ABSTRACT

The relationship between domestic politics and foreign policy decisions has long been a

subject of academic inquiry in International Relations. This study investigates the impact

of Nigeria's domestic politics on its foreign policy choices, aiming to discern the extent to

which internal political dynamics influence the country's international involvements.

Through a comprehensive analysis of historical and contemporary case studies, this

research examines how Nigeria's domestic political landscape, including power struggles,

public opinion, and national interests, shapes its foreign policy priorities.

The research employs a qualitative research design, incorporating content analysis of

official documents, policy statements, and scholarly literature. By scrutinizing key

foreign policy decisions and their alignment with domestic political interests, this study

reveals the complex network of domestic factors that underlie Nigeria's international

interactions. Findings reveal that domestic political considerations significantly influence

the nation's foreign policy direction, impacting its diplomatic, economic, and security-

related decisions.

The study underscores the complex interplay between domestic and international factors,

highlighting the need for a nuanced understanding of the drivers behind Nigeria's foreign

policy choices. The research contributes to the broader discourse on the role of domestic

politics in shaping foreign policy, offering insights into the challenges and opportunities

faced by policymakers in maintaining a delicate equilibrium between internal and

external priorities.
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Holistically speaking, Foreign policy refers to the set of strategies, principles, and

actions that a sovereign state or nation adopts to manage its relations and

interactions with other countries and international entities. It encompasses a wide

range of diplomatic, economic, political, and military initiatives aimed at

promoting the state's interests, protecting its national security, advancing its

economic goals, and projecting its influence on the global stage. Foreign policy is

guided by a country's values, priorities, and objectives, and it often involves

negotiations, treaties, alliances, trade agreements, and other forms of engagement

with other nations to achieve mutual goals and maintain international stability.

The foreign policies of nations vary from one state to another. A significant

indicator of a state's autonomy lies in its capability and competence to pursue an

autonomous foreign policy. Nations strive to attain diverse goals and objectives in

managing their sovereign territories, with some of these objectives achievable

through individual national efforts, while others necessitate collaboration with

similar entities or political units beyond their borders.

National leaders, particularly the head of government, are engaged in a dual-level

game that involves maneuvering between international and domestic political

contexts. According to Marki, the head of government, regardless of the political

system, is driven by two primary objectives: the preservation of political authority

and the establishment and upholding of policy alliances. Domestic political

dynamics also exert influence, whether it's the pursuit of domestic objectives

through foreign policy or ensuring foreign policy choices do not disrupt local

agendas. Barbara Farnham underscores the importance of policy acceptability and

its sway on the head of government's decision-making process.

In contemporary political landscapes, the execution of proposed policies generally

requires government consensus rather than being solely at the discretion of the

leader. The extent of required acceptability hinges on the specific political system

within which the decision-maker operates. For instance, in a democratic

framework, foreign policy lacking consensus is prone to falter, while in a

feudalistic system, acceptability might not hold as significant a role consistently.

Nevertheless, across diverse political systems, domestic politics invariably

intersects with foreign policy determinations. The head of government must

adeptly navigate both international and domestic imperatives, striving to present a

positive image both on a local and global scaleii.

The foundation of Nigerian foreign policy is heavily influenced by a multitude of

domestic elements and influences. These encompass a spectrum of concerns, from

safeguarding security and well-being to asserting total autonomy, status, and

prestigeiii. The goal is to ensure national stability and the contentment of its

citizens. The intermingling of these elements and influences not only imposes

certain boundaries on the decisions and actions of those shaping Nigerian foreign

policy, but also defines the framework within which the domestic political

competition over foreign policy matters must take place. Consequently, it is

contended that achieving these goals necessitates a symbiotic interaction between

domestic politics and foreign policy.

Nigeria's engagement with the global community predates its attainment of

independence in 1960. During the era of colonial governance, Nigeria existed as a

dependent entity without an autonomous foreign policy framework apart from the

British rule. At that juncture, the priorities of Her Majesty, the Queen of England,

mirrored the concerns of colonial Nigeria. Under the administration of the British

colonial government and its Governor-General, various facets of Nigeria's foreign

relations were orchestrated. These included overseeing international trade,

determining import and export tariffs for Nigerian goods, employing British

colonial outposts in foreign countries as platforms for external relations,

dispatching Nigerian troops to participate in the Burma campaign during World

War I, and other consequential developments (Chibundu, 2009)iv.

Nigeria's foreign policy posture has evolved significantly since gaining

independence in 1960. Over the years, it has been shaped by various domestic,
regional, and global factors, reflecting the country's changing priorities and

challenges.

In the early years of Independence between the 1960s and the 1970s

representing the immediate aftermath of independence, Nigeria's foreign policy

emphasized decolonization, self-determination, and anti-imperialism. The country

actively supported liberation movements in Africa and other parts of the world.

Nigeria played a key role in establishing the Organization of African Unity (OAU)

in 1963, which later became the African Union (AU). The country also advocated

for peaceful resolution of conflicts and worked to mediate disputes within the

continent.

In the following years between the 1980s and the 1990s, Nigeria focused on

promoting regional stability and economic cooperation. The country played a

pivotal role in the creation of the Economic Community of West African States

(ECOWAS) in 1975, aiming to foster economic integration and resolve conflicts in

the West African region. Additionally, Nigeria actively participated in

international organizations such as the United Nations and Non-Aligned

Movement, advocating for the interests of developing nations.

During the country’s transition to democracy between 1999 to the 2010s, with the

return to democratic governance in 1999, Nigeria's foreign policy continued to

prioritize regional stability, conflict resolution, and economic development. The

country took active roles in peacekeeping efforts, particularly in West Africa, and

contributed troops to various United Nations missions. Nigeria also sought to

attract foreign investment and boost its international trade relations during this

period.

The Nigerian foreign policy objectives in 1999 as provided in chapter II, article 19

of the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 indicate:

(a) Promotion of the national interest.

(b) Promotion of African integration and support for African unity.

(c) Promotion of international co-operation for the consolidation of universal

peace and mutual respect among all nations and elimination of

discrimination in all its manifestations.

(d) Respect for international law and treaty obligation as well as the seeking of

settlement of international disputes by negotiation, mediation, conciliation,

arbitration and adjudication.

(e) Promotion of a just world economic order.

In the 2010s till date, Nigeria’s Foeriegn Policy has been greatly defined by

Counterterrorism and Multilateral Engagement. In recent years, Nigeria has

grappled with internal challenges such as terrorism and insecurity, particularly

from groups like Boko Haram. As a result, counterterrorism efforts and

cooperation with international partners have become integral aspects of the

country's foreign policy. Nigeria continues to engage in regional and global forums

to address issues such as climate change, sustainable development, and

peacekeeping.

Nigeria has been proactive in fostering economic ties with other emerging

economies, particularly within the Global South. The country has sought to

leverage its position as a leading African economy to strengthen trade and

investment relationships with countries in Asia, Latin America, and other regions.

In their assessments and comprehensive evaluations of Nigeria's foreign policy

orientation, King (1998)v, Fawole (2003)vi, and Saliu (2007)vii arrived at a

consensus regarding the fundamental principles underpinning Nigeria's foreign

policy. According to them, Nigeria’s Foreign Policy over the years has been

shaped to a large extent, by certain domestic forces and external influences.

Notable among the forces and influences include:

 Maintaining a position of non-alignment with any of the prevailing

ideological and military power blocs, particularly abstaining from allegiance

to NATO and the Warsaw Pact during the world wars.

 Adhering to the principles of legal parity, political autonomy, national

sovereignty, and territorial integrity for all nations.

 Observing the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other

states.
  Actively pursuing membership in continental and global multilateral

organizations based on their functional significance to Nigeria.

 Placing Africa at the core of Nigeria's external relations, recognizing the

continent's central importanceviii.

These principles form the foundation of Nigeria's foreign policies in its

interactions with other nations since attaining independence. According to King

(1998), Nigeria's foreign policy is firmly anchored in these fundamental principles

that have consistently directed its international relationships. These principles are

oriented towards safeguarding and promoting Nigeria's national interests. Each

successive government has acknowledged their significance, albeit varying in the

manner and intensity of their pursuit. King (1998)ix also contends that all five of

these principles collectively serve as a framework for shaping, implementing, and

rationalizing explicit foreign policy goals and the corresponding measures adopted

to attain them.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

This research delves into the exploration of domestic structures and their impact

on Nigerian foreign policy, alongside an investigation into how the nature of

political leadership shapes Nigeria's approach to international relations.

Domestic political considerations lead to inconsistent foreign policy decisions as

different leaders and administrations prioritize varying domestic interests over

long-term international goals. This is mostly caused by frequent changes in

political leadership which result in a lack of continuity in foreign policy, which

hinders the establishment of consistent international relationships and strategies.

The primary concern lies in understanding how the dynamics of domestic politics

influence, shape, and potentially constrain Nigeria's foreign policy decisions and

actions. This study aims to uncover the extent to which domestic political

considerations impact the formulation, execution, and outcomes of Nigeria's

foreign policy initiatives, thereby addressing the critical issue of the interplay

between domestic political forces and international relations in shaping the nation's

approach to global affairs.

1.3 Research Questions

1. In what manner was Nigeria's foreign policy delineated during periods of

military rule and democratic governance?

2. To what extent did the respective systems, facilitate Nigeria's efforts in

establishing influence within its domestic and global spheres?

3. How has the transition between different political regimes influenced the

execution of Nigeria's foreign policy over time?

4. In what ways do domestic structures shape Nigeria's foreign policy?

Aim and Objectives of the Study

The broad purpose of this study is to investigates domestic politics and its

implication on Nigeria foreign policy.

The specific objectives of the study are to:

1. To chronicle and analyze the process by which Nigeria's foreign policy was

articulated during periods of military rule and democratic governance.

2. To assess the degree to which the military and democratic systems facilitated

Nigeria's efforts in establishing influence within both domestic and global

spheres.
3. To investigate how the transitions between different political regimes (military

rule to democracy and vice versa) have influenced the formulation and

execution of Nigeria's foreign policy over time.

4. To examine the ways in which the structures of Nigeria's domestic politics,

including government systems, political ideologies, and public participation,

shape and impact the nation's foreign policy decisions and objectives.

1.4 Research Hypotheses

The study is founded on the subsequent hypotheses to examine the ensuing

aspects:

1. The foreign policy of Nigeria has been influenced by the nature of its domestic

policies and political leadership.

2. The foreign policy of Nigeria is shaped by domestic structural factors.

1.6 Justification for the Study

The study holds substantial value, aiming to elevate and expand our

comprehension of Nigeria's foreign policy. It seeks to shed light on the impact of

domestic structures on Nigeria's foreign policy stance. It's undeniable that foreign

policy is intricately intertwined with the prevailing political climate within a

nation. The outcomes of this study can serve as a valuable compass for political

leaders, national policymakers, and foreign policy experts, assisting them in

making well-informed political choices for the country.

1.7 Scope of the Study

This study focuses extensively on the domestic politics and its implication of

Nigeria foreign policy.

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

Foreign Policy:

Foreign policy can be defined as a strategic plan adopted by a nation to manage its

interactions with other countries, with the aim of advancing its national interests

and goals. It encompasses a range of self-interested strategies chosen by states to

safeguard their national interests and achieve specific objectives within the context

of international relations.

Foreign Policy-Making Actors:

Foreign Policy-Making Actors refer to the individuals, groups, institutions, and

entities within a nation's government and society that participate in the

formulation, implementation, and execution of the country's foreign policy. These

actors encompass political leaders, government officials, diplomats, intelligence

agencies, non-governmental organizations, interest groups, and other entities that

play a role in shaping a nation's approach to international relations, strategic

decisions, and engagement with other countries.

International Relations:

International relations involve the analysis of state interactions within the global

international system. It seeks to elucidate the behaviors exhibited within the

international community by multiple states functioning within the framework of

the international political system.

Diplomacy:

Diplomacy is the practice and art of conducting negotiations between nations. It

encompasses the use of tact and negotiation techniques to secure strategic

advantages in international relations.

Democracy:
Democracy is characterized by a government established and sustained by the

people, for the people. It is a political system in which supreme authority is vested

in a citizenry that elects representatives to govern on their behalf.

National Interest:

National interest constitutes a set of goals and objectives embedded within a

nation's foreign policy. These objectives are aspired to and promoted by leaders in

their interactions with other states within the international system.

1.9 Organization of Chapters

This research project is structured into five distinct chapters, each of which

addresses various aspects related to the subject under study. Chapter One

encompasses the Introduction, encompassing the study's context, statement of the

problem, study objectives, research questions, research hypotheses, justification of

the study, operational definition of terms and organization of chapters.

Chapter Two involves the Literature Review.

Chapter Three encompasses the Theoretical Framework, research design,

methodology for data collection, and the chosen mode of data collection.
Chapter Four is dedicated to Data Presentation and Analysis.

Lastly, Chapter Five includes a Summary, Recommendations, and a concluding

Overview of the study.

ENDNOTES
i
Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. & Zbaracki Mark J. (1992). Strategic Decision Making. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 13.
Special Issue: Fundamental Themes in Strategy Process Research

ii
Hussain, Z. Z. (2021). The effect of domestic politics on foreign policy decision making. E-International Relations.
https://www.e-ir.info/2011/02/07/the-effect-of-domestic-politics-on-foreign-policy-decision-making/

iii
TMLT Editorials. (2023, February 22). Domestic politics and foreign policy dynamics in Nigeria. Current School News.
https://www.currentschoolnews.com/current-projects/domestic-politics-and-foreign-policy-dynamics-in-nigeria/
#:~:text=Nigerian%20foreign%20policy%20is%20anchored%2C%20to%20a%20very,of%20the%20state%20and
%20happiness%20of%20the%20citizenry.

iv
Chibundu, V.N. (2009) foreign policy with particular reference to Nigeria (1961-2008) Ibadan spectrum Books limited.

v
Kings; M.C. (1998), Basic currents of Nigeria foreign policy, Washington Harvard University Press.

vi
Fawole, W.A. (2004), Understand Nigeria’s foreign policy under certain rule since 1999 institution, structure, processes &
performance. Ibadan college press.

vii
Saliu, H.A (2007), Nigeria external image under Obasanjo. in H.A.Salui (ed), essays on contemporary Nigeria foreign
policy (vol. 11.pp.243-262) Ibadan vantage publishers limited.

viii
Ighoshemu, B. O. (2021). NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY THRUST: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. Journal of Public
Administration, Finance and Law, 22. https://doi.org/10.47743/jopafl-2021-22-01

ix
ibid