh n6n
trong hinh 5 - 3, ldy drrdng kinh gifla ddu ldn, ddu nh6 cfia n6 ldm chudn vE bdn vE
ph6ng d4ng vd khai tridn, hinh khai tridn cfia n6 ld hinh qu?t, d0 dai cung dAu ldn

Hinh 5 - 3 X0 ly d0 ddry tdm 6ng hinh non

110
cria no ln ru(D - t), dq ddi cung ddu nh6 ld n(d - t), gd,c tAm trJong rlng cta cung ld.
(d - t)1800/L (trong dd' L c6 thd cdn cr1 vdo cdch gidi bing v6 hinh ho4c tinh ra).
Tdng hop cric trinh bdy tron, phuong phrip xit ry tlO day td.m c6 thd qui
thdnh: d6'i vdi cdu ki6n t4o thdnh mdt cong thi-ldy kich thrJdc ldp giira cria tdm ldm
chudn v€ hinh ph6ng dAng khai tridn.

ll. Xfi ry d9 doy tdm c0o cdu ki€n do mgt phdng hqp thdnh.
Hinh 5 - 4la hinh mdt cdt udn gQp tdm phing c6 tlQ ddy t thdnh tdm g6c
xi6n. Khi udn gap thdnh g6c xi6n, cft6 uO" gap m{t trong cfra n6 ld g6c trbn b6n
kinh rdt nh6 (gdn bhng 0), ch6 udn g4p m4t ngodi ld g6c trbn c6 Uan kinh gdn bhng
dO ddy tdm t. Trlc srl thay rldi dO dai ldp trongln6 udrt gQp rdt nh6, ldp ngodi vd ldp
gifra ddu c6 thay ddi ato dii tuong ddi ldn, bQ phan L, vi. L, kh6ng bi udn gap
\h6ng xdy ra bidn dang. Vi thd, loai cau ki6n niy
ldy kich thrrdc hinh trong dd vE hinh ph6ng d4ng vi
khai tridn ld thich hop. Nhu dng hinh vu6ng a nnfr S
-.5,
.vd n6 ldy ldp trong ldm chudn v6 hinh ph6ng d?ng
khai tridn, hinh khai tridn cria n6 li hinh chrr nEltlRr-s
nhdt, chidu cao v6n la H, chidu rQng le 2A + 2F..
Hinh 5 - 6 ld tdm udn g$p hai ddu theo hai chidu
L1

Hinh5-4U6ngap

Xf/ l)t t10 day tdm trinh bdy dr tr6n c6 thd qui thdnh: D6'i vdi cdu kiQn do
m[t phing hgp thdnh thi ldy mdt tron g td.m tam chudn dd v6 hinh ph6ng d?ng
vd khai tridn.
Khi a cdu ddi ldn, dbi tdm
phlng mdi ly dO a n6 do y€u gh6p
quydt tlinh. h chff hinh b b,
- tdm
trudc vd' sau cria n6 kgp hai tdm tr6i ph6i thi hai tdm trudc sau ph6i c6n crl vdo kich

I
I
2A+28

Hinh 5 - 5 X0 ly d0 ddy 6ng hlnh vu6ng

thldc mEt trong dd ra HQu. Sau clAyldy hinh chidu cfia ddu ndi hinh 5 - Z lim vi dv
dd trinh bdv tdng hop hai qui lu4t xfi lf tlO dey tdm n6i tr6n.
Trong hinh, miQng tron li hinh trbn, mieng drJdi Ia hinh vu6ng, dQ ddy tdm
lD. t, c6c kich thrJdc kh6c ddu c6 ghi trong hinh. Ilinh ddng cira cdu kiQn ndy c6

111
thd phAn tich lh do bdn tdm phEng hinh tam
gidc vd bon tdm hinh c6n elip xiOn tao thdnh.
Cdn c(r vdo kdt luQn hai loai xt? li d0 ddy tdm
cdu kiQn n6i tr6n, b0 phan tdm phing c6 thd A B Lr
ldy mqt trong ldm chudn, bO ph{n tdm m{t L
cong thi ldy ldp girla ldm chudn dd vE hinh
ph6ng dang. Vi thd, drrdng kinh cria hinh trbn
miQng trOn trong hinh ph6ng dAng phdi Ie d - t,
d0 dei canh cria hinh vu6ng miQng dudi lh A - Hinh 5 - 6 X0 ly d0 dAy tdm c0a tAm cong
2t, d0 cao v6n le H.

Hinh 5 -7 Xt ly dQ ddy tam ddu ndi

5 - 2 Hinh drin€ miQng n6i vi xt? li dO div tim

XfI d0 day tdm khOng chi phg thuQc vdo hinh ddng cria chinh cAu kiQn md
lJ?
cbn li6n quan tdi hinh dring miQng nOi gifla hai b0 phan kd cqn cfia cdu kiQn. Gqi
mi6ng ndi trlc Id ch6 khe ndi ddi giira c4nh vdi canh hai bQ phan kd can nhau cfia
cdu kiQn. Trong hinh hinh chidu cfia cdu kiQn, mdi nay chinh lh dudng kdt hop.
Hinh d6ng miQng ndi do hai bO phan tqo thhnh: hinh ddng clrrdng kdt hqp vA hinh
d6ng miQng m6p ch6 ndi. MiQng m6p lai chia ra hai loai: miQng m6p kh6ng.vdt vi
miQng m6p c6 vdt. MiQng m6p kh6ng vdt lh m6p miQng nOi cdt vudng g6c vdi tdm
v4t liQu khi ra liQu, thdng thudng ggi ld miQng m6p tr,I nhi6n. MiQng m6p vdt khi ra
liQu c6t tdm v4t liQu c6 d?ng vdt, tqo thhnh g6c xiOn vdi m{t tAm v4t liQu, thrrdng
c6 dang hinh V vd hinh X.

l. X0li d0 ddy td'm khi miQng m6p khong v6t.

Nhrr thd hien A hinh 5 - 8(a), cdu kiQn nhy do hai do4n dng hinh tru trbn vh
mQt do4n dng hinh n6n c6 Ctudng tryc chung tqo thanh, vir yOu cdu kfch thudc cria t, d,
D, H, Hl,'H, vh H, sau khi che t4o thhnh ddu phir hgp tri sd ghi trong hinh. Neu theo
kdt lu4n xfi lf tlQ ddy tdm .16 trinh bny E tidt tr6n tld ldn lrrot khai tridn rdi tien
hdnh l6p ndi theo vi tri trong bdn vE hinh chidu; thi nhrr thd hiCn trong hinh 5 - 8 (b)
khu vuc l6p ndi sE sinh ra vQt IiQu chdng nhau, trlc mit ngodi dng hinh n6n vh mdt
ngohi dng hinh tru nh6 vd mi.t trong dng hinh n6n vdi mit trong dng hinh tru ld'n 6
ch6 noi cldu bi vQt liQu chdng nhau. Di6u ndy, trOn thgc td khOng th<i th1rc hiQn dttoc.

112
 n

Hinh 5 - 8 NguyOn tyi, x0 tli d6 ddy tdm mi6ng noi

Neu tien hdnh ldp ndi theo hinh 5 - 8(c), tuy c6 thd thrrc hian, nhtrng do d6 ddi
drrdng truc. H, cia dng hinh n6n trd nOn ddi, tdng dQ dai H cria cdu ki6n cfrng tr6
n6n ddi, di6u niy khOng phi hop yOu cAu cria thiSt kd. Neu hinh tru trbn ldn nh6
vAn tidn hdnh khai tridn theo kich thrJdc cfr, cdn dO ddi drrdng tru dng hinh n6n thi s6
rrit ngdn, trlc qua hai didm,A B trong hinh b - g(b) dqrng hai dt/dng vu0ng gdc v6i
drrdng tAm ldp trung tinh dng hinh n6n, ding khodng c6ch L, girla hai tludng gi6ng
(hodc gOp n6 thdnh ilo dai dudng truc Hn) dd thay
tht Hrkhai iridn 6'ng hinh ,r5,ntir
s6 thu drroc cdu ki6n dat y6u cdu, ntrtr ttrd hlen 6 hinh 5 - 8(d). phrrong ph6p ndy
khOng nhflng chi ra viQc xilt ly dO ddy tdm ddi vdi cdu ki6n trong hinh S - A,^ ddn]
thdi cdn n6i 16 cdc didm trong ydu khi xfi lj dO ddy tdm ch6 *ie"* ndi khi m6p
mi6ng khOng vdt, tftc cdn crl vdo ch6 mi6ng ndi cria cdu kian ld tidp xric m6 ngoai
hay tidp xric m6 trong dd sfia chf,a cric kich thudc lion quan, nhim d41 drroc .du kiCrt
hop v6u cdu. Sau dAy lai bd.n tidp xrl lf dq dey tam mit sd cdu ki6n thudng gdp ttd
til d6 nit ra c6c qui ludt chung cria vi6c xfi lf.
Hinh 5 - 9 ld hai hinh chidu khi ong hinh trU ndi vdi tdm xion thrrdng xuat
hion trong mOt sd cdu ki6n. Til trong hinh chidu chinh c6 thd thdy khi dng hinh tru
mieng m6p kh6ng vdt, thi ntra phdi vd nria tr6i cria mieng ndi ldn ltrot ld m6p ngoi.i

mqt cdt oil m4t c6toilt met cet OtV

vA OVlll vA OVlt vA OVI

Hinh 5 - 9 Hinh ddng mi6ng noi giOa cing hinh tru vdi tdm xi6n

i!00t cua
lFil'9l^t!.y
n0 rat nho, !1r{g!
do ldn dud^ns kinh si[a c0a n6 cuns thay ddi, khi d0 ldn c0a d vd D
co the b0 ua khong xet tdi)
r
sdn bans nhau, thi tuons thay

113
 Dd tim drroc ch5 chuydn
vd m6 trong cua dng hinh tru tiep xric v6i bd mnt tam xi6n.
bidn cria 6ng hinh tru til ch6 tidp xric m6p
chu vi hinh trdn Ong tru trdn thdnh t6m
nhau lAn lrrot d{ng mit cdt chrla drrdng t
c6c hinh mdt cdt tr6n cdc m4t Phing
phang cdt OI vd OV trirng vdi hinh ch
chinh, sau mdt cat kh6c OII, OIII-.. OVIII
hd quanh truc ong hinh tru ddn vi tri tr
dich ngang bhng v6 l0n b6n phii hai hin
g6c kep ngohi 0 gitra dttdng sinh ong hi
phing c6t ddn dAn biein tldi tU nh6 den
va OVII vita dring 900, lric ndy, m6p ngoiri
hinh tru dOu ddng thdi tidp xric vdi m[t
id chd chuy6n tU iidp xric m6p ngoiri sang tiSp xric m6p trong ho[c tU tidp xric m6p
gidi, nrla
trong ,urrg tiep xric m6p ngodi,1,lc tdy mat c6t Otlt vd OVII Idm ranh
pfrai ta tiSp xrlc gifra m6 ngod.i cria ong hinh tru vdi bd mdt tdm xi6n, nf/a trdi
lh
iiep xric gifra m6 trong cria dng hinh tru vdi b0 m[t tam xi6n'
Hinh b - f0 Id hinh ph6ng d4ng vd hinh khai triein cria dng hinh tru, b6n
tr6i
cua n6 ld u cria dng hinh tru ddi ra vd ra
hinh, tludng ndi cric didm c sd kf
hinh chi6u
hi6u chfnh ong hinh tru v6'i mat tdm g noi'

Hinh 5 ' 10 Hinh phong dqng vd hinh vE khai tridn ong hinh trr'r

giffa (d +
Hinh ph6ng d4ng cria dng hinh tru v6 E gil.ir- l{6 van v6 theo dttdng kinh
t hodc D - t) cua dng hinh tru. Nhrtng sau khi chia n6 thdnh 12 phAn bhng nhau,ldp
do

ong tru Id miQng m6p khong v6t, ao aai dydnq sinh m?t ngodi, mlt
trong vd
giita ii:On cung ma; p.,-.5.ng chia ddu imat cdt) thi ddu bhng nhau' Vi thd c6
thd di
chuydn dO dei drrdng sinh cdc phdn bhng nhau tron m6t ngoii hoic mit
trong ddn
dtlong sinh ldp giila trlong rlng, ttc c6c dttdng sinh I, II, III, XI, XII tren
hinh ph6ng
dang cln cfr v]ro dudng tdt hqp mat ngodi dd x6c dinh d6 dii cua n6,
c6c dtrdng sinh
V, \rI, VII, VIII, IX thi c6n crl vao tluJngk6t hgp m4t trong dd x6c dinh d0 ddi
cua
ho[c mit
n6 cdn hai drrdng sinh IV vd X nhm d ch6 chuydn thi c5.n c(t vdo m6t trong
ngodi dd x6c ainrr adu dtrgc. DO dei cua n6 bhng nhau. Hinh khai tridn
cin cf/ vito
hinh ph6ng d?ng dd vE ra d bOn ph6i cua tohn bO hinh'
tt4
 Qua hinh 5 - 9 vd b - 10 c6 thd qui thdnh qui luAt
sau: Khi miQng m6p kh6ng v6t, g6c kep me ngodi gil/a
drrdng sinh dng trdn vdi bd mat tam xiOn nh6 hon g00
thi khai triein theo dudng kdt hop m6t trong, khi g6c
kep bhng 900 chinh ld ch6 chuydn cria n6. Khi ong hinh
n6n tiep xric vdi bd m5t tam xiOn thi kdt luAn ndy v6n
.i___qg rat tdm xien
clfng. Nhung ch6 chuydn cfia n6 kh6ng d ch6 mdt phing
cdt OIII vd OVII, md di chuydn loch sang ph6i iny srr Hinh 5 - 11 PhUdng ph6p tim
khric nhau cria g6c dinh ch6p cr cria dng hinh n6n. phtrong ch6 chuydn khi ong hinh non
ph6p tim vi tri cu thd cfia n6 xem hinh 5 - 11, trlc qua tidp xric voi tam xi6n
giao didm o' gif,a hinh chidu cfra dudng kel hgp dng
hinh n6n vdi bd mlt tdm xi6n (trlc bd mdt tdm xi6n) vdi dudng truc hinh n6n dung
dtrdng vuOng g6c vdi dudng bao (trlc drrdng sinh cria hinh n6n vd cdt dtrdng bao m6
ngodi o didm a') cit dtrdng bao m6 trong o didm b., rdi qua hai didm a, vd b. IAn
lgot dung drrdng vuOng g6c vdi dr-tdng truc hinh n6n, hai drrdng vuOng g6c ndy cdt
drrdng ket hop o hai didm m' vd n'. Sau khi k6o dii dudng noi hai didm m' vdi n' se
cit nhau vdi dtrdng truc, n6 ld ctrtdng tidp xric d ch6 chuydn cria bd mdt midng ndi
chuydn tit tidp xric m6 ngodi 6'ng hinh n6n sang tidp xric m6 trong. Tdng cria g6c kep
p giCta tam xi6n vd drrdng truc hinh n6n vdi g6c dinh ch6p cr ndu ldn hon 900 thi hai
didm m' vd n' trong d{ng hinh s6 E ngodi dudng bao dng hinh n6n, chrlng t6 khOng
c6 ch6 chuydn, todn b6 ong hinh n6n ndy ddu li tiep xric gif,a m6 trong vdi bd mdt
tdm xiOn.
' Trong cdc c6ng trinh, drrdng kdt hop giita hai bO phan ke can ciia nhidu cdu
ki6n ddu ld drrdng cong mqt phing ma hinh chidu ctia drrdng kei hop li dttdng
thing. Hinh 5 - 12 dd dua ra ba tinh hinh thrJdng gip trong sO' d6. Hai dng hinh tru
kd cAn hodc drrdng truc cira dng hinh n6n cdt nhau vd ddu song song vdi cirng m6t
mdt chidu, bd mdt miQng m6p ndi aO'i nhau, hinh chidu drrdng ket hop cria n6 lir
drrdng th8ng. Loai cau kiQn ndy khi mi6ng m6p khOng vrit thi rldu c6 itrd dga vao
qui luAt crja hinh 5 - 9 vd 5 - 11 dd tim ra ch6 chuydn, sau d6 tiO'n hdnh xrl lf d0 ddy
6 le chidu dudng kdt hop ctia ndy ld tlrrdng
gia ai dng hinh trbn trOn drrdi dudng kdt hgp
) vA tidp xtic theo dudng kdt ho n, til d6 khidn
n6 trd n6n gidng hoin toin hinh S - g, b - 11.
' Hinh 5 - 12(a) ld hai dng hinh tru ndi ddi nhau, nrla trdi miQng ndi cria n6 ld
tieip xric girla m6 ngodi vdi m6 ngodi; nua phAi ld tiSp xfic gifra m6 trong vdi m6 trong.
Cdn cr1 vdo qui luQt cria hinh 5 - 9, ldn lrrot dung ra ch6 chuydn cria hai dng tr6n, drrdi,
hai ch6 chuydn vrla dfng trtng mQt ch6, nhtr didm A trong hinh. Hinh (b) ld n6'i

(c)

Hinh 5 - 12 Dudng t<eit nqp c0a hai dng hinh trdn ld ch6 chuydn khi dudng th8ng

t15
doi nhau gifra dng hinh n6n vdi dng hinh tru, nt?a tr5.i miOng ndi cria n6 cfrng Id
tiep xric gifra m6 ngoiri v6i m6 ngodi, nr?a ph6i cfrng ld tiSp xric m6 trong vdi m6
trong. Nful"g ch6 chuydn cria m6i c6i khi l6p r6p l4i mQt ch6 kh6ng trr)ng nhau. Ch5
chuy?n c,.ia dng hinh n6n d gdn didm A, ch6 chuydn cria dng hinh tru 6 ilidm B. Giita
hai didm A - B, miQng m6p cfra hai dng khOng tidp xric, tdn tai khe hd c6 d0 ldn
nhdt dinh, nhung khe hd nhy s6 kh6ng 6nh hudng ddn l6p r5p vd hin ndi' N6u
mudn gi6m thidu khe hd c6 thd hoi xO dich didm A sang phAi, didm B sang tr6i mQt
c6ch thich hgp. Hinh (c) lh ndi tldi cria hai dng hinh n6n, ddc didm kdt cdu cria n6
trrong tU nhu hinh (b). Dudi ddy n6u vi du thrJc dd n6i 16 lim sao tiSn hhnh xfi 19 d0
ddy tdm ddi ndi loai cdu kiQn ndY.
Hinh b - 13 Ih ddu ndi cong vuOng dttdng kinh bhng nhau. Trong hinh, bOn trdi
lh hinh hinh chidu cira tldu udn cong. N6 thd hiOn ddu ndi ndy ld do hai dng hinh

Hinh 5 - 13 X0 tV dQ day tdm khikhaitridn ddu noicong g6c vuong dudng kinh bing nhau

trr,r drrdng kinh bhng nhau, dUdng truc cdt nhau vuOng g6c, dUdng k6t hgp miQng
ndi cria n6 bao gdm hai doan a'm' vA rl'b', doan a'm' Id tidp xtic m6 ngoi'i vdi hai
dng, b'm' ld tidp xric m6 trong vdi hai 6'ng, didm m' ld ch6 chuydn khi khai tridn
aAu ndi, dd tidt kiQm nguy6n liQu cho dng hinh tru nhm ngang xoay 1800 quanh
drrdng truc chinh n6 rdi dat drlng l6n vd ndi gh6p vdi dng hinh tn; d4t dinh vdi
nhau, v6 ra hinh ph6ng d+ng vd hinh khai tridn cfia n6. Trong hinh ph6ng d?ng,
cdn crl vdo qui luQt xfi ly dg ddy tdm, ldy drrdng kinh gif,a D - t cfia dng hinh trr,r
Idm dtrdng kjnh cria hinh try, ldy dg dei tdng 2L crta drrdng tnrc hai 6'ng ldm tdng
dg dai cria hinh tru, v€ hinh chidu cria hinh tru. Sau d6 khai tridn nrla trdi cria
hinh tru, dit dfng theo drrdng kdt hgp m6 ngodi, ttl kich thudc L, vir Lx6'c dinh vi
tri drrdng kdt hop cfia n6; nrla phdi khai tridn theo dUdng kdt hop m6 trong, vi tri
cria dudng kdt hop drloc x6c dinh til kich thrldc L, vd L. Cbn hinh tru d5't ngang thi
nira trrii vE dtrdng kdt hop theo m6 trong, nrta phdi vE ihrdng kdt hgp m6 ngoAi,
v6n do kich thrrdc L* L vd L, x6c dinh vi tri cria n6. Sau khi v6 ra hinh ph6ng
dAng, Id c6 thd ding ptr,rottg p'h6p drrdng song song tld vE hinh khai tridn ddu udn.
Hinh 5 - L4Id cdu ki6n do hai dng hinh n6n c6 dd cOn gidng nhau dttdng truc
c6t xion tao thd.nh. Trong cdu kiQn ndy, dudng kdt hop m6 trong vdi m6 trong,
dudng kdt hop gifra m6 ngoi.i vdi m6 ngohi ctia hai hinh n6n ddu ld drrdng cong mlt
ph6.r-g, nhtrng hai dudng k6t hop kh6ng nhm tr6n cDng mQt mdt phing, hinh chidu

116
 Hinh 5 - f + Xrl l! dO day tam khi khai tridn cdu kiqn dng hinh non

cria n6 ld hai drrdng th&ng rdt sdt nhau. Cdn crl vdo stl phdn tich dr hinh 5 - 12, tld don
gi6n h6a, ldy mbt ph&ng c6 chrla drrdng ket hop giila m6 ngodi hai dng hinh n6n, giA
thidt ldm bd m[t tdm xiOn, vi ldy n6 ]dm mlt phAn chia ranh gidi cria hai ong hinh
n6n, tim dudng tiep xric vd ch5 chuydn crja hai dng hinh n6n ddi vdi md.t xi6n. V4y ld,
dtrdng tidp xf c cria dng hinh n6n tr6n tim duoc ld a'b', ding ldp giira cira n6 tim duoc
ch6 chuydn lh didm m'; drrdng tidp xric cria dng hinh n6n dudi la a' c' , ch6 chuyd., c.ia
n6 ld didm n'. Khi v6 hinh ph6ng d?ng cria cdu kiOn ni,y, rip dung phuong phdp xrt lf
gidng nhrr hinh 5 - 13, sau khi xoay dng hinh n6n arrei dd xudng drrdi dng hinh n6n
trOn, khidn dudng truc cria n6 thhnh m6t dddng thing; Idy dudng kinh gifra cria hai
ddu cdu kiQn ldm drrdng kinh hai mit dAu cria hinh n6n tr6n hinh ph6ng dang, ldy
tdng dd ddi dudng truc oroi + oioi (r) cfia hai doan dng hinh n6n ldm tdng dQ ddi cria
hinh n6n, vi tri cria drrdng kdt hop thi ldn luot do khoAng crich gifra c6c didm d' , b' ,
c'...9' vd m' , n' x{.c dinh. Lric ndy c6 thd ph6t hi6n hai didm m' vd n' trOn hinh
ph6ng d?ttg trirng thdnh mOt didm. Hinh khai tridn cria cdu kien thi cELn cft vdo hinh
ph6ng d?ng dilng phuong phdp tia ph6ng xa tld khai tridn
TrOn dAy ld gidi thiQu phrrong phrip xfi llf dO ddy tdm khi nO'i aO'i gif,a bd mdt
miQng m6p ch6 miOng ndi hai bQ phQn ke c4n nhau t4o thdnh cdu kiQn. Mqt loai
cdu ki6n thudng g[p khric ld d ch6 miong ndi mo'i gitra bd m4t miQng m6p mQt bQ
phan ndy vdi mep ngod.i cria m6t bO phan khric. Qui luAt xfi l;i r10 ddy tdm cfia lo4i
cdu ki6n nd,y cfrng rat gidng vdi loai cdu kiQn tr€n. Vi dq, hinh 5 - 15 le hinh chidu
ba mdt cira dng chac ba vudng g6c khdc drrdng kinh. Trong hinh, ch6 miOng ndi cria
hai dng d6u ld miQng m6p khong vdt. Ndu 6p d,.rng phuong phdp m4t phEng c6t ldy
c6c phdn bing nhau trong hinh 5 - 9 dd kidm tra thi c6 thd xdc dinh c6c mdt cdt tl6u
ln tidp xric gifra m6 trong cria dng hinh trdn thing thlng vdi m6 ngod.i cria dng hinh
trdn ddt ngang. Cho n6n, ddi vdi hinh khai tridn cria 6'ng hinh trbn thing dfing nQn
ldy dudng kinh gif,a lim chudn dd x6c dinh dQ ddi khai tridn theo hrrdng chu vi hinh
trbn; ldy drrdng k0t hop gifia m6 trong dng hinh trbn dring vdi m6 ngodi dng hinh
trbn ngang ldm chudn dd xdc tlinh dO dai cdc drrdng sinh chia rtdu. Ddi vdi dng trdn
ngang, cfrng ldy dudng kinh giita cira n6 ldm chudn dd xdc dinh ttO ddi khai tridn
theo hudng chu vi hinh trdn, ldy d0 ddi dudng trgc cfra n6 tld xric itinh dQ rOng

(1) 0', vi 0', li dua vdo drJitng kinh giUa cta hai ddu dd xdc dinh.

t17
 r(D 1-t)

l
Hlnh khai tridn ong hinh tron vu0ng goc

kinh
Hinh 5 - 15 X0 ty d6 day tdm khi khai tridn 6ng chqc ba vu0ng 96c, khdc drJdng

cua hinh khai triein. Hinh d6ng cria 15 kho6t trOn hinh khai tridn do ciic
didm I, II,
III... xric dinh. KhoAng c6ch hrrdng ngang (hrrdng tludng trr,rc) crta c6'c ttidm ndy van
(hrrdng chu vi hinh
do kich thudc l, m, ,r... quyet dinh. Nft,lng LhoAng cdch htrdng drlng
thd tnrc tiSp ao ldy d0 dhi cung grtta c6'c didm !" , 2" , 3" "' m6 ngoii
trdn) thi khOng"bh.g,
hJ; tru trdn md phAi gAp c6c do dei cung ndy ddn ldp giffa, sau d6 dirng ilQ
ddi cung l6p gitra alnf, khoing crich hrrdng thing thlng cua c6c didm. D6 lh vi
"a. (trlc hu6ng chu vi hinh
sau khi drla viro hinh khai trid" ac ra IiQu, d hrrdng dfng
trdn) phai udn cong, sau khi udn, m6 ngodi ddi ra, 16 kho6t cong bi k6o dii
theo'
ding dO dei cung m6 ngoiri s6 lirm cho 16 kho6t trd nOn ldn' Dudng vach d6i
didm
v6 theo d0
trong hinh khai iridn crja hinh tru trbn ngang chinh ld hinh d6ng 16 kho6t
diri cung m6 ngoiri, n6 kh6c vdi hinh d6ng v6 theo d0 dai cung ldp gifla'
Hinh b - 16 Ie hinh chidu hai mqt cria dng chac ba ndi xiOn c6 drldng kinh
bhng nhau. Trong hinh, ch6 miQng ndi cua hai dng hinh trdn ddu ld
miQngm6p
kh6ng v6t, mieng m6p dng xi6n ,rfi aOi vdi m6 ngodi dng ngang' BOn tr6i miQng ndi
-dng
Id ti6p x6c gifra ire xien vdi m6 ngohi dng ngang; b€n phii le tidp xric gif,a
m6 trong dng xien vdi m6 ngohi dng ngang. Vi tri ch6 chuydn tir tidp xfc
"goai m6 ngodi
chuydn ttra"n tiep xric m6 trong cO tfrd tim duoc bbng phrrong
ph6p & hinh 5 - t7 ' Ttc
trd6,c tien vE ra hai hinh chidu chinh bon trdi cria dng chac ba
vh drrdng kdt hgp trong
c6t nhau
hinh v6, sau d6 qua didm a' dr;ng drrdng vu6ng g6c v6i tlrrdng truc dng xi6n
t?i dieim e" tu didm e' dr,tng hinh chiSu bon e" ,Idy o" e" Ihm drrdng kinh v6
hinh
trdn, hinh trdn niry .6t t h"u vdi drrdng thing ngang qua didm a' d tlidm f'
DUdng

Hinh 5 - 16 6ng chqc ba noi xiCn, dudng kinh bbng nhau Hinh 5 - 17 Cdch dr,lng ch6 chuydn cfra ong chac ba

ll8
ndi gilla didm f vdi ttidm o"
c6t hinh chieu b6n m6 ngodi dng ngang duoc didm -:', tt/
m' trOn hinh chidu tludng kdt hgp hinh chieu chinh tim tlrroc hinh chidu chinh m' cria
didm M, rdi qua tlidm m' dr,tng drrdng vu6ng g6c v6i dudng truc dng xi6n, vd c6t nhau
vdi drrdng kdt hop gifra m6 trong ong xiOn vdi m6 ngod,i dng ngang 6 didm n', thi
m' vd n' IAn luot li ch6 chung dn trOn m6 ngohi vd m6 trong. Dudng tiSp xric giira
mieng m6p dng xi6n vdi m6 ngodi dng ngang do ba doan a'm', m'r'' vi n'b' t4o.thdnh.
Hinh 5 - 18 da cho hinh hinh chidu mQt mdt ba loai 6'ng chac ba khric.
Phr-tong phdp dqng hinh tim vi tri ch6 chuydn tlrrdng tidp xric ch6 miQng ndi cria
chring ddu tuong d6'i phfic t4p. Didm A trong hinh li vi tri tham khdo cfra ch6
chuydn. Hinh (a) lb ndi xi6n cfra hai dng hinh tru kh6c tlrrdng kinh. Khi g6c ndi cx
trd nOn ldn hodc ti sd gifra tlrrdng kinh dng xi6n vdi tludng kinh dng ngang trd n6n
nh6 thi ch6 chuydn xO dfch ddn ch6 didm m', tfc todn b0 Id tidp xric gifra m6 trong
cria ong xiOn vdi m6 ngodi dng ngang. Hinh (b) la ndi nhau gifra dng hinh n6n vdi
dng hinh tru, vi tri ch6 chuydn cria n6 ngoD,i c6 di.c tinh tuong tr/ nhrr hinh (a) ra, khi
g6c tlinh ch6p B cfra dng hinh n6n trd n6n ldn thi ch6 chuydn cfrng x0 dich sang tr6i,
khi tcing hai g6c cr vd B bing ho5.c ldn hon 900 thi ch5 chuydn bidn mdt. Trong hinh
(c) ld ndi nhau vudng g6c gifla dng hinh tru v6'i dng hinh n5n, khi g6c dinh n6n p trd
n6n nh6 thi ch5 chuydn xO dich xudng drrdi, khi g6c I = 0 thi ch6 chuydn bidn mdt.
XfI li tlQ ddy tdm tidn hinh dua vdo hinh ddng cfra b6n thAn cdu kiQn dd
gidi thi6u 6 ti6t tr6n ld sg xfi Iy c5 tinh cfln b6n, bdi vi n6 dgtrg cham ddn hinh
4,ttg cfra todn b6 cdu kiOn c6 phD hop y6u cdu thidt kd hay kh6ng. Xfi li dQ ddy tdm
tiSn hinh ddi vdi hinh d6ng miQng noi gidi thiQu trong tidt ndy li xtl Iy c6 tinh cuc
b6, n6 chi quan h0 tdi hinh dring cria miOng ndi li6u c6 b6o dAm dn khdp ch4t chd
gifa hai bQ phan kd cf,n. Bdi vi, c6i tnldc ld chri ydu, c6i sau Ii thrl ydu, khi hai crii
xdy ra mdu thudn, chi c6 thd sita ddi cdi sau tld thich hgp vdi cdi trttdc, trrJdc ti6n
cdn cdn crl vdo hinh drlng cd'u kiQn dd xtl lf dg ddy tdm, vd ra hinh khai

Hinh 5 - 18 Vi trich6 chuydn tr6n dLJdng ket hgp cOa ong ch4c ba

tridn co bin cria cdu ki6n, sau d6 lai drra vdo xil ly d0 ddy tdm hinh d6ng mi6ng ndi,
vE ra hinh ddng drrdng kdt hgp. Tidp tt6 lAn lrrgt dd cap quan hO didu hba gifra hai
loai xit ly d0 diy tdm ddi vdi cdu kiQn tdm mpt cong vi cdu kiQn tdm phing. Da s6'
tpo thdnh hinh d6ng cAu kiQn tdm mit cong ddu ln m4t cong dudng thing. Khi cdn
crl vdo hinh khai tridn dd ra liOu, gb thdnh hinh, thi sE khOng bi cong v6nh theo
hrrdng tlrtdng sinh khi miQng m6p kh6ng vdt (trlc mieng m6p g6c vu6ng) thi t10 dai
tludng sinh cria m6 trong, m6 ngoii vd ldp gif,a vi tri cirng mQt phdn blng nhau vd
gidng nhau, trddc vd sau khi cudn ddu gidng nhau, khi xrr ly dO dhy tdm, bdt kd la
khai tridn theo m6 trong ho{c m6 ngodi hay khai tridn theo ldp giita thi kdt qu6 cria
n6 ddu gidng nhau. Cfrng trlc ld khi drrng hinh, tldi vdi dudng sinh d vi tri cilng mQt
119
phdn bing nhau, cit lay dO dai dudng sinh m6 trong (hoac m6 ngodi) crja n6 trOn
dudng sinh ldp gifra s6 khOng c6 Anh hudng d6i vdi hinh d6ng mi6ng ndi. Nhrrng o
hu6ng cung trbn, khi gd vAt liOu tam thi m6 ngohi cria n6 k6o ddi ra, m6 trong co
vdo, chi c6 l6p gifra khOng thay ddi, trlc khoAng c1.ch m6 ngodi gifra hai dudng sinh
cua phdn bhng nhau kd c6n trd' n6n ddi, kho:ing crich m6 trong trd n6n ngdn,
kho6ng c6ch ldp gif,a khdng thay ddi. Lric niy ndu muon khai tridn theo l6p gifra
cria hinh d6ng b:in thdn cdu kiQn thi hinh ddng miOng ndi s6 khai tridn theo m6
trong (hoac m6 ngod.i), do khodng cdch drrdng sinh giita hai phdn bang nhau kd can
cua m6 trong trong hinh mdu ld khoring c6ch cria vat lieu tdm sau khi cuon (khoring
cdch dd bi co) trOn hinh khai tridn ld khoring crich tnJdc khi cudn (ley ldp gifra ldm
chudn dd ve), cho nOn trd6c tiOn ph6i ndi ddi khodng cdch cria m6 trdn ndy, gd'p lai
thdnh khoting cdch tr6n ldp giiia sau d6 do lay dtra den tr6n hinh vE khai tridn. Til
d6 sd drroc khodng c6ch trOn m6 trong cAn thiet sau khi vdt liOu tdm dd cu6n. Tir d6 c6
thd rrit ra kdt luAn, khi mi6ng m6p kh6ng v5.t, ddi vdi hinh d6ng bAn thAn cdu ki6n
tam mat cong khai tridn theo ldp gifra, hinh d6ng miQng ndi khai tridn theo m6 trong
hodc m6 ngodi, vi trf c5.c drrdng sinh nhm trOn m6 trong hoic m6 ngodi ph6i g4p vho
ldp giita, sau d6 cd.n cft vho vi trf trOn ldp giila dd vE lan hinh khai tridn. Cdn tlQ dei
cria c6c dttdng sinh trOn hinh khai tridn thi co thd tnrc tidp do ldy tr6n drrdng sinh m6
trong hoac m6 ngoi.i trrong rlng cua hinh ph6ng dAng. Ngohi ra dOi vdi cdu kiOn tdm
bhng khi udn v4t liOu tao hinh, chi bidn d?ng o bO phan udn gap, tdm bhng o ch6
khdng u6n gAp khOng bi bidn dang. Duong nhiOn, hinh d6ng miOng noi nhm tr6n tdm
bhng ndy cfrng kh6ng biSn dang. Ddng thdi khi miQng m6p kh6ngvdt thi hinh d6ng
vd vi tri cria drrdng kdt hop m6 trong sE hoAn toin gidng vdi mi6ng tr6n cria m6
ngodi, bdt kd khai tridn theo m6 trong hodc m6 ngodi ddu duoc kdt qui nhrr nhau. Ndu
hinh d6ng miOng noi d viro bd phan uon g4p thi hinh d6ng crla vAt lieu tdm khi udn
gflp se bien ddi md hinh d6ng m6 trong m6 ngoiri sE kh6ng giong nhau.
Hinh 5 - 19(a) ld tdm hinh vu6ng 6r girla c6 16, ndu vi tri dudng k6 theo hai
di6m dem tam hinh vudng udn thdnh hinh trong hinh (b) thi 16 tr6n tdm s6 bi tdch
ra trOn hai tam c6t nhau, hinh ddng hai bg phan trOn m6 trong gQp lai vAn li hinh
dring giong nhrr cfr, cdn hinh dring trOn m6 ngoiri thi do bQ phan udn gQp bi k6o ddi,
hai phdn gQp lai sE kh6ng phrii ld hinh drlng cfr md dr b0 phan udn gap de tdng
thOm d0 ddi hai doan M,M, vd N,N' Lrlc niry ndu coi hinh (b) la hinh ph6ng d+ng
thi 16 tr6n tam duoc coi le hiah dring miQng noi ddu khai tridn theo m6 trong thi
hinh khai trien crla n6 nhat dinh sE gidng hinh ddng crja hinh chidu chinh trong
hinh (a) Ndu quy dinh bin thAn tdrn niy khai tridn theo m6 trons- hinh ddng
mi€ng ndi khai tridn theo m6 ngoei, thi do
hinh ph6ng d?ng ld hinh drlng sau khi u6'n
g4p, hinh dring miQng ndi m6 ngodi (tfic M,M,
vd N,Nr) nbm 6 b0 phan udn g4p lir tlrroc sinh
ra sau khi udn g{p, 16 rdng cAn phAi loai b6 bO
phan ndy khi vE hinh khai tridn, hinh dring
miQng ndi b0 phan tdm ph8ng v6n cdn crl vho
hinh d6ng thrtc cua n6 v6 l6n hinh khai tridn, rT-T-T] B!t6o gidn
do d6 vAn thu drroc hinh khai tridn gidng hinh Sau khi uon gAp
dring hinh chieu chinh trong hinh (a). Tir d6
(a) (b)
rut ra kdt lu4n, khi mi6ng m6p kh6ng vrit thi
hinh d6ng brin thdn cdu kiOn tdm phEng khai Hinh 5 - 19 Uon gQp tdm hinh vuOng

r20
tri6n theo m6 trong hinh d6ng mi6ng ndi khai tridn theo m6 ngodi thi c6 thd bo
dudng kdt hop nhm tr6n m6 ngohi bQ phAn tdm phing cdn cr1 vdo hinh dring thuc
ve lOn hinh khai tridn se duoc hinh khai tridn phD hop y6u cdu.
Dejntli rd rrng dUng cria kdt ludn tr6n, xin tham khrio khai tridn kdt cdu trong
hinh 5 - 20. Trong d6 hinh (a) ld hinh chidu cria cdu kiOn nD.y, n6 do ong hinh ch6p
bon canh vd hinh tru bXng cit nhau tao thdnh. D{a vdo quy luAt xrl li dq ddy tdm

\\. | li
----'Jr---i-.-il----
V
N1
VI
VI
VN
D(
X
M1
XI
XI

(b) (d)
Hinh 5 - 20 Tridn khai v2r x0 ty7 dQ diry tdm cdu kiQn cdt nhau
gi0a cing hinh chop bon cenh vdi cing hinh trV

trinh bdy o tiet trOn vd cria tieit ndy vd x6t tdi hinh ddng mi€ng n6'i gif,a dng hinh
ch6p bon canh vdi cing hinh tru, x6c dinh hinh dring bAn thAn dng hinh tru khai triein
theo ldp gifra, hinh d6ng b6n thAn dng hinh ch6p bdn canh khai tridn theo m6 trong.
Hinh ddng miQng noi cfia n6 lAn luot khai tridn theo quy dinh sau tlay: Ch6'miQng
noi gilta tdm canh .trdi, ph6i cria dng hinh ch6p bdn cgnh vdi dng hinh tru, ddi vdi
dng hinh tru thi c5,n crl vdo dudng ket hop giita dng hinh tru nrJa trOn thi ldy m6
ngohi, dng hinh tru nrla drrdi thi idy m6 trong vdi m6 ngoii cua dng hinh ch6p bdn
canh dd khai tridn, 6 ch6 mi6ng ndi giCra tdm c4nh tnt6c cfia dng hinh ch6p bdn canh
vdi 6'ng hinh tru, ddi vdi dng hinh tru thi khai tridn theo dudng ket hgp gifra m6 trong
ong hinh ch6p bon canh vdi m6 trong dng hinh tru, ddi vdi dng hinh ch6p bdn canh
thi khai tridn theo dudng kdt hop gifra m6 trong dng hinh ch6p bdn canh vdi m6
ngodi ong hinh tru. Hinh (b) Ie hinh ph6ng d?ng v€ theo qui dinh tr6n. TrOn thr,Ic

t21
td, hinh ph6ng d?ng niry chi cAn hai hinh chieu chinh, trrii vd hinh chidu xudng
duoc vO thOm nhdm n6i 16 hinh d6ng dudng kdt hop. Ngodi ra, do hinh ddng cdu
kien ddi xitng trrii, phAi, n€n hai hinh chidu chinh, xuong cua n6 chi cdn vO ra nfia
tr6i. Trong hinh mAu, ngodi v6 ra m6 trong vA. m6 ngoiri cira cdu ki€n ra, cdn vE ra
b6'n tlrrdng thing kdt hop Mr - N' M, vd N, B1rla m6 trong tam canh trddc c.fia dng
hinh ch6p bdn canh vdi m6 trong, m6 ngodi cua ong hinh tru, dddng kdt hop gifra
m6 ngodi tdm canh trrii dng hinh ch6p bdn canh vdi m6 ngodi 6'ng hinh tru nr?a
trOn vA m6 trong ong hinh tru nta dddi. Hinh (c) Id hinh khai tridn cria dng hinh
tru. Bdn thAn dng hinh tru khai tridn theo I6p giita, dQ rQng hinh khai tridn ctia
rx hing dO dai dudng truc 6'ng hinh tru. D6 cao cfia hinh khai trien bhng d0 dei
chu vi hinh trdn thldng kinh gifia ctia ong hinh tru. Chia d0 cao thdnh 12 phdn
bing nhau, s6 drloc vi tri cria dudng sinh cric phdn bhng nhau. Boi vi hai drrdng
sinh M, vi. Nr. Kh6ng phrii li dridng sinh cric phAn bdng nhau, y6u cdu dem
khodng c6ch mr'10" vd n,'6" tif hai dudng sinh M, vd N, nhm tr6n m6 trong ddn
drrdng sinh m6 trong kd c4n qui cldi thdnh kho6ng cdch mol0o vi no6o trOn ldp
giita, sau d6 lai ding hai khodng cdch nAy xdc dinh vi trf crja hai tludng sinh M,
vd N, trong hinh khai tridn. Ddi vdi dO ddi cria c6c drrdng sinh thi c5.n cr1 vD.o qui
lu4t xif ly dq ddy tdm, do ldy d0 dei cua c6.c dudng sinh trong hinh ph6ng dang
dua tldn dttdng sinh tuon g Ong cira hinh khai tridn , bd,t kd ttudng sinh niy <i m6
trong ho4c m6 ngod.i. Hinh (d) Ia hinh khai tridn ctia dng hinh ch6p b6'n canh. N6
ld tnrdc ti6n cdn crl vdo kich thudc m6 trong vO ra hinh khai tridn brin thdn ong
hinh ch6p bdn canh, sau d6 lai vE ra hinh dring drrdng kdt hop trOn hinh khai
tridn. Cdn crl vio qui luQt xit ly dO ddy tdm, khi dr/ng hinh cdn chri f hai didm:
trong d6 mdt li xem x6t miQng tr6n vd mi6ng drrdi cria dng hinh ch6p b6'n c4nh
cdn ph6i ndi lidn vdi cl,c cdu kiQn khric. Khi miQng m6p khdng vrit, dQ Qao m6
trong tdm canh sau cfia n6 td a"e" (xem hinh ph6ng dang), dQ cao m6 trong cfia
tdm canh trrii Id o!'@'lt dO dai m6 trong ld a'e,, tfrc tlAu drrdi cria giao tuydn m6
trong tdm hai b6n sau, trrii ldn lrrot li hai didm E vd E' vi thd tr6n hinh khai
tridn cfing Id hai didm E vd El. D6 ld do tdm c4nh sau dd d(ng, tdm cgnh tr:ii dd
xi6n hinh thdnh n6n. Cilng lf lC nhu vAy, ch5 didm F cfrng phdi la hai didm, vi
hai ttidm ndy v6 cirng gdn nhau, trong hinh (d) kh6ng thd hiQn ri6ng. Thrl hai, vi
tri cria cric ilidm tr6n dudng kdt hop trong hinh khai tridn phii cdn cft vdo kich
thddc m6 trong dd clo ldy, hodc sau khi b6 phAn uon gdp do lay theo kich thrJdc m6
ngodi, tfc khodng cdch til cd.c didm 3;,2;,li...
"5"...-ttotg
ddn didm A trong hinh khai tridn
bhng khodng cach trf cric ctidm T, {, hinh ph6ng dqng ddn dudng th6ng
a"d'. Khodng crich trl didm 3i trong hinh khai tridn den didm A bing khodng cdch
ao3' trong hinh phong dang, con 2i3i = 3;4'o= 3'4' ' 1rS; =.503'= 3'5' t 0;39- _3:6"
Iftodng crich tr] hai didm M2, N2 trong hinh khai tridn ddn dudng th6ng BC bing
khodng crich mib" vd nib" trong hinh ph6ng deng.

ll. X0 li d0 ddy tdm khi miQng m6p vot.

Ddi vdi miQng m6p v6t d ch5 miQng nOi cfia cau kiQn tam ddy, khdng nhfrng
c6 thd didu chinh vi tri tidp xfc cria miQng ndi, cbn c6 thei cAi thiQn didu kiQn hAn
ndi, neng cao cudng d0 hdn cin crl vbo dO diry cria vAt liQu, hinh d6ng ctia cdu kien
vh s{ khdc nhau cfia y€u cdu thi c6ng, hinh thrlc miQng m6p thrldng dirng c6 hinh V
vi hinh X v.v... (hinh 5 - 2t). Dudi r16y chi ld.y vi du vd itidu chinh vi tri tidp xric cria
mi6ng ndi dd n6i rd quan hQ giira n6 vdi xfi lf dQ ddy tdm'

r22
 \ra\fiiN
Hinh 5 - 21 Hinh thUc miQng mep Hinh 5 - 22 Qd,u ki€n hinh ph6u

Hinh 5 - 22 ld cau kiQn hinh ph6u do ong hinh ch6p bdn canh ndi gEp vdi ong
hinh vuOng ma thdnh. Cau kiQn ndy ndu thi cdng theo miOng m6p kh6ng vrit thi gifia
miQng ndi hai b6 phdn trOn, drrdi cria n6 ddu ld tidp xric m6 ngodi vdi m6 ngoii. Neu
hin tU ngohi vio, thi sE tdn tai khe hd d ch6 miQng ndi mht trong cdu kiQn, vi thd
cAn hdn til phfa trong cdu kiQn, nhhm loai trit khe ho, t[ng cddng dQ hdn. Nhtrng khi
kich thudc cdu ki6n kh6ng ldn l6m, di6u ki6n thi cOng hdn s6 rdt kh6 khen, do d6
mong chuydn ddi b0 phan tiSp xric 6 ch6 miQng ndi thdnh tidp xric gifra m6 trong vdi
m6 trong, dd c6 loi cho viQc hdn ttr ngodi cau ki6n vdo. Vi thd yOu cdu vrit m6p ngoiri
canh tdm 6 ch6 mi6ng noi hai bQ phan trOn drrdi thdnh miQng ddc hinh V, nhrr thd
hiOn o hinh 5 - 23(a). Lric ndy hinh ph6ng d4ng (hinh b) vd hinh khai tridn (hinh c)
cria n6 ddu vE theo kich thudc m6 trong cria cdu ki6n, don giin h6a dtroc dgng hinh.
Hinh 5 - 24 li hinh chidu vd hinh ph6ng d?ng, hinh khai tridn n6'i tldi cua
cdu ki€n trong hinh 5 - 13 d ch5 miQng n6'i vdt thdnh miQng m6p hinh X. Trong
hinh thd hiCn hai hinh tru khOng nhflng thay ddi ti6p xric gifra m6 trong vdi m6
trong, m6 ngoAi vdi m6 ngoii cfr thdnh tidp xdc gif,a ldp giffa dQ ddy tdm, cbn thay
ddi tiep xric dudng c4nh vdi canh trudc d6y thdnh tidp xric mdt gitra bd m4t miQng
doc, Hinh ph6ng d+ng vd hinh khai tridn cria n6, bdt kd le dudng kinh 6ng hinh
trdn hodc ld dudng kdt hop, tdt c6, ddu ldy ldp giffa dO day tdm ldm chudn dd drrng
hinh. Ndu so sdnh vdi 5 - 13, khdng nhitng dd tlon gidn h6a d{ng hinh, md cbn bidn
hai drrdng kdt hop trOn hinh khai tridn trong hinh 5 - 13 thnnh mQt drrdng, tidp xric
& ch6 miQng noi cfrng cdng ch6t ch6.

(b) (c)

Hinh 5 - 23 Cdu kiQn hinh ph6u miQng m6p vdt hinh V

t23
 Hinh 5 - 24 DAu ndi vu6ng goc dudng kinh bdng nhau, miQng m6p vdt hinh X

Til hai vi du tr6n c6 thd nit ra qui luAt sau: rip dung miQng m6p hinh V bOn
ngodi c6 thd hinh thdnh tidp xric m6 trong; :ip dung miQng m6p hinh V b6n trong c6
thd dat drroc tidp xric m6 ngodi. Cbn miQng m6p hinh X c6 thd dat drroc tidp xric ldp
gira dQ diy tam. Vdn dung hiQn tuong ney c6 thd dat duoc didu chinh ho6c khdng
che vi trf tiep xric ch6 miOng ndi.
trinh bdy trOn ddy cria tidt ndy ttdu ld tU I)t lu4n phAn tich qui luat xtt lf
Stt
d0 ddy tam khi mi6ng m6p kh6ngvdt vd mi6ng m6p v6t. Cdn trong c6ng trinh thrJc
td, do khric bi6t k6t cdu hinh dring vd srr kh6c nhau vd y6u cdu tlQ chinh xdc ctia
srJ
cdu kiOn, vd rinh hrrdng crja c6c nhAn to nhrr tri sd ti lQ girra tlrrdng kfnh ong trdn v2r
d0 dey tdm vd didu ki6n thidt bi v.v..., n6n biQn phrip cq thd iluoc rip dgng cfrng
kh6ng giong nhau. Nhu mi6ng m6p vrit tuy c6 thd thu drroc vi tri tidp xric If tudng,
dqng hinh cfrng c6 thd don gi6n hoa, nhung khi kh6ng c6 thieit bi ttlong rlng, thi do
cdo*ng dQ lao dQng san mi6ng m6p tdong ddi ldn, khdng bing cdn crl vdo miOng m6p
khOng vrit dd cdt vat li6u rdi ca,n crl vdo hinh dring miQng ndi cia cdu ki6n dd chinh
srla thich hop lai thu drroc hi€u qud mQt c6ng d6i viec. Cho nOn, cAn nhhm ching di6u
kiOn vh yOu cdu cu thd, vAn dung linh hoat qui luQt xrl lli dQ dey tdm n6i trOn.
Trong tinh hinh chung, ddi vdi kich thrrdc khOng c6 y6u cdu phdi hgp, rip dUttg
phtrong ph6p c6ng nghQ nhdt dinh c6 thd beio ddm dat duoc kfch thrrdc yOu cdu, thi
ddu cho ph6p lttoc b6 dung sai trong hinh. Cho nOn, khi trong hinh khOng c6 ghi 16
yOu cd.u dung sai doi vdi kich thudc li6n quan cfra cdu kiQn, trlc cho rhng y6u cdu tlQ
chinh xdc cua cau ki6n nhy tdong ddi thdp. Ndu xem x6t theo cdp dung sai IT16, khi
tri sd ti I0 girra dudng kinh dng trbn ho4c todn bg kich thrJ6c cria cdu kiQn vdi dQ ddy
tdm ldn hon 100 thi c6 thd b6 qua Anh httdng cria dO ddy tdm ddi vdi cau kiQn. Ddi
vdi cdu ki6n tdm phing thi cdn crl vho kich thrrdc m6 trong, cdu kiQn tdm m4t cong
thi cdn cr1 vdo kich thrr6c ldp giira dd vO hinh khai tridn, thi sai sd md n6 chiu rinh
hrrdng bdi t10 ddy tdm ttdu d trong phAm vi dung sai. Ndu x6t theo cdp dung sai IT14
thi tri so ti le gifia drrdng kinh vdi dO diy tdm phrii trOn 300 thi mdi c6 thd b6 qua
Anh hrrdng ctia tlQ day tam. I(hi cdp dung sai ld IT16 thi tri sd ti t9 giGa drrdng kinh
vdi dQ ddy tdm la 50 - 100 hod.c khi cdp dung sai ld IT14 thi tri sd ti le la 100 - 300
thi cfing c6 thd cdn crit vio lrtoc b6 dg ddy tdm dd khai tridn; nhung phdi sau khi sita
chtra chrit ft hinh ddng miQng ndi theo qui luQt xrl lf dQ day tdm trinh bhy d trOn,
mdi c6 thd dat duoc y6u cdu cria cdp dung sai tuong rlng. Khi tr6n hinh ghi sd
124
dung sai doi vdi kich thudc li6n quan cria c{u ki6n, hodc khi tri s0'ti lO girla dudng
kinh vdi d0 day tdm trrong ddi nh6, n6i chung cAn tien hdnh khai tridn theo qui ludt
xrr If d0 day tam n6i tr6n.

5 - 3 f*efi gh6p c6c ciu kiOn tA,m m6ng

Cau kiQn tdm m6ng dQ day tdm 1,5mm tro xudng n6i chung ddu 6p dung ndi
moi gh6p. Khi vE hinh khai tridn loai cdu kiQn ndy, cd.n c6n crl vio hinh thrfc'miQng
ndi vd moi gh6p d ch6 mdi ndi dd tdng th0m tr'rq.tg du mdi Sh6p tudng fing. Nhu cdu
ki6n trong hinh 5 - 25, hinh khai tridn ctia n6 v6 bing dudng dAm vd dirng dudng
ke hai di6m, tdng thom du lugng mdi gh6p 6, vd 6, o m6p ngod,i canh dudng thing
trdi phzii dirng vdi moi noi; tang th6m du lrrong moi gh6p m6p ngoiri dtrdng cong
phdn tr6n dirng vdi miQng ndi. Bdng 5 - 1 li tOn goi, hinh thrlc, qud trinh che tao
vd drr lrro. ng mdi gh6p cfra mdy loai
moi gh6p thrldng ding. Trong bdng,
didm A ]d dieim ranh gidi cua miQng
noi hoac moi noi cria hai tdm, dO rQng
miOng gh6p L phU thuQc vdo d0 dhy
tdm, n6i chung xric dinh bang cOng
thrlc kinh nghiOm L = (8 - 12)t; d0
dAi ciia B n6i chung le 5 - 10mm.
Hinh 5 - 25 Du tugng moi ghep c[ra hinh khaitridn
Dd tang d0 crlng cria m6p cdu
kiOn tam m6ng vh loai b6 xo m6p, c6 hic cdn cudn m6p cdu kiQn thdnh dng trbn. Ong
trbn c6 thd r6ng rudt, c0ng c6 thd cho d6y th6p vho trong dng trbn. Lrrgng du cria dng
trdn tinh theo cdng thfrc sau (xem hinh E - 2G):

)U luqng m6i ghel

T€n va dqng mdi ghdp Qua trinh chei tao
chdu I ch i€u'2

Mdi goc
G1

hi6u 1; ch
ln
-r:AIt I

Moi goc -] ilutl

g6n day

BAng 5 - 1 Hinh thfc m6i gh6p vd luqng du c0a no

r25
 a=9*E(n+t)=B(D+t)
24
Trong c6ng thtc,6 ta arr lugng, t le dO ddy tdm, D ld tludng kinh trong cria
dng trdn (ho[c tludng kfnh cria soi th6p). N6i chung tri sd D trong c6ng thrlc toi
thidu bing ba ldn t10 day tdm t.

Hinh 5 - 26 DU lUQng cOa dng tron canh tdm

BAI TAP

Hdy v6 hinh ph6ng d4ng vd hinh khai tridn c|,c cdu ki6n sau ddy, sau khi de
xft lf dQ day tdm cira chring.

2.

4.

I
I
I
I l,
C
-1
t--
I
t--F- o
I
I

t26
 CHUO}JG 6

vinyrH ft
HiNHKHAITNITN

Cdu ki6n l<im-loai sap phd,i

c6 thd vAn
dung mot trong ba phuong phdp tr
ai tridn cua
n6. Nhrrng khi dqng hinh thuc t6, d,
ve drjoc hinh khai tridn m6t crich thuAn , liou c6 thd
loi, chinh x6c hay khdng cdn d ch6 phAn
tdc thrJc td cdn chri trong ba tlidm: (1) Cen
bi6t chinh xdc cdu kiQn ld do nhf,ng mdt
trlong ddi vd mdi quan h6 ndi ctia c6c mdt
chon phuong phdp v6 hinh thich hop. (3)
. 9n phuong phrip xri lf cOng nghO.

6 - 1 Ciu ki€n toin b6 do m+t phing tq,o thd,nh.

dt phing tao thdnh da phdn ld mdt hinh
ndi ggp thAnh. Nhtrng cfrng c6 hinh dring
hinh ch6p cfrng khOng phdi ld mat hinh
ba phrrong ph6p khai
tridn ddu c6 thd dDng tdi, tuy vi6c cau ki6n kh6ng phrlc
_dugc
tap ldm, nhung d6 sinh ra nhAm lAn. Vi i trien cdn chri y
van dd sau dAy: "^"
(1) Phan bi6t hinh dring cira cau kiQn. Khi phdn
biQt hinh dring cria cdu
ki6n, phrii trtrdc ti6n phan biOt m6i mat cria cdu ki6n c6 that su li mdt phing

ac

Hinh 6 - 1 PhAn tich c6c bd mdt

co phAi ld mat ph&ng khOng

t27
th€i hicn d hinh 6 - 1. C6 phrii ddu ld mit phingkh6ng, ddi voi hinh tt gi6c ABCD
(bd met trong), do c6c canh ddi AC song song vdi BD, cho n6n tt g16c ndy lir mit
phing. D6i vdi drrdng ch6o AF vd BE cria hinh tt giitc ABEF, do giao tlidm k vb k'
hinh chieu cirng mit cria chring kh6ng o trCn cirng mQt dudng vuOng g6c, hai du,gng
ch6o AF vd BE khOng cdt nhau, cho nOn hinh tfl gi6c ABEF kh6ng pheii lh m4t phhng,
phai tdch n6 thdnh mlt ph&ng hai hinh tam gi5.c ABE vd BEF. \ thd, hinh ph6u do
tdt cA sdu mit phdng tao thhnh, hinh d6ng crja n6 vUa khOng phai mit hinh ch6p,
cung kh6ng phdi Id mdt hinh l6ng tru.
(2) Xac dinh phuong ph6p v€ hinh khai tridn. DOi vdi cau kiOn hinh nhidu
canh, cfrng c6 thd khOng phdn tich cdc bd mdt ctia n6 c6 phAi li m5.t phing khOng;
md nhat loat chia bd mdt hinh nhi6u canh cfra n6 thdnh hinh tam gidc, dDng
phrrong phrip drrdng tam gi6c dd khai tridn. Nhung xrl lf nhrr thd s6 lim cho viQc
d{ng hinh tdong doi phfc tap, n6i chung vAn phii sau khi phAn tich hinh dring, ddi
vdi mht hinh ch6p thi 6p dUng phrrong phdp tia ph6ng xa tld khai tridn, doi v6i mit
l5,ng tru thi 6p dUng phuong ph6p dudng song song dd khai tridn, ddi vdi cdc hinh
dring khdc thi mdi 6p dung phrrong ph6p drrdng tam giric dd khai tridn.
(3) Tim g6c kep gif,a hai bd mnt kd cAn. Dd lam cho hinh khai tridn c6 thd
gdp thdnh cau ki6n c6 hinh ddng chinh xdc, th6ng tht/dng y6u cd.u tim ra d0 ldn nh6
thdc srJ cua g6c kep gifra hai mdt kd cAn, nham ding drrOng tld kidm tra g6c kep cria
n6 c6 chinh x6c khdng.
(4) X'J lf
cdng nghC d0 day tdm. Cdu ki6n do mdt phdng t?o thd.nh, n6i
chung ddu dua vdo kich thudc mdt trong dd ve hinh khai tridn.
fVf du 1J Ong ch6p vu6ng, miOng tr6n bbng, mi6ng drrdi xiOn (hinh 6 - 2)
BO mht cdu kiQn ndy ddu ld mht phing, c6 thd vE hinh khai tridn theo kich
thudc mdt trong cua n6. Tit hinh 6 - 2 (a) c6 thd thdy, hinh d6ng cfra cdu kiQn ndy c6
thd le mht hinh ch6p bdn canh, tron dudi ddu bi cit. Od c6 thd khing dinh c6 thd k6o
ddi bon giao tuydn aL,b2, c3, d4 cua bdn mbt phia trong trOn hinh chidu xudng, vir c6t
nhau d mOt didm s, lai k6o dhi hinh chidu tdong rlng a'L',b'2', c'3', d'4' cria c6c giao
tuydn tren hinh chidu chinh c6t 6 didm s' mh s vi s' ddi xrlng. Qua d6 c6 thd thdy,
bon giao tuyen c0ng cdt nhau mQt didm trong khOng gian, c6 thd khhng dinh cdu kiQn
ndy ld mdt hinh ch6p bdn canh, mieng trdn bi mdt phdng bing ABCD crit

(a) (b) (c)

Hinh 6 - 2 Cach vE hinh khai tridn dng ch6p vuOng

r28
dr1t, mi6ng dudi bi mat pheng dat xiOn I II III IV c6t diit, n6 cdn :ip dung phuong
ph6p tia ph6ng xa dd khai tridn. C6.c budc cu thd crja no ld: tnjdc tiOn dtra vdo kich
thr-/dc mdt trong vE ra hinh ph6ng dang crla dng ch6p vu0ng, xem hinh 6
TrOn hinh ph6ng dqrrg dDng phuong phaip hinh tam gidc vudng tim ra dQ ddi thrrc
- 2(b).
aulu vit auSu c6c doan thdng AB, BC, CD, DA phdn 6nh dO dii thuc cria chring, kh6ng
cAn drrng hinh n[a. Sau d6 dirng phuong phrip tia ph6ng xa vE ra hinh khai tridn
cua hinh chop bon canh dfrng S - ABCD, xem hinh 6 2(c).Lai k6o dii cric dtrdng
-
canh SA, SB, SC, SD trOn hinh khai tridn, vd ldn ltrot c6t ldy cac doan thiing tron
dudng k6o ddi, khien dO dai thtrc cr-ia cdc doan bhng AI, BII, CIII, DIV, lidn duoc bdn
didm I, II, III, IV. Dilng c6c doan thing ndi lidn bon didm n}.y s€ duoc hinh khai
triein dng ch6p hinh vu6ng. Sau cirng dirng phuong phrip tidt diCn chinh tim g6c kep
tdm dudng gifra cdc mit phing kd c4n. Boi vi cau kiQn ndy ld mat hinh ctr6p bon
canh drlng, bon g6c ddu bhng nhau, cho n€n chi cAn tim ra mOt cdi trong d6, nhu tim
g6c kep cr cria hai mdt phing AB II I vd CB II Iil c6 thd qua didm A tren hinh khai
tridn d{ng dudng thHng drlng cria dudng canh B II d didm P, vr}a vdn cdt drrdng canh
C III o dieim C,Idy didm P ldm tAm, PC lim b6n kinh v6 cung trdn, lai iay atidm A
ldm tAm, d0 dei thdc cfia dudng ch6o AC, trlc hinh chieu bhng ac cria n6 h.m b6n
kfnh vE cung, hai cung cdt nhau d didm c,. G6c ApCl cira n6 ld g6c u cdn tim.
[Vi du 2] Sao ndm cd.nh ndi (hinh 6 _ 3 vd hinh 6 _ 4)
Sao ndm c6'nh do 10 hinh tam gidc hinh d6ng gi6ng nhau tao thdnh. DO dei
thuc ba canh cua n6 thrJc te dA cho trOn hinh hinh chidu. Nhu dQ ddi thuc cria canh
SA hinh tam gi6c SAI ia doan thing s' 'a" trong hinh chidu trrii. DQ ddi thrJc

(a) (b)

Hinh 6 - 3 Sao ndm c6nh ndi

(b)

Hinh 6 - 4 Sao nim c6nh n6i

r29
crla canh SI Ie doan s" 3"
trong hinh chi6u trdi. DQ ddi thrJc cria canh AI le doan a'1'
trong hinh chidu chinh. Dilng d0 dai thdc crja ba canh trOn c6 thtj IAn lrrot vd gOp ra
10 hinh tam gi6c, trlc hinh khai tridn cria sao ndm cdnh ndi, xem hinh 6 - 3(b).
Cdn crl vdo kich thrJdc R, r, H dd cho dqng hinh khai tridn, c6 lric sE c6 hiQn
tugng chdng nhau, nhu b0 phan S III III' trong hinh 6 - 3(b). Lric ndy cdn chia hinh
khai tridn it nhat thdnh hai bQ ph4n, ra vdt liQu xong lai ndi gQp trd lai mQt ch6.
Ndu y6u cdu'dung hinh khai tridn vita kh6ng chdng nhau vita khOng xudt hien ch6
trdng, vUa v6,n le 3600 thi girla kich thrrdc R, r, H ph6i phn hgp quan he ti lQ nhdt
dinh. B6ng 6 - 1 cho s6n tri sd mAy loai ti lQ gifla H, r vdi R khi R = 1. Sau

BAng6-1

H 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500 0.550

r 0,466 0.454 0.439 0.423 0.407

khi cho kich thttdc R vd H thi kich thrJdc r cfrng c6 thd th6ng qua dung hinh dd tim
ra. Qud. trinh dUt g hinh cria n6 li. (xem hinh 6 - 4), tnJdc ti6n tir kich thrJdc R vd H
vE ra hinh chidu chinh vi hinh chidu bOn cfia hai tlidm S vh A vd hinh chidu chinh
b' , c', d' vd e' cria cdc didm B, C, D vh E, lai lay s' ldm tAm, ldy tlQ ddi- ctia s" a" ldm
bdn Lrnh vE cung trbn c6t tlrrdng k6o ddi s'8', s'b' o hai tlidm a'o vd b'0, vi durrg
didm gifa k' crja doan d.o b'0. Sau d6 ldy c' ldm tam, ldy dO ddi a'ok' ldm brin kinh
ve cung citvdi dutdng k6o ddi cria s'3' dtroc hai didm m' vi n', tit n' tim duoc n". Sau
cing ldy c" ldm tAm, ldy c"n" l.dm b6n kinh vE hinh trdn vd. qua s" dung tidp
tuydn s" 3" cria hinh trdn, vd til 3" tim tluoc 3', thi s' 3' tftc le dO dhi ctia r cdn tim.
Hinh 6 - 4(b) ld hinh khai tridn trlong fing cria n6.
[Vi dq 3] PhOu xi6n ddi hrrdng g6c vu6ng miQng hinh vu6ng (hinh 6 - 5).
Hinh 6 - 5 d6 cho hinh ndi vd ba hinh chidu cria ph6u. C6 thd thdy 16: mi6ng
tren ctia ph6u ld hinh vu6ng vi tri bdng, hinh dudi lA hinh vudng cria vi tri

Hinh6-5Hlnhoh6u

130
 Hinh6-6Khaitridnph6u

thlng drlng, nhm lQch i phia fturdc cfia miQng trOn. Hai phia tnJdc sau cira ph6u
vi canh tr6n canh dudi cria n6 song song l6n nhau, ldn lrrgt ld hai mit phing, m4t
hai bOn trrii, phAi cr.la uvr hai canh tr6n dudi ld drrdng th8ng khric mdt, kh6ng
th6 tao thinh m[t g, m6i c6i crta chring chia thdnh ba mlt ph&ng hinh tam

5i eid'

Hinh 6 - 7 G6c kgp tdm drldng c0a ph6u

t3l
gi6c. V) the, hinh ph6u c6 tdt c6 sd.u mdt phing t?o thdnh, thich hop vdi
khai tridn
cho.''6n
tarrg phrrong ph6p drrdng tam gi6c. Do tat c& c6'c bd mat ddu td m5't ph&ng,
viro kich
.Arr"a.rrg frinfr theo kich thudc mbt trong. C5.c budc crla nd ld tnldc ti6n drJa
(xem hinh 6 - 6). L4i dilng
thudc mdt rrong v€ ra hinh ph6ng d?ng ctia hinh ph6u
vdo
phtrong ph6p hinh tam gi6c vuong tim ra dO dei thrlc ctia c6c canh, sau d6 c6n crl
;;;#;n6.rg ldn lrrot dirng dQ dai tn'.r. cria cdc canh vE gOp ra hinh khai tridn (hai
m6t b6n turtdc sau cria ph6utrong hinh 6 - 6, AB II I vh CD IV III ln ldn luot chia
thdnh hai hinh tam gi6c dd dr,rng hinh), sau cirng tim g6c kep bdn m6u giita c6c mdt
phing kd c4n. Hinh ph6u ndy dbi h6i tim ra sd.u g6c. Trong hinh 6 - 7, d;ng phr;ong
phap mat hinh chidubidn tldi tim duoc ba trong sd d6, t:frc g5c a gida mit phing CD
iV ttt vd DI IV, g6c p gifla mht phing DI IV vd DI A, g6c y gif,a m[t phing CD IV
III vd C III B. 86 qua c6ch v6 g6c khdc.
[Vi du 4] Ph6u xi6n hai ddt miQng hinh vu6ng (hinh 6 - 8)'
Trong hinh 6 - B, ph6u do hai ddt tao thdnh. Hai m[t bOn tr6n dudi bOn tr6i
vi hai m6t b6n tr6n dudi b6n phAi tir trong hinh chidu chinh nhin thdy hinh chidu
crja n6 tich tu thdnh dudng thing, vi thd chring ddu In m[t phing. Hinh d6ng mit

Hinh 5' 8 PhEu xi€n hai ddt

b6n ctra canh trddc vh canh sau gidng nhau, m6i crii do bdn hinh tam gi6c t4o
thdnh. ph6u niry c6 thd t6ch cac m4t b6n, hai m4t bon tr6i phtii tridn khai bhng
phuong ph6p drrdng song song, hai m4t b6n trudc sau thi khai tridn bhng phrrong
ph6p dudng tam gi6c. cffng c6 thd ndi lai mQt ch5 khai tridn bbng phrrong ph6p
dudng tam gidc. D"o cdu nen adu do mit phing t4o thhnh, cho n6n c5 thd khai tridn
theo kich thudc m6t trong. C6c btrdc drrng hinh cu thd cia n6 Ii tnJdc tiOn cln crl vho
kich thudc m6 trong ctia ph6u vE ra hinh ph6ng d?ng (chi v6 hai hinh chidu chinh,
xudng, xem hinh 6 - 9). Qua c6c didm tron hinh chidu xudng v6 dddng song song
bhng vu0ng g6c vdi aa, vd dgng drfdng vufing g6c vdr c6c drrdng song song ndy
d vi
tri lhich hop, cdt nhau 6 hai didm F vd F1. Cdt ldy doan th&ng tr6n dudng song
song ngang qua didm F, cho FD* = f 'd' ,
p*frx = d'b', lai.qua hai didm Df vd B" ldn
trrgf ddng d song song ngang c dudng song
song ngang , D' B, Br. Dtrng 6c didm F' D'
B vd F' D,, *itbctt phai, .u ph6p nhrr thd
vE hinh khai tridn m[t bOn tr6i (lrroc b6)' Dd dr)ng phtrong phdp drrdng tam giSc

r32
dUng hinh khai tridn mdt trddc, sau, c6 thd dDng phrrong phdp hinh tam gi5.c vuOng
tim d0 ddi thuc crla c5,c canh. D0 dei thdc cua ba canh AB, CD, EF da phrin 6nh trong
hinh chiSu chinh. Do dei thuc cria bdn canh AC, CE, BD, DF tim duoc tU hinh khai
triejn mdt b6n trdi, b6n phdi. Trong hinh 6 - I chi tim dqtrg dg dhi thrlc aodo vd dueu
cria hai canh AD vd DE. Sau d6 dilng d0 dei thuc cria c6c canh v6 gOp ra hirih khai
triejn mdt bOn trUdc (sau), nhUng cirng co thd tr6n co so hinh khai tridn mdt b6n tr6i,
phdi, loi dung d0 ddi thuc cria c6c canh vE gOp hinh khai triein bdn mdt bOn lai mQt
ch6, nhrr the hi6n ti hinh 6 -10. Sau cr)ng tim g6c kep tdm dudng gitta cl,c

Hinh khaitridn
mdt bOn trUdc
(sau) C

f t;
^l
q

Hinh khai tridn mat b6n phAi Hinh khai tridn mdt bOn trai

Hinh 6 - 9 Khaitridn ph6u xien hai dot (1)

mat phing tuong ritng. Tlong d6, hai g6c kep giira hai mdt bOn canh trdi vdi hai m{.t
bOn canh phAi da phAn 6nh trong hinh chiSu chinh, ttc g6c a'c'e'vd b'd'f (hinh 6 - 9).
Ba g6c kep tren m6t b6n tnldc (sau) gdn bbng 1g00, di.rng phrrong ph6p toa dQ tidt dien
chinh tim, dung trrong ddi chinh x6c. Trong hinh 6 - 10, dd v6 ra qu5. trinh d{.rg
5b,

Hinh 6 - 10 Khaitridn ph6u xi0n haidot (2)vi goc kep bAn mAu

r33
 I-'JII lnl

Hdy v6 ta hinh khai tridn cac cau kiOn.

1. 2.

L3#
trT-l

134
 6 - 2 CA,u ki€n m+t phing ait nhau v6i m|t cong
Loai cdu kiQn ln do th6n v6 gdm mdy mdt phing bao lai c6t nhau vdi thAn
v6 mit cong md. thAnh. Mdu chdt v6 hinh khai tridn cria n6 ll phAi v6 chinh xdc
dudng kdt hop gifra m[t phing vdi mdt cong, nhrr vQy mdi c6 thd b6o d6m cdu ki6n
ding hinh khai tridn bao lai dn khdp dring ch6 cdt nhau.
ICri v4t liQu tdm cfia cdu kiQn ndy tudng ddi ddy, khi chd tao cdn xem x6t
6nh hrrdng cria dQ dey tdm. Ithi v6 hinh khai tridn, n6i chung phdn mdt phing cira
cau kiQn thi cin cr1 vdo kich thrldc m4t trong, phAn

dpy ftinh 6 - 11): qua drrdng truc cfra mdt cong dung
mOt mdt phing cdt nhau vdi md.t cong, m6t phing
drroc hai tlrrdng thEng, g6c kep cria hai drrdng thing
6 ngodi cdu kiQn ld 0, ndu g6c 0 ldn hon g00 thi mdt
cong cEn crl vho m5,t trong, m{t ph&ng cdn crl vdo
m6 ngodi dd tim drrdng kdt hop cfra n6, ndu g6c 0
nh6 hon 900 thi mht cong vd m6t ph6ng ddu c6n crl
Hinh 6 - 11 Xfi l1i d6 day tdm c0a
vd.o md.t ngodi dd tim dudng kdt hop cria n6. Ldy
dudng k6r hdp
hinh tru vdi mdt phing dd xiOn trong hinh 6 - 11 dd
phrin dodn thi phAn nfia dtrdi cfra dudng kdt hop
phii ding m6 trong cfra hinh tru vD. m6 ngodi cria mdt ph8ng dd dtrng hinh, phdn
nfta tr6n thi ddu ding mdt ngod.i dd dung hinh.
[Vi du lJ dng hinh tru cdt th8ng dng ch6p hinh chtr nh4t (hinh G - t2).
PhAn tr6n cria cdu ki6n ndy li dng hinh tru, phdn gif,a ld dng hinh ch6p 4
canh, hai phdn cdt nhau c6 bdn doan tludng kdt hop, phdn dtrdi ld tru hinh chfr
nhAt, dng hinh tru cin cf vdo kich thrrdc ldp trung tinh dd khai tridn bing phuong
phrip drrdng song song, dng ch6p bdn canh thi cd,n cf vAo kich thr/dc m4t trong cira
n6 dd khai tridn bhng phrrong phrip tia ph6ng xa. Hinh khai tridn cria tru hinh chf,

I
/

Hinh 6 - t Z 6ng hinh trr; c5t tn&ng vdi dng ch6p hinh ch0 nh6r

135
 nhat ld hinh chtr nhQt. D0 cao cria hinh chfr nhAt bhng d0 cao cfia t1J, dQ rQng bhng
d0 dai chu vi mdt trong cria tru. Dudng k6t hop gifra o'ng hinh trU vdi dng hinh ch6p
bdn canh c6 thd loi dung hinh chidu bbng crja hinh tru c6 tinh tich tu, d6n drrdng
phu tr6n hinh ch6p b6'n canh dd tim ra, c0ng c6 thd tim drroc bing phuong phrip mht
phu' Cd'n crl vio vi tri trrong h6 gida ong hinh tru v6i d'ng hinh ch6p bdn canh, khi
mi6ng m6p kh6ng v6t, thi drrdng kdt hop n6n cdn crl vio mit trong cria ong hinh
tru vd m6 ngoii cria hinh ch6p bon canh dd dung hinh. Khi dung hinh, tnrdc ti6n
cEn cr1 vdo kich thudc cdu ki6n vE hinh ph6ng dAttg (hinh 6 - 13). Trong hinh phdng
d?ng, 6'ng hinh tru cdn crl vdo kich thudc m6 trong d dd v6 hinh, hinh chidu me
trong, m6 ngoAi cria dng hinh ch6p bdn canh ddu vE ra. Hinh khai tridn tru hinh
vuOng rdt don gi6n, c6 thd trtrc tidp v6, ra, kh6ng cd.n v6 hinh ph6ng dang.
Cdch tim drrdng kdt hop c6 thd chia hinh tru tr6n hinh chiSu bing hinh
ph6ng d?ng thdnh 16 phdn bhng nhau, duoc cd,c phdn bdng nhau 0, r,2...,1ai qua cdc
didm phAn bhng nhau d trOn bd mdt m6 ngod.i hinh ch6p bon canh dqng drrdng phu
bdng. \n thd, qua cdc didm phAn bhng nhau 0, I, 2 tAn t,rot d{ng auOng bang. cft
6m 0, ,Ir,2, til 01 , Lt,2L tr6n hinh
^1

chidu chinh 0;,L;,2'rlai lAn luot vC

phu bing. Trong d6 didm 0, L,2 cd
rOn hinh chidu chinh cria drrdng phg bdng
tuong rlng crla n6, hinh chidu chinh &' ,3' ,4 crta giao didm A gifla dudng canh AA, vdi
hinh tru vd didm 3, 4 c6 thd tim dtroc tron a'a'r. Sau cingldi .a" aidm o' r", 2-
d' , 3'...s8 dr/oc hinh chieu chinh cria drrdng kdt hop gifra m[t trong hinh
, ,
tru vdi md.t
ngoai hinh ch6p bdn canh.

0l
Hinh 6 - 13 Khai tridn ong hinh trq c6t tn6ng voi cing ch6p hinh vu6ng

Phrrong phdp v6 hinh khai tridn hinh tru ld: tnrdc tiOn c[n crl vd,o dtrdng kinh
ldp trung tinh (d + t) cfra hinh tru dem chu vi hinh trbn cria n6 trdi thdnh dudng
136
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ru-r+
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tul? .9p nqd 1Qu ulql u9u qu${ ena cn.r1 Suenp rg.r. c93 Eugna Eugqd ._gr{1 F,rqp ,.r9.,
qut.I enc cnrl Suenp Sugnq oaql nerqc qu-rq Br ?A rr.I{ nES
19*
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? 9ur u Bnc quyl Eun.r? dgl
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ugn^ q1 .,(qu ugI>I n-Bc Bnc
9 qu uarx lec ugu r{u_rq BuO [Z np ln]
c$np gs uorl Suoc Fup.np quqql ruglp cgr 19
lp>{ Suppp Elc cgrpl uglp cgc rr1 i,r Fupp 1
pq conp II,',I E^ III*II 8rF.{f 8up.np
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u.9lp c9c {tl qcgc Sueop{ oqc "O "I "II '
'EBI8 tuplp )gx 19^ rrr.glp rgu Fugql E
S
urptp dpf (e) ''III A S gqr o er lp8u qu
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upnl Irl !,r Euprp 0te0s cpql rgp Fuopp ug.r1
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c93 8uon,r Euenp I€q tFc doq qcql Ir?
i^
nus'g dgqc qu"rp Bnc .s E^ s nglqc I le qn ,s enb 9p
n-" pn i"" ngrrq,
qu${ Ft{ IRp o?{ ?pnl UVI uell cpnr
TEp 9p ru.rt tqtu
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'coq quq uOIr? IBWI qu${ c.onp ?s ru.glp cFc Igu
?on1 ue1 uorl Suoc 3up.np Eu4p Euqc
nES ""III 'V 'II 'I '0 urplp cgc conp'nequ SrEq u-gqo c'c r.{urs 8up.np
lpp op ,{p1 0p pn1
ug1 c93 Suonn 8up.np cgc u?rr e,r 'Buge? Buenp enc c9F Fugn,r Fuenp ;""p to ,b ,ig
'IV ur.?Tp cgc p^ nEqu SrEq .rg_qd w.?ip cgc enb 9p nes 'Fugr{l Euenp ugrl p BA ,r ,q ,B
utplP xvc enr 8up Suonl to q,t tc "g "v t, quip Suep 3u9qd q,riq'rpr FrEq nglr{c qulr{
u?r\ eZ Sunc rpp Qpru ,nuqu ErEq u-qd 9T quRr{l dpu Fueqt Supnp Erq, BA ,Frgql
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6ugnn nr1 6ug uerx lgc uou qurq 6uQ ugl.rl leq)t gL - g rlutH
S
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'u9H nVc cgr uFtlrl
l€rpl qu${ q,r ,(gH
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IBWI qulq conp gs conp 1ep urplp
rgc r9u Suoc Supjp Sunp Bur.rc nBS 'u3llrl
lerpt r{u-rq Euo"r1 C ,g ,y.11rgru cgr Bnc Irl I^
c;q SuBnp tugrlu r"q Brc 3u4 8uonl ur,grp oerS 'ur 'r '{ cgnql
qrpt uerrl Isrpt qu${
enc 3u4 Supnl Irl i^ p EuEq 8up.np gn ,lgnp Fu.gnx co8 Bugnn lBn
Fup.np sunp 1on1 uu1
qulqc ngrqc qu{q ugrl"',c'.q"e u,glp cgc enb gp nES'(gu
lpnp Sugnx u.grr? Iewl quu{
9^ Ir?t ,gI - g qulq IFqd u?q g Eugn,r, n.r1 Bug Bfc qu;r{c nglr{c qu(q ugr? enu Eugu
e^ H{ nes '8uqr 91 9^ quFI 9P Srrnqu 'qulqc n.glr{c qulq lgnp BIr{d
quIH) d.oq +g{ Suopp 9a 3ugp1 Sugnn n1 sug usrlrl 9^ 4l :lgp rpu
IBr{{ qulq Er 9A ep Fuorl 19ur
c9nr{l qcFI oE^ trc upc
,.?t{f gc Eugnn n"r1 Fup u.glr+ IEq{ qu${ Ig^ Igp Q^ r{cgC
'ugu qu.rq 8ug ulc usllr?
IEWI qu$i cpnp ?s uprl Fuoc Fup.np
StEq rgu Suqc n's '"'3 'g 'v urpp cgc cfprp n'r.{u EuqQ u-gt{d cgc
Euplrp Ig^ rgc rpnr ugl
'ugu qu${ ugr{d ugrn Suojp Ig^ c9F Eugna. Eup.np rgr'"46 ur.elp
our8 enb uorl Func 1€o1
'Fuqq SuFp 'rug? urEI g urplp dgr lgr (ugu qurq cnrl Fuo3p lnr c9F Fugnn
"' Fup.np Bunp
.c ' .q,',e utplP cgc enb IEI "IIs 'IIs 'Is nequ SugQ uVqo qga c)gc e't
?^,nequ trXq u'qd
zI r{uRq? uolr? IEq{ qulq BIqc gp nBS .(gu quec u?q uglrl IBWI r{u${ 9^ I-gr ugu qulq
8ug 8ug' ?rr' '8ue-r gr qrrg qulq
-op
dgp g 'r{uIt{c n?F{c quq quea q.,r. Eunqc rgu uou
qulq 8ug Enc uerrr IBrp{ rtrulr{ 'pr cnql Euo-r1) 9u B[,c dor{ l,ilt Fuenp gc Fugql u.glrl
qu{I'l Br ?^ t{uI? 3un'r1 dgl cpnq+ qcl{ oE^ nc upc uerl cgnrl -r,rg leq{
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19,r Bugq:{ dgru SuQrru H>I Sunqu 'qu}t Eunrl
091 cpnll qclrT oaql uplrl IBq{ r{ulq
?^ IFr{d Fuoc lQur re11 '8uos Suos 8up.np dpt{d Suonqd 8*Eq uplrl req4 'nr1 lttrr RI
EueB rgnu Er rQA 'ex 3u9qd er1 dgqd Suonqd SuEq u.?Irl reqq 'ugu t{u${ lEur EI SueE
ngu QI ugr{I 'dpq r.el 8up.np ugrl urplp pi uQrl rlu${ I q Bfc utplP oerE luqrl qu${
BJ n-gp Fuoc lQru IEq Ig^ n qd Sue8u Sugqd 1pur, eBr8 dn1 oer8 ,(pu c;t1 'dpt{ tg>l
Fup.np ug4 urplp ur11 nqd lgur ure-l Sue8u Sugqd 19ru uoqc ,9qr 9c 'nequ lFc ugqd
'nBqu ?gc Sunqc Bfc cnrf 8$enp 'u?!x dqa qulq nr1 lQur
9q I€q egc doq tp{ Suppg
p1 FueB cgnu €r rq,r ulqd 9q 'cpn8u ugl ugu r{u${ rttu €l SueF n9u QI uEqJ,
'(9I - 9 l{u1q) SutE ngu QI gA tI np lztl
'rpo8u {Qur cQoq 3uor1 lgur Sugq er
urll gr{1 nc ngc lp{ optr Dc uEc lpnl uEI uve $il qulq Sufip It{{ 'uoPI n3c EFc d,oq rg{
Euo.yrp Ig^ T.gp 8w,r{N 'ugl{ ngc Efc e4f d91 cpnql qrPI obql u3llr+ reql Sunqc r9u ',{qp
rop Euont u?q ngc elc tugt ngTI T9^ TrDI 'nqd ngc qulq lQut dgqd Suonqd 8.Rq cEoq
nqd Bugr{d tpur dpqd Suonqd SuEq cpnp tul} dpq fgl SriQnG 'uer8 Sugqr{ Suoc 3uo3p
p1 Suoc lQur TBq enc doqtgl 8uo.np uoc '8ugr{d rfur Suoc 8up.np EI u?r1 1.?I1 ugp1 ngc
epc doq 1.g4 8uo.np EI lqc gu Blc lolq cgwt n5 'Fuoc 18fu IBI{ enc doq 1p>{ 3uB51p e9x
quqc ?^ Tgr{d Suge 'uQ1p +gII Q uQpl ngc 3u.9f ugq pe 9u uglr? TBr{{ qu$I ?^ 9p 1.9qc
n-gry'quqql oel nequ 19c Suoc lgur dpur ru93 nequ 1gc Suoc 19ur IEq uQH nFC
n€qu lPc Fuoc l*ul IPq uol{ hpc g - I
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6ue6 n_eu ol o^ u.?Ul eq>l Ll - 9 rf ulH
'dp,{ ?.?{ Fuenp Bnc nelqc
t{u${ cpnp ?s 'up.r? Suoc Euojp r{u*r{r gu .
,8,.8 IBt{
ru.-?Ip rgcer url+
lgu p^ ,cgq>l nqd iqo, cg" u?rf ...r ,..r
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n'qu 1pc Sugnx nglqc qu-rrr ugr? 3q *"glp enb nqd IEI
rgc ugrr Sune req Blc rrfiglp oer8 er urfl Fuqc n". ,rgq4 19* .r9"1 d.,n, ,"q ngN .nqd gqur
nqd lftu cgr u?r+ugdn1 oer8
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zqzo ,urg1
d t€ur e4r' ugdnl oer'
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qu(q enc rpoSu g..' qurs 8up.np rg^. ner{u
;;ilp ,lq *.e1p p ugu
rp^ nBqu +Ec ,1o p dlla qulq nr1 lgur epc ,nri b"o.np
llc ,1q ruplp p gu Bnc 3uor1 g.., qurs 8up.np
Ip^ n'qu ?Fc gq *gil;.;E;
tiIII ngN '8ue8 cpnu Er IQA 'QI ugl{? rpn nr{d Sue8u Eugvd 1gu cuc e4r8 u.9.,{n1 oer8
Iu.r? 9p nes 'nqd 1gu efp nglqc qu.rq ru_FI
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ug"r1 'lc 'nq'1" uglp cgo enb
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'nec qulq urgl ur^EI .o KpI ug6 'do,{ +,c{ SuBnp ugrl urplp unc npl{c qulq
p1 u9dn1 oer8 req E+c ,{ tuplp oer8 '1uqrl qu${) ugdnl our8 req Efc nelqc qulq pl .p,c
'.q,e Sufr{1 utop Hl ,p ',c Err .q.'.e rcu Suggl 8up_np Surlp lgl '.p ,.r,,q.,.e urplp u.gq g
ugu r{u${ ltrrr IBq Elc o€q 8up.np rg^ nBqu lEc qulr{r nglqc qultl ugrl Q^ uQ4 r{u-rr{ '.gp
nES 'ngc qulq lgur Elr qulqc ng5{c qu${ EI r{uIr{r dqu dq;1 qug ,uQrl qu1q urgl urpl
qulqc nglr{c qu${ u?r1 .o utplP f,pt tr.t+ 'nga qulq lQru Eunp quFI ugq urEI doq qcql rqp
0p ,(pt 'ngc qup{ urgl urEI urg IQ^ e^ ru€ uBr{? ugu qulq lgur cru1 3uo3p req Efc u.glp
oer8 f,91 u?rt cgnrl 'dpq f9>1 3uo3p ur-rl Itg'I '9u Bfr qu4{c n?${c qu${ Er ?A cgnu tu?
E$r qull 3unr1 dBI cgnqt qcpl o€^ nc uEc u?Il egnr? 'r{ulq Sunp Iq>I '€x Sugqd er1 dgqd
Euonqd oaqt uplrt leq{ rcqd ngp rrr€ IQ^ €^ ut€ ugr{l ugt{d gq IEH 'dqq8 SuQru 8u,onl
np gc ryqd oe1 ,gr{c IWt Surrqu 'r{ull 3unr1 dgl cgnr{l qcpt oaqt qu${ Sunp nap doq 19>1
8up.np ,tBq ugl4 IBq{ qulq B,l l€Q '8ugru rgp Suonl cgntr 8ug €gc rrrgl ngll ?€A
"?{
'e4u fqq qulrt Sugr{rt r(pp g 'ugl8 upp lgp Eupnt cgnu Fug egc c9r{{ ugt{d gq cgc
uglrt IEW1 r{uIH 'Er rull 'qulq tunp .?p nqd ]ftu urEI n€c qutq lQru Suqp gq? 9c Sugqa
egr8 doq 1.94 8uo.np ugu or{c 't{uIr{c Sqrp ne1{c lgru Ig^ Suos tuos ngp R^ 'nequ lgc ugu
quq ltur IEq egc cru1 8up.np IA 'ugu quq ttur €t ngp cgliu ur.g Blc rQ^ E-^ ugqJ
'(8I - 9 qutq) cgnu urv [z tn]
"p
'gu €nc
3u.9nx nglqt quq nqu 3ug18 9u Elc gr{u upl 9p 'uQrt qu${ tgur QI QI ugr{t d-Ep urFl
Enc u"€flrt IBr{{ quIH '(d.oq tp{ Supsrp 9c ugqd e.r qn lqc ,I - g r{ulq 3uor1; QI ugr{l
ugq ur.91 uPlrl IBq{ qu$ cpnP '"'B 'V'O utplP c9c conp 9s IEI Igu lpnl ug1 uoJt Suoc
SuQnp SuQp '"'tqq tgg = "EB =t\rV 'ooo=
tOO oqc 'Eunc rgc uerl gp f,gI +F, gn1 ugt
r"'I, rlt 'ty urplp aec enb Sunc grr IRp ugl 'urgl uel uelrl
AI 'O qurs Supnp ugq IBI{ g ronl
,Fuggl ueop z(g1
1eq{ qu1q ug.q dgqc qu;p dpl '8uqc nES "'tC "g "V ruplp c.,ac conp
tqt.e,qcgc 8ugoq4 SuQp dqu qurs
Fup.np u?rt
IO .uplp
lqr nI gql quqc n.glqc qu${ ugrl
$ nyp ?Fq laqt 8t-gp ".vo .g qurs 8uo.np IPp op SuQQ 9u oqc '9u ugrl AI tO dg1 q,r 'ugu
qu${ tEur uglrt IEWI qu${ ugrl doq qc;qt 14 i^ g quls 8up.np Q^ 9p nBS '(lI - g qulq
3uor1 0q upo+ q,r 3ugq1 dpu ugqd 9g) 'dpq 1.94 Suojp gc SugWI u9u qulq leur uqFl
IBW1 qu.rq Er ?A lgr u.glrl IErDT IWt nes lenb quFI ur4 cg8 €r qull ugu qulq ?ttu qull
3un.r1 dg1 uqtc ugt{d gq cgc cgnql qcpl oR^ trc ugc re1 'u9u r{u1q lgru epc dgqc qu;p
er 8uflp qulqc nglqc qu${ ugrl QI uvql ugu qulq 1!ru enc quyl Sunrt dgl Enc qurs
Suenp prr cnrl Suenp IEp og>I ugrl cgnrl :pl QI ugr{l uolrt leq{ qu-rq ?^ r{c9C
'8ue8 rpnu €r rQA Bfc uelrl IBrDt r{u_rq cpnp ?s re1 Suqrqc rgu
lpnl uel uorl Suoc SuQnp SuQp "IIIA "IIA "'tII "I 'g rup[p c-€r cpnp '8uQnp r.ugqu rBq
tuo.r1 Eugr Suonl SuFr{} Suenp rgl nequ +Fc '.1,p quTs Suenp epc c93 8ugn,r Suenp
Sulrp t ,Z 't .l ' .0 urplp enb 'r.v,7 quls Eup.np elc Euos Suos SuQnp SuFp IIIA "II 'I '0
ruplp cgc enb 3u4c nBS 'uprl Suoc Supnp qupql Fugrqc -ngu ?pnl u_gl Ra 'IIIA"'AI 'III
tuplp cgc cpnp I€l 'ItI dpt 1p dpl qutq tunp nt ugnl .9q1 Fc '11 ru"?Tp p fi1 r9^ ner{u
lgc Func 9^ quPI u-Eq urEI nequ ErEq ugqd tgru €Tc 19 tunc IEp gp SuQp 'urgt urQI
9u fpr ',6 enb c93 tugnzr tup.np ug.r1 doq qr]qt Fl i^ o g urplp d.pt pn 't.v.v.lu\t
tup.np egc c98 Sugnrr Suqnp Sunp lpnl ugl n€qu ErEq u-gqd cgc ru,glp Bfc "' .z' .l ' .0
qulqc n?!qc qulq enb 9p nes ""lZ ,tT,.O ruplp cgc cpnp,dpr{ lg:I tup.np ?Fc tpnl ugl
".V.1 qurs SuBnp Ig^ Euos Suos Supnp Sunp lpnl uEI..'.2,.T,,6 ruplp cgc enb re1
'8uqqc €lc ,8 "'.2' .I',0 qulqc n.gTr{c qu1q Br ru(? €A ,g ". ,2,,I,6 urplp cgc cbnp'nequ
8u(e ugqd 8 quRr{l Sugnx n.glqc qulq ugrl SueE egntt Br rQA qu11 3unr1 dg1 uqrl
qu(q Ef;u T^ nqc €n{c u?Il cpnrl :p1 SueF canu €r rQA uerr? Ieq{ qutq ?^ t{cgC
ou ugul leql p^ cpnu LLry
8l - g rluu{
 wl
I
'8
o6
uary nBc u.glrl IBWt qu1q ?^ dEH
dVT IVg
'8ue8 n.gu QI ugr{l
ueTrl IEr{{ quH ?^ qcgc ogwt urEt{l .9q1 9c cgnu .g ugr{l uglrl l€rpl qulH
;9 IQ,r u€qd gq uelrl IEIDI qu${
conp ?s dg^ nqN 'cgq{ Euoc Suojp lollt cpnp 9s 'r( nqu t9nq r9c Suqe qulq SunP
Sugc cgnu tug IQ^ SuQnu ugqd 9g 'uprl Suoc 3up.,l quPql Igu nl tql I9r "'II 'I '0
ruglp rgc cpnp '.ugu qulq uglrl req{ qulq u?rl 3uf ner{u Suqe ugqd cgc 8u.gnp
 9Vr
Prl
tql 0u0c lpu teq pfc u?^nl oero rrt] eq Dql tprt ugt 0uo3 lpu 6unqc ]pc n€u r'r.l ugt 6uoc ,e, p|t!,fi irtJ (rl
il|"illiitll
6ugud lpur 6uoc 6upnp Et uou r.lutr.l rp^ nrl qulq e4r6 opq d.cl Oupno 0z - 9 qutH
(c) (q) (e)
/ **Lill*qutq lPur
ugu qulq lQur
efc ne!ri3 qulq
6ugUd 1Qu 6uoc 6upnp e; hr1 qulq relt plc d0q d.et 6upnO 6 t - 9 rtutH
(c) (q)
nEc qurq lPul
nr1 qulq lput
Fugr{r FuBnp pr ngp ooq Bq enr n€rqc qu-rq ueu or.{.c
rurr"ffi:::t
'nec qulq l?ur lgru 3u6ra rg,r tpc nap Eu;rqc op 'uou qrIq ruq Blc ltru IBq rp^ nequ
llc nr1 qu${ lPur 19ur op QI IZ - g quIH '3ugr{1 8up.np RI 9u Blc nglqc qulq 'dr1a
qu${ q1 Supc Sugqc epc doq rg4 Suojp uerS Sugq:I Supp qu${ ugu oqc {nBc quu{ rugl
urql cnrl 8up.np rBq Bgc ruplp oerS dg1 nEe qulq +tru Ig^ nBqu lpa nap Suoc lQur req
'nplqc l€ur I 'nequ oer8 uou qu.rq I epr6 cnrl
8up.np '02 - 1 '3ug{1 Bup.np pl ngl nr1 qulq
lqur rer.{ Elc g"gqrf .e.rpp-quq f{u
;>I u9q RI
nr1 qulq 1Qu enc qupl ugq 'nec qulq urgl rupl cnrl SuBnp IBr{ egc ruplp oerS ,(.g1 nec
r{u${ lqru Ig^ nequ lpc ngp 3u9qc 1q1 nglq) ltur Ig^ Suos Suos n-gp €,r nEqu 1ga neqtr
Sugf qupl Suogp 9c n',r1 qulq IEq enc cn.r1 8up.np 6I - g r{utq g uOIq gV? nq1r1
'Eug{l 8up.np q1 cn"r1 8up.np rp,r Suos Suos nplVc lriur ugr} nglqc qulq eur ,(dr1a
rlulq EI qu1q qu.rl .gs €p) Sugud lfur Euoc 8up.np EI quip lFr{u 8u;rqc elc doq 1.g1 Euojp
Iq? 'n9c ?Eur 19ur Suqc \9^ +9i Suoc lgru req 'nplr{c lpru lgru Suqc rgn Euos Fuos
EI
ngp E^ nEr{u oerS Suoc ltul I€r{ ena cnrl EuQnp 'uou qulq lfru cgoq nr1 qulq }ttu
Suoc lfru rcq c41 dgp nglp eq rg,r doq qqd Euoc lgru IEr{ IWI ,np 1n .Fugr{l
8up.np EI grlt 9c doq Elc n?rqc quH ,Eugt{t EuQnp cgoq tupqd 19ru Euoc
8up.np EI ,gqt oc Suoc enc doq 1.g>1 Euo.np Iql quip r.gr{u nec'ng,{ doq qqd
H{ '?OTq ctp qulq qup Euo"rl 8wr{N 'Buoc Bup.np p1 Eupc gu €nc n,glqc qu(H .uer8
Sugrp1 Suoc SuBnp q1 Suoc lEur ler{ epc doq t94 Fuo.np 'Funqc r{ulq qu11 Euor;
'Fupqd ftul Fuoc Fuenp pI
dog t9{ Fuahp Fur Fuoc tful ugll1 nEC V -g
 9Vr
plc Eu u!^nr o'r0 reu rrr] rerr ugr ouoo ou'.np pr req ug1 ouoc rpur r'rrul, uun,l,tlrT8,o0.l,'i_#!iirl' ,t':%iiH $'.?',13'01:
,rc uPc lgqd gu ep doq +91 3uo3p 'qu11 8unrl dgl cgnql qcFI oaq? Suos Suos Fup.np
dgqd Suonqd StEq uglrt r€rp{ uec uQrl qu${ 8u.g r-eq E+c uglr+ Turpt qutH .Br ?A d91? cnrt
9I{1 9c '8ugril 8up.np q1 Sugc ou Enc dpq tgq 8up.np qur{c nglqc qutq '(q)6T g qu^rq r{utr{
-
qu$ nqu 8u.gF 'ngc qulq +9ru tgur w^ rgr gc ,gq1 I iqulqa Etrrrp nglqc qulq
lQur rgn
Suos Suos n_gp q,r n€qu 1gc Sugrqc e4c cnrl"gt{t
Fup.nG 'que-r{l o€1 nequ lEc ner{u Eugq qq>1
8up.np gc ru+ qu-rq tEtu IBr{ op EI nequ ErRq qu14 EuojF uglx tlc eq cuqc Fug
ft7, - g qulq) ner{u SuqQ qupl Suojp uglx tpe uq ceqc Fu6 tf np lnl
.9 Buppqc p dqq qulrt oar{t
fI nx dbq tg4 Euo.np gqc urp+ dep Op
'qull 3uru1 dgl cBnqt qcpl oaql u-glrl ruq4 Eunqc Igu dqu reol urH uOI{ n€c reor .r.gx
quF{c Sugt{{ quip 19r{u Sugc ar ?A uglrl I€WI quFI -rql les ugop ugqd ngp .Bugq4
u?r? rqu uQnl nplP doq qqd gc uOH n€c tuax d>{ ert urpFl IFr{d qulq ?^ H{ cpnrl
Swtqu 'u?.r? e>1 upTp nn cgc 9c dn1 'dqu reol uQpl ngc u"glrl I€wT qulq g^ IIDI
'4t dpq n0{ t9r'8unp [s uog Sugc dga nt{u urql 'dpqt .r{ulq Eunp
.9q? 9c gt cnqt np !t rlJ
Enc cgx upnqc qq1 conp oec Sugu uqu 3ugv1 EuoSp RI d.oq tg>1 8uo.np Bnc nerqc qurq
op uQc :dpr{ ?g{ 8up.np urg gp de1 cpqd qulq Sunp cQr,r conp qu-Erl FuEqu Fugr{{ ,,(gr nqN
'oe1 ugqu qcgc lQur Sugr{t Suojp r{uEql u.g1q doq
lp{ Euqpp E1rc n?rqc qu${ oqr urRI gr{l
gr 'uol{ n€c Enc ngc +g{ doq qc;q1 Tpp deql 'quFr? Sugc enc nec ngd urgp ogq gp ugll
Ignp
'u?r+ g{ urplP ctp p^ uQu4 nQIp trp dgp Sunp 1o1 'ruo1 wH uoH ngc
.?{ lglql lrtll
'3*F,{+ 8up.np B-l dlla
qulq €fc quF{c nglqc qulq g,r dqa qu{q EI quip 1.gt{u 8u;rqa Efc rgrp{ ugdnl 0er3 lgru
.(qu cgrl 'dgp uqrl qu${ p nequ tgc Bunqc RI ctrl Fugc ,Bunqc uQr? r.{ulq _ dpp tqur
9a drla nr1 qulq ltur Ig^ drla u9u qu+{ l1*ur,gZ - g r{ullq Euo-r1 nqu rET .EuFq? Fuenp
PI ngp I{uH 3uo"r1 ug.,tn1 oer8 req Efc qulqc nglqc qu${ pur 'uq.r1 qulq ct r{uip l.gqu
Sugc u?rl ugq u9dn1 oef 1q1 uQrl r{uIr{ pl Ignp e;qd u.9dn1 oer8 ngu ,ugrx drla u9u
t{u1q rgl nuqu lFc ngc quq 'ZZ - g qulq Buorl Fr{N .r' drla qulq ctoq uQr+ qurq EI
quip tgqu Sugc cgq{ u9dn1 oer8 19ur lr{t dlla qu${ cgoq uq"r1 qulq pl 9p Fuo"r1 ug.(n1
oet8 lgru 'nequ tgc Suqqe 3uor1 Suoc lfru Ieq ngu ,nec qurq ltru R^ drla u9u rlu${
1!ru 'dr1a nr1 qulq lgru 'u9u qu(q lgru 'nr1 qu${ tr?ru nqu Fuoc lgru agc Buol;
n.pc qulq nt1 lQur tg^ nequ lpc n,ec qutr.l lgu.l lp^ nequ lpc neLlu lqc
dr;e qulq dgqc tqrv Ez - 9 r{ulH onp ngq dgqc igy\ zz - 9 qulH 6uoc lpuu ea Lz_ 9 qulH
dOtt l.?l 6upnp elc
u9u qutLl lgu/ nrl qulLl lPur
 tn

i tim,ra
tim ra. Ngoiri ra' khi hrnn clre" fft#:Hi"T}
drrdng song song'
J viro rn{t ngodi
vdo rnb.t ngob .d
ad
"*j?,: TviQc dyng hinh ilthe.ff;ffi,Il,
ll"h:f ;ffi;;prtupi;"|n
tt'i tO iita ao" 9a" ^}T
drrdng thhng -#R.

kinh bhng nhau

chac c5t xien dudng
Hinh 6 'z+ 6ng ba

cr; thd Id:

Phrrong Ph6P drtng hinh
cua 6ng ba chac ud
t" hinh chidu chinh
trdn thdnh 12
hinh chieju pftu chia hinh
i-J-- -^.. iett hinh sau
chidu 0uorrl' song
PhaP dudng
owu5
25),sau d6
Ph6o
, 6 - 2'5), ttOtt xi6n' Khi
h trin
ng hinh trdn "o^'5

d'iil

il
ll
I

A
B
c
D
E
F
G

Hinh 6 - 25 Khai tridn ong ch4c ba cit xien dudng kinh'bing

nhau

141
do dai khai tridn cila chu vi hinh trdn trong hinh cAn tinh to6n theo kich thudc lop
trung tinh' C6'c cdch v6 kh6c giong nhu trinh bdy trong chrrong 4, kh6ng n6i lai ntta.
PhAn drrdi ph6i cua hinh 6 - 25 thd hion phrrong phdp drrong
song song dd
don girin h6a khi drrdng kdt hop la dudng thing. B6y gid tay xrrai
tridn dng hinh
trbn xi6n ldm vi du dd n6i 16 phuong phdp vc cu thd cua n6.
TnJdc ti6n, v6 drrdng vuong g6c d vi trf thich hop vd cEtt ldy
doan OXII iheo do
dhi khai triein dudng kinh binh quan crla ong trbn xion tron n6, chia
doan ndy thdnh 12
phAn bhng nhau vd m I, II, IIL.- Sau d6 lai lAn
bhng nhau drrng c6.c g g6c OO' II, U IIr cua doa
c.0,a c1,c didm phdn b o ldy ao dai i c,ia dng hintr
sinh, vd qua didm ddu phAi cua khoAng c6ch ndy drrng drrdng song song
cria doan OX II
roi lay dieim d vi tri thich hop tron drrdng ,o.rg ,ong ldm tam hinh trdn,
lAn lrrot lay tlQ
R, cria hai drrdng kdt hop tron hudng drrdng truc cria dng hinh trdn xion
.dei I Yd lhm
b6n kinh vE 1/q chu vi hinh trdn, Iai chia n6 thdnh ba phAn bhng
nhau, drroc c6c tlidm 0,
r' 2' 3' Qua c6c dieim phAn bhng nhau ctia chu vi hai hinh trbn dg.rg dudng song
song c6a
doan oX II, vdi drrdng sinh tuon g ftng,lidn c6 thd xdc dinh d6 dii cric
drrdng sinh,
1, Il, II1. sau ctng, tl.r trr noi c6c didm nay thbnh dudng
cong trdn, t tridn ong hinh trbn xi6n.
lvi du 2] Ddu udn 900 d'ng hinh trdn bon ddt (hinh 6 - 26)
V0 l)t dng dAu udn phii ld mdt hinh vbng trdn, nhtrng tr6n
thuc td ae ti duoc thay trre uang mat hinh tru. DAu udn troni hinh
6 - 26(b) la tru bdn ddt, dt
vong trdn, hai dot gitra tuong doi ddi, hai
vdi nrla dot gir1a. \ dO ldn nh6 vd vi tri t
vdi didu kiOn ciia hinh 6 - 19, cho nOn hi
drrdng thdng' Lai vi c|'c ddt ddu la dng hinh tru, vd.
cho ring v6t li6u tfm ctia n6
brlong doi m6ng, vi th6' khai tridn bang phrrong'phdp
dudng song song theo kfch
lhudc ldp trung tinh.
Trudc khi vE hinh khai tridn, ph6i vE chinh xdc hinh ph6ng
dang cria ddu
.rdn, cdc'brr6'c drrng hinh hinh chidu.hi.rh ctia n6 rd (xem hinh
6 - 26a) tnrdc hdt
I-tng hai dLtdng trung tdm vu6ng goc nhau, lay giao didm cria
hai dudng trung tdm
D.m tAm, lay b6n kinh udn cong R qui dinh ve drrd
,.ai chia dudng trung tdm u6h cong thdnh ba phdn
lhng nhau 01, oz, o' on rdi ldn lrrot qua cac didm
u.n cong, thi b6n tuydn nAy tf/c truc ctia 6,ng hinh tru
au cung can cu v nh binh quan hinh tru qui dinh v6
cria 6hg hinh tru dudng k6i ho ,ing.
Ndu ding phtrong phdp dttdng song song dd vE ri€ng hinh khal
-
tot dng hinh tru thi kdt qud cria n6 nhu thd hien d hinh 6 26(c) (chi
tridn crja cd.c
dng phf rdt nhidu nguyOn vat riou. vi thd, n6n dd hai ddt - v6 hai ddt) s6
B,'-D cfia dng hinh trv
n6i dot quay quanh dudng truc cria n6 1800, sau d6, ndi theo ttr,r t,r cfi hai
ddt A, c
ai mQt ch6' hic ndv dng hinh tru b6'n dot n6'i thinh hinh tru hodn
chinh, khai tridn
heo hinh h, nhu thd hicn <i hinh 6 - 26(i ,*r"
Ay du ng ;; c6 thd loi dung
trrinh l6ng phi. viOc drrng hinh cu thd 6 hinh 6 z6(c) vd
d) bo qua bdy lai nfra.
-
48
 (d)

tru b6n ddt va hinh khai tridn c0a no

bdn tldt (hinh 6 - 27)

di vi du 2 lh ding dng hinh ntin thay cho
c6 ch6p giong nhau, IAn lttot cdt nhau
clO
6 ch6p cta cilc ddt ong hinh ch6P bhng
, cho hai c10t B, D trong d6 sau khi quaY
Qp vdi hai ddt A, C thdnh m6t hinh n6n
dn c6 qqan he I5n nhau nhdt dinh vdi mdt
& ae bidn b6n kinh udn cong cfia ddu udn
D, d cfia dAu ldn , ddu nh6, hdy n6i 16 c6c
khai tridn cria dAu udn.
TnJdc ti6n, dttng hai dudng trung tAm vuO nhau tr6n hinh chidu
chinh, ldy giao didm cria frai dudng trung tdm l]rm 6n kinh udn cong R de
biSt ldm tlttdng trung tdr{r udn cong cria ddu udn r ng trung tdm udn cong
thdnh ba phdn bing tttft,r, qua cd,c clidm phdn bing nhau d.Jng tidp tuydn cria
r49
dtrdng trung tam udng cong, bdn tidp tuydn thu drroc tf/c ld drrAnp truc cria dng hinh
non bdn ddt, bon dudng truc ni,y cit nhau tilng ddi mOt sE duoc ba giao didm o'1, o;,
or. Sau d6, khi chudn bi vi tri vE hinh
o'o'.r, o'toz, oio,r, oron cria dng hinh n6n
lirm drrdng truc, ldy dudng kinh binh quA
t vDr d + t lhm tlrrdng kinh d6y trOn, d6y d
mdt hinh n6n, lai ldn lrrgt ldy didm o'
cria mdt hinh n6n sE drroc b6n kinh r' r
cric tlidm o'r, o;, oi tr6n hinh chidu chin
kinh d{ng hinh chidu - hinh trbn cria hi
D + t vA d + t ldm dudng kinh vE cung
bon didm d',b', e', d'. Qua d',b' vd c',
r, vd, hinh trdn r, vd drrng tidp tuydn
9=--+".

Hinh 6 - 27 DAu udn 900 c0a dng hinh n6n bon dot vd c6ch khai tridn n6

150
Cdc tiep tuyen ndy sO t4o thanh dudng bao hinh chidu cia cdc 6'ng hinh n5n c6c dot.
Drrdng noi giao didm tr{ng rlng cfia cdc drrdng bao kd cAn chinh ld drrdng kdt hop cria
ong hinh n6n hai ddt I4d cAn. Cdn crl vdo d0 dei drrdng bao cdc ddt dng hinh n6n
tr6n hinh chieu chinh yE chuydn ddn tr6n dudng bao crja mdt hinh n6n vd. vE ra
dudng ket hop tdong r14g (khi vE chuydn lu, y hai ddt B - D dd quay quanh dudng
tr\rc cua no 1800). Sau ging vAn dung phuong phdp tia ph6ng xa dd khai tridn mat
hinh non vd drldng kdt {qp tr6n mdt n6, trlc drroc hinh khai tridn ddu udn 900 cria dng
hinh non bon dot noi gQp vdo vdi nhau.
[Vi du 4] Ddu ud4r 900 dng hinh n6n 5 ddt (hinh 6 - 28).
Nhu thd hiQn d $ntr o - 28(b), drrdng kinh tldu ldn, ddu nh6 cfia tldu udn, dQ
ddi dudng tn;c cria dng {rinh n6n c6c ddt cing g6c kep gifia hai tludng trr,rc kd c4n d5

(a) (b)

Hinh 6 - 28 De! uon 900 cOa ong hinh non 5 dot va cdc didu ki€n dd bidt c0a no

xdc dinh khi thidt kd. Sd b6o ddm hinh khai tridn cfra tldu udn c6 thd ndi gQp nhu
vi du 3, dat drroc phttong phrip d{ng hinh trrong ttr n6, d tlAy tnJdc ti6n hdy nghiOn
crlu hinh 6 - 29. Trong tfinfr ld hai dng hinh n6n SAB
tludng truc cira chfng
hai tlrrdng truc ld 0,
cria hinh elip). Quay
lat hinh n6n SAB ddn qh6 S,AB thi hinh n6n hai d6't
c6 thd ndi gQp thhnh hllnh nbn hod.n chinh. Qua hinh
c6 thd thdy, drrdng chia g6c ON crja hai drrdng truc SO
vd S,O ld drldng truc dQi xrlng cria hai mdt hinh n6n
SAB vd SIAB, cho n6n q6 ON vuOng g6c vdi AB ho4c
OM vu0ng g6c vdi AB. [tgodi ra ldy giao didm O cria
^/
^ \i-7>
\^
hai dudng truc ldm tdrp hinh cAu c6 thd dr.rng hinh '-t4
v-TTv

cdu tidp tuydn chung cria hai hinh

hinh cdu ndy cdt nhau vdi hai hin Hinh 6 - 2s Ndi ghep dng hinh n6n
KL vd K,L, (hinh chiS[ Id dudng
crla hai hinh trdn KL vi K,L, nhdt dinh Id chung crja hai hinh n6n, tfc nhdt tlinh dt
tr6n dttdng kdt hop ABI cho nen ba dudng KL vd K,L, vd AB cdt nhau d mgt didm
M. Qua hinh cdn thdy f6, do hinh cAu cdt nhau vdi hai hinh ndn d KL vi KlLl, K
vd. K,ld tlidm tr6n hinlr trdn tidp tuydn, cho n6n c6 OK vu6ng g6c vdi SK vd OK,
vu6ng g6c vdi SrKr.
Qua phdn tich trl6n c6 thd bidt, ndu de bidt giao tlidm O crja dudng truc hai
hinh n6n vd g6c kep 0 jitra hai drrdng truc thi c6 thd tim duoc drrdng kdt hop cria hai
151
hinh n6n trOn hinh n6n ndi gQp. Quri tri
cria hai drrdng truc dung dudng vuOng g6c
lai qua didm K, d1rng tlrrdng vudng g6c
drrdng thing ON, khidn g6c bhr
KrL, c6t nhau 6 didm M. S i qu
thing ON, thi ab li
drrd'ng hop cria hai hinh n6n.
Tr) qu6 trinh dqng hinh n6n tr6n
ddu uon (xem hinh 6 - 28b) c6 thd truc
triein cua no, chrl kh6ng cAn dua vdo hin
ndy kh6ng chi thich hop vdi chinh vi du
ki€n g6c tiy y, g6c kep ddu ldn, tldu nh6
Cdc brrdc cu thd vE hinh khai tridn ddu udn (hinh 6 - 30) ldf tnrdc ti6n ndi g6p
dudng truc c6c doan oioi
0106, qua hai didm o, ltrgt
lA'y hai drrdng vuOng 6y t
ddu nh6 cr-ia n6 ldn luot ld d vd D, v6

(a)

Hinh 6 - 30 Khaitridn ddu uon 900 dng hlnh n6n 5 dot

t52
dinh ch6p s cua n6. Sau d6 qua c6c didm 02, oB, oa, oE tr6n dUdng truc 0106 dung drfo-ng
vu6ng g6c ork, ork' onk*, orku cua dudng bao hinh n6n, chan dudng vu6ng g6c ldn
Iuot ld k2, kB, k4, kb ldn lrrgt dqng drrdng vuOng g6c cira drrdng trqc o,or; lai ldn luot
qua cdc didm 02, o3... durng drrdng thing, cho g6c kep gif,a cric drrdng-thing ndy vdi
dtidng truc o,ou ldn luot hh.tg etl2,0212, eslz, e412, md c6c drrdng thing ndy phzii tuAn
tr] mOt drrdng htrdng sarlg tr5.i, m6t dudng hudng sang phdi vd cdt nhau vdi tlrrdng
phang ngang qua cl.c didrn k2, k3... 6 cdc didm hr,flz,ffir,iln v.v... sau cing, qua cdc
diejm D,,ilr,ffi3,h* ldn friot-dung dtrdng ruOng 96. or-,, oar4z,o4ile,ouffir,cric drrdng
vuong goc nay chfnh ld dudng ket hop cria hinh n6n c6c ddt. DDng phrrong phrip tia
phong xa khai triein dudng ket hop gitra hinh n6n vdi c6.c mdt kh6c s6 drJoc hinh
khai triejn dAu udn 900 ctia ong hinh n6n n5.m ddt. Ngodi ra, n6u mudn vE hiirh chieu
cria ddu uon thi c6 thd tron co sE hinh 6 - 28(b) Idy giao dieim oi, o, o'4, o'E cita cd,c
drrdng truc ldm tAm hinh cAu drrng mdt hinh cAu, bdn kfnh cfra hinh cAu lAn lrrot bhng
R,, R, Rr, & (xem hinh 6 - 30a), rdi tuAn tt/ drrng tidp tuydn chung ngodi cria hai hinh
cdu lan can trlc ld hinh hinh chieu cria tlAu udn, xem hinh 6 - B0(b).
fVi du 5J One' chac ba hinh crii qudn (xem hinh 6 - 81)

Hinh 6 - 31 Ong chac ba hinh cdi qudn

Mi0ng tr6n ctia d4g chac ba hinh c6i qudn ld 6'ng tru ldn, miQng dudi ld hai
ong hinh tru nh6, o gifra ndi chring lai vdi nhau bhng hai ong hinh n6n. Vd kdt cdu,
dng chac ba y6u cdu 6ng tru ldn cDng cdt m6t hinh cAu vdi hai ong hinh n6n, dng
hinh n6n cDng cdt mot hilnh cdu nh6 khdc vdi dng tru nh6 cirng bOn, nhu v4y mdi c6
thd brio drim drrdng kdt \op gitra 6'ng hinh tru cdc doan vdi 6'ng hinh n6n ld drrdng
cong mit ph6ng vh hinh chidu tr6n hinh chidu chinh ddu ld dudng thdrng.
Khi vdch ong tuo4g doi m6ng thi ba ong hinh trr,r ding phuong ph6p drrdng
song song, d.tg hinh n6n ding phuong phrip tia ph6ng xa, ddu khai tridn theo kich
thudc ldp trung tfnh cria p5. Phuong phrip vE cu thd hinh khai tridn dng hinh n6n ld
tnJdc ti6n cd.n crl vd,o kfch thudc ldp trung tinh vE ra hinh chidu chinh cfra dng chac
ba hinh ciii quAn, xem hinh 6 - 32. Sau d6 k6o dii drrdng bao c0a dng hinh n6n, dung
dinh ch6p s', vh d{ng tidJ di6n chinh ctia dng hinh n6n. Dii tidt kiem gidy vE, ldy
giao didm gitra tiet diQn chinh vdi dttdng trung tdm cria hinh n6n ldm tdm hinh
trdn, vd ra hinh trbn tidt diQn (trong hinh 6 - 32 chi vE ra nr?a hinh trbn) vd chia
hinh trdn tiet diOn thdnh 12 phdn bhng nhau, dem didm cric phd.n bhng nhau chiSu
trd lai hinh chidu tidt diQn chinh, duoc c6c didm 0' , l' , 2' ... Dem dinh ch6p s' l6.n
Iuot ding drrdng thing ndi vdi cric didm O' , l' , 2' ... vd kr6o dii cft nhau vdi c5,c dudng

r53
 Hinh 6 - 32 Khai tridn ong ba chac hinh cdi qudn

kdt hop & cilc didm O'1, L'1, 2', vir 0;, l;, 2i... Lai ldy s' ldm tAm, s'6' ldm b6n kinh vO
cung, trOn cung ldy L2 phAn bhng nhau bhng dO dai chidu ddi ctrng mQt phdn bhng
nhau cria hinh trbn tidt di€n, duoc c6c ttidm O, I, II..., rdi dDng dddng thing ndi didm
S' vdi 0, I, II. Cudi cirng qua c6c didm 0'1, L;,2r...vit 0;, L;,2r... fuEn dudng kdt hop
d{ng tlrrdng vu6ng g6c vdi tludng truc hinh n6n, nhf,ng dudng Vudng g6c ndy giao
nhau vdi dttdng bao hinh n6n. Sau d6, ldn lrrot ldy khodng crich tU cdc giao didm ndy
den didm S' ldm b6n kinh, didm S' ldm tAm vach cung trbn vA cdt nhau vdi drrdng
chia tldu trrong rlng, drroc c6c didm O' I' II,... vd 02, Iz,IIr... ndi c6c didm ndy vdi
nhau bhng drrdng cong trdn lidn, s6 tlrrgc hinh khai tridn dng h)inh n6n.

[Vi dU 7] Chac bdn drlng dng tru trdn chinh vd ba dng rrhrinh hinh cdn elip
(hinh 6 - 34).

r54
 5o 4o 3o2o10 g I

Ddu ndi ba chac hinh ong qudn vd hinh khaitridn c0a n6

n6i dung gi8a cing trr,r trdn chinh v?r cing ba nh6nh hinh elip

155
 Hinh 6 - 35 Khaitridn 6ng bcin nhanh ndi

156
 BAI TAP

Hdy vE hinh khai tridn c6,c kdt cd,u'

t2.
I.

4.

5 6.

r57
 7. 8.

)-
\
/ --

6- 5 On€ hinh con rin

Cau kiOn dng hinh tru vd ong hinh n6n ba dot ho6c n ba ddt md drrdng
truc cria n6 ldn luot cdt nhau lai kh6ng nhm trong^.cing mOt t ph6ng thi trong
ngdnh kim loai quen goi nd li 0'ng hin con rfn. 6ng hinh r rdn thdng tht/dng
dirng trong cOng trinh drrdng dng. Neu tidt dicn drrdng 6'ng I yOu cdu thay ddi
thi cdc dot ddu ld 6'ng hinh tru drrdng kinh bbng nhau, drrdng c cit nhau. Neu tidt
diOn dtrdng ong you cdu thay ddi, thi d ch6 thay ddi sr? dung d hinh n6n. Nhung
bat kd trddng hop ndo thi dudng kdt hop cria dng hinh trbn hr i aldt kd c4n ddu ld
drrdng cong mdt phdng, trlc d6u phil hop di6u ki6n d6 trinh bi trong tidt 6 - 4. Do
ong hinh con rdn c6 cl,c dhc didm n6i tr6n, cho n6n phrrong phr p khai tridn cfra n6
co bdn trrong tu nhu vi du 2 vd vi du B trong hinh 6 - 4. Bay gi ldy hinh 6 - 36 atd
n6i 16 ddc didm khai tridn cria 6'ng hinh con rfn.
Hinh 6 - 36(a) ld cdu ki€n do dng hinh tru ba ddt, dudng giong nhau tao
thdnh. N6 c6 thd dnng phrrong ph:ip cria vi du 2 ti01 6 - 4 dd ndi gQp thdnh hinh tru
hodn chinh r6i khai tridn, hinh khai tridn ld hinh chtr nhat dudng cong L vA
duong cong M, nhrr thd hien d hinh (b). Hinh (c) ld cdu kiQn c6t r theoch6K-Kcira
cau kiOn trong hinh (a). Dem phdn nira ph6i o ch6 cdt quay m6 g6c 0 quanh dudng
truc BC hinh thdnh n6n. Bdi vi B doan dtrdng truc AB, BC, CD cfra n6 khOng nam
trOn cDng mot mdt phing, cho n6n cdu kiOn ndy lh o'ng hinh con rdn. Lai do su
khric biOt gifra hinh (c) vdi hinh (a) chi ld cft dft d ch6 K _ K, tle bQ phan nt'ra phdi
quay m6t g6c 0, vi thd hinh dring hinh khai tridn cria phdn n tr6,i 6ng hinh con
r6n giong voi phAn nrla trrii cfia hinh (a).Doi vdi phdn ntra pl i, chi cAn cdt hinh
khai triejn trong hinh (b) theo K - K, sau d6 di chuydn phAn nira h6i xudng drrdi m6t
khodng eR, di chuydn ddn vi trf drrdng k6 gif,a hai didm tron hinh lai nhdp ldm
mot vdi phdn bOn trrii sE drloc hinh khai tridn cria 6'ng hinh n rdn. Nhung hinh
r58
khai tridn dat drroc bdng n l;i ndy sO kh6ng c6 loi cho vi6c sfr dgng v4t li€u
mOt c6ch hqp ly. Trong d hinh thuc td thOng thudng ddu x0 dich bO phAn vuot
qud hinh khai triejn hinh nhdt cfl cua phdn dudng noi hai didm ddn ch6 trdng
bOn tr6n vAn g6p thdnh md hinh chfr nhQt trlc thrJc chdt chi xO dfch drrdng cong M
trong hinh khai tridn cfr de vi trf drrdng cong N.
Tu'srr phAn tich nghi n crlu ddi vdi hinh 6 - 36 c6 thd duoc kdt lu4n mdu chdt
khai triein ong hinh con rdn ld gizi thidt cho mQt dudng trong 3 dtrdng truc cfra d'ng
hinh con rdn xoay ddn tr6 cr)ng mQt mit ph8ng vd tim ra g6c xoay 0 thi trong
hinh khai tridn chi cdn x6 d ch dudng cong trrong rlng mqt khodng 0R (trong d6 R le
brin kinh cria ong hinh con n). Trong d{ng hinh thuc td cdn lrru f quan hO gifra
hudng quay cria g6c 0 vdi h ng doan di chuydn 0R, khodn g c6ch kh6ng thd do ngugc,
n6u khOng hinh khai tridn sai. Vd mdt xrJ lf cOng nghQ dO dey tdm, 6'ng hinh con
rdn thOng thrrdng khai tridn theo kich thudc ldp trung tinh.

t'an ve
khaitridn

(c)

Hinh 6 36 NguyOn l! khaitridn ong hinh con rin

rs9
 lVi du f l Ong hrnh con r6n hinh tru dudng kinh bhng nl]au (hinh 6 37).

o1

ha na

Hinh 6 - SZ Ong hinh con r5n hinh trq dudng klnh bing nhau vd hinh rldn c0a no

Tir hinh ndi va hinh chidu 3 m5.t cria dng hinh con rdn hinh 6 - 37 c6 thd
thay, 6'ng hinh con r6n ndy do dng hinh tru 3 ddt, dudng kin gidng nhau, dudng
truc c6t nhau, ldn luot c6t nhau md thdnh. Trong d6 drrdng truc cfra dng hinh tru
dot thf nhat vuOng goc vdi m4t chinh, drrdng truc BC crla dng inh tru ddt thf 2 la
dudng xi6n, drrdng truc CD cfra dng hinh trg ddt thfr 3 vu6ng 96 vdi m[t ph8ng, cdn
phAi dirng phrrong phrip ttdi m[t hod.c phrrong phdp xoay tld ti ra g6c xoay trldng
trrQng vd g6c kep gir1a drrdng bao crja dng hinh tru vdi hinh chidr dudng kdt hop, sau
d6 khai tridn bbng phrrong phrip dudng song song. Trong vi V nay dp dung hai
phrrong ph6p dd tim ra cdc g6c cdn tim.
Phrrong ph6p thrl nhdt ld phtrong phdp ddi mlt. TnJdc i6n rip dgng phttong
iltl}

ph6p ddi mit bien ddi drrOng truc AB vd BC cria dng hinh tru i ddt kd cOn thdnh
160
song song r'6i cing mQt m[t chidu, vi thd cho m[t hinh chicju mdi H, song song vdi mat
phing do hai dudng truc AB e BC quy6t dinh, tfc dung truc X, cria hinh chi6u mdi song
song vdi drfdng truc b'c', vd hinh chidu m6i d",V',W-( vit ({" cia dudng truc
dng hinh tru c6c ddt, vd hi h chieiu mdi ctia hinh tru hai aldt AB - BC. Lfc nhy, hinh
chieu tr6n mdt chidu mdi phAn 6nh d6 ldn nh6 thuc sr,r cria g6c kep cria hai dudng
truc AB vh BC (ttc g6c z( c"'), ddng thdi hinh chidu cria drrdng kdt hop hai dng hinh
tru AB vi BC bien thhnh th6ng, drroc g6c kgp q gif,a hinh chidu dtrdng kdt hop
vdi drrdng bao hinh tru. Sau , tidp tuc dirng phrrong ph6p ddi mft bidn ddi dudng truc
BC cria dng hinh tru d6t hai thhnh drrdng vu6ng g6c cia m[t chidu (trong hinh
dirng mat chidu m6i V" thay m6t V, vh dd cho mit V, vudng g6c vdi drrdng truc BC), do
d6 cAn dgng truc Xo crla hinl chieu mdi, cho truc X, vudng g6c vdi V i" vir dgng ra hinh
chieu mdi aaba, baca vd cada ria dudng truc dng hinh tru cdc ddt. L0c nd,y, hinh chiSu
mdi crja drrdng truc BC thAn mQt didm baca, g6c kgp 0 gifra hinh chieu aaba vd cada cua
hai duong truc chinh ld g6c quay cdn so le trong hinh khai tridn. Sau cr)ng, trong hO
thong hai mat chidu H, vd Vz dd ong hinh tru CD xoay mOt g6c 0 thuAn chidu kim
d6ng h0 quanh dudng trgc , khiSn drrdng truc CD song song vdi mat chidu H' dr1ng
(
hinh chieu cad,a vi, {i cua i, ddng thdi dung hinh chieiu cria dng hinh tru CD, sau khi
xoay (trong hinh vE bhng ng lidn nh6). Lric ndy, hai drldng truc BC vd CD, dCu rong
song vdi mat chi6u H,, hinh hi6u hi" i" {i crta chring phAn dnh dO ldn nh6 thuc sd cria
g6c kep hai tludng truc, hi chieu dudng ket hgp cua hai ong hinh tru c0ng thinh
drtdng thing, phin 6nh g6c kpp I gifra hinh chieu dudng ket hop vdi drrdng bao dng
hinh tru.
,r) Phrrong phrip th hai ld 5.p dung phrrong ph:ip xoay dung g6c kep o vi B
gifra hinh chi6u dudng ket op vdi dtrdng bao dng hinh tru, dr)ng quan hO I6n nhau
cria drrdng dqng g6c xoay 0 C6,c b:ldc dqng hinh cu thd ctia n6 ld: Tnrdc tiOn tr6n
hinh chieu chinh vh hinh c idu trdi, cho dng hinh tru BC vd drrdng truc cria n6 xoay
quanh drrdng truc AB den v tri song song vdi mdt chidu drlng b6n, dung hinh chiSu
drrdng truc b'ci vd b""i' dng hinh tru BC sau khi dd xoay vd dudng bao cria n6.
Lric ndy, hai dng hinh tru vd BC ddu song song vdi mit chieu drlng b6n, hinh
chieu drrdng ket hop cria n6 thdnh dudng thing, duoc g6c o. Sau d6 lai cho dng hinh
tru BC vd dddng truc crja xoay quanh dudng truc CD ddn vi tri song song vdi mdt
chieu dfrng chfnh, dtrng hin chidu dudng fiuc bid vd brc cria ong hinh tru BC sau
khi xoay vd drrdng bao cria 6, lric niy hai 6'ng hinh tru BC vd CD ddu song song vdi
mdt chinh, hinh chiSu dudn k€i hop cria n6 thdnh drrdng thing, thd la duoc g6c B.
Sau cing, tr6n hinh chidu (nh tim ra hinh chidu o' cria dudng sinh dQ dAi ngdn
nhat tr6n dng hinh tru BC qua o' dqng hinh chidu drrdng sinh o'o, tr6n dng hinh
tru BC noi vdi n6, til ol g hinh chidu bdng o, ctia n6, tr6n hinh chidu xudng lai
tim ra hinh chiSu o, cfia sinh dO ddi ngdn nhat tr6n ong hinh tru CD, hic ndy
g6c kep girla o,co, trlc lA
Sau khi tim drJoc cr, vh g6c 0, qu6 trinh d{ng hinh loi dung n6 dd v6 hinh
khai tridn dng hinh con rd ld: trudc ti6n vE drrdng truc cria m[t hinh tru ndi gOp
rdi tudn trr cdt lay ba doan ddng truc, dO ddi thrrc cira AB, BC, CD dtloc cdc didm a,
b, c, d, cdn crl vdo dtrdng kin binh quAn cua dng hinh tru vE ra hinh tru ndi gOp. Sau
d5 qua hai dieim b, c trOn d g truc, cdn cr1 vdo tlQ ldn nh6 cria g6c o vd B ldn iuot
dgng hai drrdng kdt hop ( ng xi6n cria hai dttdng kdt hop phAi ngrroc nhau) vd v6
mOt nrla hinh tron d mot u hinh tru, chia n6 thdnh sd,u phdn bing nhau, vd ra
drrong sinh crla c6c phAn ng nhau. Lai c5,n crl vho d0 ddi hrr6'ng truc vd clrrdng
161
kinh crla hinh tru v6 ra hinh khai tridn hinh chfr nhAt cria hinh not gop.
^ nA.
Itor t^'ray
6 bOn trLi c:i,a hinh chfr nhAt ldm dudng sinh O tr6n hinh tru , tir drrdng sinh vd
phia phdi do ldy kho6ng cdch 0R (g6c 0 nhAn vdi b6n kinh hi h tru noi gOp), r6i
dqrrg dudng vuOng g6c, tilc dtroc drrdng sinh O, cria hinh tru C . Bdt tlAu tU drrdng
sinh O vi. dr/dng sinh O,, trOn dtrdi ldn luot chia dQ ddi canh bdng ciia hinh chfr
nh4t chia thdnh 12 phdn bdng nhau vd dung dudng sinh cdc p n bang nhau. Sau
cDng dem giao didm gifa hai dudng kdt hop vdi drrdng sinh c:ic phAn bhng nhau di
chuydn den tr€n dudng sinh phAn bhng nhau trJong fng trong h nh khai tridn. duoc
hai nh6m didm O, I, II... vA. O,, I1, IIr... lAn ltrot ndi thanh cong tron sE drloc
hinh khai tridn 6'ng hinh con rfn.
Doi vdi khai tri6n dng hinh con rin cdn chf j hai didm u: m6t ld sai so loi
dUng quan h€ giiia cdc dudng sinh tim g6c 0 trtong ddi ldn, d6 bdi vi didm O'. le
giao di6m gifla drrdng sinh vdi drrdng kdt hop, th6ng thddng kh tim duoc chinh xdc
drrdng ket hop, do d6 vi tri crja tlidm O', cfrng kh6ng chfnh x6 . Hai le khi tlo ldv
khoring cdch 0R trOn hinh khai tridn, do vd bOn phdi hay b6n [ral can pnal pnan
a' r I'

tich ti mi rdi mdi thAn trong quydt dinh.

fVi du U 6ng hinh n6n n6'i xi6n vdi dng hinh tru ch c ba chinh, nhdnh
(hinh 6 - 38)
Hinh 6 - 38 dd cho hinh ndi ve hinh chieu ba mAt chac do ong hinh trbn
nam dot tao thhnh (b6 qua kh6ng vE dO ddy v6ch drg).
Dudng truc AB dng hinh tru chinh cria n6 Id drrdng thing rlng, dttdng truc BC
vd BE cria hai dng hinh n6n ld. dudng xiOn, dudng truc CD vd F cfra hai dng hinh
tru nh6nh le dudng vu6ng g6c bOn (tr6n thuc td hai dudng c ndy Id cing m6t
drrdng thdng). Phttong ph6p khai tridn crja cdu kiQn ndy co bd gidng vi du 1; ch5
khdc nhau cria n6 chi d 6'ng dot thf hai gitra lA dng hinh n6n Cdn phdi 6p dung
phrrong phrip tia ph6ng xa dd khai tritjn. Ch5 giao nhau crja h i 6'ng hinh n6n c6
drrdng kdt hop, cdn phAi tim ra tnt6c khi khai tridn. C6c budc u thd ld: trudc ti6n
tim g6c quay vir g5c kep gifra dtrdng kdt hop vdi dudng bao, lai tim dudng kdt hop
gifra hai ong hinh n6n, sau cing dp dung phtrong phrip tia ph6n xa vE ra hinh khai
triein dng hinh n6n.
TnJdc tiOn, dirng m6t V, cfia mlt phing song song v6i hai truc AB vh BC
quydt dinh ldm mdt chidu mdi, tim ra hinh chidu m6i a"W" vd b {' vit ({" cfra cdc
drrdng truc, vd drrdng bao cria dng hinh trg chinh vh dng hinh n6 BC. Lric ndy hinh
chieu drrdng kdt hop cria dng hinh tru chinh vd dng hinh n6n BC n m5.t Vl la dudng
thdng, drroc goc kgp a vA c,, gif,a dudng kdt hop vdi dtrdng bao d hinh tru chinh vh
ong hinh n6n BC (trong hinh, b6 qua kh6ng vO truc hinh chiS mdi). Sau d6 dDng
phuong ph6p ddi mdt lai bien ddi ldn n[a, dirng mdt H, vuOng vdi truc BC ldm
mdt chiSu mdi, tim ra hinh chidu mdi aaba, baca, cada crja ba d truc. Lfc niry s6
dtroc g6c xoay 0 cd.n so Ie trong hinh khai tridn (trong hinh kh6 vE truc hinh chieu
mdi). Trong hai hinh chidu mdi, dd dng hinh tru nh6nh vd dtrdng c CD cria n6 xoay
g6c 0 quanh dtrdng truc BC, khidn dttdng truc CD song song vdi t V,, tim ra hinh hi
chi6u mdi i"{i' vd c4d,+ cria drrdng truc sau khi xoay, vd hinh chi u mdi cria dng hinh ml
tru nhdnh (vO bhng tludng lidn nh6), Lfic ndy hinh chidu dudng k hop gif,a dng hinh v€
n6n vdi ong hinh tru nh6nh ld dudng thing, duoc g6c kep F ve p, gifra drrdng kdt hop dii
vdi dddng bao ong hinh tru nh6nh, dng hinh n6n. KI

r62
 Hinh chidu cria ;-ket hop gif,a hai dng hinh n6n tr6n hai hinh chidu chinh,
xuong Id dudng thd.ng, c6 d trrrc tidp ve ra. Dd tim ra hinh chidu cria
ndy trOn mdt V, c6 thd d rg tiSt di6n drrdng tat frop
chinh ctia ong hinh n6n d vi tri thich hop tr6n
mdt V,, dgng hinh trbn dt dien vd chia
hinh trdn tidt dien thdnh 12 phdn bhng
nhau, vd ra dtrdng sinh c:i phdn bing
nhau cria mdt hinh n6n. sau d6, trd6cti6n
hinh chieu E, G, 7.., 10 crla giao didm gifra tim
dudng sinh c6c phAn bhng ,rfr",, uOi auUrrg
ket hop trOn hinh chieu x ,ng, lai tim ra hinh
chidu S-., g)., 7-'... I0-., sau cirng dirng
dudng cong ndi thdnh d kdt hop.

6 - 30..Chac ba vd c6ch khai triCn no

Trong quri trinh loi p.htlsus ph4p tia'ph6ng x4 v€ hinh khai

hinh n6n dd hinh v6 drloc 16 tridn dno
;, trong hiDh 6 - 88, trudc ti6n lEp fai ,J fri"i .frfJi
mdi cria dng hinh n6n ( thrlc-te.c6 thd toi;duns hinh .hid;;;;';;
vE lai) tim ra dinh ch6p s, ldy iudm s ldm ta;;;O ;;ffi;c cfia drrdng
ilililJ .a,,
'i
didm S ddn ch6 hinh trbn ti di.n chinh ldm brin kinh sinh tu
v6 cung, c6t ldy d6 dei
KL tr6n cung, cho dQ ddi n6 hlng rIO ddi chu vi hinh trori tidt di[n chinh,"il; ndi
16.3
hai didm K, L crla dO dei cung vdi didm S s€ drloc hinh
quat' J i c6t lay dQ ddi cung
KM tr6n cung trbn, cho d0 ddi cria n6 bhng 0R, tirc g6c 0 nh6.n vdi brin kinh cua hinh
dien chinh. Sau t16 ldn luot b6t ddu trl hai didm M, chia hai phdn trong
cria hinh quat m6i bO phan thdnh 12 phdn bhng n . VO ra drrdng sinh
hAn bhng nhau SO, SI1, II1.'. SXI' vd SO, SI, SII,..' L Sau cing sau khi
tim OU0C
tlm dai thrlc
tlQ ualr
duoc Lltrl I cua c6c dudng sinh vv
rE orrrrr S1"', S2"'... vd
SO"',, vL ,"" slr"', s2r"'... c6c
phan bbng nhau trong hinh chidu dng hinh n6n rdi ldn luot t t ldy d0 dai thdc ndy
tuAn c5,c drrdng sinh phAn bhng nhau tucfng fng s€ drrgc c6c di D O, I, II... XII vd O,,
I' IIr... XI ldn ltrgt ndi c6c didm ndy thdnh dtrdng cong trdn ilrrgc hinh khai tridn
dng hinh n6n.
Hinh khai tridn ong hinh tru chinh, dttg hinh tru rinh v€ bhng phuong
ph6p drrdng song song, trong hinh 6 - 38 b6 qua khdng v6.

BAI TAP

HAy vO hinh khai tridn crta c6c cdu ki6n.

1.

r64
 6-
Trong cOng trinh d
dd t[ng cudng d6 cria cdu
hinh chff T trong hinh 6 -
6 - 39(b) thi c6 thd siam thi
vAt li6u bU dd nAng cao
grim b6t kh6 kh[n trong
mdt c6 thd khai tridn, vA d
CAu ki€n co vQ,t ti6u bi
dng, dd chft l6ng ch6y thdng sudt trong dudng dng hoac
c6 hic 6p dung cau kiQn c6 v4t liOu bir. Nhrr dng ba
chac
a), khi ting thOm vat riou phu chuydn thinh t<dt1du
ninrr
Itrc can chay cria n6. Thong tht/dng khi thidt kd cau
kion c6
chinh x6c vd don giAn h6a viOc ddrg hinh khai tridn, vd
cong, can cd g6ng ldm cho dtroc khidn vat li6u bil thdnh
kdt hop vdi kdt ct'u vdn c6 ld drJdng cong mdt phing.

(a)

Hinh 6 - 39 Cdu kiQn co vAt ti€u bD

[Vi du 1] dng chac c6 vAt liOu bi (hinh 6 - 40)

Trong hinh 6 _ 40 la dng hinh tru drrdng kfnh gidng nhau cdt nhau, gifra
hai ong xi6n b6n trrii, b6n !a
rhrii tdng thOm m6t midng vat h6u bir. Til {d6 ldn nhd
cria kich thudc vAt li6u bD v. hinh chiOu cfra drrdng kdt hop giira vAt li6u bir
xi€n ld drrdng th8ng c6 thd vdi 6,ng
phrin dod'n, vdt li6u bn la do nfia mdt hinh tru vd hai
mdt hinh tam giric tao thd t, md drrdng kfnh cfra ni/a mdt hinh tru bXng drrdng
kinh cria d'ng xi6n. Bdi vi g cdu ki6n ndy ddu ld met hinh tru, vi thd c6 thd khai
tridn bhng phuong phrip d song song theo kich thudc ldp trung tfnh.
Cau kiOn chia ra bdn 16 phQ.n, trlc dng hinh
tru tr6n, dng xiOn trdi, dng xi6n
phAi vd vAt li6u btr, ddu c6 thd rip dg.rg
phrrong phrip drrdng song song don gi6n
trong vi du 1 tidt 6 _ 4 dd k ai tridn. cric
brrdc dung hinh khai tridn vaiugu bi ld:
trddc ti6n vE dudng th8ng r i cdt lav dO
dai AG tr6n n6, cho n6 bXng dO ddi khai
tridn chu vi nfia hinh tran d rong kinh. binh quAn
bQ phan ni/a mdt hinh tru ctia vdt
liOu bD, lai chia AG thdnh u phdn bing nhau, duoc cdc didm B, C, D... sau d6 qua
cdc didm phdn bhng nhau, d toc cdc didm B,
C, Dd sau dd qua cric didm phAn bXng
nhau A, B, C,... G ldn luot d{ng dudng vu6ng g6c
cria tlrrdng thing .tC, cdt tay
AO - GVI - ]8, ,"un drrdng ng g6c AO vd GVI dr-roc hai didm O, VI. Vd lay didm
d vi tri thich hop tr0n drrdn thing OVI ldm tAm, ldy d6 dei
82 lAm brin kinh v6
nira hinh trdn, chia n6 thdnh 6 phdn blng nhau
tim duoc cric didm 0, L,2... Lai qua
cric didm 0, I, 2,8... tdn I ; drrdng song song
cria dudng thing AG cdt nhau vdi
tlugng vu6ng g6c tUong rlng r dudng th6ng AG qua cric didm A, B, C... trlc duoc cdc
didm O, I, II... rdi lAn trroiaU g dudng cong ndi lai. LEp lai qu6 trinh dgng hinh n6i
trdn d b6n khric cilra tlrrdng th AG. Sau cing d{ng hinh tarn gi6c O D( X vd VI VII
VIII d hai b6n trrii ph6i cria rinh dd dgng dugc, cho n6 bXng vdi hinh tam gidc ctia
vdt liQu br) tr6n hinh chidu at liQu bir sE duoc hinh khai tridn v6t li6u bir. Hinh
khai tridn cfia dng hinh tru n vdi dng hinh tru xi6n b6n trd.i, bOn phAi tudng tu
nhrr qu6 trinh d{ng hinh n6i tr€n. Hinh ctra n6 nhrr thd hiOn & hinh 6 - 40.

165
 tVi dv 2l Drrdng dng hinh chtr T c6 vAt lieu bn (hinh 6
Hinh 6 - 4L da thd hiQn hai phuong phrip tdng th6m v4 lieu bir gifra hai clidm
D, IV cria dudng 6ng hinh chit T. MQt la qua hai tlidm D, fV lA lrrot dr,rng m5,t vudng
g6c vd phia dudng truc cria dudng 6ng c6t nhau vdi dng hinh tlrrgc hai ntra hinh
trbn, ldy r'r.ibt cong gifra hai ntla hinh trbn vd hai mit ph6ng tam gi6c ldm vQt
IiQu btr, xem hinh 6 - 42. MOt phrrong ph6p kh6c lA ldy drrdng DIV ldm dudng
sinh cria mdt hinh try, ldy dudng thing song song vdi dudng DN vi c6t nhau
vdi ilrrdng trgc hai hinh trbn ldm dudng truc, m{t hinh tru c6 kinh bhng brin kinh
hai dng hinh trdn vi hai m[t phEng hinh tam gi6c ldm vat li bi, xem hinh 6 - 43.
Hai phrrong ph6p niy ddu c6 thd d6p fng yOu cdu thidt kd mit cong cfia c6i
tntdc ld mit cong kh0ng thd khai tridn; sai sd dgng hinh vd vOnh khi chd t4o
ddu ttrong ddi ldn. Mit cong cfia c6i sau lh mit hinh tru, thudc dt c6 thd khai tridn.
chd tao tiQn loi lai dung hinh don giin. Trong hinh 6 - 42, b0 hAn mE.t phing hinh
tam gi6c ctia vdt li6u bD dd ph6n 6nh hinh thrlc trong hinh c idu chinh, c6 thd trr,tc
tidp di chuydn ddn hinh khai tridn. B0 phan mit cong c6 thd khai tridn bing

Imw V ffvnx x

II:ru, D(, &*

Hinh 6 - a0 6ng chac ba c6 vat liQu b0 vd cdch khai tridn

r66
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t Dqc Ltutr.t 6ug 6upnG tt
Suopp rpl nequ lpc Sugqc oqc nr1 qutq Bne nBL{u Suqq
ugtld c9c qurs 8up.np Sunp 'nequ SrEq ugqd g qWql
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qu${ e4u uQqd gq EIr{c 'cgt8 urel EuQnp dyqd Suonqd
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quqr{l'oe1 Eugt{d t-eur cqoq Euoc lQtu cgc BpIE 'QI I€H 'uelrl IEI{{ c-Ex qu}t{c 9p opc
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qu$ c9tl{ !9u n9(I L - I
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dYJ IVg
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cgc enb u,r 'qu1qc uO1p fgl+ uQrl qu$I Enu enc ner{u EtEq u-gqd Sunc rpp gp g f,91 ?gc
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rqc rg^ tgqu Eqc qulq qqp uplp u.gq Lgu lpnl ug1 Sugt{1 Fuojp SuQp 'nequ EuEq
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tu.-?Ip dgl? 1o1 'uq4 r{uFI I9^ (Ic qu€c elqf, sugqd 1gu'errr8 ( . .t, .r y urplp
d911 conp 91 41 3u4e Func '(..r',)D x urplp uari cpnp'uQrr qulq epc ugdnl
dg11 Suvtp p enb 9p n€s',,ru conp .'tr ,ur [r IBI dqu oq uenb Eunp
oqr gV 8ugtll 8"fnp u?rt g 1q ruplp $ IBT 'urplp oer8 enc qutqr i!,rq, qutq 1o1'u9u
RI qutqD
-9'0t9^ .q.ueDF.tu urplp oer8 ugu oqc'n1 qcn qull gc 9u e+c .g,0 Ig^ ,q.e epr8 .ur
tupP oer8 ugu oqc 'n1 qcll r{ull gc gu Bnc qulqc nglr{c r{u(q ,qulqc
t-eur Ign c9F Fugnn
uQrt qulq BFc u?Ip uQlq Eugr{d +'atu, -r^ Igg .uQrt qu.'q epc ufrp uQrq Bugr{d
tpur
T9^ gv qut" BEF rrrplp oBrB e-r tull ugl? cgn4t nec ng,{ 'uQ.rl qu{q Ig^ gv q.re, Btqc
Sugqd 1Qru"'epr8 u"glp dgg e.r tug gcl 'uQrt qu${ q^
cq quric strqc sugvd e4r8
dg11 epc
(..9"9) IA urplp dgg conp urtl gr{1 9c 3u4c ?l 4l sutc .(I9ls que.r urplpl *plplQur
qulqc n9lqc qu${
-EIqulqc .g urplP gp Suor;'qu${tuor1 .o,q..e c41 ;s.r5g1suqnp lgur
pl dRu Sugqd lfur epc quHc n?Iqc i{ulq ,qulqc tfru Igrr cg8 Eugnzr. q.rip
r.gq., Euqc
9u E rl{c 9c Eugqd lEur 'quIqa ttur rgzr cg8 Bugnn ?gqu Bqc r{u{q Bfc
OV quEC
.uQrl quFI rga Eueqd
?tur ugq enc urplp
dgp e"r o'I? r.onl ugl u.c ugu oqc 'dr1a ugu r{u.rq rttu 19^ u;grn1'd,elr quip
rgqu Fuga
,tpu 8ug{d ttur ${1 'l9np SuQrur uQrl qug{ rgn ugdnl og11 u94 eulnu
enc quec Btrr{c Sugqd lgtu ngN '8unc u.gq r{uqq?
lgqu Bqr qulq
ignp FuQru uQrl qurq erqc r,or8 quer
tuglp 4t dpq. quip cgx nec ngd 'd!F quec Er r.{urs Fugqy .n'r{u ,r9in1 dg11 ngqd Eugp
qulq ugu oe1 Sugqd +tur pa cnp neq ugu qulq rQu wFp opq'.9G '3u4p guFql
,u?lx .gp
uQrt qu.rq RI Tgnp SuQru ._gp fgqu nqc qurq pl dpu ngqd .r9r1 FuOIW
"n,
QV - g r{ulq) uQrl rgnp Eugn,r u?rl ugrx ngqd tZ np IAj
 ZLT
ou ugul tEr.ll P^ ugrx uQll qutq tpnp 6uqQ uQtt lpu npq 8t - 9 qutH
mA
I
I
.o .p.3.q.e.I00"!Y9 t?
'(97 - 9 qulq) u?rx uQrl qulq Tgnp '8uqq u?rl Ipu ngg [e np IA]
'qu${ Sqnp dp.{d Suonqd 4t dpq en1 uoqc pp nequ cgpt ngc ngf qrr
qu${ r{ult tQTq ugr{d ugc '.?t cnr{t cgl Sugc 8uo.rt '.?t{l tA'gl{u r.gp Euom gu Egc qugr Suoc
ns Suru{u 'da1 cpqd rop Suont f,n+ VZ - 7 tlu${ g uglq "?{l nqu qu1q tqrp dqqd Supnqd
'ugl lgp Eupm ?s gu BSe qu?^ Suoc ns +It gZ - ? t{ulq 3uor1 dgqd Suonqd oal{l Er Q^
ugTr+ Ieq{ qulq nqp '8uoc 19ut ep qu?^ Suoc Qp ctut Ipl Sugnt{ qug d,?H cn.rl 'npp lfur
uq4 qulq ugrl (nequ nQp Eugpt etqc ugqd utplp aqoq nequ tulg erqc ugqd urgTp) EIqc
ugqd ugtp tTuip cgx gl cpl Supc cgt8 urel Supnp E1c r{u;p urglp udqc ent nS 'u3tl."l Ierpl
gp cgF ue1 Suojp dpqd Suonqd SuQp Igq Iap 'ugl4 pt14 pqt 8ugrfi tuoc lQur EI ngp Lqu
n-Bp ugqt ugq Eugp qul.t1 1ql cnp npe I{uII{ EI nVp rQu 9c cQoq nequ ug1 Euos Suos 3ugp1
ngp IEq lQru 116I 'uglrl pp1 pt{? 9c Suoc ttru cr.rt 'nr1 qulq 1!tu cgoq u9u qulq lQur
qI .rgu ngp B1rc ugql ugq 3u9p r{u1q ${1 nequ tgzr Suos Suos rc1 Rur uq4 qulq €l ngp IBq
?tur IIDI 'dqa qulq cfoq uq"q qulq RI ngp dqu Lgu ngp r€o1 ugc n-gp r-€q Sugp t{ur.H
'uQtl r{utrl - ugll r.lutrl - tgu ngG 'll
'gu €nc uPI4 IBrH quIq Efu €r ?^ Ep Lv - g
qu${ 3uor1 'f np n nqu Eugp ugq pc ,{qu ngqd BFc uplrl IBq{ qu${ 9^ qcgC 'cnp neq
 ELI
ou uFtul tEr.ll rlces p^ tgu ngG 6t - g qutH
OE
rE
ilo
un 0
0e
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0 oz oEw
'GV - g r{utq) canu rQ^ rp^ Sueqt BIIF rgu ngG
l? np IAJ
'.r.9u nvp enc u,9F1
IEWI qu${ cOnp gs 'cgr8 urul qu${ egc quEr{l d03 nr 4qt oaql quec
xgr enr cnqt IEp 0p Suqp "IIC 'IIg ,fV €^ 'fIC ,Ig ,OV Bugql Buojp c9c Bnc cnqt
Rp 0p
Er ru(l Sugnrr cgr8 tuel qulq dgqd Suonqd 8ur.rp Suqc neg '8uoc lfur ugrl Fug'f EuQnp
Ig rgr f, p ftur uQrl r{ulq ugrl
qu " cgc oqe gp nES .urplp
"II
".r "'tg ' dg11 aga ronp ;1-
dg "gt1
dqu rugrp cBc enb ...0g nz,o1 urplp cgc conp
>1 u,gdn1 oer8 rgrr nequ lpc dpu ugdnl d.?lt cpc 'uQrl quFI ena ugdnl oeit Eunp
rpnt
tVI ' t 'q 'e rupTP cgc enb "'C 'g 'y tuplp cgc conp gs 'nequ SrEq u-gqd gI qu-B*r{t ugrl
n_Bp r9ur uQrl qulq erqc rril 'cnql qulq qug ugqd tru uqrl qulq ql SrEq nglqc quH
'8ue8u Sugqd EuQnp lgur FI 9u Bnc qulqc n.?lqc qu.rq cdnp 'Eugr{d +gru lgur Fuqc
Euo"r1 P ugrl nVP riu rg,r 3u4c cgrl Suqq Ir+ i^ u.gp gu quenb denb
Igrrp nep lfur uq.r1
qu${ oqc 'cn.r1 utpl X u.9.(n1 oer8 d.g1 .{ Eupp Eugr{f tuQnp pl EuEq n91{c qutq , . >t
utplP QI 9u Bnc qulqc npTqc quIH :lgnp ngp r9u ugrl nvp lfur u9dn1 oer8 n?Hc r{utr{
Er gA qr Sugnx 'qult{c n?F{c qu${ rEr{ Er ?^ Lgu nvp Efc cgq{ cgnqt qapl cge p^
Ipnp
ngp 'u?rl ngp uQrl qu${ egc ugnb qulq quH tuQnp oR^ pc upc ugr? cpnrJ :EI gu Bnc
9{t nc cpnq cgc 'gu Enc ugnb qulq quI:I Suenp oaql g^ ugu npp ngp IEr{ uQrl qulq Enc
c9nql qrl{ 'qulq Sunp 'twl'vz - t r{ulq 3uo"r1 qu.rq Sunp dgqd Fuonqd Funp d9 doq
r{clql dqu rgu ngp rBol 'oe1 gqc 3uor1 qug^ Suoc .gs res npy{l uIFIS ?G .u,glr? IBq{
Sugq{ Suoc lQru RI quip l.gt{u Tgu ngp Bnc ugqt ueq 3u9p r.{urq uau oqa 'ugrx u1
"?ql
tn uq.r1. qu1q EI Ignp npp '8uqQ Ft i^ uQr+ r{ulq RI dpu Tgu ngp Enr u?rt ngp oO
 ,LI
SuQp IUI 'l.gu ngp E+c 3u9nx 'quqc n?Iqc qu${ TBt{ €r p,r drle qulq Bnr qu}l 3unr1
dgl cgnt{t qcl{ E^ uQrt qulq ^(gp ega ugnb qulq qul{ 8up.np oE^ tc uEc u?rl cgnrl :RI
9u €nr g{+ nc qu${ SuFp dpqd Supnqd '8uos Suos SuBnp EuEq uplrt IEq{ Iql drla n.r1
qu${ lQur ulqd oq 'uFtTrt leqrt t{ut.q qupqt dg8 9s quec Bq cnql lpp gp €r rull nDI nBS
"gq+
9r Sugqd lpur ugqd gg 'd11a nr1 qulq lEur t{ue,ql o€1 ugrl qulr{ egc rgqd 'rgr1
uQrl qu-tq Bfu rEr{ qn cnp ngq qu${ ugrl uQrl r{u${ Bnu Ieq 'tug{d tQuI Ieq quEql
otl lpnl ugl uQrt r{u(q u?r+ C 'tr' utp1p IEq E^ drle qulq ug"q Supqt Suenp ueop
oqc 9p 9{1 qc '.?q1 IJ\ 'IFqd rg"r1 Eu[rx lgp SuPp qulq ql 'ug.r1 qu${ pBc quFI ugq
Eupe drla qulq elc Eunc 'nequ 1g,r Suos tuos fqu Lgu n-gp egc zt-ep E^ r{u"r6l
(09 - 9 qu1q) uQrl qutq {9p 'dr1e qu1q qu"rp lpu nyCI t9 np lnl
'uglrl T€rI{ Sutr 8upru dpt{d Suonqd Sunp dg pp Euoc lQur reol
oE^ trc uEc 9q1 9c Iqt quRql ot1 oqu ltw op EI Lgu ngp r{uip cgx r,q{ nES 'ugl4 Te$t gql
Eugq{ Eugql upa Euoc ftur EI tql nequ ug1 Euos Suos Sugq>1 ngu 'u9u r{u${ lQur RI +{?
nequ rpa Fuos Euos Swrqu trEq Eugt{rt n-gp IBr{ Eunc enc Sugp qulr{ gr{u ugl 0p 'n"q qulq
rtrrr RI Suoc lQur ${+ ner{u rg.r Euos Suos t€1 'nequ trqq n-gp 1er{ Eunc Bnc Sugp qulr{ gqu
UBI 0p ngN 't{uqt{l o€1 urrl ngp uQrl r{u${ ugrl Eunc rgl drTe qu${ tuo.q uo.r1 Sunc ueop op
Euoc lQur E^ quqr{l oe1 eq nep uQrl qu${ ugrl doq qc;q1 u.?tp rg,r dqa qu${ 3uo"r1 8rg.{f
8up.np ueop op Sugqd +ttu nqu urex pr{1 9c -r.gu ngp €+c Sugp r{uIH 'r{upql o€1 nequ 19e
Sugt{? ueop IEr{ E^ uqrt qutq EBU T€q op qu${ EI rtuqc cnp neq qu${ EI IoC 'dqa qulq
€l ngp cloq dqa qulr{ R^ uQr+ I{uIq qI }onl ug1 dgu -rgu ngp r€o1 enc e;qd re11
dlto - uQrt qutrt tgu ngG .ilt
'lgu n_gp BSc u"glr? IEq{ quq cpnp pI uorl Suoc
SuQnp quRql utplp tgc leu p.l' cgr8 ure1 qulq ouc Br g,r pn1 ue1 Sugr{? ueop cec Bnc
cnq? IEp 0p Sunp 'I11g 'IIO 'IC 'Og En IIIO 'IIC 'Ig 'OV epc cyrql IEp gp Br urll Sugnn
cgr8 urel qu${ dpr{d Euonqd Suep Suqc nBS '+glql u-gc Sunc IEp 9p ueop cgt f,g1
op 9r{1 9a 9p 1.r1 !uqr1 Sunc 3u9p r{utq oaql Suoc dqa qulq cnql qu${ cpnp ?s re1 8u;rqc
"'0.2 '9T '10 rupTp xg,c
1gu 10nI ug1 Suoc Suojp Suep R^ wr tpnl upl 8up Suon? SuFr{?
SuBnp Fqqu req 'dr1e qu-rq tqp cnrl enc Suos Fuos Euenp Sunp un1 ue1 "'.2' .T'.g enb
'dr1e qulq rpp cnrl epc c93 tugnrr Fup.np Funp rbnl uyl "'02 '0r'06 urplp cgc enb TEI gp
nES '79 R^ gU 'ZI 'T0 tg^,r SuqQ lpnl ugl Sugrqc oqc p^ 'dr1e qulq rqp cnrl enc TRp og>l
Suenp ugr? 0?0g pr ogoz 'oZoI 'olo0 f,yt lgc ?0n1 ue1 qulqc n.glqc qu${ uerl 'Ier{l EugCI
'cgnrl ueop uQrl qulq epc 8up Supnl €rqc ugrld urglp rgrr. Sur,rqc T,gu Sugr{l 8up.np
8u[p 'dr1a qulq egc Erqc ugqd uglp rupl dpu ruplp cgc f,p1'Sugrqc ep "'Z ,t ,g Eu{e
ngIr{r t{uIq Sunp "' .Z' .T' .O ruplP xvc Q cnp npq qulq rg^ n€qu ?ga drla qulq ug8u cnrl
enc Suos Suos Suojp Eunp +on1 ue1 nequ SrEq u_gr{d cgc ruplp enb 'nequ SrRq u-Eqd
gI t{u€t{l uQrl r{ulq prqc Q^ 'uQrl qu1q ?^ quq Suenp urpl drle qu1q epc rqp cn"r1
dp1 'uQrl qur,q urgl tupl cnp npQ qulq B[tc rugl 3unr1 d.g1 qu;qc nglr{c qulq u?rJ "'c
'g 'v nBI{u EtEq ugqd uplP cgc conp 'nequ SuEq u_9r{0 gI r{uEql xgnrl nvp uQrl qu${
EIt{c 9p nES 'tgu nvp E[lt Sugnx n?F{c quH Q^ rluF{c nglr{c qu${ €r gA 'nes ngp 'cgnt|
ngp eBF qcgc Eugoq{ E^ nes npp dtla qulq p^tr cprrrl ngp uQrl qulq Efc r{u}? 3unr1
dg1 oqrr Dr uqr u?rt cgnrl :RI gu Elc gqt nc qulq Sunp dpqd Euonqd uglrl IBwt qu${
?[. rgr8 urel Supnp dgqd 3 '8uoc lgru u?rl Sugt{t 8up.np quqql 3u4
Sirpn+ wplp r.ou 'npp IBI{ g s Ig^ erqc ruplp d.ct gq+ 9r ;qc 'Fuoc lgur
uerl 3ugq1 Supnp cpnp nq? gp e np rA Enc dpqd Suonqd Sunp dp .eq+ Sugq{ oN 'u.?lrl
IEIDI -ot{l Sugq>{ Suoc lQru RI r{uip 8ugtfi lgu ngp ugqt ugq 9p oO 'uQrt Eunc qu${
oeql Suoc dqa qulq €l n€s nup 'uq"r1 qu{q €l fpu rou npp reol uqrc cgnrl nVCI
 SLI
ou uFllrl rEqI qcPc p^ uQrl qutq d1|a qulq qulp t.gu ngct 09 - I qutH
^gp
uA
m
IIr
IJ
I
it,
/\''
(Ig _ g rlutD.drla qu1q.,{gp,uq"r1 quF{ qulp Igu ngG
lg np l.u
'rou
uelrl I ?s " III 'If 'I C
,g ,V r.ou Fuoc Buenp FuQp ,IIIA nEp Bnc
'IIIA0 !"
Fup.np BuQp'Fupc nes .IIIA,g urptp
IIA ;^ IO
Suenp IEr[g ,g';,0;;;;;;r'"n*
unr ?A r{uq ugq urRI .
IPI{ dpl 1PNI UEI ItT 'IIA " III 'II '1 UrPIP
rp^ nErlu ?Fc lonl ugl r{urs 8up.np enc Euos
E^ d 'g 'q urpP u9q conp ur-rl 'Irirl dgt p
nb re1 df
?^ qup{
enb cg8
qurs Euo3p rgn cg8 Sunp
cgc enb '.tt, ,'.Ztq., c r{u{r{
Sunp nequ Supq ug enb ,n
uerl u lt{c '9p nES .(nerqr cr
I qu[q He liru ugrt IQu ngp e_lc nerqc qulq Br ?A 'rpur ngrrlc
lQur rupl
H fpur p,r drla nr1 qulq fp* ,V qurs Buojp
Ig^ Euos Fuos Fugqd 1!ur
 9Ll
dtta qutq Agp uq:t qutq qulp !9u n9p u9ul !eqy z9' I qutH
("'C'g'V elqc ugl{d ur.glP )Yr cbnp'nequ SupQ ugqd ZI
Igur BIqc
quEql qu"rp uQrt qulq BIr{r gp n€S '(Zg - g qulq uox) rou npP epc Sugnx n.?lt{c qulq
'u?Irl
E^ quJqc ngTr{c qulq €r ?A u?rl cgnrl :EI 9u Bfc pql nc qulq SunP cpnq r'.BC
IBWI qu${ quer{t r€1 d93 9u Egc quee eq cnqt IE-P 9p Er Iu[1
Iq{ nBS .-9{? qc 8ug{d
lpur ulqd gfl 'quqqt oel dga quq eqc rgqd r94 uQrl tIuH €nu req I9^ qulp uQrl
qu1q eqc rgqd 'rgrl uQrl qu.n{ €fu req op cnp ngq ugu r{utq ltur IBq E,^ 'quqql otrl
drla qulq ug"q Sugql Suenp uriop ruq Suqc uQrl qulq rgn Sugnx nglqc qulq u9"t1 SuPp
Eugr{l rugl tunrl 8uo.np egr8 upTp oer8 req op tr?ur rcq rug8 't{uPql oe1 19tu u.gq op
9u B[rc Eugp quIH 'Euos Suos rgnp u?rl ngp req'cnp nYq qu${ epc uQrl Sunc qu1>1
ugq
upr{ gqu qul{ ugq 'dr1a qulq lgrt EIru qcel gp dpu t.gu ngp Ettc qulp uQrl quIH
drla qulq Aep uorl qutq qulp tgu ngG t9 - 9 qutH
i
I
nfia hinh trbn cria hai nfia hinh trdn trdi, phdi thdnh s6u phdn bhng nhau, drloc cdc
didm phdn chia I, IL.. vd V, VI..., ding drrdng th8ng ndi ilidm tudng rlng tr6n hai mit
ddu ainfr, tl6y itrroc ttrrdng sinh BII, CltI, DIV..., rdi k6o dAi drrdng sinh DV, GVIII
cdt
nhau d rtidrns (s',s), tfriaidm S lh didm dinh cria m4t n6n hinh bAu duc, ldy tludng
th&ng qua didm S lAi song song vdi m4t H lhm tlUdng truc, ding phUong ph6p xoay
ta cO tnd dung d9 dei thrrc di5i, ei6o, fo'Ti cla c6c drrdng sinh DV, EVI, FVII vd 6p
dUng phuong phrip gidng nhi uay h,i"e dinh ch6p cira m{t hinh n6n
elip tr6i vd clQ
ddi thgc cfra c6c drrdng (trong hinh 6 - 52 kh0ng v€ ra)'
Khi v6 hinh khai tridn trudc ti6n vd hinh khai tridn mdt hinh n6n elip. C6
thd ldy didm S' lhm tAm, lAn lrrot ldy s'5i, s'60,r'7i,"'8i lam brin kinh vE cung, rdi
ldy tliSm VIII bdt ki' tr6n cung qua didm 8' ldm tdm, ldy 78 Idm b6n kinh v6 cung
cd1 nhau vdi cung qua Zi a aidm VII. Sau d6 lai ldy tlidm VII lim tdm,
Idv brin
kinh gidng nhau cdt cung qua 6i dr tlidm VI. Cf thd drrng hinh lap di lap
"e-.utti
lai s6 dtroc c6c tlidm VIII, VII, Vi V. iatt t,rot ding dudng thing nO'i didm S vdi
"a
4 tlidm tim drroc, l4i ldy didm s' ldm tAm, ld.n lrrot vE cung qua g', fo', ei vh do
7" g'11"19'

Hinh 6 - sg odu ndi dlnh hinh tron d6y hinh elip dd ch6o v?i cdch khaitridn
no
IAr Iuot c6t nhau vdi dttdng thing, drroc bon didm G, F, E vd, D, DG VIII V ld hinh
kh i tridn cria nrla mit hinh n6n bAu duc b€n phdi. Ldy DV ldm mdt canh cria hinh
gil,c. Ldy d0 dai thrJc ctia 45 vd DIV lhm d0 dei cua hai canh khric trlc c6 thd v6
ga ra hinh tam gidc DIV V. Lai ldy DIV ldm drrdng sinh trlong f/ng cfra mlt hinh
n6 elip canh trdi, dilng phttong phdp gidng nhau sE c6 thd vE ra hinh khai tridn
DI IA ntra mdt hinh n6n bdu duc b6n trdi, tU d6 drroc hinh khai tridn cria nfia ddu
no1 Nhung, di6u cdn chri ;f ld: hinh khai tridn mdt hinh n6n elip b6n trdi trong
h 6 - 52 trOn thrJc td dtloc vE bXng phtrong phrip tludng tam gi6c, n6 dat drrgc li
nh tntdc tiOn tim ra dQ ddi thrJc cua cd.c drrdng sinh rdi lAn lrrot dirng dg dei thrlc vE
gq ra c6c hinh tam gidc.
[vi
du 7] Ddu ndi ttinh hinh trbn driy hinh elip cld ch6o (hinh 6 - 53)
Mat phdng hi6n di6n hinh elip dAu dudi cria ddu ndi ndy ch6o 450 so vdi mdt
ph ng ngang. Hinh chidu hai dAu hinh chidu chinh vd hinh chidu bing crja n6 li
nrl hinh tron, nhtrng hinh ddng thuc td lai ld hinh elip. N6 gidng nhrr hai vi dg
thr te 6 tr6n, hinh dring ctia ddu ndi do hai mdt phEng hinh tam gi6c vd hai m[t
con kh6ng thd khai tridn tao thdnh. BQ phan m5.t cong khdng thd khai tridn y6u
cau khai triein beng phrrong phrip dudng tam giric. Phrrong ph6p dqng hinh cira n6
ld: rJdc ti6n vE ba hinh chi6'u chinh, xudng, trrli. Tr6n hinh chidu xudng chia hinh
trd dinh thdnh L2 phAn bbng nhau, chia hinh chidu nr?a hinh elip cria m4t ddy
the h sdu phAn bhng nhau, d{ng hai hinh chiSu khric cria didm c:ic phAn bhng nhau
rol ilng dtrdng thdng noi didm phdn bhng nhau trJong r1ng, ding phrrong ph6p hinh
tan grdc vuOng tim d0 dei thrrc cria cric dtrdng ndi. Sau d6 ding phrrong phdp ddi
mi vO ra hinh thttc cria hinh elip m6t d6y vd hinh chidu ctia c6c didm chia tr6n
hin elip. Sau cing dtng t16 dai thuc cria cdc dtrdng thing ndi, d0 ddi cung cria mQt
phl n bang nhau h)nh trdn dinh vd dO ddi cung thue td girla cdc didm chia hinh elip
md ddy, ldn luot cdn cit vdo phuong ph6p dudng tam giric s6 v6 gQp thinh hinh
khz tridn.

nAr rAp
Hdy vE hinh khai tridn cd.c cdu ki0n.

1 2.
 3. 4.

X
6 - I On€ mit,cong miQng vu6ng
Ong mdt cong miQng vuOng p chi gdu kiQn miQng dSrg li hinh vuOng (ho6c
hinh chff nhflt), cdn v6ch dng ld m{t Cong. Cdu kiQn loai niy cla sd li tidt dien ngang
vd miQng dng gidng nhau, ld hinh vu6ng ho[c hinh chrl nha! vdch dng do bdn mit
cong tao thdnh, trong d6 hai m{t cong ld mlt hinh tru, cdn nf,a x6c clinh theo nhu cdu
cua ket cd,u, c6 thd le mit ph8ng, m[t dang tru ho6c c5,c mEt cong kh6c. Trong qu6.
tr)nh chd tao, thOng thdong cdn crl vio sd lugng nrit cong chia ra khai tridn don
phidn, sau cl6 hdn lai vdi nhau theo dttdng kdt hgp. Vi th6, ydu cdu khi dgttg hinh phrii
ve dttdng keit hop chinh xric. Vd mqt xr? ly d0 ddy tdm, ngod,i ttQ dai cung mlt trg thi
tinh todn theo kich thrJ6c ldp trung tinh cira n6 ra, cbn lai ildu khai tridn theo m6,t trong.
r79
 tVi du'11 DAu udn 900 miOng vu6ng (hinh 6 - 54)

Hinh 6 - 54 Ddu udn 900 mi6ng vu6ng

Hai ddu cria ddu udn loai ndy ld mi6ng vudng ldn nh6 khric nhau, vu6ng g6c
v6 I nhau, phdn tich hinh chidu ba m[t cria ddu udn trong hinh 6 - 54 thi hai m4t
be trOn, drrdi cria n6 lh m5t hinh tru. Bdi vi trong hinh chidu xudng dn dinh drrdng
trddc sau cira hai mit hinh tru ldr drrdng thing, vi thd hinh d:ing cria hai mdt
b0 trddc, sau cfrng do chring quydt dinh. Hai m[t b€n ndy c6 thd ld mdt dang tru,
cr"r g c6 thd ld mit cong kh6ng thd khai tridn kh6c, hinh ddng cu thd kh6ng hodn

n x6c dinh trong hinh chidu, c6 thd trl xdc alinh khi vE hinh khai tridn. Ndu qui
di, h dudng sinh cria mdt b€n tntdc, sau ddu song song vdi m5.t chinh, thi khi d{ttg
hir h chia ddu hinh chidu bhng cfia drldng bao m5t cong, euo tlidm phdn bXng nhau
da ra hdng loat dddng ph8ng dudi ldm dudng sinh cira mdt cong, m{t cong ndy ld
t dang tru. Ndu chia ddu hinh chidu chinh cria drrdng bao mdt b6n tnJdc, sau thi
td dudng ndi gifia ilidm phdn bXng nhau trrong rlng lim tlrrdng sinh cira m[t cong,
thi hai mit bOn ndy ld mOt mit cong kh0ng thd khai-tridn. Bdt kd ld crii tnldc ho5.c
caI sau ddu n6n khai tridn bhng phttong ph6p dudng tam gi6c. Hinh 6 - 55 ld dr,/ng
hi h theo ciii sau. Phttong phdp khai tridn mlt b6n tnrdc, sau cria n6 ld: hai mit
be tr6n, dudi n6n dirng kich thrrdc ldp trung tinh, cdn lai dirng kich thudc m{t trong
t tiOn vO hinh chidu chinh, hinh chieu xudng crja tldu udn (dd hinh vE drloc 16
ra g, trong hinh 65 todn bQ dnng kich thddc mht trong), sau d6 chia hai cung trbn
n hinh chidu chinh m6i crii thdnh bon phdn bing nhau, d1tng hinh chi6u bhng
cl" cdc didm phAn bing nhau r6i -dr:ng dddng thing ndi didm tuong rlng cfra trai
nh im didm phAn bhng nhau ttuoc I II, il III, UI IV..., lai ding phrrong phrip hinh
fa gi6c vu6ng tim t16 ddi thrrc cua cdc dudng thing n6'i. Hinh thrlc drrng hinh trong
hi h 6 - 55 trrong ddi dec biQt, trlc tnJdc ti6n dtrng drrdng phing, rdi ldn lrrgt cit ldv
oo ddi hinh chidu bhng cria cd,c dudng thing ndi tr€n drrdng phing, tlUoc 1o - 20 -
3; ., lai qua c6c tlidm c6t duoc dr,rng dudng vuOng g6c, tr6n drrdng vu6ng g6c cdt ldy
d6 cao cfia hinh chidu chinh trrong rlng cfra cdc didm, sau ctrng ding tlrrdng thing ldn
I t ndi didm dd.u trOn cira dudng vuOng g6c sO iluoc dQ ddi thrJc crta cdc doan thing.
udng ph6p ni.y tuy chidm diQn tich tdong tldi ldn, nhtrng rdt rO rdng. Sau cDng
dn g dQ dai thgc cfra c{c doan thing vd d0 diri cung phdn bing nhau cfra kich thudc
ldr trung tinh hai cung thf tu vO gQp thdnh cric hinh tam gi5.c, ttc c5 thd tltroc hinh
kh i tridn mdt bOn tnJdc, sau.

18
 Hinh 6 - 55 Khai tridn ddu uon 900 miQng vu6ng

Phrrong phdp dqng hinh khai tridn mdt b6n tr€n, drrdi lA: lrd6c tiOn qua hinh
chieu cric didm phdn bing nhau trOn hinh chiSu xudhg ldn lugt d'/ng drrdng phing
ngang, Iai ldn lrrot cdt ldy d0 ddi cung phdn blng nhau kich thudc ldp trung tinh
cua hai cung tr6n dudng k6o ddi (ho4c mQt dt/dng ph&ng ngang bdt ky) cria drrdng
trung tdm trong hinh chidu xudng. Sau d6 qua c6c didm cdt dttoc d{ng dudng vudng
g6c cit nhau vdi dudng phEng ngang c6c tlidm tUong rlng, dugc cdc didm I, III, V,
VII, IX vd O, II, IV, VI, VIII, sau cing dilng dUdng cong ndi chfng l4i s6 drrgc hinh
khai tridn m4t b6n tr6n, drrdi.

[Vi du 2 | Ddu udn 900 cong hai chidu ftinh 6 - 56)

Hinh 6 - 56 Ddu udn 900 cong hai chidu

181
 Do bdn m[t bOn cria dAu udn ndy ddu Id do md.t ph6ng vd m6t hinh tru tao
dnh, vi thd dung phrrong ph6p dudng song song dd khai tridn. D0 ddi cung cria mdt
h nh tru thi theo kich thrrdc ldp trung tinh, cbn lai d{ng hinh theo kich thrJdc mdt
tt ng. Qud trinh d{ng hinh khai triejn cria b6'n m6t b6n loai cdu kiOn ndy ddu gidng
n au o d6y chi lay m5.t bOn trUdc lirm vi du dd n6i 16 phrrong phrip vE ctia n6.
Cric budc khai tridn mdt bOn tntdc (hinh 6 - 57) Id: trrrdc ti0n cdn crl vio kich
rldc mit trong vO ra hinh chidu chinh, hinh chidu trdi cfra ddu udn, sau d6 chia bQ
p 4n mat hinh tru cua mdt bOn tnldc tr6n hinh chieu trrii thdnh bdn phdn, duoc c6c
d dm b" , c", d", e" vDr f ', dung hinh chidu chinh l',2' ,3',4', 5' vd, 9', 10', Ll',
1 ' L3' v.v... cria cric tlidm ndy. Ddng thdi d{ng dudng vu6ng g6c ag phia drrdi hinh
cl ieu chinh r6i lAn luot cdt ldy khoing c6ch tr€n drrdng vu6ng g6c cho chring bIng tlQ
d I cac doan thing vd cung cria hinh chidu b6n trrJdc tr6n hinh chi€lu tr6i, duoc cdc
d dm a, b, c.... Khi do lay cdn chri f hinh chidu tr6i vE theo kich thu6c mlt trong, cbn
h'; a
7
i8

6'i
0 -:t--r------
\s I k''- d
4
5 rd

; n
14
0
1

2
b 3
c
4
d XI 5
o XII

I XII
6
s
7
h
8

XI
XI o
XN 0
't1

2
13

Xlnfr e - 57 Khai tridn ddu u6n 900 cong hai chidu

khi khai tridn b0 phAn cung trdn thi c6t lav dO dhi theo kich thtrdc ldp trung tinh. Vi
th6 d0 diri cung b" c" , c" d" , d" e" vd e" f ' nOn ttt dO dai cung mdt trong chuydn sang
d0 dai cung ldp trung tinh, sau d6 lai c6t ldy ag tr6n dudng thing. Sau ctrng, ldn lrro-t
dung tludng phing ngang qua cdc didm a, b, c... ldn luot d{ng cdc dudng vu6ng g6c
xudng qua c6c dieim 0' , | ,2' ... vit 7' , B', 9'... tr6n hinh chidu chinh, dudng phing ngang
trrong fng cdt nhau vdi drrdng vudng g6c tluoc c6c didm O, I, II... vd VII, VIII, IX, ndi c6c
didm ndy lai sE drrgc hinh khai tridn mat b6n tutdc. Nhrrng khi ndi cdn chri f,, grtta
VIII - IX ld cung trbn, bdn kfnh vd cung cria n6 phd"i gidng vdi cung giira 8' - 9' trong
hinh chidu chinh.

BAI TAP

Hdy vE hinh khai tridn cua c6.c cdu ki6n.

1. 2.
'70-,

5.

183
8
 u xu6'ng cua n6. Sau d6 chia nfia hinh trbn

ng phdp tinh torin tinh ra d6 ldn nh6 g6c

6n vd d6 dei chu vi hinh trdn sau khi khai

6 - 58. Ngodi ra, hinh khai tridn cria b6n cdu

inh khai tridn i6n d hinh
cfrng c6 t g ph6p tia
ph6ng xa khai tridn mdt hinh n6n, dirng phuong
mit hinh tru dd dat duoc. ph6p khai triein

mrldi hai phAn bing nhau, coi mdi phAn

. Trong hinh, nilra triii cfra hai hinh chidu
fia phrii ldy brin kinh binh quAn cria nfra
rinh dung hinh khai tridn crja n6 ld: tnJdc
xu6'ng thAnh 12 phdn bing nhau, duoc
trdn, dDng drrdng th6ng ndi tam hinh
chidu chinh cria cdc drrdng th6ng kh6ng
ai hinh chidu, hinh chidu chfnh cria n6 ld
tam gidc 0981, d0 dei cfra 83, bhng d6
dt phia bing nhau cfra brin hi;h cdu ld
ia hinh chidu chinh thinh ba phAn bhng
, 2' , 3' vd tim ra hinh chidu bhng LLt,22t,
ra, dung drrdng vu6ng g6c 6 ch6 v6 hinir
cAt ldy d9 dei, cho n6 bbng d9 dai cung
nsans, do dQ ddi cria cdc doan dudng
#":i-'ff-Ti;:,t:,::r{:;"lr.t1T

Hinh 6 - 59 Bdn cdu vd cdch khai tridn c0a no

185
ns dddns cong ndi c6'c didm cudi drrdng phing ngang O' I' II'
III vd
phuong phdp niy Jt'lllJt^llll
khai tri6n
crc hinh khai tridn mOt phdn bhng nhau. Ap dgng
n cdu thi viQc hdn ndi d ch6 didm o ttrong tldi kh6 khen, khi thi c6ng pheli c14c
t chfi y.
Trong hinh 6 - 60 ld phrrong ph6p vE gdn dring hinh khai tridn sfi'dung
idu trong th\rc td c6ng trinh. Phuong ph6p dgng hinh cria n6 hoi kh6c vdi nguyOn
cua c6c vi dq thrrc td khdc. C6ch vE niry trdnh tlugc khidm khuydt kh6 hdn ndi
rng vi dr,r tren. N6 chia brin cAu thinh bdy bO phan g6m mQt tdm hinh trbn vd
u id- b6n tao thinh. Ddi vdi hinh khai tridn cria n6 mh n6i, chi cdn tim ra hinh
ar cria tdm hinh trdn vd mQt tdm b6n li drrgc. Quri trinh d{ttg hinh cua n6
':dnti6n cdn crl vho drrdng kinh binh qudn ctra b6n cAu v€ ra hinh chidu chinh,
trddc
chidu xudng cira n6, vA tr6n hinh chidu chinh, hinh chidu xudng trudc tiOn vE
tdm hinh trbn phAn dinh (tludng kinh D cria n6 rldc bhng 1/3 ddn 2/5 iludng kinh
a b6n hinh cAu, dudng kinh D, cria hinh khai tridn bhng hai ldn ddy cung a'1') sau
tr6n hinh chidu chinh chia bdn phdn bbng nhau cung 1'5', dtrgc didm phdn bhng
L' ,2' , B' , 4', b' tldng thdi d{ng hinh chidu bbng cria didm ulc phdn bhng nhau:
, 2, 3,4, 5 rdi qua c6c tlidm phdn bbng nhau tr6n b6n hinh cAu drrng hinh trdn
hing ngang. Tidp tt6 chia hinh chidu xudng thdnh 6 phAn bhng nhau, dddng phAn
hng nhau cit cilc hinh trdn phfrng ngang 6 L.,2r,31,41,5r. TrOn hinh chiSu chinh
il ding dtrdng thing ndi tAm hinh cdu 0' vdi 3', eua didm 3' dttng drrdng vuOng g6c
'c' cta tludng th8ng 0'3' cdt nhau vdi tludng trung tAm vu6ng g6c 6 ttidm c'. Dgng
rQt drrdng thEng bdt ky, ldy tlidm c trOn dudng thing lh.m trung tAm ldy t10 ddi 3
' ldm brin kinh vE cung cdt nhau vdi tlrrdng th8ng d tlidm III, rdi lay didm III ldm
hudn tr{i phing cung trdn 1'5', do ldy cdc ttidm I, II, fV, V tr6n tlrrdng thing. Ldy
idm c ldm tAm, vE cung qua cdc tlidm I, II, III, IV, V rdi do ldy d0 dei cung tr6n
g trdn, cho II, - 11r, II II1 = 22r.., sau cing dirng drrdng cong ndi didm Il, II1, IIIr...
c c6 thd dtroc hinh khai tridn mOt mat bOn.

Hinh 6 - 60 Bdn cdu vd c6ch khaitridn no

 iVf du 2l DA d6ng kin hinh cdu elip (hinh 6 _
61)
i du ndy co brin
sjd'ng nhrr vf du tr6n, chi c6
diem B', hai ch6 hoi khric: trlc
1rl Oan il ; ;;;'d;;:Jffi
,B
eua kh6ng phei lt;;;;" vrrAno oAn,,a!
l, :""'H fi1xff ::
t.-:. ,a
j:x;f,
:2

fn, khi dng kinh khoring B m6t p#

;t; ra 8 mdnh trti""fit6n Jtlff
lu 3l ( mit xodn dc 1900 mdt cdt hinh
vu6ng (hinh 6 _ 62).
g ntn.
rg hinh tg mdt xodn oc do b_orr,m1t
godi
;odi Ila cong tao thdnh. Tam b€n
trong vA
; nhau
nhau.
Nhrrn6
Vhrrng
LT::
i ?.i trong,T:l.,T::il
bon ngodi{'"1khai
"u'i'a'' daiv rd mdt xodn oc
tridn ti""li,,_::"o" -L
6c nrnrr
hinh
/ crudn'
r*r^-- xodn
er'ia dudng
cria ,,^!- 6,c
z' sau dudng
ing, khi
'dng, vvi hrip v6 rrinrr khai i"ia" .,i" rrh tru
tia t6'
ctia tan n h6a.
driy giong rulau,
nhau, cnr
chi can ve
tridn I 'E
pnudng phrip drrdng
cdn VE __ -.rvu ru^,'r.r ,*rrar L .^,
tridn,
i tam gidc.
t
!
?

f
5
2

:I
*
2
I

- Ot Ddu dong
kin hinh cdu elip vd cdch
khai tridn no

0 a
t,

Hinh 6 - 62 mdt xodn dc 1g0o mat

cdt hinh vu6ng vd c6ch
khai tridn no

187
 ngoii lh: trrrdc ti6n car crl vio bdn kinh
eu6 trinh khai tridn tdm ben trong, kl:i"q
ldp trung tinh R vd r cria d1s.m9t d::l
i"ii :?:1 iy:
H cirng chi6u cao
l::
ffi ;;;?r;; n, "u ra hinh .rtid" chinh, hinh hinh chidu xudng cria dng md.t xofn dc. Sau
#r,* #; EiAtir 0', 0;, 8' vh 8i tr6n ph&ng chinh lAn luot vE drrdng phing
"chidu
ngang' cho chrinl ldn lrrot bing dQ
;;r* l4i tlo c6t 1dy khb6ng c6tch 6 httdng trong vir chu vi nfta hinh trdn
$ikh^i tridn nr vd rcR cria chu vi nira hinh trdn tldu khoAng ch c6t ldy nhau
ngolr,i dng mdt xo5.n dc, dr,rng tlrrdng vuong g6c E hai
,rii a.tU"g ph&ng ngang. Hai hinh tt giSc song song KLMN vd dat rldgc trlc ld
hinh khai tridn cria tdm bon trong vd tdm ben ngoii.
Qu6 trinh khai tridn cfia t16y dinh
(tdm driy) lb: trddc tie tr6n hinh chidu
phAn bing nhau
xudng .irir td* tlinh thinh t6m phdn bhng nhau, sau d6 chia mQ
oabrihanh thinh hai hinh tam giSc gab vd 0b1, dr/ng ra hinh chi u chinh O'a'b' dQ
vd
ra
0'b'L' cfra hai hinh tam gi6c. Lai dirng phrrong phdp hinh tam gir vudng tim
dii thr,rc cla c6c canh hai hinh tam gi5.c. D0 dei thuc ctia ba c4 idu h AB, OB, OI IA
.4.080, OoBo, O0I0, dO ddi thuc cfia OA vh IB chinh Ia d0
ddi hinh ct bbng 0a vh lb
.6,lf i"g. S;; cing cdn c(r vdo phuong ph6p drrdng tam gi6c dirr g dQ d6ng dei thr,ro cfia
ndY lai
vdo inh
cdc canh v6 gOp thdnh hinh tam gi6c OAB vir OBI, rdi cen crl
li6n tuc vE b6y cdi nfra s6 tlrrgc hinh khai tridn cira tdm dinh.
I{ri hinh khai tridn cfia tdm dinh li hinh Qu?t, cfrng c6 tim ra duoc bing
tinh tod.n, tfc:
DO dei cria d.Udng xo6n dc trong sau khi khai tridn: I = + (2nr)2

2
DO dai cira drrdng xo6n dc ngodi sau khi khai tridn: L = +(2nR)2

B6n kinh cung trong: r, =

f"l,
Bdn kfnh cung ngod.i: Rr = rr + B

G6c tAm hinh trbn 0 = 1800 x ( 1-* I

fiRr

Saucing, ding r1, Rl vd 0 vE ra hinh khai tridn'

(hinh 6 - 63)
[Vi du aJ dng mdt xo{n dc hinh n6n tidt diQn hinh vu6
Vi dq 3 ld m4t xo6n dc hinh tru, hinh ddng khai tridn cira phAn bhng nhau
ddu gidng nhau, cdn phAi dung tUng hinh khai tridn cfra m5i p bhng nhau. Qu6
trinh cU thd cfra n6 lDr: tlJdc ti6n c!,n crl vdo dQ cao dd cho vh dudnl kinh cria hinh trdn
d6y v6 ra hinh chidu chinh, hinh chidu xudng cria hinh n6n, rdi ia m[t hinh n6n
thdnh 12 phdn bhng nhau, v6 ra hinh chidu cfia drrdng sinh c6c bbng nhar,r. Sau
tl6 do ldy dAn trinh cria m4t xodn dc theo ilrrdng truc mlt hinh n tr6n hinh chiSu
chinh, rdi chia dAn trinh thdnh 12 phAn bbng nhau, drrng dtrdng ng ngang qua cac
tlidm phdn bhng nhau. Cdc dudng thing ngang ndy ldn lrrot c6t au vdi dudng sinh
tdong ftng, duoc c6c d.idm V , !', 2'... TrOn hinh chidu cric drrdng sinh tudng rlng cria hinh
chidu xudng dqng hinh chidu bbng 0, 1,2... cria 0' , l' ,2'... rdi dtng g cong ldn lugt
ndi c6c didm 0', 1' , 2' ... vdi 0, !, 2...s8 drrgc hinh chi€iu chinh, hi chidu xudng cria
tlttdng xodn dc hinh n6n. C[n crl vho dQ rOng cria tidt diQn dng m xodn dc hinh n6n
dUng 0a hinh chidu chi4h, hinh chidu xudng Url'12;.. vA 0,1r2r... cria {udng cong 0rIrIIr..
Lai cin cir vdo dQ cao cfia tidt diQn dng m{t xoin dc hinh n6n ld r thd dung ra hinh
chidu chinh cria hai dudng cong cdn lai.

188
 9o 10 20 30 40
[o [o logogo1oo11012o
11r
0r
9r

Ol
,tl
+tl
rtl
Z, I
al
lt I
I
0rt
2? 3?4 59 6? 7? eq l? 10? 11? 129
il,

5r

61 VI'

V['

..r r^l
xl

6 - 63 6ng mat xodn

oc hinh non va cdch khailridn
no

Quri trinh khai tridn tam b.n

chieu bang cua tdm trong, ngodi ld trudc ti6n
n trons vA ngodi. Vi thd, qua didm
trrii thdng hinh
ngang ldn lrrot c6t \dv
,
cdc cung o't,l
d; JU* U;;"* thdng
: ill
jirOc ca,c didm 0r, r,r, 2 0... thi '^ 1,?,,.?,{;n
,'^0,'r.r-"
-'v' uquu5
drrdng thdng
L,IIaIrg ngang nay,
ndy,
bing tam bOn 0rt2l la dO aai khai tridn .,i" frirrt chidu
"'goal. r dun
e
khai tridn }oI}octia nhu thd c6 thd tai v6 ra d6 ddi
bAn
td: b.n -^v's,. r:il' :t
.uql :r,on5
prJ;;;;*
chinh diern cric phdn Ia aita"g .o""niin":rFi
'"u
20 d{ng dudng thdne tong ;llilli.;?
g6c cdt :i:'t11*:9,,
nhau vdi dudng prra"s ;g."
lj,-r;
;i..;ia_ 0,, oo, 10,
cric diem 0,, f,, tt,.. vJO r'r"";; i"r, ;"1;
cao tiet diQn ong md.t :
dudng cong khric c6 hin
,t;jt#trl":":y:-
odn oc di chuydn".ll liq g;;;i;, sau cr)ng cdn cr, vdo dQ
q,El';"u;";5o;il""11f"'T T";:Ll?
thAnh trlc ld hinh khai l,$lX-rf'l;: "n,,, hinh do h;i .,r,0* d"d"; ;; nay tao
Quri trinh khai Ldn tdm dinh (tdm
hinh chi6u chinh, hinh ridu driv)
xu6'ng cria O'"S
-it
90,1,1, IIptz... crla tam linh, lgi chia m6i crii th
ddi thuc ba canh cia c6
dat duoc trong hinh chid
OI, I II, II III.. vA O,I,,
trong, b6n ngodi, cdn d6
phrip hinh tam giric
vu6
cr)ng, ding d6 ddi thuc
giSc vO gOp ra cric drrdng tam
hinh rm sidc, duoc hinh khai tridn
il"rr?TTjfuo
189
 BAI TAP
(Ddi vdi ild 5 - 7 m4t
H6y v6 hinh khai tridn c6c cdu kiQn sau:
xo{n dc)

4. o.

190
 6n th6p hinh
,'^l]Tq j6'i da sd udn cong m6t
.dJn .sirin,
b6
fvr du 1r rh64 rr.;;;;;; ;;.;lr'rlmff;i?cdt
Cin crl vdo
tridn rhi dQ ddi khai
"u""'l*i,".Jl""iffrllllJl',?Jl'11',i::H JAITI^'l"Tj:cho
thudc mdr trong th6p g6c L + H. it, aig_ phan
cfria e
il:"-l.,"'1,"fl
D I.',Llki;:$-";;:;1'{;;;;T:Hiil:;':'"#"ri:f;
do v6 hai b6n ,5r rf : A;:;, ;, ;"r";;t;ltilJi,Tftff;rttT,?JI,:i5I .'ffi J?l
uv squu rurlrr qallg vaf, ll
fVi du 2l Th6p g6c udn trong thdnh g6c
tiry y. (hinh 6 _ 65)
ti;""*' liQu khai tridn ndv giong nhu vi du 1,
L, thay:5t
a ld duoc. chi can dlng kich thrrdc

Hinh 6 - 64 Thdp goc u6

trong goc vuong 900 Hinh 6 - 65 Thep goc uon trong thdnh g6c
t0y f
fVi du SJ Th6p u6'n trong thdnhhinh thang (hinh 6 _ 66).
D0 dei vdt li6u Lai tridn bhng tdng A -
hinh thang. Cdn crl kic B, C - D kfch thr/dc mit trong cria
thudc 8",C, vd D, c6.t c6,c miQng kh*d;'i;iur."t,"n
- vAt liOu khai tridn. dring

fVi du al Th6p c trong thdnh g6c trdn 900 (hinh 6 - 6T)

uO'n
D0 dai cua vAt li u khai
Hle ,-.]dl nAy bdng tdng kich thd6c L, C, H. Trong d6
kich thudc m6 tror cla dO dei cung ldp trung tinh bQ phan g6c trbn,.trlc: L,
C_ 7t. d _
. (b- ;) . LAy hai idm A, B ldm tAm hinh trdn, ldy
zz kich thrJdc b _ d lim brin
kinh vO cu4g cdt nhau ,u
i drrdng ch6o 450 qua hai didm A, B & hai didm C, D
hinh dring vAt liQu khai tridn. s6 duoc

lVi 4, 5l Th6p uon trong thdnh g6c trbn cd g6c tDy y (hinh 6 _ 6g).
Cach ldm v4t li6u ha_i tridn co bd.n grdng nhr-r vi d\r B, chi cdn thay
kfch thu6'c C vd g6c kep g:fra hai dudng th8ng AC, BD
ddi dO dei
vdi canh thep g;, ;ong d6:

c = l89t-- .n'. (b 9),

1800 \" - 2" e" =-

l9l
 thirnh hinh thang
Hinh 6 - 66 Th6p g6c u6n trong

thirnh goc
goc tron 900 Hinh 6'68 TheP goc u6n
Hinh 6'67 Thep g6c ucjn trong thdnh
c6 goc tuY Y

gi6c co goc
Hinh 6 - 69 Thep gdc u6n trong thdnh hinh tam
 lVi du 61 Th6p g6c udn trong thAnh hinh tam giric c6 g6c trdn (hinh 6 - 69)
Khi che tao cdu kiOn ndy cdn tr] gitra m6t canh ndo d6 cria hinh tam gi:ic dd
chdt ra vat lieu. Tdng tlO dai ra v{t li6u bdng tdng kich thrrdc canh A, B, C trong
hinh tam gi|.c cOng vdi d0 diti2nfu-*1. Kich thud'c cdc phan doan nhuthd hiQn o
L
hinh 6 - 69, trong d6 kich thd6c:

Lt=
l80o-cr d.
....Tt(b---)
lg0" 2'

Ei lgoo-F ,,
fJ = - ------;-1-'It(b--)
d.
lg0, 2'

F - \ru--d;t
g6c kep gifra dudng xiOn bO phAn cdt b6 vdi canh th6p g6c ldn lrrgt bhng d/2,
W2 vh 4b0.

BAi t{p
Hiy vE hinh dring vat lieu khai tridn crta c6c cdu ki6n.
I. 2.

-ffi
193
 I

Phu
BAng ddi chidu drrdng kinh, chu vi hinh trdn vi d0 dei cung phdn bhng nhau
cria hinh trdn.

Dudng Chu vi DO dai cung phdn bing nhau

kinh hlnh 1A
8 t2 l6 20 32 48
trdn
I 3.t4r59 0.392699 0.261799 0.196350 0. l 57080 0. l 30900 0.0981747 0.0654498
2 6.28318 0.785398 0.523600 0.392699 0.314 r 59 0.26r'799 0.r96350 0.130900
3 9.42478 r . 17810 0.785398 0.589049 0.471239 0.392699 0.294524 0.196350
a
^ t2.5663 1.57080 t.04'120 0,785398 0.628318 0523600 0.392699 0.26t799
5 15.7080 1.96350 1.30900 0.98 r 748 0.78s398 0.654498 0.490874 0.327249
6 r 8.8496 2.356t9 r.57080 1. 17810 0.942478 0.785398 0.589049 0.392699
7 2t .99t I 2.74889 r.83260 1.37445 1.09956 0.916298 0.687223 0.458149
8 25.t32'7 3.14159 2.09440 1.57080 |.25663 .04120 0.785398 0.523600
9 28.2743 3.53429 2.35619 | .767 15 1.41372 17810 0.883573 0.589049
0 31.4159 9.92699 2.61799 1.96350 1.57080 30900 0.98 1748 0.654498
34.5575 4.31969 2.87919 2.r5984 t.72788 43990 07992 0.719948
z 3't.6991 4.71239 3.t4t59 2.356t9 1.88500 57080 17810 0.785398
3 40.8407 5.10509 3.40339 2.55254 2.04204 70170 .27627 0.850848
4 43.9823 5.49779 3.66519 2.74889 '2.r99t1 83260 37445 0.916298
5 47.t239 5.89049 3.92699 2.94524 2.35619 96350 472622 0.981748
6 50.2655 6.28319 4.18879 3.14t59 2.5rr33 2.09440 57080 t.04720
'7
53.407 | 6.67588 4.45059 3.33794 2.67035 2.22529 6689',7 1.r1265
8 56.5487 7.06858 4.7 1239 3.53429 2.82743 2.356t9 767 t5 l.l78l0
9 59.6903 7.46128 4.974r9 3.73064 2.98451 2.48709 .86532 1.24355
20 62.8318 7.85398 5.23600 3.92699 3.t4159 2.61799 96349 1.30900
2l 65.9734 8.24668 s.49799 4.12334 3.29867 2.74889 2.0616't r.37445
22 69. r 150 8.63938 s.75959 4.31969 3.45575 2.87979 2.15984 r.43990
z5 72.2566 9.03208 6.02t39 4.51604 3.61283 3.0 l 069 2.25802 1.50535
AA
LA 75.3982 9.42478 6.28318 .4.7 t239 3.7699r 3.r4159 2.35619 1.57080
25 78.s398 9.8 r 748 6.54498 4.90874 3.92699 3.27249 2.45437 r.63625
26 8r .6814 0.2102 6.80678 5.10509 4.08407 3.40339 2.55254 1.70170
a1 0.6029 4.24r15 3.53429 2.65072 t;767 t5
LI 84.8230 7.06858 5.30 r44
28 81.9646 0.9956 7.33038 5.49779 4.39823 3.66519 2.74889 1.83260
29 9r.t062 l.3883 7.59218 5.69413 4.55531 3.79609 2.84707 r.89805
30 94.2478 1.7810 7.85398 5:89049 4.7t239 3.92699 2.94524 r.96350
97.3894 2.t737 8.1 l 578 6.08683 4.86947 4.05789 3.0434'.;i. 2.02895
32 100.53 r 2.5664 8.37758 6.28318 5.0265s 4.t8879 3.t4t59 2.C9440

194
Dddng Chu vi Dd dari cung phdn bing nhar.r
kinh hinh tron 8 t2 l6 )(l 1/ JZ 48
33 03.613 t 050r 8.63938 6.47953 5. r 8363 4.31969 '
3.23977 2.t5984
34 06.814 3.35 l8 8.901 r 8 6.67588 5.3407 | 4.45059 3.33794 2.22529
35 09.9s6 3.7445 9.t6298 6.87223 5.497'19 4.58r49 3.43612 2.29074
36 t3.097 4.1372 9.42478 7.068s8 5.65487 . 4.71239 3.56429 2.356t9
37 16.239 4.5300 9.68658 7.26493 5.8r 195 4.84329 3.63247 2.42r64
38 r9.38 r 4.9226 9.94838 7.46128 5.96902 4.97419 3.73064 2.48709
39 22.522 5.31 53 t0.2102 7.65763 6.12610 5. l 0509 3.82882 2.55254
40 25.664 5.7080 10.4720 7.85398 6.28318 5.23599 3.92699 2.6t799
4l 28.085 6. I 007 0.7338 8.05033 6.44026 s.36689 4"D2517 2.68344
A1 3t.947 6.4934 0.99s6 8.24668 6.59734 5.49779 4.t2334 2.74889
43 3s.088 6.8861 L2574 8.44303 6.7 5442 5.62869 4.22152 2.8r434
44 38.230 7.2788 t.5t92 8.63938 6.91150 5.7 5959 4.31969 2.87979
45 4l .37 | 7.67 15 r.7810 8.83573 7.06858 5.89049 4.4t786 2.94524
46 44.J I J 8.0642 2.0428 9.03208 7.22566 6.02139 4.51604 3.0r069
+l 4l.655 8.4s69 2.3046 9.22843 7.38274 6.15229 4.6t421 3.O7614
48 50.796 8.8496 2.5664 9.42478 7.53982 6.28319 4.71239 3.1 01 59
49 53.938 9.2423 2.8282 9.621t3 7.69690 6.41408 4.810s6 3.20704
50 57.080 19.6350 3.0900 9.81748 7.85398 654498 4.90874 3.27249
51 t60.221 20.0277 3.3518 r 0.0138 8.01 106 6.67588 5.0069 r 3.33794
52 163.363 20.4204 3.6136 to.2t02 8.168r4 6.80678 5.10509 3.40339
53 t66.504 20.8131 3.8754 0.4065 8.32522 6.93768 5.20326 3.46884
t69.646 21.2058 4.t372 0.6029 8.48230 7.06858 5.30143 3.53429
55 t12.788 2t.5984 4.3990 0.7992 8.63938 7.t9948 5.39961 3.59914
56 115.929 2t.99tl 4.6608 0.99s6 8.79646 7.33038 5.49779 3.66519
57 t79.07 | 22.3838 14.9226 L l9l9 8.95354 7.46t28 5.59s96 3.73064
58 t82.212 22.7765 r5.1844 1.3883 9.1t062 7.59218 5.69413 3.79609
59 185.354 23.t692 15.4462 |.5846 9.26770 7.72308 5.79231 3.86t 54
60 188.496 23.5619 15.7080 1.78 l0 9.42478 7.85398 5.89049 3.92699
6l 19t.637 23.9546 1s.9698 t.9773 9.58186 7.98488 5.9 8 866 3.99244
62 t94.779 24.3473 16.23t6 2.t737 9.73894 8.11578 6.08683 4.05789
63 t97.920 24.7400 16.4934 2.3700 9.89602 8.24668 6. l 8s0l 4.t2334
64 201.062 25.t327 t6.7552 2.5664 0.5030 8.37758 6.283 l8 4.18879
65 204.204 25.5254 t7.0t70 2.7621 0.2102 8.50848 6.38136 4.25424
66 207.345 25.9181 17.2788 2.9591 0.3673 8.69338 6.47953 4.3t969
67 210.487 26.3 t 08 t7.5406 3.1554 0.5243 8.77028 6.57770 4.38514
68 2t3.628 26.7035 t7.8024 3.3518 0.6814 8.901l8 6.67588 4.45059
69 2t6.770 27.0962 t8.0642 3.548 r 0.838s 9.03208 6.77406 4.51604
70 2t9.9t1 27.4889 r8.3260 3.7 445 0.99s6 9.16298 6.87223 4.58149
7l 223.053 2'7.8816 18.5878 3.9408 t.1527 9.29388 6.97040 4.6494
72 226.t95 28.2743 18.8496 4.r372 t.309'7 9.42478 7.06858 4.7 1239
73 229.336 28.6610 t9.ll14 4.3335 r.4668 9.55568 7.16676 4.77784
74 232.418 29.0s97 19.3732 4.5299 t.6239 9.68658 7.26493 4.84329
75 235.6t9 29.4524 19.6350 4.7262 r .7810 9.8 r 748 7.36311 4.90874
76 238.761 29.8451 19,8968 4.9226 1.9380 9.94838 7.46128 4.97419
71 241.903 30.2318 20. l 586 5 189 2.0951 0.0793 7 .55945 5.03964
18 245.044 30.630s 20.4204 5.3 r 53 2.2522 0.2102 7.65763 5. l 0509
19 248.t86 31.0232 20.6822 15.51 r 6 2.4093 0.3411 7.75581 5.170s4
80 251.327 3t.4t59 20.9440 15.7080 12.5664 0.4720 7.85398 5.23s99
8l 2s4.469 31.8086 2r.2058 15.9043 12.7235 0.6029 7.95216 5.30144
82 257 .6t 1 32.2013 2t.467 5 r6.r007 12.8805 0.7338 8.05033 5.36689

195
 Durdng Chu vi D0 dii cung phdn bing nhau
kinh h'inh trdn 8 l2 r6 20
.,,
L'
^ 32 48
83 260.752 32.5940 2t.7293 6.2970 3.0376 0.864'7 8.14851 5.43234
84 263.894 32.9867 21.9911 6.4934 3.t947 0.9956 8.24668 5.49779
85 267.035 33.3794 22.2529 6.6897 3.35 18 t.t265 8.34486 5.56234
86 270.r77 33.7721 22.5r47 6.8861 3.5088 1.2574 8.44303 5.62869
87 273.3t9 34.1648 22.'7765 7.0824 3.6659 .r.3883 8.54r20 5.694t4
88 276.460 34.557 5 23.0383 7.2788 3.8230 t.5t92 8.63938 5.7 5959
89 279.60r 34.9502 23.300r 7.4751 3.9801 1.6501 8.73755 5.82504
90 282.743 3s.3429 23.56t9 7 .67 t5 4.t372 1.78 r0 8.83573 5.89049
9t 28s.885 3s.7356 23.8237 7.8678 4.2942 L9tl9 8.93390 5.95594
92 289.02',1 36.1283 24.0855 8.0642 4.4513 2.0428 9.03208 6.02t39
93 292.168 36,5210 24.3473 8.2605 4,6084 2.t737 9.13025 6.08684
94 295.3r0 36.9t37 24.6091 8.4569 4.7655 2.3046 9.22843 6.15229
95 298.451 37.3064 24.8709 8.6532 4.9226 2.4355 932660 6.21774
96 30r.593 37.699r 25.t327 8.8496 5.0796 2.5664 9.42478 6.283t9
97 304.734 38.0918 25.3945 9.0459 s.2367 2.6973 9.52295 6.34864
98 307.876 38.4845- 25.6s63 9.2423 s.3938 2.8282 9.62113 6.4t408
99 3l 1.018 38.8772 25.9181 9.4386 s.s509 2.959r 9.7t930 6.47953
100 3r4.t59 39.2699 26.r799 9.6349 5.7080 3.0900 9.8t748 6.54498

196
I

iluc Luc
Ldi gidi thiQu .......5

Chdong 1 : Nguy6n lf hinh

chi€u ................:.....................7

1 - 1 Ph6p chidu thing (tn/c giao)............... ..............,..7

7 - 2 Fnnh chidu cria didm trong h€ ba m{t chidu ......................7
" 1 - 3 Fnnh chidu cria dttdng thing ...............9
7 - 4 Phuong ph6p dqng dO dai th{c cda do4n thtng ...........12
1 - 5 Vi tri tr/orrg ddi cria hai dr/dng thEng ...............I4
L - 6 Hinh chidu m4t phtng .............. ..........I7
7 -7 Vi tri hrdng ddi girla drrdng thtng, mat phtng............... .................27
1 - 8 Fnnh thric ctia hinh phing .............. ....................26
1'-s unu*::'::::::::l
nAr rAp............ l1l":--- -- - - _ - _-_ _-_- ::
Chddng 2 :Dtfdng cong vi mit cong .................37
2 - 7 l{inh chi€u cfia dudng cong ...............37
2 - 2 SU hinh thanh vi phAn lo4i m4t cong ...............42
2 - 3 MAt dudng thtng ................43
2 - 4 M4t dudng cong ..................54
2 - 5 Mat tidp xric ctia mdt cong ................59

Chtfdng 3 : C6ch v6 dddng k€'t hqp ................65

3 - 1 Phr/ong ph6p v€ duitng kdt hgp ......65
3 - 2 Dtfdng kdt hep girla m{t phing vi m4t cong ...,.............70

Chrfong 4 : Phdong phip co bin v6 hinh khai tridn ....................................n

4 - 1, Phuong ph6p dudng song song ........ .................n
4 - 2 Phrrong ph6p tia (ph6ng xe) ..............85
4 - 3 Phuctng ph6p drfdng tam gi6c
4 - 4 Phrrorg ph6p tim g6c kep tdm dt/dng ..,..........99
BArraP... 105

197
 Chddng 5 :Xff lf' tA'm..........
c6ng nghe khai tridn kim loqi .;......109
5 - 1 Hinh d6ng hinh hoc cfia cdu kiOn vA xtt l!, dQ dey tdm ......... ..... 109
5 - 2 Hinh ddng mi€ng ndi va x& $, dQ day tdm .......... ......... ttz
5 - 3 Mdi gh6p c6c cdr: kiQn tdm m6ng ..IZs

Chrt'dng 6 z Yi d1r th{c td hinh khai tridn ...727

6 - 1, Cdu kiOn toAn bQ do m4t phtng t4o thinh ...727
BAr rAp .................... 134
6- 2 Cdu kiOn mdt phtng c6,t nhau vdi mit cong........ ............:.... .......... 135

6 -3 Cdu ki€n hai mit cong cdt nhau ..... 140

' 6 -4 Cdu ki€n mdt cong mi drrdng kdt hop la dtrdng cong mdt phEng .............14s
BAI TAP
6- 5 Ong hinh con r5n .............. 15g
BAI TaP ......r....!........
6- 6 Ct'u ki€n c6 vAt liQu bn .. 165
BAr rAp .................... 168

6- 7 DAu ndi kh6c hinh ............ 168

BAI
*
rAP ....................r78
6- 8 Ong m4t cong mi€ng vu6ng ............17g
r
BAr rAp .................... 183
I
6 - 9 Mat hinh cAu vA mit xodn tr6n dc .................. 1g4

- 70 Cdu ki€n th6p hinh

6
BAI rAP .................... 193
Phq luc ............rg4

198
lF

KHAI TRIEN HINH CO

PHAN vAN nuvEN
HO VAN BAC

Chiu tr6ch nhi6m xudt b6nl:

PHAM NGA

Bi6n tQp Phdns bicn t6p tdns hqp

Trinh bdy Trdn Nhung
Ve bio Hgo sT Nguy6n HUng
S&o bdn in KiAtr Lon

1
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, NHA xuAr eAN FrAr PHdNG

t
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5 Nguy6n KhuyAn, Tfu)nh ph6 H6i Phdng
! DT :845970 -855871

Li6n k6t xu6t b6n :

CTY VAN NON MINH TRi . NS. VAN LANG

25 NguyCn Thj Minh Khoi, Q.l, TPHCM
DT :8.242157 - 8233022 - Fox 84.8.235079

In 1000 cu5n khd 19x27cm tqi Xu6ng in CN Trung Tdm H6i Chq Tri6n LOm Vi€t Nom. Gi6y
chtip nhQn ddns ki KHXB s5 S3l/XB-QLXB Cuc xutit b6n c6p nsoy 20.05.2003. Trfch
ngong k6 hoqch xu6t b6n s5 4g-53.|/XB-OLXB Nhd xudt bdn-H6i phdng c6p ngdy
:.3
18.07.2003. In xong vd nQp luu chidu qui 3 ndm 2004.
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