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Double and Triple Summation Expressions PDF
Double and Triple Summation Expressions PDF
HARRY A. MAVROMATIS
Abstract. Using standard perturbation theory, simple new double and triple summation
expressions are obtained.
2. Theory. In standard perturbation theory [7], it is shown that, given the 3-dimen-
sional system
H = H0 + h(r ), (2.1)
2
1 d l(l + 1)
H0 = − + + V (r ), (2.2)
2 dr 2 2r 2
∞
(0)
nl|h(r )|n l n l|h(r )|nl
Enl = Enl + (0) (0)
n =n Enl − En l
∞
nl|h(r )|n l n l|h(r )|n l n l|h(r )|nl
+
(0) (0) (0) (0)
n ,n =n Enl − En l Enl − En l
290 HARRY A. MAVROMATIS
∞
nl|h(r )|n l n l|h(r )|n l n l|h(r )|n l n l|h(r )|nl
+
(0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)
n ,n ,n =n Enl − En l Enl − En l Enl − En l
∞ ∞
nl|h(r )|n l n l|h(r )|nl nl|h(r )|n l n l|h(r )|nl
− + · · · (2.5)
(0) (0)
Enl − En l (0) (0) 2
n =n n =n Enl − En l
∞
which is a converging series for appropriate h(r )’s. Here, nl|h(r )|n l = 0 Rnl (r )×
h(r )Rn l (r )r 2 dr , etc.
The new summation results obtained are (2.6), (2.9), (2.10), (2.11), and (2.12). Of
these, the simplest is
∞
1 n> ! Γ (n< + β + 1) 1
= , β = 0 , (2.6)
β n =n n< ! Γ (n> + β + 1) (n − n)
where n> (n< ) is the biggest (smallest) of n, n . If β is an integer, equation (2.6) re-
duces to
∞
1 n> ! (n< + β)! 1
= . (2.7)
β n =n n< ! (n> + β)! (n − n)
∞
1 (k − 1)!
= . (2.8)
ββ! k=1 (k + β)!
and so on.
DOUBLE AND TRIPLE SUMMATION EXPRESSIONS . . . 291
1/2 l −r 2 /2
2Γ n + l + 3/2 r e 3 2
Rnl (r ) = 1 F1 − n; l + ; r . (3.1)
n! Γ (l + 3/2) 2
n
3 2 Γ (−n + m)Γ l + 3/2 r 2m
F
1 1 − n; l + ; r = (3.2)
2 m=0
Γ (−n)Γ l + 3/2 + m m!
is an n + 1-term polynomial in r 2 .
For this V (r ), the unperturbed energy in (2.4) is
(0) 3
Enl = 2n + l + . (3.3)
2
The bit of ingenuity required here is to use, for the central perturbation in (2.1),
1 1
h(r ) = α − . (3.4)
2r 2 2l + 1
Then,
1 d2 l(l + 1) + α 1 2 α
H =− + + r − (3.5)
2 dr 2 2r 2 2 2l + 1
can be written as
1 d2 l (l + 1) 1 2 α
H =− 2
+ + r − , (3.6)
2 dr 2r 2 2 2l + 1
where
l2 + l − l2 − l − α = 0, (3.7)
i.e.,
−1 + (2l + 1) 1 + (4α)/(2l + 1)2
l =
2
(3.8)
α α2 2α3 5α4
= l+ − + − +··· .
2l + 1 (2l + 1)3 (2l + 1)5 (2l + 1)7
Thus, for this h(r ), the exact energy in (2.3) and (2.5) is known, namely,
3 α
Enl = 2n + l + − . (3.9)
2 2l + 1
292 HARRY A. MAVROMATIS
As is shown below, for this h(r ), nl|h(r )|nl = 0, for all values of n, and we have
(0)
Enl − Enl
3 α 3 α
= 2n + l + − − 2n + l + = l − l −
2 2l + 1 2 2l + 1
α2 2α3 5α4
=− + − +···
(2l + 1)3 (2l + 1)5 (2l + 1)7
∞
nl|1/2r 2 |n l n l|1/2r 2 |nl
= α2
n =n
2(n − n )
∞
nl|1/2r 2 |n l n l|1/2r 2 |n l n l|1/2r 2 |nl
+ α3
n ,n =n,
4(n − n )(n − n )
n =n
∞
4 nl|1/2r 2 |n l n l|1/2r 2 |n l n l|1/2r 2 |n l n l|1/2r 2 |nl
+α
2(n − n )2(n − n )2(n − n )
n ,n ,n =n,
n =n ,n =n
nl|1/2r 2 |n l n l|1/2r 2 |nl nl|1/2r 2 |n l n l|1/2r 2 |nl
∞
∞
− +··· .
2(n − n ) 4(n − n )2
n =n n =n
(3.10)
∞
1 nl|1/2r 2 |n l n l|1/2r 2 |nl
= (3.11)
(2l + 1)3 n =n 2(n − n)
∞
1 nl|1/2r 2 |n l n l|1/2r 2 |n l n l|1/2r 2 |nl
= (3.12)
(2l + 1)5 n ,n =n, 8(n − n )(n − n )
n =n
1
(2l + 1)7
1 nl|1/2r 2 |n l n l|1/2r 2 |n l n l|1/2r 2 |n l n l|1/2r 2 |nl
=
5
2(n − n )2(n − n )2(n − n )
n ,n ,n =n,
n =n ,n =n
∞
nl|1/2r |n l n l|1/2r |nl nl|1/2r |n l n l|1/2r |nl
∞ 2 2 2 2
−
2(n − n ) 4(n − n )2
n =n n =n
(3.13)
··· = ···
To evaluate (3.11), (3.12), and (3.13) we can use the general expression [5]
DOUBLE AND TRIPLE SUMMATION EXPRESSIONS . . . 293
Inn l (λ) = nl|r λ |n l
1/2
Γ n + l + 3/2 Γ λ/2 + l + 3/2 Γ n − λ/2
= (3.14)
n! n ! Γ n + l + 3/2 Γ l + 3/2 Γ (−λ/2)
λ 3 λ 3 λ
× 3 F2 −n, + l + , + 1; l + , −n + + 1; 1 , (n ≥ n),
2 2 2 2 2
where the generalized hypergeometric function 3 F2 is an n + 1-term polynomial [3,
p. 1045], namely,
n
Γ (−n + p)Γ λ/2 + l + 3/2 + p Γ λ/2 + l + p
=
p=0
Γ (−n)Γ λ/2 + l + 3/2 Γ λ/2 + 1
(3.15)
Γ l/2 + 3/2 Γ − n + λ/2 + 1
× .
Γ l/2 + 3/2 + p Γ − n + λ/2 + 1 + p p!
We note that if any of the terms −n, λ/2 + l + 3/2, λ/2 + 1 is zero, the 3 F2 in (3.14) is
equal to 1.
The integral expression equation (3.14) (with n = n , λ = −2) confirms that nl|h(r )|
nl = 0 since
1 1 Γ l + 1/2 Γ (n + 1) 1 3
nl1/2r 2 nl = 3 F2 − n, l + , 0; l + , −n; 1
2 n! Γ l + 3/2 Γ (1) 2 2
(3.16)
1 1
= ,
2 (l + 1/2)
This result was recently discussed in an interesting paper [1], where it is obtained
using the Hellman-Feynman theorem. Here, this result is shown to also follow from
(3.14) (with n = n , and λ = −2). We note a very interesting property of this result,
namely, that nl|1/2r 2 |nl is independent of the variable n.
Equation (3.11) gives the simplest new summation expression. Using (3.14) again
(this time for n = n ), we obtain
1 Γ (n + l + 3/2)
1/2
Γ (l + 1/2)Γ (n + 1)
nl1/2r 2 n l =
2 n! n ! Γ (n + l + 3/2) Γ (l + 3/2)Γ (1)
1 3
× 3 F2 − n, l + , 0; l + , −n ; 1 (3.18)
2 2
1/2
1 n ! Γ (n + l + 3/2) 1
= , (n > n).
2 n! Γ (n + l + 3/2) (l + 1/2)
Hence,
where n> , (n< ) is the biggest (smallest) of n, n . This is just a result of (2.6) if we
substitute β = l + 1/2.
294 HARRY A. MAVROMATIS
By comparing the next power of alpha (α3 ) in (3.12), we obtain a more complicated
new double sum expression. For the special case n = 0, this reduces to
∞
" k−1 #
1 1 (k − 1)! 1
= , (β = 0). (3.20)
β2 Γ (β + 1) k=1 Γ (k + β + 1) m=1
m
This new result can be added to the known series of the form [6, p. 695]
" N(k) #
ak bm . (3.21)
Finally, comparing the fourth power of α, we obtain, for the simple case n = 0, β =
integer, 3 triple sum results, namely,
2
(i + β)! (j − 1)!
∞
∞
1 1
= ,
β3 β! ii!
i=1
(j + β)!
j>i
∞
∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 (k − 1)!
3
= , (3.23)
β β! i=1 i j<i j k>i (k + β)!
2
1
∞ ∞
1 1 1 (i − 1)! 1
= − .
β3 β! 2 i=1 (i + β)!
j<i j βi
References
[1] H. Beker, A simple calculation of 1/r 2 for the Hydrogen atom and the 3-dimensional har-
monic oscillator, Amer. J. Phys. 65 (1997), 1118–1119.
[2] I. S. Gradshteyn and I. M. Ryzhik, Table of integrals, series, and products, 4th ed., Academic
Press, New York, London, Toronto, 1980, prepared by A. Jeffrey. MR 81g:33001.
Zbl 521.33001.
[3] , Table of integrals, series, and products, 4th ed., Academic Press, New York, London,
Toronto, 1980, prepared by A. Jeffrey. MR 81g:33001. Zbl 521.33001.
[4] H. Mavromatis, Exercises in quantum mechanics, 2d ed., Kluwer Texts in the Mathematical
Sciences, vol. 6, Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Dordrecht, 1992, A collection
of illustrative problems and their solutions. MR 92k:81003. Zbl 821.00006.
DOUBLE AND TRIPLE SUMMATION EXPRESSIONS . . . 295