Diplomacy Visiting Professor Wenzao 2015 Edited

Challenges to
Diplomacy: The
Philippine
Experience in WPS
GLORIA JUMAMIL-MERCADO, PhD, MNSA
SVP for Development Education and Dean
Outline of Presentation
A.
Philippine
Framework
B.
Some Theoretical
Frameworks
C.
Economic
Diplomacy
D.
West Philippine
Seas
No
exis why in
to states
nationalities,
reason
ts
communiti
addition
other groups
diasporas,
es, as
and
should
not emerging
bereligiousglobal
actorsIn
the
politics,
legitimate
however, the
state
sovereignty and
treated
authority are withering and no alternative,
such as some system of world government,
is about to fill the vacuum.
- Samuel P.
Huntington, 2001
B ackground
External environment
The end of the Cold War opened the
floodgates to a revolution from the
traditional
government
to
government diplomacy.
A time in history when globalization
began to be
widely used. The
increasing
interconnectedness
between
states
led
to
the
globalization of politics
and
B ackground
External environment
A period where the world saw the
emergence of a
wide-range of
human activities which are no
longer consistent with geographical
locations
or
government
permissions or regulations.
Philippine
Experience /
Framework
Philippines: 1987
Constitution
Article 2 Declaration of
Principles
Section 7
The state shall pursue an independent
foreign policy. In its relations with
other states the paramount
consideration shall be the national
sovereignty, territorial integrity,
national interest, and the right to selfdetermination.
Philippines: 1987
Constitution
Article 2 Declaration of
Principles
Section 2
The Philippines renounces war as an
instrument of national policy, adopts
the generally accepted principles of
international law of the land and
adheres to the policy of peace,
equality, justice, freedom,
cooperation, and amity with all
nations.
T hree Foreign Policy

Objectives
1.
National security
2.
Development
diplomacy
3.
The promotion of the

welfare of the
Filipinos overseas

Objectives
1.
National security
state or condition wherein the
peoples way of life and
institutions, their territorial
integrity and sovereignty
including their well being are
protected and enhanced
Instruments of National
Power (Political, Economic,
Socio-cultural, and Military)
The governments strategy to

strengthen national security
through foreign policy is pursued
along the follwing lines:
Enhancing friendly relations and
forging strategic alliances with other
countries
Promoting regionmal peace and
stability through established and
new mechanisms
Fostering global accords that
National Security
Objectives
MORALSPIRITUAL
CONSENSUS
CULTURAL
COHESIVENESS
ECONOMIC SOLIDARITY
SOCIO-POLITICAL STABILITY
ECOLOGICAL BALANCE
TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY
External

Objectives
Development/Economic
Diplomacy
- Engaging the world
advancing the
2.
community in
countrys pursuit of
developm an
sustainable
up to
trad ent
investment d
Stepped
tourism
in
bilateral,
sub-regional
growth.promote
e,
and
fora and
on
resourc
and
multilateral
protecties th
emphasized agricultu
human
development,
enhanci basi
ng developm
e
environment re,
ng
c
ent
and services
Economic Diplomacy
Promotion of trade in goods
and services
Investment promotion
Tourism promotion
Sourcing of official
development assistance
Negotiation of debt
repayment or relief
Facilitation of overseas

Objectives
3.
The promotion of the

welfare of the Filipinos
overseas
- The long term goal of the Philippines is to
bring back the Overseas Filipino Workers

to an industrialized home country where
employment opportunities abound.
On the short term, the Philippines is

working towards effective delivery of
consular services to the
increasing
number of Filipino nationals working and
living abroad.
OFW
Remittances
1998-2010 (US$B)
Assistance to Nationals
International Convention on
the Protection of the Rights of
Migrant Workers and their
Families
GIVENS (Underlying
Realities)
1.
China, Japan and the
United states and their
relationships will be the
determining influence in
the
security
situation
and economic evolution
of east Asia
RP Country
Markets
US$ 32.2 Billion : %
Share
GIVENS (Underlying
Realities)
2. More
and more, Philippine foreign

policy decisions have to made in the
context of the ASEAN.
The Significance of ASEAN

for Regional Cooperation
ASEAN is the most successful regional alliance in
the world after the EU.
The plan is to establish a SE Asian Community in
2015 with an economic, security policy, and
socio-cultural branch.
The ASEAN Charter which is being reviewed
presently does not provide for supra national
cooperation.
However, it intends to formalize previously
informal cooperation as part of the charter
Furthermore, modification of the principle

of non-intervention in the domestics affairs
of nations and the introduction of a
majority vote in certain cases is planned
In 1997, ASEA heads of states agreed on a
common vision and announced that the
ASEAN would intensify security policy,
economic, and socio-cultural cooperation
by 2020.
GIVENS (Underlying
Realities)
3. The international Islamic community
will continue to be important to the
Philippines.
GIVENS (Underlying
Realities)
4. The economic growth will
continue to dependent on
foreign investments
be
heavily
FDIs were low compared to its ASEAN neighbors, hit rock bottom in
2001
GIVENS (Underlying
Realities)
5. The coming years will see the growing

importance of
multilateral and interregional organizations to promote common
interests.
Multilateral Diplomacy
ASEM
APEC
ASEAN
IAEA
UNIDO
WHO
IHR
United Nations
GIVENS (Underlying
Realities)
6.
The
defense
of
the
nations
sovereignty and the protection of its
environment and natural resources
lie in the heart of foreign policy.
GIVENS (Underlying
Realities)
7. A country like the Philippines can

benefit from international tourism.
GIVENS (Underlying
Realities)
8.
Overseas Filipinos will continue to

play a critical role in the countrys
economic and social stability
OFW Deployments (
Some
Theoreti
cal
Framewo
Levels of Analysis
M
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM
STATE & SOCIETAL
GROUP
R
O
INDIVIDUAL
M
I
C
Theoretical
Framework
Realism Map
Neo-realism
Basic
Tenet
State
Power
International
System
International
Organization
-parsimonious/
enduring
-Politics and history
-State survival
-economuc game is
power
-Paradigm of realism
and liberalism
-Structure affect behavior
the of state both in
international and domestic
New
model/
mechanism
Liberalism
-Free Trade/positive
sum game/Ca
-Interdependence
Free market
Neoliberalism
-Democracies
promote peace
-No barriers
-multilateral rel.
-interdependence
-Economic power
-Power of state is
devolved upwards
and downwards
-have various
interest
-Principal,unitary,
rational and
dominantGlobalization
-Autonomous
-Centrality of state both in
domestic and
international
Pursuit of national
interest;Military power
-Combined capacity of state

Interest/power position
determine behavior of
state
- Balance of Power
-Collective security/
Alliances
-Economic power
-Collective Security
-War is not inevitable
-Eliminate anarchy
Through cooperation
-Structures define
relationship and affect
behavior and
outcome
-Anarchical/self-help
-Inside out approach

-Anarchic but will
settle
peacefully
-Promote free trade
and cooperation
-Association of nations
under covenants
-Support to
international
law and peace
-Anarchic/ self-help
-No authority above
state
-State is still
dominant player
No-nonstate
International institution
and organizations
actor
-Minimal state role/

Declining role of state
-not autonomous
Non-state actors
likeTNCs and MNCs
Integrators/ag
peace
ents of
IGOs/INGOs/MNCs/I
Os
Theoretical
Framework Map
REALISM
Neo-
-Parsimonious
Realism enduring
Basic
realism

mod
Tenet
State
-Economic game is power

-parsimonious/
-economuc game is
domestic
power
Internation
al
System
Internation
al
Organizatio
n

domestic andand
international

-Pursuit of national
interest position
international
Interest/power
Pursuit of national
-MIlitary
power
- Balance of Power
- Anarchic / self-helpstate
-Anarchic/
self-help
-Structures define
-No authority above state
-No authority above
-State is still the dominant player

state
-State is still
behavior and outcome
No-nonstate
dominant
player
- No non-state actor-Anarchical/self-help
actor
Liberalis
m
sum game/Ca
-Interdependence
Free market
-Principal
unitar , rational, dominant
enduring
y -Autonomous
and liberalism
-Principal,unitary,
-Politics
and
history
- Globalization
rationalsurvival
and
-State
Power
New
el/mechanism
and organizations

-not autonomous
Alliances
-Economic power
-Anarchic but will
settle
peacefully
-Promote free trade
and
cooperation
Non-state actors
likeTNCs and MNCs
Neoliberalism
-Democracies
promote peace
-No barriers
-multilateral rel.
-interdependence
-Economic power
-Power of state is
devolved upwards
and downwards
-have various
interest
-Eliminate anarchy
Through cooperation
under covenants
-Support to
international
law and peace
peace
Integrators/ag
ents of
IGOs/INGOs/MNCs/I
Os
Theoretical
Framework Map
NEO -REALISM
-Paradigm of realism and liberalism
Liberalis
NeoNew anism
ealism
m
-Structure affects the behavior of the
-parsim
enduring state in both international & domestic
sum game/Ca
-Politics a
realism
Basic
Tenet
-State s
urvival
-econo
power muc game is
State
model/mech
-Centrality of state
in international
-Principonious/
rational and domestic-Autonomous
Power
the of state
-Autonomous
domin
Purs
and liberalism
-Centrality ofof
state
both
and
-Combined international
capacity
state
uit of national determine behavior of

interes
t;Military
power of power
-Balance
state
Internation
al
System
Internation
al
Organizatio
n
- Balance
of Power
-Structures
define
-Structures define relationship and

affect behavior
and outcome
behavior and outcome
No-n

-not autonomous
in domestic and
-Interest / power
position
determine
-Combined
capacity of
state
position
behavior of Interest/power
state
-No aut
state hority above
-State
is
dominantstill
-Interdependence
Free market
al,unitary,
nd history
antGlobalization
both in
-Anarchical-Anarchical/self-help
/ self-help
player
-International
institutions
and
and
organizations
International
institution
actor onstate
organizations
Alliances
-Economic power
-Anarchic but will
settle
peacefully
-Promote free trade
and
cooperation
Non-state actors
likeTNCs and MNCs
Neoliberalism
-Democracies
promote peace
-No barriers
-multilateral rel.
-interdependence
-Economic power
-Power of state is
devolved upwards
and downwards
-have various
interest
-Eliminate anarchy
Through cooperation
under covenants
-Support to
international
law and peace
peace
Integrators/ag
ents of
IGOs/INGOs/MNCs/I
Os
Theoretical
Framework Map
Realism
Basic
Tenet
State
Power
Internation
al
System
Internation
al
Organizatio
n
-parsimonious/
enduring
-State survival
-economuc game is
power
-Principal,unitary,
rational and
Pursuit of national
-No authority above
state
-State is still
dominant player
No-nonstate
actor
Neorealism
-Paradigm of reali
and liberalism
-Structure affect b
the of state both
international and d
sm
New
LIBERALISM
Liberalis
-Free
trade / positive sum game / Ca
model/mechanism
m
-Interdependence
liber
-Free Market
Neoalism
cies
peace
rs
al rel.
ndence
-Free Trade/pos
Democra
itive
c power
-Economi
-Autonomous
promote
-Minimal state role / Declining
role of state state is
-Centrality of sta
sum-Minimal
game/Ca state role/ -Power of upwards
te
both
in
-No
domestic and ehavior
Declining role of state devolvednwards
-Not
autonomous
barrie
international
-not autonomous
and dow ous interest
-Interdependence
in
-have
vari
-multilater
-Collective
security
/
Alliances
Security
Interest/power
Free market
-Collective
osition
-Collective
security/
inevitable
omestic
p determine
anarchy
-War is not
power Alliances
beha state
vior -Economic
of
ooperation
interdepe
- Balance of Power
-Eliminate
-Inside
out approach
-Economic
power
Through c n of nations
-Structures define
-Associatio
-Anarchic but will
nants
relationship and -Anarchic but will settle peacefully
under cove
settle peacefully
behavior and o affect
al
-Anarchical/self- -Promote free trade and cooperation -Support toeace
rs/agents of
-Promote free trade
utcome
internation
peace
International ins
titution
andNon-state
help
- Non-state actors like
TNCsactors
and MNCslaw and and organizatio
GOs/MNCs/I
p
likeTNCs
and MNCs
ns
IGOs/IN Os
cooperation
-Integrato
Theoretical
Framework Map
NEO - LIBERALISM
Inward Trade and Investments
Realism
Basic
Tenet
State
-parsimonious/
enduring
-State survival
-economuc game is
power
-Principal,unitary,
rational and
Ne -Democracies promote peace

Liberalis
realio- -No barriers New
-Paradigm o
and liberal
sm
-Structure a
the of state f realism
internation
-Multilateral
relations
model/mechanism
Internation
al
System
Internation
al
Organizatio
n
Pursuit of national
-No authority above
state
-State is still
dominant player
No-nonstate
actor
liberalism
-Interdependence
ism
-Autonomous-Economic
-Centrality ffect behavior
-Free
power
sum
Trade/positive
promote peace
game/Ca
-Interdependence
-Minimal
state role/
-Power of state is developed
upwards
and
both
domestic a of
statein both in
internatio
-Democracies
al and domestic
Free
market
Declining role of state devolved upwards nal -not

nd-Have various interests
interdependence
-Combineddownwards
Power
Neo-
-Economic power
-No barriers
-Power of state
-multilateral
rel. is
downwards
autonomous
and
-have various
Interest/p
determine -Collective security
interest
state
behavior
of
Alliances
capacity of state
- Balance
-Eliminate anarchy
of
-Economic power
-Structures -Eliminate anarchy through cooperation
relations
-Support to
behavior
Through
cooperation
-Promote
free
trade
and
outcome
-Association of nations under covenants international
-Anarchic Power
and out approach
-Inside
al/self-help
and peace
-Support to international law and peace law-Association
Internatio define
of
-Anarchic but will
cooperation
and organ nations
likeTNCs and
ower position
-Integrators / agents of peace
izations
hip and affect
-Integrators/agents
of
settle peacefully
-IGOs / INGOs / MNCs / IOs
nal institution
Non-state actors
under covenants
MNCs
peace
IGOs/INGO
Theoretical
Framework Map
Realism
Basic
-parsimonious/
enduring
Morganthue -economuc game is

Machiavelli Carr
Krasner
-Principal,unitary,
Hamilton
Agustus
Gilpin
List
Clausewitz
Hobbes
Grotius
Rosseau
St. Augustine
Powe
r
Internation
al
System
Internation
al
Organizatio
n
-Anarchic/ self-Waltz
-No
authority Krasner
state
Gilpin
Buzan
No-nonstateJones
actor
Little
Strange
-State is still
dominant player
Neorealism
New
model/mechanism
and liberalism
-Autonomous
domestic and
international
Interest/power position
state
- Balance of Power
-Structures define
behavior and
outcome
-Anarchical/self-help
and organizations
Burchill
Mapherson
Liberalis
m
sum game/Ca
-Interdependence
Fukuyama
Kant
Polanyi -not
autonomous
Carr
Keynes
security/
Hayek -Collective
Alliances
Friedman
Smith
Wilsm
Ohmae
Locke
-Anarchic but will

settle
peacefully
and
cooperation
Neoliberalism
-Democracies
promote peace
-No barriers
-multilateral rel.
-interdependence
-Economic power
-Power of state is
devolved upwards
and downwards
-have various
interest
-Eliminate anarchy
Through cooperation
Wilson -Support to
law and peace
Axelrod
Non-state actors
likeTNCs and MNCs
peace
IGOs/INGOs/MNCs/I
Os
Theoretical
Framework Map
Realism
Neo-realism
Wendt, Adler.
Onuf,Reus- Smit,
Klonosky
CONSTRUCTIVISM
Basic
Tenet
State
Power
Internation
al
System
Internation
al
Organizatio
n
-parsimonious/
enduring
-State survival
-economuc game is
power
-Principal,unitary,
rational and
Pursuit of national
-No authority above
state
-State is still
dominant player
No-nonstate
actor
and liberalism
-Structure affect beh
the of state both in avior
international and do
Liberalism
m
Trade/positive
State behavior is
-Free game/Ca
shape by elites,
dependence
belief, identities, summarket
and social norms -Inter
Free
mestic
-Autonomous
-State and National
mal state role/
-Mini
are result of social
ining role of state
domestic and
Decl
identities of actors
international
-not autonomous
Interest/power pos
ective security/
expressed in Ideas,
ition
-Coll
determine behavior
ances
Culture, Ideational
state
nomic power
of
Alli
Power
- Balance of Power
-Eco
-Anarchic but will
-Structures define
e
relationship and affect -Structures and
peacefully
mote free trade
behavior and out settl
Processes
-Anarchical/self-he
-Pro
come
cooperation
International institu
lp
tion Many Actors andNon-state actors
and organizations
TWCs, NGOs,NPOslikeTNCs and MNCs
CSOs,IOs
Neoliberalism
-Democracies
promote peace
-No barriers
-multilateral rel.
-interdependence
-Economic power
-Power of state is
devolved upwards
and downwards
-have various
interest
-Eliminate anarchy
Through cooperation
under covenants
-Support to
international
law and peace
peace
Integrators/ag
ents of
IGOs/INGOs/MNCs/I
Os
Economic Diplomacy
Not the classical kind of diplomacy.

Emphasis is placed not only in foreign
policy, but also soft politic issues
such as trade, development and
tourism.
The focus is on providing opportunities

for assuring development gains from
international
trade
and
trade
negotiations for developing countries.
Economic
Diplomacy
Based on the
- s tates
principle
have
an with
interdependent
relationship
another state; they are dependent on
each other economically, financially,
technically,
and/or
politically.
(although on varying degrees and on
Example: The US-Japan reciprocal relations.
case
to case basis)
US is the most important market for Japanese exports;
US is a favored Japanese foreign direct investment.
US
is Japans only military ally that guarantees
countrys
the security.
Japan is the 3rd largest market for US exports and source for
strategic goods like semiconductors.
Japan is a major buyer of American Treasury bonds that are sold
to finance the huge deficit of the US trade balance.
Foreign Aid
Realities of developing countries:

1. They need a fair chance to trade
without
having to
their way
out of poverty
face
tariffs against
and
quotas or
to compete
products that are subsidized from
rich countries.
2. They need relief from
unsustainable debts. In order to
make a full transition to a sound
and open economy they need
increased aid from wealthier
countries.
Foreign Aid
Developed countries traditionally have
athistory
aid with
great
skepticism
Thislooked
troubled
made
it easy
to say that
because of what transpired
during
foreign aid is an ineffective development
the Cold War.
tool. Too much aid being wasted on
corrupt and inefficient
governments.
Before, the Soviet Union and the
wealthier nations in the West u sed
aid primarily to REWARD LOYALTY.
(All the corruption and waste is
secondary to what the donor country
wants which is political allegiance)
Foreign Aid
In the turn of the Century - Developed
nations have come to realize that we live
in ONE WORLD (no one in the world can
feel comfortable while so many are
suffering and deprived)
The growing gap between the poor

as former US President Bush says,
both a challenge to our compassion

annd a source of instability.
Foreign Aid
Currently, aid has become a normal

component of
the international
relations
of
rich
countries.
Developed countries give foreign aid
around the world in support of their
respective foreign policy goals.
Since 2006, Official foreign aid has

exceeded $ 100 billion a year !!!
Foreign Aid
The U.S.
through
the U.S.
Development
p rovides
Agency for
International
(USAID)
economic,
d evelopment and
humanitarian
assistance around the the
world in support of the US foreign
policy goals.
USAIDs Work in the Asian

Region
Protecting
U.S.
vital
regional
interests by strengthening ties with
countries that share their democratic
values and building upon successful
counter-terrorism programs.
Promoting freedom, democracy, and

human rights by supporting
democratic institutions; nurturing
civil societies; and pressing for the
transition of states to a democratic
government (Burma).

Region
Expanding trade and investment by

fostering
development
where
reducing poverty is key to peace and
security.
Improving
thebusiness
climate
and
economic
competitiveness
Promoting transparency and
fighting corruption
Protecting intellectual property
Supporting poverty reduction
Promoting sustained economic

Region
Developing regional institutions such

as ASEAN and APEC, through
multilateral cooperation.
Promoting sound
environmental conservation
and energy practices.
Improving quality of life

by
educating people and combating
infectious diseases.
62
BACKGROUND
o Bajo de Masinloc
Kalayaan Island Group
Phi
lipp
ine
AO #29 (05 Sep 2012)

Luzon Sea
So
uth
C
WEST PHILIPPINE SEA
We
st
Se
a
North: China & Taiwan

East: Philippines
West: Vietnam
South: Malaysia & Brunei
hin
a
Se
a
SOUTH CHINA SEA
CLAIMANT COUNTRIES
CLAIMANT COUNTRIES IN WPS
Philippines
-9
China -7
Vietnam
-22
Malaysia
-5
Taiwan -1
Brunei -0
ASEAN-China
Declaration on the Conduct of
Parties
Tension brewing in the area due
to the overlapping claims:
Skirmishes between VPN and

PLA-N
(1974; 1988)
China seizing Panganiban Reef
ASEAN-member countries and China signed the ASEANChina Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South
China Sea in 2002.
Self-restraint in the conduct of activities that would complicate or
escalate disputes, including, among others, refraining from action of
inhabiting on the presently uninhabited islands, reefs, shoals, cays and
other features...
WEST PHILIPPINES
SEA UPDATES
WPS SITUATION
CHINESE RECLAMATIONS SITES

PAROLA
Z
E
E
PAG-ASA
SUBI
LIKAS
PANATA
PATAG
LAWAK
GAVEN
CHIGUA
JOHNSO
N
MISCHIE
F
EEZ
PD
15
96
KOTA
FIERY
CROSS
RECTO BANK
CUARTERON
EEZ
RRD
LEGEND:
CHINESE RECLAMATION SITES
PHILIPPINE OCCUPIED
AYUNGIN
Old
structure
DISTANCES OF CHINAS RECLAMATION SITES

CHINA-HELD
FROM
PALAWAN
FROM HAINAN
PANGANIBAN
(Mischief Reef)
134 NM
602 NM
KEENAN
(Chigua Reef)
187 NM
784 NM
MABINI
(Johnson Reef)
194 NM
577 NM
GAVEN
211 NM
543 NM
ZAMORA
(Subi Reef)
238 NM
503 NM
CALDERON
(Cuarteron
Reef)
264 NM
287 NM
KAGITINGAN
(Fiery Cross)
266 NM
545 NM
SANYA,
HAINAN
ZAMORA
GAVEN
KAGITINGA
N
CALDERO
N
KEENA
N
PANGANIBA
N
MABINI
Pinos Pt,
Rizal
DISTANCES OF PHILIPPINE DETACHMENTS IN WPS
SANYA,
HAINAN
PH-OCCUPIED
DIST. TO
PALAWAN
DIST. TO HAINAN
RIZAL
(Commodore Reef)
106 NM
669 NM
AYUNGIN
(2nd Thomas Shoal)
111 NM
619 NM
LAWAK
(Nansha Island)
148 NM
573 NM
PATAG
(Flat Island)
152 NM
566 NM
LIKAS
(West York Island)
198 NM
525 NM
KOTA
(Loaita Island)
204 NM
528 NM
PANATA
(Lankiam Cay)
215 NM
522 NM
PAG-ASA
(Thitu Island)
234 NM
502 NM
PAROLA
(Northeast Cay)
248 NM
484 NM
PAROLA
PAG-ASA
KOTA
PANATA
RIZAL
LIKAS
PATAG
LAWA
K
AYUNGI
N
Pinos Pt,
Rizal
CHINA-HELD FEATURES
SANYA,
HAINAN
MULTI-STOREY
FACILITY
Rizal,
Palawan
CHINA-HELD FEATURES
SANYA,
HAINAN
Rizal,
Palawan
MUNICIPALITY OF KALAYAAN
SANYA,
HAINAN
Rizal,
Palawan
SANYA,
HAINAN
Rizal,
Palawan
SANYA,
HAINAN
Rizal,
Palawan
SANYA,
HAINAN
Rizal,
Palawan
CHINESE NAVY & COASTGUARD

DISPOSITION IN WPS
CHINESE NAVY & COASTGUARD

DISPOSITION IN WPS
BAJO DE MASINLOC
As of 12 Oct 2015
2
2x
x Chinese
Chinese Coastguard
Coastguard
vessels
vessels
LEGEND
AYUNGIN SHOAL
2
2x
x Chinese
Chinese Coastguard
Coastguard
vessels
vessels
VESSEL TYPE
PANGANIBAN REEF
FRIGATE
1
1x
x Frigate
Frigate (JIANGHU
(JIANGHU II
FF)
FF)
DESTROYER
ZAMORA REEF
1
1x
x Landing
Landing Ship
Ship Tank
Tank
(YUTING
(YUTING II)
II)
1
1x
x Destroyer
Destroyer (LUYANG
(LUYANG II
II
DDG)
DDG)
BAJO DE
MASINLOC
LST
COAST GUARD
MABINI REEF
1
1x
x Frigate
Frigate (JIANGHU
(JIANGHU II
UG FF)
UG
FF)
CALDERON REEF
1
1x
x Frigate
Frigate (JIANGKAI
(JIANGKAI II
II
FFG)
FFG)
SOUTH LOCUNIA
SHOAL
1
1x
x Chinese
Chinese Coastguard
Coastguard
vessel
SOUTH LUCONIA SHL
SHAPE
# of
SIGHTINGS
3
1
1
5
PLAN
& CCG Vessels
SCS Force
OTHER
INCIDENTS
ATDisposition
WPS
CHINESE VESSEL DISPOSITION AT WPS
92
93
PLAN
CCG Vessels
SCS Force Disposition
BAJO
DE&MASINLOC
/ SCARBOROUGH
SHOAL
26 January 2015
5 INCIDENTS AT SEA -2015
BDM Shoal
26 January 2015
123
NM
Subic Bay
Filipino fishing vessels (FVs) were

harassed by Chinese Coast Guard (CCG)
vessels
29 January 2015
CCG vessel bumped two (2) FVs
16 March 2015
29 January 2015
CCG vessel used water canon against

three (3) Filipino fishing vessels
13 April 2015
16
16March
March2015
2015
6 armed CCG personnel boarded Filipino

fishing vessels and cut their anchor lines,
and dumped their gears and fishcatch.
18 April 2015
26 Jan 2015
13 & 18 April 2015
CCG vessel used water canon on 4 FVs

damaging the pilots hour glass and
outriggers.
AIR CHALLENGES AT WPS AIRSPACE

Chinese Challenge to PAF & PN Aircraft
Date
Aircraft
Area
Source of the
challenge
19 April
PAF Plane
Subi Reef
PLAN vessel
24 April
PN BN
Islander
Subi Reef
PLAN vessel
07 May
PAF Plane
Fiery Cross & Cuarteron

Reefs
PLAN vessel
09 May
PAF F-27
Fokker
Johnson Reef
PLAN vessel
19 May
PN BN
Islander
Subi Reef
PLAN vessel
26 May
PAF F-27
Fokker
Mischief & Fiery Cross

Reefs
PLAN vessel
28 May
PAF F-27
Fokker
Ayungin Shoal, Pag-Asa

Island,
Mischief, & Subi Reefs
PLAN vessel
PN BN
05 June Chinese Message
Islander
Response
Mischief & Subi Philippine
Reefs
PLAN vessel
FOREIGN AIRPLANE THIS IS THE THIS IS PHILIPPINE AIR FORCE PLANE /

CHINESE NAVY YOU ARE APPROACHING
NAVYSubi,
AIRCRAFTWE
ARE FLYING OVER
Mischief,
&
19
June
PAF
C-130
PLAN vessel
MY MILITARY SECURITY AREAPLEASEFiery
GO INTERNATIONAL
AIR
SPACEWE
WILL
Cross Reefs
AWAY QUICKLY IN ORDER TO AVOID WRONG CONTINUE TO FLY ALONG OUR PLANNED
12JUDGMENT
October
PN Islander
Mischief
Reef
PLAN vessel
ROUTE
OVER
AIR CHALLENGES AT WPS AIRSPACE

US Aircraft (As Provided Thru APIN)
Date
Aircraft
28 Mar &
05,07, 10,
12 & 14 Apr
Area
Source of the
challenge
Fiery Cross & Mischief

Reefs
PLA Navy FrigatesJiangkai II FFG 570 and

Jianghu I FF 553
Johnson, Gaven &

Subi Reefs
PLAN vessel
15 & 17
May
Undisclosed
PLAN vessel
20 May
Fiery Cross Reef
PLAN Facility
Undisclosed
PLAN vessel
16 & 21 Apr
US P-8
(with CNN)
27 May
07 JulyChinese Message
Mischief Reef
THIS IS THE CHINESE NAVY THIS IS

THE CHINESE NAVY PLEASE GO AWAY
QUICKLY
TO
AVOID
MISUNDERSTANDING.
THIS
US P-8 Response
PLAN vessel
IS UNITED
STATES MILITARY
AIRCRAFT
CONDUCTING
LAWFUL
MILITARY ACTIVITIES IN INTERNATIONAL
AIRSPACE. IN EXERCISING THESE RIGHTS
AS GUARANTEED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW,
I AM OPERATING WITH DUE REGARD TO
THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF ALL STATES
95
PLAN
& CCG VesselsAT
SCS
Force Disposition
HARRASSMENTS
AYUNGIN
SHOAL
BLOCKING AND INTERCEPTION ATTEMPTS
AGAINST PHL RESUPPLY VESSELS AT AYUNGIN SHOAL
29 MARCH 2014
04 FEBRUARY 2015
10 RECORDED INCIDENTS
23 MARCH 2015
19 JUNE 2014
15 APRIL 2015
09 MARCH 2014
23
2014
SEPTEMBER
23 MAY 2015
04 JUNE 2015
22 JUNE 2015
Ayungin
Shoal
CHINAS
PUBLICATION
OF NOTAM
NOTICE
TO MARINERS
(NOTAM)
CHINESE NOTAM COORDINATES
WHEN PLOTTED TO MAP
LOCATION
DISTANCE
1) Vic Galoc Oil

Field (SC 14C)
Distance to El Nido,
Palawan: Approx 52.85
NM
2) Vic West
Linapacan Oil
Field (SC 14C2)
NM
3) Vic Bonita Oil

Field (SC 6B)
Distance to El Nido
NM
4) Vic Cadlao
Oil Field (SC 6)
NM
5) Vic Nido Oil

Field (SC 14A)
NM
6) Vic Octon Oil

Field (SC 6A)
NM
7) Vic Matinloc
Oil Field (SC
14B)
NM
PLAN & CCG Vessels SCS Force Disposition
OTHER RELATED
DEVELOPMENTS
97
100
PLAN & CCG Vessels

SCS CYBERSPACE
Force
Disposition
CYBERSPACE
DECEPTION
ACTIVITIES
DISINFORMATION
JUNE 14, 2015:
Digitally-enhanced satellite image.

Released by PROC showing
greening
Source: & completion
http://shanghaiist.com/2015/06/19/south-chinasea-paradise-of-veggie-gardens.php
JUNE 28, 2015:
Satellite image released by CSIS

Source: mti.csis.com
ASIA
JUNE 19, 2015:
WESCOM-Released Photo
Source: PAF C-130
PLAN & CCG Vessels

SCS CYBERSPACE
Force
Disposition
CYBERSPACE
DECEPTION
ACTIVITIES
101
DISINFORMATION
China builds paradise of veggie gardens & cute female soldiers in South China Sea,
with pigs in sty
Fiery Cross Reef (Yongshu Island) already sits on one of the most sought after pieces
of real estate on the entire planet and has a sweet name capable of drawing in
tourists seeking adventure and reefs, but the true reason to visit the island is to see
its amazing vegetable garden Shanghaiist.com
OTHER WPSFLOATING
DEVELOPMENTSTEEL
PIPES
RECOVERY
FLOATING STEEL PIPES WITH CHINESE
CHARACTERS
Recovered by Filipino Fishermen at 57 NMs West off Iba,
Zambales
Approximately 465 Meters Long; 1.5 meters (Diameter)
Under Custody of LGU Zambales
Offered to be bought Por Kilo by a Local and Korean
Junkshop Owners
465 m
OTHER WPSFLOATING
DEVELOPMENTSTEEL
PIPES
RECOVERY
Recovered Floating Steel Pipes Identical with
Dredging Pipes at Mischief Reef
Panganiban (Mischief Reef)
SERVICE CONTRACT- RELATED INCIDENTS

(WPS)
PALAWAN Hosts 15 of 33 Petroleum Service

Contracts nationwide
Map of Existing
Petroleum Service Contracts
and Areas Offered in the
5th Philippine Energy
Contracting Round for
Petroleum (PECR5)
SERVICE CONTRACT (SC) RELATED INCIDENTS
DATE
02
March
2011
11 and
20 Apr
2014
SC
SC 72
SC
14C1
INCIDENT
Seismic
Survey was
Harassed by
Chinese Patrol
Vessels
Chinese Vessel
MT XIAN YAN
HONG passed
by 1 NM from
the Galoc
Platform
ACTION
TAKEN/
REMARKS
WESCOM
dispatched PAF
OV-10 plane and
a navy vessel
Seismic Survey
completed with
the presence of
PN; and PAF
cover
Documented and
reported to
WESCOM
SC - 55 INCIDENT
Chinese Frigate(in perfect English)::What are you doing here and how
long will you be in location?
Maersk Venturer: We are drilling and will continue to do so up to
2 more weeks
Maersk
Venturer
DATE
07
AUG
2015
SC
SC
55
35 NM
45 NM
24
5
de
gr
ee
s
Bow 571 Jiangkai II

PLAN Frigate
INCIDENT
Chinese Frigate #
571 came close to
Maersk Venturer at
SC55 at 1 NM
ACTION TAKEN/ REMARKS
Deployed F27 Fokker & N22B NOMAD aircraft for MARPAT

Alerted PN Vessels
Coordinated with Phil Coastguard for SAR Vessels
Established link with DOE & OTTO Drill Manager
Established link with PCG Team aboard Maersk Venturer
ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT
DIPLOMATIC
INFORMATIONAL
D.I.M.E.
APPLICATIONS OF INSTRUMENTS OF NATIONAL

POWER
MILITARY
ECONOMIC
D. I. M. E.
CHINA
To protect Chinese territory and territorial claims;
and to secure strategic resources such as oil and gas.
Deliberate pursuit of Full-Spectrum DIME Approach

Deliberate and Calibrated Process:
- Periods: 1991-1996;
1997-2001;
2002-2007;
2008-2011;
2012-Present
MIGHT is
Right
DIPLOMATIC ACTIONS
CHINA
TALK (Charm) and CREEP Strategy
ASEAN Charm Offensive (Multilateral Approach)

-
ASEAN-CHINA (1991)
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) (1996)
ASEAN PLUS 3 i(2004)
SHANGRILA Dialogue (2006)
Ambassador to ASEAN (2008)

China hosted: Cultural Exchanges; Overseas Scholars
Bilateral Approach for Maritime Disputes
- PH-China; VN-China
INFORMATIONAL ACTIONS
CHINA
South China Sea (SCS) as Chinas Core Interest

SANSHA CITY (PRC declaration, July 2012 )
Revisionist Propaganda (New 10-line Map, June14)
Reclamation Projects as Sovereign Right
- Developments within our backyard
Notice to Mariners NOTAM covering WPS (Nov 2014 )

Tri-Media and Cyber Space Exploitation (PLA Third Department)
- Non-Participation; Non-Recognition of Decision in Arbitration Case;
- Deliberate study of Case (Academe, Historians, etc)
- Statement: China is a big country and other countries are small thats just a fact
(Foreign Min. Yang Jiechi)
Extensive Internal Audience Propaganda

- China: Patriotic Fish sell-out fm Mischief Reef
- Panganiban Reef is ours
(Nationalism/ Sensationalism)
MILITARY ACTIONS
CHINA
Rapid Military Modernization

- PLA-Navy Power Projection: Aircraft Carrier;
Submarine Base; South Sea Command
Aggressive maneuvers at sea:

- USNS Impeccable; USS Cowspen;
PLA-N & CCG/CMS Tandem at WPS

- White Role; Gray Support Strategy
- Sustained Presence
Blockade and Harassment of PH re-supply missions

De Facto Control of Bajo de Masinloc
Conducted Air-Exercise at Bashi Channel -2015
Fortresses and Runways in the WPS Fiery Cross & Subi Reefs
ECONOMIC ACTIONS
CHINA
China integrated its economy to Southeast Asia

ASEAN-China FTA (ACFTA)
Chinas incremental development aid to the ASEAN
Imposition of economic sanctions
- impounded PH Banana Exports in May 2012)
$3Billion China ASEAN Fund

Chinas New Asian Development Bank (2015)
- Economic & Security Benefits ($20B loans)
Linking of economic activities to military purposes and
vice versa
-
Fish cages in Mischief Reef
CHALLENGES
HYBRID THREATS
Complex:
Talk and Creep Strategy; Full-Spectrum
D.I.M.E. Approach
Irregular, Asymmetric, Non-Military in Form
Challenge Military Doctrines and Operational Strategies
Combination of Warfare / Simultaneous

Application
Electronic, Economic, Psychological, Cyberspace, Information

Operation, etc
Use and Deployment of Civilian Fishing Fleets
Massive Destructions of Coral Reefs and Shoals
Poaching of Marine Resources (Giant Clams, Marine Turtles,
Etc.)
Unilateral and Arbitrary Control of Traditional Fishing Grounds
Harassment of Renewable Energy Activities (Seismic Surveys,
Explorations, Etc.)
CHINESE F/V WITH GIANT CLAMS
CHALLENGES
HYBRID THREATS
Tripwires of Escalation of Tension at
WPS:
Misjudgment, Miscalculation, Misinterpretation of
Information
Chinese / PH Forces
WPS Activities not Coordinated, Integrated,

Synchronized
Government / Non-Government
CHALLENGES
Holistic Maritime Security Strategy
Multi-Agency; Whole of Nation; Whole of Region:

Clear Command Structure
o Unity of Command / Unity of Effort

o Coherent Policy Formulation and Implementation
Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) Assets

o Fast-Track the Procurement of Maritime ISR Assets
o Air, Surface, and Land-based Platforms; UAVs
More Civilian Activities
o LGU-led Projects / Scientific Researches

o Civil Societies / Cause-Oriented Groups / Academe/ Academic Institution/ Youth
o More Coast Guard Presence / Para-Military Activities
o Test White-on-White Theory
Collaboration with Regional Countries
o Mil-to-Mil Engagements
o Coast Guard -to-Coast Guard Engagements
o Academe / Marine Scientific Research Institutes
CONCLUDING STATEMENT
THE AFP, THROUGH THE WESTERN COMMAND,

IS IN A TOUGH, CHALLENGING, AND
COMPLICATED BALANCING ACT OF PROTECTING
THE TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY AND SOVEREIGNTY
OF THE COUNTRY; AND THE MANAGEMENT AND
PREVENTION OF THE ESCALATION OF TENSION
AT THE WPS. AS SUCH, THERE IS A NEED TO
ADDRESS THE MATTER, NOT THROUGH MILITARY
MEANS ALONE, BUT, RATHER, THROUGH A
WESCOM AOR
Land Area- 17,031 sq/km

Sea/Air Area- 390,000 sq/km
So many worlds, so much to

do, such things to be .. yet,
so little time
Thank you!!!
Gloria

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Challenges to

T hree Foreign Policy

The promotion of the

T hree Foreign Policy

The governments strategy to

T hree Foreign Policy

T hree Foreign Policy

The promotion of the

- The long term goal of the Philippines is to

bring back the Overseas Filipino Workers

On the short term, the Philippines is

and more, Philippine foreign

The Significance of ASEAN

Furthermore, modification of the principle

5. The coming years will see the growing

7. A country like the Philippines can

Overseas Filipinos will continue to

STATE & SOCIETAL

-Combined capacity of state

-Inside out approach

-Minimal state role/

-Politics and history

-Economic game is power

-Centrality of state both in

the of state both in

-Combined capacity of state

-No authority above state

-No authority above

relationship and affect

-State is still the dominant player

behavior and outcome

-Minimal state role/

uit of national determine behavior of

-Structures define relationship and

-Minimal state role/

-Structure affect behavior

international and domestic

Ne -Democracies promote peace

Declining role of state devolved upwards nal -not

-Integrators / agents of peace

hip and affect

-IGOs / INGOs / MNCs / IOs

Morganthue -economuc game is

-Anarchic but will

Not the classical kind of diplomacy.

The focus is on providing opportunities

Realities of developing countries:

The growing gap between the poor

both a challenge to our compassion

Currently, aid has become a normal

Since 2006, Official foreign aid has

USAIDs Work in the Asian

Promoting freedom, democracy, and

USAIDs Work in the Asian

Expanding trade and investment by

USAIDs Work in the Asian

Developing regional institutions such

Improving quality of life

Kalayaan Island Group

AO #29 (05 Sep 2012)

WEST PHILIPPINE SEA

North: China & Taiwan

SOUTH CHINA SEA