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CVEEN 3310 Notes PDF
CVEEN 3310 Notes PDF
Prepared by:
Prerequisites:
Strength of Materials (CVEEN 2140 or equivalent), Chemistry II (CHE 1220
or equivalent) and Ordinary Differential Equations (MATH 2250 or
equivalent). The instructor can waive these prerequisites in special
circumstances.
Instructor:
Steven F. Bartlett, P.E., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, 2032 MCE, Phone:
587-7726, Fax: 585-5477, Home: 435-884-3935, e-mail:
bartlett@civil.utah.edu, Course website: http://www.civil.utah.edu/
~bartlett/CVEEN3310/ ; Office hours: M 9:30 a.m. – 11:30 a.m., W 9:30
a.m. – 11: 30 a.m.
Educational/Professional Experience:
1983 B.S., Geology, BYU
1992 Ph.D., Civil Engineering (geotechnical emphasis), BYU
1984-1988 Construction and Materials, UDOT
1991-1995 Senior Engineer, Westinghouse Savannah River Company
1995-1998 Project Engineer, Woodward Clyde Consultants
1998-2000 Research Project Manager, UDOT
2000-2007 Assistant Professor, CVEEN Department, University of Utah
2007- Associate Professor, CVEEN Department, University of Utah
Teaching Assistants:
Ramesh Neupane (ramesh.neupane@utah.edu)
Shun Li (shun.li@utah.edu)
Office hours: Kiewit Mentoring Ctr. MCE 135
M, W 12:30 -1:30 p.m.
M, W 4:00-6:00 p.m. (in person and Skype session)
F 1:00 - 3:00 p.m.
Text:
An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering (2nd Edition) [Hardcover]
Robert D. Holtz (Author), William D. Kovacs (Author), Thomas C.
Sheahan (Author)
Participation:
At various times during each lecture, students will be asked questions or be given
the opportunity to answer questions posed by the instructor. Each student is
expected to participate in these discussions during the lectures throughout the
semester. Relevant information from students with practical working experience
on a particular topic is encouraged. Sleeping or reading materials or unauthorized
computer use or browsing regarding information not relevant to the class is not
appropriate.
Courtesy:
Your instructor will treat you with courtesy at all times. In return, he expects you
to give him the same respect. There should be no talking at any time during the
lecture except to ask or answer questions of the instructor. The class begins
promptly at 8:35 a.m. and you should arrive on time. Students who arrive late to
class disrupt the students who are already there and the instructor.
Attendance:
No seats will be assigned and no attendance taken during the semester. However,
regular attendance is necessary to learn the material. Nonattendance increases
the amount of time you spend on the course and reduces the quality of your
educational experience. You are responsible for all announcements, material
covered in class. Some material covered or explained in class may not be found in
the lecture notes and may be included on the exam. In addition, you will not be
able to make up any unannounced quizzes that are given during class.
Honor Pledge:
All homework submitted in this course is pledged as being your own work and
is submitted individually. Laboratory exercises and reports will be done in
groups. You may ask other students questions and have them assist you in
understanding difficult concepts or areas where you may be making errors in
your homework and laboratory assignments. However, you are individually
responsible for doing, understanding and knowing the concepts and will be
tested on that understanding. The honor code prohibits discussing any tests
with anyone until the test is graded and returned. Also, consulting or copying
homework and laboratory assignments from prior years is considered an honor
code violation.
Cheating:
Cheating of any kind on laboratory reports, quizzes or exams will not be
tolerated and will result in a grade of E for the course.
Announced quizzes will generally be issued the class period before each
midterm exam. Unannounced quizzes will be given at the instructors discretion
and will be issued at the beginning of class.
The homework score will consist of two parts: (1) One problem graded in detail
and scored by the T.A. This part will be worth 50 percent of the home grade.
(2) The remaining problems will be checked for completeness, but will not be
graded in detail. This part will be worth 50 percent of the homework grade.
UNIVERSITY OF UTAH
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS:
PROCESS OF SOLUTION AND FORMATTING REQUIREMENTS
EFFECTIVE DATE: SEPTEMBER 1, 2004
1. The completed homework assignments that you turn in for credit must be substantially
your own work. It is permissible to discuss the basic concepts and how to solve the problem
in a general sense with others prior to working on the assignment. Once you have started a
problem, you may ask questions of other students, but the questions should be limited to
specific aspects of a problem that you do not understand. It is not acceptable to work on
the assignments with another person or in a group where the assignments are worked
entirely together. You may get as much help from the Teaching Assistant and Professor for
the class as they can legitimately give you during their regularly scheduled office hours or via
e-mail (if the Teaching Assistant or Professor is willing to communicate via e-mail). It is not
permissible to use either solution manuals or solutions from past classes for homework
assignments that are turned in for credit. All assignments must have the following signed
pledge at the front of the assignment:
On my honor as a student of the University of Utah, I have neither given nor received
unauthorized aid on this assignment.
If the pledge is missing or is not signed, the assignment will not be graded.
Note: These requirements may be modified by the instructor of any class to meet the needs
of that class. Students will be notified by the instructor if there are any modifications to the
requirements described in this section. If you have any questions regarding these
equirements for any class, please ask the instructor for clarification.
2. The following format must be used to complete each problem requiring substantial
numerical calculations:
Given
Required
Assumptions
Solution
Summary of Answers
More information is given below regarding each section. An example showing a solved
problem using this format is given on pp. 5-6. (Note: The problem statement is shown in the
example on pp. 5-6 only to illustrate how to obtain the given and required information from
the problem statement. The problem statement should not be included in actual solutions.)
Given. Concisely list the important information given in the problem. Use appropriate
symbols whenever possible.
Required. Concisely summarize the task(s) required to solve the problem. If there is more
than one task, designate the tasks using a numerical or alphabetical character as appropriate.
For example, if the problem number is numerical (1, 2, 3, etc.) designate the tasks using an
alphabetical character (a, b, c, etc.).
Assumptions. List all assumptions needed to solve the problem. If other assumptions could
be made in place of any assumption you have make, discuss the logic used to select your
assumption rather than the alternative assumptions. If no assumptions are needed, write
“None” after the heading.
Solution. Show the solution to the problem in a logical, well-organized, and neat manner.
For handwritten solutions, it is highly recommended that you solve the problems first on
scratch paper and then transfer the solutions neatly to engineering paper. Do not turn in the
scratch paper.
Summary of Answers. At the end of each problem, provide a summary of answers for all
tasks requiring numerical answers and tasks requiring text answers that can be summarized in
three sentences or less. If a task requires a text answer of more than three sentences, a figure
or a large table, refer in the summary to the location of the answer by page number and
figure or table number. Provide numerical answers with the appropriate number of significant
figures. As a general rule of thumb for Civil and Environmental Engineering, giving answers
to more than three significant figures is usually not warranted. The number of significant
figures warranted in a particular problem may be more or less than this value. Ask your
instructor for clarification of this rule of thumb for each class. When rounding off during
calculations, it is good practice, if possible, to use at least one more significant figure in all
rounded values than the desired number of significant figures for the final answer. For
example, if the appropriate number of significant figures is three, use at least four significant
figures, where possible, for all rounded values used in the calculation of the final answer.
If a problem or question requires only a text answer, use the following three sections:
Given
Required
Answer
An example is given on p. 7. In some instances it may be appropriate to use only two
sections such as Required and Answer or Required and Solution.
3. Use engineering paper and pencil for every problem in which the solution is handwritten. If
the solution (or part of a solution) is done using a computer program, print out the solution
(or the part of a solution done using the computer program) on white paper. In all other
aspects, computer-printed solutions must strictly adhere to the same formatting standards as
handwritten solutions. In some instances, the instructor may require you to turn in an
electronic file in addition to the printout, only an electronic file, or electronic file plus partial
printout of the file.
4. Number, title, and label each figure or table produced for the assignment (for example,
Figure 1, Table 3, etc.) Labels for figures go below the figure, while labels for Tables go
above the table. Continue with one numbering sequence for each assignment. For example,
if there are two figures in Problem 1 and one figure in Problem 2, number the figures 1, 2,
and 3. In a derivation where you need to refer to a previous equation, number the equations
and refer to them by number. Examples of a figure, a table, and proper numbering of
equations are shown on pp. 8-9.
5. Graphs should be drawn on a separate piece of paper (one graph per page) to a scale large
enough that the graph takes up most of the paper. Both axes should be labeled, including
units. All straight lines (including axes and tick marks) must be drawn with a straight edge
(triangle, ruler, etc.). Data points must be represented by a symbol (circle, square, etc.), with
different symbols used for different relationships. If drawn by hand, the symbols must be
drawn with a template. When drawing lines or curves through the data points, a straightedge,
French curve, or other appropriate device must be used - freehand lines or curves are not
acceptable. You may also use a computer program to draw your graphs. Some programs do
not have the capability to draw smooth curves through data points. If the program you are
using does not have this capability, have the computer plot the data points but draw the
curves by hand with a French curve or other appropriate device. Do not draw straight lines
from data point to data point when the relationship is actually curved. Also, make sure that
the line or curve drawn by the computer program is appropriate for the relationship described
by the data. For labeling the tick marks on an axis, use the minimum number of decimal
places required (for examples, use 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, etc. rather than 0.00, 5.00, 10.00, 15.00,
20.00, etc.; use 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, etc. rather than 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, etc.).
Note: If the line or curve you are drawing represents an equation or relationship with an
infinite or very large number of data points, do not use symbols to show data points on the
graph even if a finite number of data points are actually used to draw the graph.
6. When providing a table, use the same orientation of the text and/or data for all columns
(centered or left justified). In most cases, all numerical values within any column should
have the same number of significant figures. However, the number of significant figures in a
column may be different for one column compared to other columns in the table. In some
instances, it is appropriate to use the same number of decimal places for all values in a
column.
8. Your solutions should be neatly written, well-organized, and coherent. Lack of neatness,
organization, or coherency will result in reduced credit. Examples of techniques and
conditions that are unacceptable include the following:
9. Only one problem should be worked on each page. Start each problem on a separate piece
of paper. Use only one side of the paper. Each page should consist of a full piece of paper of
size 8.5 by 11 in. or A4.
10. Staple the pages of your assignment. Do not use paper clips because they come off easily
and some pages of your assignment may become lost.
11. Put your name, course number, assignment number, and problem number on each sheet
of the assignment. Number the pages for each problem. For handwritten solutions, list the
page number, followed by a slash, followed by the total number of pages for the problem in
the upper right hand side of the paper (see pp. 5-6). For a solution to a problem done entirely
using a computer program, use the following format centered in the footer: “Page # of ##”
(see p. 7).
The following abbreviations can be used, if desired, when referring to numbered pages,
figures, or equations:
Term Abbreviation
Page p.
Pages pp.
Figure Fig.
Figures Figs.
Equation Eq.
Equations Eqs.
13. Homework that does not comply with any of the requirements described herein will result
in reduced credit. If the instructor or grader believes that the violations are substantial,
flagrant, or habitual, a grade of zero (no credit) for the assignment will be given.
L . Landon (2001)
L . Landon (2001)
L . Landon (2001)
○ EERI Joyner Lecture - Wed, Jan. 16th 7:00 p.m. WEB L104 - waive 1 unannounced quiz
○ Dr. Gary Norris - Analysis of Laterally and Axially Loaded Groups of Shafts or Piles - Mon. Feb.
4 - Warnock 2230
○ Feb 6 Quiz - Ch. 1 - 3 (Closed Book)
○ Feb 11 Exam 1 - Ch. 1 -3 (Open Book)
○ Mar 6 Quiz - Ch. 5 (Open Book)
○ April 5 Exam 2 - Ch. 5 - 7
Announcements Page 21
Homework Answers
Thursday, February 03, 2011
11:06 AM
HW#1
1.
a. 38.5 percent
b. 1.02
c. 50.5 percent
d. 1.82 g/cm^3
e. 1.31 g/cm^3
2.
a. 122 lb/ft^3
b. 109 lb/f^3
c. 0.56
d. 35.8 percent
e. 58.7 percent
f. 0.0210 ft^3
3.
a. 1872 kg/m^3
b. 1462 kg/m^3
c. 88.6 percent
4.
a. e = 0.94, n = 48.5 percent, p = 1.53 Mg/m^3, = 21.35 KN/m^3
5.
a. Soil 1 = 1.95 Mg/m^3, = 19.1 KN/m^3
b. Soil 2 = 2 2.07 Mg/m^3, = 20.3 kN/m^3
HW#2
1.
a.
b.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
HW#3
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
8. yes, differing angularity will change the friction angle of the soil
HW#4
1.
2.
HW#4
5.5
5.7
part A borrow A
part A borrow B
part B borrow A
part B borrow B
5.19
HW #5 Supplemental Problem 1
Prob. 6.3
a.
b.
c.
Prob. 6.4
a.
Prob. 6.5
Supplemental problem 1
Supplemental problem 2
HW 7 - Prob. 6-12
Prob. 6-23
Prob. 6-24
Hw 8 Prob. 7.2
a.
b.
c.
Prob. 7.4
Prob. 7.5
Prob. 7.11
Supplemental Prob. 1
Supplemental Problem 2
HW 9
Prob. 1
Prob. 2
Prob. 3
Prob. 4
© Steven F. Bartlett, 2013 For more information see Pathway Between the Seas by David McCullough
○ homogeneous - material properties are the same from point to point within
the soil mass.
○ conservative - past history does not affect the current engineering behavior
(i.e., memoryless)
The behavior of soil and rock is often controlled by defects in the material (e.g.,
joints, fractures, weak layers and zones), yet laboratory tests and simplified
methods often do not take into account such real characteristics.
5. Soil Dynamics is a branch of soil mechanics that deals with the behavior
of soil under dynamic loads, including the analysis of stability of earth-
supported and earth-retaining structures. (CVEEN 6330)
1. Geology is the study of the earth and other nearby planets. It is concerned
with the materials that makeup the planet, the physical and chemical process
that create and change these materials with time, and the history of the planet
and the life that has formed and evolved.
Theory and calculations are not substitutes for judgment, but are the bases for
sounder judgment. A theoretical framework into which the known empirical
observations and facts can be accommodated permits us to extrapolate the new
conditions with far greater confidence than we could justify by empiricism alone.
Theory, particularly with the aid of the electronic computer, permits us to carry
out what we might call parametric exercises in which we can investigate the
influence on the final design of variations in each of the factors affecting the
design. (Ralph Peck)
2. Select your first job for the quality and kind of experience it can offer.
Plan a program of successive jobs with different experience during the first
few years of your professional career. All too many graduates interested in
soil mechanics and foundations find themselves working in firms whose
principal endeavor is to obtain the logs of test borings, test the samples,
and write reports containing the recommendations for types of foundations
and for allowable soil or pile loads. Without an opportunity to follow
through on such projects, to see how the construction procedures work out
and to learn how successfully the facilities performed, such experience is
sterile. There is no feed-back.
4. I would suggest that you not only read carefully your professional
magazines, but that you look closely at the advertisements. A foundation
engineer can profit greatly by reading the ads in magazines dealing with
heavy construction. He gets a feeling for the tools of the trade, the
problems being solved, and the general activity in the field.
6. Keep a detailed notebook about everything you do. The purpose is not so
much as to make a record as to develop the power of observation. I also
kept in that notebook the records of conversations with all sorts of people,
including Terzaghi on his frequent visits.
7. Read the Terzaghi Lectures (ASCE publication) and case histories of design
and construction failures in geotechnical engineering literature.
C. The third fundamental aspect of soil mechanics, and the one that has
increased in significance in my mind over the past 20 years, is geology. Except
for those projects dealing with earth as a construction material, all problems in
applied soil mechanics are concerned with the behavior of natural materials in
place. The history of formation and the anatomy of these deposits is the
domain of geology.
○ Physical geology
○ Historical geology
○ Geomorphology
○ Stratigraphy and Sedimentology
○ Applied Geophysics
○ Geologic Hazards
○ Groundwater
4. Very few people are either so dumb or so dishonest that you could not
learn anything from them.
To switch sides on the phase diagram, you must know the mass density of
the solids and water. The mass density of the soils is obtained from the
specific gravity (Gs) and the mass density of water is 1 Mg / m^3. If you
need to assume a specific gravity, then 2.7 is a typical value. This means
that the mass density of the soil is 2.7 Mg/m^3.
Helps
Texture is the "feel" or appearance of the soil and depends on the size, shape
and distribution of the soil particle size.
Cohesion is the stickiness of the soil. It is caused by the presence of clay particles
that cause the soil fabric to stick together. A soil with high cohesion is called
cohesive. Cohesionless soils are not sticky and have a granular fabric.
Characteristics of Soils
(ASTM D421)
Coefficient of Uniformity, Cu
Coefficient of Curvature, Cc
○ Suitability criteria - Determine if the soil is suitable for use in roads, levees,
dams and embankments or in other cases where the particle size and
distribution of the soil is important for engineering performance.
Grain size distribution or gradation is important for compaction
□ Well graded soils generally compact to a higher density than poorly
graded soils
Perforated pipe
○ The presence of water in the soil fabric can make some fine grained soils
behave plastically. Water greatly affects the engineering behavior of the
soil
Plasticity increases with increasing water content.
Shear strength decreases with increasing plasticity and water content
Permeability decreases with increasing plasticity
Shrinkage and swelling of the soil increases with plasticity.
○ Measuring Plasticity
Atterberg was a Swedish soil scientist who studied how the properties
of clay change with clay type and moisture content for the ceramic
industry.
Atterberg developed a series of test to determine the "states" of clays
according to their behavior as the moisture content increased. These
limit states are known as Atterberg limits.
Atterberg's tests were later modified by K. Terzaghi and A. Casagrande
for application in geotechnical engineering.
Shear
Stress
Shear
Strain
The liquid limit (LL) is defined as the water content at which a standard cut grove
(see above) will close over a distance of 13 mm (0.5 in) at 25 blows in a cup falling
10 mm on a hard rubber or micarta plastic base.
Atterberg limits are conducted on fully remolded soil. Because of this the
natural fabric and structure of the soil is destroyed.
○ These limits work best for predicting the behavior of remolded soils, fill,
clay liners, etc.
○ However, despite the remolding done in the test, the Atterberg limits
when compared to the natural moisture content of the soil in place can
be used to judge the behavior of the undisturbed sample.
○ They can also be used to judge the compressibility and initial stiffness of
soils.
○ Used to judge shrinkage and swell
○ They are an indication of shear strength and other properties for plastic,
fine-grained soils.
Example correlation between liquid limit and compressibility from Salt Lake
Valley
Alluvium
Stream and river deposits (light and medium yellow areas marked with al symbol
A-6(21)
2. Know the structure of the earth and the primary layers and their
characteristics.
3. Know the earth's dynamic systems and how these interact to change the
landforms and surface of the earth.
5. Know the types of weathering and understand how these lead to soil
formation.
Answer
“Geological methods, when understood by the engineer have proven highly
productive. The engineer with his borings and soil tests must always
interpolate or extrapolate in order to get suitable values for design or
construction, but he does not always realize that every such process of
interpolation or extrapolation is an exercise in geology. If he has the
assistance of a competent geologist or if he is trained in geology himself
and appreciates it significance, the engineer's interpolations will be
reasonable and meaningful. If he does not have such assistance, the results
may be ridiculous (Ralph Peck).”
1. The earth is a dynamic planet, as evidenced by the fact that the materials
are differentiated and segregated into distinct layers or zones (core, mantle,
lithosphere (i.e., crust), and surface fluids (water and air).
2. The central core is composed primarily of iron and nickel. The inner core is
solid and the outer core is liquid (see next page).
3. The mantle is a thick zone that surrounds the core and is composed of
silicate minerals rich in iron and magnesium.
4. The upper mantle is called the asthenosphere, which ins near the melting
point of rock and yields to plastic flow. It is upon the asthenosphere that the
plates of the earth move.
http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/files/2011/09/Layers-of-Earth.jpeg
Source: Clagu
e et. al. 2006.
At Risk:
Earthquakes
and Tsunamis
on the West
Coast. Tricouni
Press,
Vancouver,
Canad
Rift Zone
Subduction Zone
© Steven F. Bartlett, 2013
Plate Tectonics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics
Asthenosphere
□ Ocean Systems
□ River Systems
□ Glacial Systems
□ Groundwater Systems
□ Shoreline Systems
What might the earth look like, if these two systems did not operate to change
the nature of the surface of the earth?
Note that the moon is essentially a dead planet. It has no active tectonic or
hydrologic system. Because the systems are not operating, the face of the
moon is very different from earth. Its topography is dominated by meteorite
strikes that a very ancient. The earth has undergone similar bombardment
early in its history; however the tectonic and hydrologic systems have
"erased," much of the evidence of this bombardment.
http://showcase.scottsdale
cc.edu/geology/rocks/igne
ous-rocks/
Can you tell the difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks?
http://showcase.scottsdalecc.edu/geology/
rocks/sedimentary-rocks/
http://showcase.scottsdalecc.ed
u/geology/rocks/metamorphic-
rocks/
The major products of weathering are a blanket of soil and regolith and
spheroidal rock forms.
Horizon A is the topsoil layer (i.e., has significant organic matter). This horizon
has maximum biological activity and is a zone of eluviation (i.e., removal of
materials dissolved or suspended in water).
Climate greatly influences the type and rates of weathering; the major
controlling factors are precipitation and temperature and their seasonal
variations.
Note: (We will only consider non-marine environments because they are
most common, except for coastal areas. Other depositional environments
besides nonmarine are transitional environments, shallow marine
environments, and deep marine environments).
(2) Pediments - Sloping surfaces adjacent to highlands that were cut across
bedrock by periodical floods that formed sheets of water.
(3) Fans - Sometimes called alluvial fans are broad, cone-shaped deposits of
mixed gravel, sand, silt, and clay deposited at the break in slope just below the
pediment.
(4) Intermittent Rivers - Form when intense cloudbursts dump their moisture
on the highlands; the intermittent streams flow violently. Floodwater of mud
and coarser sediment sweep across the pediment and fans into stream
channels and are deposited on the valley floor.
(5) Wind (Eolian) Deposits - Because of long dry spells in the desert, deposits
from intermittent streams are reworked by the wind. Sand, silt and clay size
particles transported and deposited as loess (silt and clay size), dunes (sand
size), and desert pavement (sand to fine gravel size)
(7) Playas - Playa is a Spanish word which means a shore, strand, or body of
water. It is commonly used by English-speaking geologists for a dry lake bed.
Sometimes playas may be covered with a thin sheet of water termed a playa
lake.
Pediments
Intermittent rivers or
channels that develop on
the fan.
Wind (Eolian) Deposits - Because of long dry spells in the desert, deposits
from intermittent streams are reworked by the wind. Sand, silt and clay size
particles transported and deposited as loess (silt and clay size), dunes (sand
size), and desert pavement (sand to fine gravel size)
Loess deposits are highly susceptible to collapse when wetted. This has
caused serious damage to foundations and other constructed works that
are founded on these soils.
Playas - Playa is a Spanish word which means a shore, strand, or body of water.
It is commonly used by English-speaking geologists for a dry lake bed.
Sometimes playas may be covered with a thin sheet of water termed a playa
lake.
Example of a playa lake is the Sevier Dry Lake located south west of Delta,
Utah.
(1) Braided Stream/River - Braided stream deposits are river deposits that
form on surfaces of moderate to high slope and within their channels develop
longitudinal bars. As the bar builds vertically above the stream channel, the
channel bifurcates. Bars build up rapidly, and newly formed channels
cut earlier bars.
(2) Meandering Stream/River - Floodplain rivers are active streams that flow
in definite channels. Typically, such water-filled channels meander and are
bordered on each side by low, rounded ridges of very fine sand and coarse silt
known as natural levees. Extending from the meander belt to the margins of
the valley-floor lowland is the floodplain, that is covered by water only during
a flood. Closed depressions within a floodplain that hold water for long
periods
of time are backswamps.
Oxbow Lake
Colluvium
© Steven F. Bartlett, 2013
Proglacial Lake - A proglacial lake is found at the leading edge of a glacier and is
fed by the meltwater from the glacier. Varves (thin laminations of alternating
sediment) are caused by the abundant sediment brought to the bottom of the
lake during the summer ice-free period and followed by sparse sediment
deposited during the long frozen period. Varves are usually comprised of clay
size particles of differing colors. Because small icebergs are common in
proglacial lakes, large rock fragments (dropstones) can be rafted out from the
shore and dropped in the bottom deposits.
○ Deltas
○ Beaches
○ Spits
Deltas - Places of deposition in the lake basin (i.e., underwater) where the
stream gradient is decreased such as entering a lake or the ocean. Deltas are
usually layered deposits of fine sand and silt at the mouth of rivers and
streams.
Spits - Small, narrow point of land or beach projecting into the lake created by
currents that parallel the shoreline.
Glaciers are a large mass of ice formed, at least in part, on land by the
compaction and recrystallization of snow, moving slowly by creep
downslope or outward in all directions due to the stress of its own
weight, and surviving from year to year.
Glaciation can be: (1) continental (e.g., Greenland and Antarctica), or alpine
(e.g., Alps, Alaska, etc.)
Drift is a collective term for any sediment related to a glacier. Irregular mounds at
the margins and terminus of the glacier are moraines. Moraines are composed of
till, which is an unstratified and unsorted conglomeration of sediments ranging
from boulder size to clay particles. Boulder clay is a synonym for till. Meltwater
from the glacier forms braided streams that flow over the outwash plain and
deposit glacial sediment known as outwash. In contrast to till, outwash is
stratified and is sometimes referred to as “stratified drift.” Proglacial lakes also
form at the end of the glacier.
Glacial Drift
Moraines
Till contains a wide variety of particle sizes. The sizes of stones varies according
to the partings and joints in the local bedrock. Flow of the glacier reduces the
size of clasts, especially those with low crushing strength. At first glance, much
till appears to be uniform, but closer study shows that some till possess a crude
fissility (i.e., parting along bedding planes). Basal till may be overlain by debris
that traveled on top of the glacier and that was let down from above when the
glacier became a stagnant mass of ice and afterwards melted. The bulk of till
consists of material that was scoured from local bedrock. Mixed in with this
material are particles that may have been transported for several kilometers.
Particles that are unlike the local bedrock are called erratics.
Glacial Till
Outwash - has the combined characteristics of ordinary stream (fluvial) and lake
(lacustrine) deposits with special peculiarities caused by the large ice mass with
ample supply of freshly ground sediments of all sizes. Much outwash is
deposited by braided streams on fans and fluvial plains.
Outwash Plain
Alaska
Differential ground
settlement and bearing
capacity failure can cause
damage to infrastructure,
1964, Niigata, Japan
Earthquake
Aerial photography of Quail Creek dam site at the head of the Hurricane, Utah
anticline
Pasted from
Pasted from <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_(chemistr y)>
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cation-
exchange_capacity>
Illite
Chlorite
Polar water
molecules and
cations are strong
bound to the clay
surface in the
inner layer and the
absorbed water in
the inner layer
cannot be
removed by drying
because of this
bond
Marine Clay
Flocculated
Fresh water
Clay
Dispersed
FIGURE 4.29 Single-grained soil structures: (a) loose; (b) dense; and (c) honeycomb.
FIGURE 4.30 Potential ranges in packing of identical particles at the same relative density (a) versus (b) (G. A.
Leonards, 1976, personal communication) and particle orientations (c) versus (d) of identical particles at the same void
ratio (after Leonards et al., 1986).
Blocky - Cohesive soil than can be broke down into small angular lumps that
resist further breakdown
• 1 Igneous
• 2 Sedimentary
• 3 Metamorphic
○ Igneous rocks
Extrusive or Volcanic
Intrusive or Plutonic
○ Sedimentary rocks
Precipitates
Clastic
Biological
○ Metamorphic rocks
Nonfoliated
Foliated
Joints
Fault
Fissure
Fold
FIGURE 4.31 Schematic of a residual soil and weathered rock profile (adapted from Kulhawy et al., 1991). (See also
Fig.3.6.)
1. Rock material
a. Type
b. Compressive Strength
c. Degree of Weathering
2. Discontinuities
a. Type (fault, joint, bedding, foliation, cleavage, schistosity)
b. Orientation (dip angle and direction)
c. Roughness (e.g., smooth, slickensided, stepped, undulating, etc.)
d. Aperture width
3. Nature of infilling (type/width)
a. Mineralogy, particle size, water content, hydraulic conductivity, fracturing,
etc.)
4. Rock mass description (e.g., massive, blocky, tabular, columnar, crushed, etc.)
a. Joint spacing (close, moderate, wide, etc.)
i. Extremely wide (> 6 m)
ii. Very wide (2 - 6 m)
iii. Wide (0.6 - 2 m)
iv. Moderate (0.2 - 0.6 m)
v. Close (0.06 - 0.2 m)
vi. Very close (0.02 - 0.06 m)
vii. Extremely close (<0.02 m)
b. Persistence (areal extent or size within a plane area)
c. Number of joint sets
d. Block size and shape (small to large)
5. Groundwater (seepage of water from joints or rock mass)
Symbols
An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, Second Edition Copyright ©2011, ©1981 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Robert D. Holtz • William D. Kovacs • Thomas C. Sheahan All rights reserved.
○ Static (rolling)
○ Dynamic (impact)
○ Kneading (remolding)
○ Vibratory (shaking)
Field
Dynamic Compaction
Laboratory
Field
Kneading Compaction
Laboratory Field
Sheepsfoot Roller
Vibratory Compaction
Laboratory
Field
Note that the type of compaction used varies with type of material (clay vs
sand vs gravel).
Soil compaction is a vital part of the construction process. It is used for support
of structural entities such as building foundations, roadways, walkways, and
earth retaining structures to name a few. For a given soil type certain properties
may deem it more or less desirable to perform adequately for a particular
circumstance. In general, the preselected soil should have adequate strength,
be relatively incompressible so that future settlement is not significant, be
stable against volume change as water content or other factors vary, be durable
and safe against deterioration, and possess proper permeability
Molds Standard
Proctor Hammer
Modified
Proctor Hammer
Optimum moisture
content is where the
dry density reaches a
peak
Because water is less dense than the soil and by adding too much water one can
actually cause the density of soil to decrease during the compaction process.
Circles represent a
single compaction test
at varying moisture
content
The zero air voids curve shown below represents a theoretical soil where
all of the air void has been removed (i.e., saturation equals 100 percent).
Note that the line of optimum moisture content is about saturation equals
80 percent and that the slope of the line parallels that of the zero air voids
curve.
○ Soils with different soil type and gradations will have different compactions
curves, thus the compactability of soil must be determined on a case-by-case
basis.
○ Note that maximum dry density obtained in the laboratory from the
compaction test does not necessarily represent the maximum density that
will be obtained in the field using construction compaction equipment.
○ The field values are compared with the laboratory curves using the relative
compaction.
Compaction results on 30 cm (12 in.) layers of silty sand, with and without
vibration, using a 7700 kg (17000 lb) towed vibratory roller (after Parsons
et al., 1962, as cited by Selig and Yoo, 1977).
Note that some items, such as type of equipment are not specified because this
is usually determined by the contract. However, sometimes a list of acceptable
types of equipment is furnished.
Pasted from
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_density_gaug
e>
Different variants are used for different purposes. For density analysis of very
shallow objects such as roads or walls, a gamma source emitter such
as 137Cesium is used to produce gamma radiation. Those particles are
effective in analyzing the top 10 inches (25 centimeters) with high
accuracy. 226Radium is used for depths of 328 yards (300 meters). Such
instruments can help find underground caves or identify locations with lower
density that would make tunnel construction hazardous.
Another variant is to use a strong neutron source like 241Americium to
produce Neutron radiation and then measure the energy of
returning neutron scattering. As hydrogen characteristically slows down
neutrons, the sensor can calculate the density of hydrogen - and find pockets
of underground water, humidity up to a depth of several meters, moisture
content, or asphalt content. Neutron sources can also be used to assess the
performance of a Separator (oil production) in the same way. Gas, oil, water
and sand all have different concentrations of hydrogen atoms which reflect
different amounts of slow neutrons. Using a head which contains an 241AmBe
neutron source and a slow neutron detector, by scanning it up and down a
separator it is possible to determine the interface levels within the separator
Pasted from <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_density_gauge>
Pasted from
<http://www.geology.ar.gov/geohazards/expansive_soil
s.htm>
Shrinkage
Swell
Note that other geologic units with ash deposits have similar problem soils such
as the Green River Formation and the Mancos Shale, both are located in eastern
Utah.
FIGURE 6.18 Soil expansion prediction based on: (a) activity (van der Merwe,
1964); (b) in situ dry density and liquid limit (adapted from Mitchell and Gardner,
1975, and Gibbs, 1969); (c) suction versus water content (McKeen, 1992); (d)
log PI versus log LL/PI (Marin-Nieto, 1997 and 2007).
FIGURE 6.19 Influence of molding water content and soil structure on the swelling
chartacteristics of a sandy clay (Seed and Chan, 1959).
FIGURE 6.20 Effects of placement water content and dry density on the expansion
characteristics of a CH clay from the Delta-Mendota Canal, California: (a) percent
expansion for various placement conditions under 7 kPa; (b) total uplift pressure at
zero volume change caused by wetting for various placement conditions (U.S. Dept.
of the Interior, 1998).
Loose dry soil structure before wetting Collapsed soil structure after
wetting
Pasted from
http://www.geoconsult.co.nz/buildingset.ht
m>
Wetting
If a site is identified that has significant collapse potential, what can engineers do
to improve the soils at the site and reduce the impact of potential collapse?
Choice of method depends on depth of treatment required and the nature of the
cementation or bonding between soils grains. For modest depths, compacting
with rollers, inundation, or overexcavation and recompaction, sometimes with
chemical stabilization, are often used. Dynamic compaction (Sec. 5.5.2) would
also be feasible. For deeper deposits, ponding or flooding is effective and often
the most economical treatment method (Bara, 1978). Depending on the nature of
the bonding between soil grains, inundation can result in a compression of up to
8% or 10% of the thickness of the collapsible soil layer. Dynamic compaction,
blasting, vibro compaction-replacement, and grouting are potentilly feasible
improvement techn iques. Much of this work is summarized by Holtz (1989) and
Holtz et a!. (2001).
Whenever the air temperature falls below freezing, especially for more than a
few days, it is possible for the pore water in soils to freeze. Frost action in soils
can have several important engineering consequences. First, the volume of the
soil can immediately increase about 10% just due to the volumetric expansion
of water upon freezing. A second but significantly more important factor is the
formation of ice crystals and lenses in the soil. These lenses can even grow to
several centimeters in thickness and cause heaving and damage to light surface
structures such as small buildings and highway pavements. If soils simply froze
and expanded uniformly, structures would be evenly displaced, since the frozen
soil is quite strong and easily able to support light structures. However, just as
with swelling and shrinking soils, the volume change is usually uneven, and this
is what causes structural and other damage.
Photo Gallery
http://www.netpilot.ca/geocryology/Photo%20Gallery/default.htm
Screen clipping taken: 2/17/2012, 5:41 AM
Pasted from
<http://www.myfoundationrepairs.com/blog/post/2011/04/24/Foundation-Cracks-
e28093-Diagonal-basement-wall-cracks.aspx>
Expanded
Polystyrene
Insulation
Pasted from <http://oikos.com/esb/43/foundations.html>
499.2
499.2
499.2 499.2
Questions:
Pasted from
<http://www.unmuseum.org/quickdiagram.jpg>
Another example
Movement of sheet pile coffer dam at Salt Lake City Airport Control Tower 2.
Soil
Soils are typically deposited in alternating layers and the affect of soil heterogeneity must be
considered when estimating the amount of flow in a layered system.
The horizontally layered system above can be converted to an equivalent system with a single,
equivalent hydraulic conductivity (i.e., Kh eq). Note that in doing this transformation, the
geometry of the flow system has not changed. Instead, only the K value has changed to Kh eq.
Questions:
Questions:
Laplace's equation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In mathematics, Laplace's equation is a partial differential equation named after Pierre-Simon
Laplace who first studied its properties. The solutions of Laplace's equation are important in
many fields of science, notably the fields of electromagnetism, astronomy, and fluid dynamics,
because they describe the behavior of electric, gravitational, and fluid potentials. The general
theory of solutions to Laplace's equation is known as potential theory. In the study of heat
conduction, the Laplace equation is the steady-state heat equation.
The above equation (Laplace's equation) is a 2nd order partial differential equation that
describes fluid flow in a homogeneous, isotropic porous medium for steady-state conditions.
Questions
In some cases, the system can be analyzed in cross-sectional view (2D) and Laplace's equation for
2D can be used to determine the flow. (We will only consider 2D flow in this course. More
advanced courses consider 3D flow.
Flow nets can be used to solve the above equation graphically and are the
method we will consider in this course.
Water
Water
Equipotential
Lines Flow lines
Soil
Question
1. If the dam was 75 m long (in the direction out of the page), what would be the total flow under the
dam?
The rate at which the excess pore water pressure dissipates, u, is a function of the permeability of the soil and
the thickness of the layer undergoing consolidation. When consolidation is complete, u approaches zero once
again.
Secondary consolidation
or creep settlement
Cr
Illustration of the Schmertmann (1955) procedure to obtain the field virgin compression curve: (a) normally
consolidated soil; (b) overconsolidated soil.
Notes for use of Schmertmann's technique for overconsolidated clay (i.e., refer
to Fig. b. on previous page.
Note: In this
case, some of the
consolidation will
occur in
recompression
and some will
occur in virgin
compression.
A 6-foot thick clay layer is subjected to an increase in vertical stress of 700 psf
at the center of the layer from a very wide embankment fill. Laboratory
consolidation tests for the clay layer produced an initial void ratio, e0, of 1.50,
an preconsolidation stress 1500 psf, and Cc and Cr values of 0.30 and 0.05,
respectively. Calculate the consolidation settlement for this clay layer.