Be able to explain in your own words

Bogotazo:
BOGOTAZO https://www.thoughtco.com/the-bogotazo-april-9-1948-2136619
On April 9, 1948, populist Colombian presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán was shot down in the street
outside of his office in Bogotá. The poor of the city, who saw him as a savior (Salvador), went
berserk(enloquesido) , rioting (Disturbios) in the streets, looting(saqueo) and murdering. This riot is known
as the “Bogotazo” or “Bogotá attack.” When the dust settled the next day, 3,000 were dead, much of the
city had been burned to the ground.

Tragically, the worst was yet to come: the Bogotazo kicked off (expulsar, comenzar) the period in Colombia
known as “La Violencia,” or “the time of violence,” in which hundreds of thousands of ordinary Colombians
would die.

Industrialization: The development of industries in a country or region on a wide

scale.

It began in England about 18th century, was a great economic and cultural change .The
introduction of source of energy “ coal” led to change the hand work to machine-base
manufacturing. Is creates a mass production, used powered machines and factories.

Good Neighbor Policy( politica): Is a diplomatic policy of the U.S. First presented
in 1933.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office determined to improve relations with the nations of Central
and South America. Under his leadership the United States emphasized cooperation and trade rather than
military force to maintain stability in the hemisphere. In his inaugural address on March 4, 1933, Roosevelt
stated: "In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor--the neighbor
who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others." Roosevelt’s Secretary
of State, Cordell Hull, participated in the Montevideo Conference of December 1933, where he backed a
declaration favored by most nations of the Western Hemisphere: "No state has the right to intervene in the
internal or external affairs of another". In December Roosevelt stated, "The definite policy of the United States
from now on is one opposed to armed intervention." In 1934 at Roosevelt’s direction the 1903 treaty with Cuba
(based on the Platt amendment) that gave the United States the right to intervene to preserve internal stability
or independence was abrogated. Although domestic economic problems and World War II diverted attention
from the Western Hemisphere, Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy represented an attempt to distance the
United States from earlier interventionist policies, such as the Roosevelt Corollary and military interventions in
the region during the 1910s and 1920s.
n 1933, the U.S. abandoned an aggressive and militaristic foreign policy approach to Latin
America. In President Franklin D. Roosevelt's inaugural speech in March of that year, he
spoke of 'the policy of the good neighbor' in international relations. In practical terms, the Good
Neighbor Policy meant the U.S. would pursue a noninterventionist approach towards Latin
America, no longer utilizing military force to exercise influence in the region.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/good-neighbor-policy-definition-summary.html

WWI: It started in July 28, 1914 and it ends in November 11, 1918.
The two major european in 1914 were: THE TRIPLE ENTENTE: RUSSIA GREAT
BRITAIN AND FRANCE. THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE: GERMANY AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
ITALY.

The World War I started because of “Imperialism” “Militarism” “Nationalism” “Alliances”.

World War I was a major conflict fought between 1914 and 1918
Who fought in World War I?
World War I was fought between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. The main
members of the Allied Powers were France, Russia, and Britain. The United States also
fought on the side of the Allies after 1917. The main members of the Central Powers were
Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
Where was most of the fighting?
The majority of the fighting took place in Europe along two fronts: the western front and the
eastern front. The western front was a long line of trenches that ran from the coast of
Belgium to Switzerland. A lot of the fighting along this front took place in France and
Belgium. The eastern front was between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria on one
side and Russia and Romania on the other.
How did it start?
Although there were a number of causes for the war, the assassination of Austrian
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the main catalyst for starting the war. After the
assassination, Austria declared war on Serbia. Then Russia prepared to defend its ally
Serbia. Next, Germany declared war on Russia to protect Austria. This caused France to
declare war on Germany to protect its ally Russia. Germany invaded Belgium to get to
France which caused Britain to declare war on Germany. This all happened in just a few
days.
Major Battles
A lot of the war was fought using trench warfare along the western front. The armies hardly
moved at all. They just bombed and shot at each other from across the trenches. Some of
the major battles during the war included the First Battle of the Marne, Battle of the
Somme, Battle of Tannenberg, Battle of Gallipoli, and the Battle of Verdun.
How did it end?
The fighting ended on November 11, 1918 when a general armistice was agreed to by
both sides. The war officially ended between Germany and the Allies with the signing of
the Treaty of Versailles.

WWII: It started in September 1, 1939 and it ends in September 2, 1945.

The World War II started because of “Treaty of Versailles”. And some causes were “War
Guilt Case”: Germany should accept the blame for starting World War 1. “Reparation”:
Germany had to pay 6,600 million pounds for the damage caused by the war.
“Disarmament” : Germany was only allowed to have a small army and six naval ships. No
tanks, no airforce and no submarines were allowed. “ Territorial Clauses”

World War II was fought between the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) and the Allied
Powers (Britain, United States, Soviet Union, France). Most of the countries in the world
were involved in some way. It was the deadliest war in all of human history with around 70
million people killed.

When was it?

World War II started in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. Great Britain and France
responded by declaring war on Germany. The war in Europe ended with Germany's
surrender on May 7, 1945. The war in the Pacific ended when Japan surrendered on
September 2, 1945.

Where was it?

World War II started in Europe, but spread throughout the world. Much of the fighting took
place in Europe and in Southeast Asia (Pacific).

Import Substitution Industry: Import Substitution Industry is a theory of economic

typically adhered to by developing countries or emerging market nations that seek to
decrease their dependence on development countries and increase their self-sufficiency.

La Segunda Guerra Mundial es el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de Septiembre de

1939 fecha en la que Alemania comenzó la invasión sobre Polonia y el 2 de
Septiembre de 1945 cuando Japón firmó oficialmente la rendición incondicional
tras el bombardeo atómico de Hiroshima y Nagasaki.

Dividió el mundo en dos bandos o fuerzas beligerantes principales, el bloque del

Eje formado por Alemania, Italia y Japón y el bloque de Aliados con Reino Unido y
Francia a los que durante la guerra se sumaron la Unión Soviética y Estados Unidos.

Causas
1. Primera Guerra Mundial y resolución del Tratado de Versalles que castiga en
exceso a Alemania.

2. Crisis socioeconómica mundial tras el “Crack del 29” que motiva el ascenso al
poder del Partido Nazi en Alemania liderado por Adolf Hitler.

3. Política exterior expansionista del gobierno de Adolf Hitler que invade Austria,
Checoslovaqui y Polonia.

Desarrollo de la Guerra
 Inicio. El 1 de Septiembre de 1939 tropas alemanas invaden Polonia y Reino
Unido y Francia declaran la guerra a Alemania. Comienza un periodo denominado
“Guerra de Broma” en el cual los dos bandos movilizan tropas pero todavía no hay
enfrentamientos bélicos ni batallas.

 Ofensiva alemana. Una vez conquistados Austria, Checoslovaquia y Polonia,

Hitler reorganiza sus tropas para comenzar la invasión de Francia y la colonización
del norte de África ayudado por las tropas italianas de Benito Mussolini. La
estrategia de combate alemana denominada Guerra Relámpago sorprende a las
defensas francesas y las arrasa. Francia está en poder alemán para 1940 y Hitler
trata infructuosamente de conquistar Reino Unido y Rusia con las operaciones León
Marino y Barbarroja. Ambas fracasan.

 URSS entra en la guerra. La Unión Soviética liderada por Stalin había firmado un
pacto de no agresión con Alemania en 1939, sin embargo Hitler rompe el pacto y
con la Operación Barbarroja inicia la invasión de Rusia. Stalin declara la guerra a
 Alemania y lanza el Ejército Rojo contra las tropas alemanas. La URSS se une al
bando aliado.

 Estados Unidos entra en la guerra. Japón, aliada de Alemania e Italia, ataca la

bahía de Pearl Harbor donde tiene localizado EEUU la gran parte de su flota en el
Pacífico. El ataque supone la declaración de guerra de los Estados Unidos a Japón y
por lo tanto a su aliado Alemania. A partir de ahora América, que hasta ahora se
había mantenido neutra, apoya al bando de los Aliados.

 Contraofensiva Aliada. Con el nuevo apoyo de la URSS y EEUU, el bando aliado

es capaz de atacar a Alemania por numerosos frentes lo que obliga a Hitler y sus
comandantes a llevar a cabo mucho desgaste y hace necesario el envío de
suministros a muchos frentes. Los suministros no llegan de la manera adecuada y la
Wehrmacht comienza a perder batallas y territorios hasta ahora en poder alemán. El
desembarco de Normandía y la batalla de Stalingrado son dos victorias clave de los
aliados que suponen la reconquista de Francia y la derrota de Alemania en Rusia.

 Fin de la guerra. Alemania derrotada en todos los frentes comienza a retirarse

hacia la capital Berlín, la superioridad numérica y de recursos de los Aliados hacen
imposible cualquier reacción alemana. Hitler se encierra en el Führerbunker de
Berlín y finalmente se suicida el 30 de Abril de 1945, Alemania cesa los ataques el
8 de Mayo de ese mismo año. La Guerra en el Pacífico entre EEUU y Japón
concluye con el bombardeo atómico de las ciudades de Hiroshima y Nagasaki, el
emperador Hirohito firma la rendición incondicional el 2 de Septiembre de 1945.

Consecuencias
1. EEUU y la URSS se reparten territorios y son las dos grandes potencias mundiales,
dividen el mundo en dos bloques, uno capitalista y otro comunista.

2. Crisis económica y social en Europa. 62 millones de muertos y 6 millones de casas

destruidas.

3. Los países europeos dejan de ser potencias mundiales y pierden sus colonias.

World War II, also called Second World War, conflict that involved
virtually every part of the world during the years 1939–45. The
principal belligerents were:

 The Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan

 The Allied Power—France, Great Britain, the United States,
the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser extent, China.
Axis Initiative And Allied Reaction
The outbreak of war
By the early part of 1939 the German dictator Adolf Hitler had become
determined to invade and occupy Poland. Poland, for its part, had guarantees of
French and British military support should it be attacked by Germany. Hitler
intended to invade Poland anyway, but first he had to neutralize the possibility
that the Soviet Union would resist the invasion of its western neighbour. Secret
negotiations led on August 23–24 to the signing of the German-Soviet
Nonaggression Pact in Moscow.

Causes of World War II:

The Peace of Paris - The treaties worked out in Paris at the end of World War
Isatisfied few. Germany, Austria, and the other countries on the losing side of the
war were especially unhappy with the Paris Agreement, which required them to
give up arms and make reparations. Germany agreed to sign the Treaty of
Versailles only after the victorious countries threatened to invade if Germany did
not sign it. Germany made the last payment on reparations in 2010.
Economic Issues - World War I was devastating to countries' economies.
Although the European economy had stabilized by the 1920s, the Great
Depression in the United States led to economic downfall in Europe. Communism
and fascism gained strength in the wake of economic problems.
Nationalism - An extreme form of patriotism that grew in Europe became even
stronger after World War I, especially for countries that were defeated.
Dictatorships - Political unrest and unfavorable economic conditions lead to the
rise of dictatorships in countries such as Germany, Italy, Japan and the Soviet
Union.
Failure of Appeasement -Czechoslovakia had become an independent nation after
World War I, but by 1938, was surrounded by German territory. Hitler wanted to annex
the Sudetenland, an area in western Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived.
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain wanted to appease Hitler and agreed to his
demands for the Sudetenland after Hitler promised he would not demand more
territory. Hitler seized the rest of Czechoslovakia in March of 1939.

Axis Powers:
Germany, Japan, and Italy formed a coalition called the Axis Powers.
Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and two German-created states--Croatia and
Slovakia--eventually joined. Major Players:
Germany - Adolf Hitler, Der Furher
Japan - Admiral Hideki Tojo, Prime Minister
Italy - Benito Mussolini, Prime Minister
Allied Powers:
The United States, Great Britain, China and the Soviet Union made up the Allies,
the group fighting the Axis. Between 1939 and 1944 at least 50 nations would
eventually fight together. Thirteen more nations would join by 1945 including:
Australia, Belgium, Brazil, British Commonwealth of Nations, Canada, India, New
Zealand, South Africa, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Greece, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Philippines and Yugoslavia. Major players:
United States - Franklin D. Roosevelt, President
Great Britain - Winston Churchill, Prime Minister
China - Chiang Kai-Shek, General
Soviet Union - Joseph Stalin, General

Nationalism ( with examples) & Nationalist ‘truths’: (Nationalism) is a political,

social and economic system characterized by promoting the interest of a particular nation
particularly with the aim of gaining and maintaining self-governance,or full sovereignty,
over the group's homeland.
NATIONALIST
1. an advocate of or believer in nationalism
2: a member of a political party or group
advocating nationalindependence or strong national government.

a person who wants their country to be politically independent

a person who strongly believestheir country is better thanothers:

NATIONALISM
BY KIMBERLY AMADEO

Updated April 19, 2018

Nationalism is a system created by people who believe their nation is

superior to all others. It's most often based on a shared ethnicity. It can also
be based on a shared language, religion, culture, or set of social values. The
nation emphasizes shared symbols, folklore, and mythology. Shared music,
literature, and sports further strengthen nationalism.

Nationalists demand to be independent from other countries.

If the people are part of a country, they want freedom and their own state. If
they are already have their own nation, they do not want to join global
organizations or collaborate with other countries on joint efforts.

Because they believe their shared attribute is superior, nationalists can

easily stereotype different ethnic, religious, or cultural groups. The resultant
prejudice keeps their nation unified. Prejudice can lead to a desire to rid the
nation of those deemed as "other." In an extreme form, it can lead to ethnic
cleansing and genocide.

Nationalists work toward a self-governing state.

Exampls :Trump's immigration policies followed nationalism when he

promised to build a wall on the border with Mexico.

President Trump espoused economic nationalism when he announced

tariffs on steel and Chinese imports.

https://www.thebalance.com/nationalism-definition-examples-pros-cons-
4149524

Surge un gran número de intelectuales que comienzan a tejer el ideal de crear en América una
república autónoma, rectora de su propio destino; comienzan a valorar las virtudes naturales de la
región, los mitos de origen indígena25 y a apreciar la riqueza de la cultura local, lo que comienza a
gestar un americanismo ascendente. Figuras como las de Francisco de Miranda, Andrés Bello y
Simón Rodríguez en Venezuela, Juan Egaña, Javier Eugenio Espejo en Chile, Antonio Nariño en
Colombia, el jesuita Clavijero en México (PICÓN SALAS, 1953, p. 8-63), destacan como algunos de
esos intelectuales del siglo XVIII que iniciaron la corriente hispanoamericanista.

Populist leader traits:

Be able to write a response in which you compare/ contrast at least two Populist leaders
and how they reflect nationalist ideology

A common feature of populism is its reliance on strong leaders who are able to
mobilize the masses and/or conduct their parties with the aim of enacting radical
reforms. Populism is often guided by strong leaders, who, through their behavior and
speech, present themselves as the voice of the people. “The populist leader” describes
the characteristics of the charismatic strongman, such as Italy’s Silvio Berlusconi and
Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez. Yet, some populist actors portray themselves as voices of
the people by using their gender, profession, and ethnicity.
http://www.veryshortintroductions.com/view/10.1093/actrade/9780190234874.001.0001/ac
trade-9780190234874-

Be able to complete and explain:

 Positive Outcomes Negative Outcomes

Cultural  Celebrates the unique and mixed  Critique foreign

Nationalism ethnicities. intervention.
 mixture (mestizos) is better; proud  Black ; indigenous are still
of indigenous customs challenge left out.
Europe/US superiority.

Political  Wages  Poverty soars and

Nationalism  Labor laws political ruling class (elite)
 Produce national weakens.
 Less dependent on foreign  The stock market crash of
investment. 1929 on Wall St. hit Latin
America hard.
 World economy
 Lower prizes

Economic  Equality amongst social classes  Single party rule for too long.
Nationalism  Ejidos

LA GUERRA FRIA VIDEO MUY BUENO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXijvhBQ-u8 español

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVqziNV7dGY ingles

The Cold War is the name given to the relationship that developed primarily between the USA
and the USSR after World War Two. The Cold War was to dominate international affairs for
decades and many major crises occurred – the Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Hungary and
the Berlin Wall being just some. For many, the growth in weapons of mass destruction was the
most worrying issue,

Origins Of The Cold War

Following the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945 near the close of World
War II, the uneasy wartime alliance between the United States and
Great Britain on the one hand and the Soviet Union on the other began to
unravel. By 1948 the Soviets had installed left-wing governments in the countries
of eastern Europe that had been liberated by the Red Army. The Americans and
the British feared the permanent Soviet domination of eastern Europe and the
threat of Soviet-influenced communist parties coming to power in
the democracies of western Europe. The Soviets, on the other hand, were
determined to maintain control of eastern Europe in order to safeguard against
any possible renewed threat from Germany, and they were intent on
spreading communism worldwide, largely for ideological reasons. The Cold War
had solidified by 1947–48, when U.S. aid provided under the Marshall Plan to
western Europe had brought those countries under American influence and the
Soviets had installed openly communist regimes in eastern Europe.
The Struggle Between Superpowers
The Cold War reached its peak in 1948–53. In this period the Soviets
unsuccessfully blockaded the Western-held sectors of West Berlin(1948–49); the
United States and its European allies formed the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), a unified military command to resist the Soviet presence
in Europe (1949); the Soviets exploded their first atomic warhead (1949), thus
ending the American monopoly on the atomic bomb; the Chinese communists
came to power in mainland China (1949); and the Soviet-supported communist
government of North Korea invaded U.S.-supported South Korea in 1950, setting
off an indecisive Korean War that lasted until 1953.
From 1953 to 1957 Cold War tensions relaxed somewhat, largely owing to the
death of the longtime Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin in 1953; nevertheless, the
standoff remained. A unified military organization among the Soviet-bloc
countries, the Warsaw Pact, was formed in 1955; and West Germany was
admitted into NATO that same year. Another intense stage of the Cold War was
in 1958–62. The United States and the Soviet Union began developing
intercontinental ballistic missiles, and in 1962 the Soviets began secretly
installing missiles in Cuba that could be used to launch nuclear attacks on U.S.
cities. This sparked the Cuban missile crisis(1962), a confrontation that brought
the two superpowers to the brink of war before an agreement was reached to
withdraw the missiles.
The Cuban missile crisis showed that neither the United States nor the
Soviet Union were ready to use nuclear weapons for fear of the other’s
retaliation (and thus of mutual atomic annihilation). The two superpowers
soon signed the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty of 1963, which banned
aboveground nuclear weapons testing. But the crisis also hardened the
Soviets’ determination never again to be humiliated by their military
inferiority, and they began a buildup of both conventional and strategic
forces that the United States was forced to match for the next 25 years.

Throughout the Cold War the United States and the Soviet Union avoided
direct military confrontation in Europe and engaged in actual combat
operations only to keep allies from defecting to the other side or to
overthrow them after they had done so. Thus, the Soviet Union sent
troops to preserve communist rule in East Germany (1953), Hungary
(1956), Czechoslovakia (1968), and Afghanistan (1979). For its part, the
United States helped overthrow a left-wing government in Guatemala
(1954), supported an unsuccessful invasion of Cuba (1961), invaded the
Dominican Republic (1965) and Grenada (1983), and undertook a long
(1964–75) and unsuccessful effort to prevent communist North Vietnam
from bringing South Vietnam under its rule (see Vietnam War).

Toward A New World Order

In the course of the 1960s and ’70s, however, the bipolar struggle
between the Soviet and American blocs gave way to a more-complicated
pattern of international relationships in which the world was no longer split
into two clearly opposed blocs. A major split had occurred between the
Soviet Union and China in 1960 and widened over the years, shattering
the unity of the communist bloc. In the meantime, western Europe
and Japan achieved dynamic economic growth in the 1950s and ’60s,
reducing their relative inferiority to the United States. Less-powerful
countries had more room to assert their independence and often showed
themselves resistant to superpower coercion or cajoling.
The 1970s saw an easing of Cold War tensions as evinced in
the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) that led to the SALT I and II
agreements of 1972 and 1979, respectively, in which the two
superpowers set limits on their antiballistic missiles and on their strategic
missiles capable of carrying nuclear weapons. That was followed by a
period of renewed Cold War tensions in the early 1980s as the two
superpowers continued their massive arms buildup and competed for
influence in the Third World. But the Cold War began to break down in the
late 1980s during the administration of Soviet leader Mikhail S.
Gorbachev. He dismantled the totalitarian aspects of the Soviet system
and began efforts to democratize the Soviet political system. When
communist regimes in the Soviet-bloc countries of eastern Europe
collapsed in 1989–90, Gorbachev acquiesced in their fall. The rise to
power of democratic governments in East Germany, Poland, Hungary,
and Czechoslovakia was quickly followed by the unification of West and
East Germany under NATO auspices, again with Soviet approval.

Gorbachev’s internal reforms had meanwhile weakened his own

Communist Party and allowed power to shift to Russia and the
other constituent republics of the Soviet Union. In late 1991 the Soviet
Union collapsed and 15 newly independent nations were born from its
corpse, including a Russia with a democratically elected, anticommunist
leader. The Cold War had come to an end.

Ms Navarro

THE COLD WAR

During World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union fought together as allies
against the Axis powers. However, the relationship between the two nations was a
tense one. Americans had long been wary of Soviet communism and concerned about
Russian leader Joseph Stalin’s tyrannical, blood-thirsty rule of his own country. For
their part, the Soviets resented the Americans’ decades-long refusal to treat the USSR
as a legitimate part of the international community as well as their delayed entry into
World War II, which resulted in the deaths of tens of millions of Russians. After the
war ended, these grievances ripened into an overwhelming sense of mutual distrust
and enmity. Postwar Soviet expansionism in Eastern Europe fueled many Americans’
fears of a Russian plan to control the world. Meanwhile, the USSR came to resent what
they perceived as American officials’ bellicose rhetoric, arms buildup and
interventionist approach to international relations. In such a hostile atmosphere, no
single party was entirely to blame for the Cold War; in fact, some historians believe it
was inevitable.

CONTAINMENT

1. Who was responsible for this strategy?

Truman Doctrine. . President Truman decided that U.S would fight the cold war through
CONTAIMENT. Truman conviced the congress to allocate money to help defeat
communist rebels in Greece and Turkey and prevent the spread of communism to two
more countries

2. What can you infer is meant by it?

THE COLD WAR: THE ATOMIC AGE

1. What were the results of the first H-bomb test?

2. How did the Cold War affect American people at home?

THE COLD WAR EXTENDS TO SPACE

1. What was the “space race”?

The U.S. and USSR were developeing missile technology and became locked in a space
race. Starting when the Soviets Union launched the first artificial satellite , SPUTNIK,
in1957. The next year, the U.S. launched a satellite and founded the NASA

2. Why was NASA created?

National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA, the technology advances were
meant to be used for both war and peace, and the Space Race led to a focus on math
and science in American schools.

THE COLD WAR: THE RED SCARE

1. What was the Red Scare?

The term Red Scare is used to describe periods of extreme anti-communism in the United
States. "Red" comes from the color of the Soviet Union flag. "Scare" comes from the fact
that many people were scared that communism would come to the United States.

There were two Red Scare periods. The first occurred after World War I and the Russian
Revolution. The second occurred during the Cold War after World War II.

During 1950s the USA experienced a red scare where people lived in paranoia and
suspicious of the spread of communist ideas into America

2. Who was the driving force behind it?

THE COLD WAR ABROAD

1. List the countries where the US took military action to prevent/contain

communism?
Korea,Vietnam,

2. Was the US justified in these interventions?

THE CLOSE OF THE COLD WAR

1. How did Nixon and Reagan’s policies differ?

2. Why was called the COLD war?

3. How does this period reflect/ influence the of the USA in Latin America?

4. How is the SOA an example of Cold War Ideology?