Magnetism >A phenomenon associated with magnets which have magnetic properties that can attract magnetic materials TWO KINDS OF MAGNET |. Natural or Permanent Magnet. @ magnet which has 8 natural magnetic property to magnetize or attract magnetic materials. Ex. ledestone 2. Artificial Temporary Magnet- a magnet which acquires its magnetic property through the passage of eleetrie current in a wire or conductor. Ex. Electromagnet MAGNETIC MATERIAL: It is anything which reacts (attracted or repelled by) with a magnet. TYPES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS + dem A.) Ferromagnetic Materials- are strongly attracted by magnet (Fe, Ni,Co}. W>>2ily fle? 4°10” Faas B,) Paramagnetic Materials- are slightly attracted by magnet (Al, Pt). We arin C) Diamagnetie Materials- are weakly repelled by magnet (Zn, Au, and Bi). This sa region, where an independent N-pole placed in it, will experience a force MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE > these are the lines used to describe a magnetic field, The actual path taken by the motion of an independent unit N-pole in a magnetic field emerging from N-pole of a magnet and terminating to its S-pole. PERMEABILITY EXPLAINED: [Fan iron bar is placed between the poles of a magnet, the lines of force are concentrated in the iron bar because it has higher permeability than air. MAGNETIC INDUCTION or MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY (B) ‘The strength of the magnetic field. (It is the magnetic force exerted by the field on a unit N-pole per pole strength ‘ofa unit N-pole placed at the region), That is fe-El A B=F/p but F=kPp e Due to isolated pole) B= k P/ (N/A-m or weber/m? or TESLA ) Where: agnetic induction (web/m’) P= pole strength of the magnet (A-m) distance (m) = magnetism constant (web/A-m) induction ster ostonse, greater magnetic sseat field (ata tar trom she agra’)Note: I. B is also a vector, therefore the magnitude and direction is determined by vector analysis. 2. Bis always away from N-pole 3. Bis always toward S-pole SAMPLE PROBLEMS EXAMPLE No. An isolated magnet has pole strength 50 A-m, It exerts force of 20 N upon a unit N test pole of O14 Aum pote stength ata cerain distance fom the magret Find the fagnetc induction ad the distance ofthe point fom the magnet B=F/p = 20N/040am = 50 N/ [er A-m) B=kP/r Loe = yo = 386x104 m B Vo S0N/A-m 2. A bar magnet of pole strength 72 A-m pole strength is $ em long. What is the resultant magnetie induction at @ point 10 cm from N-pole but 6 cm from the s-pole ? By By IE eMOn gg (Oo. By = 0.00072 Tesla Bs Lalo 7¢72 (0.06) Bs = 0.002T Use cosine law =90Aq [peepee neti N P=Am = $ Resultant B= fB,?+B,? +2B,B, cosl27” vom B = 4(0.00072)° + (0,002)" + 2(0.00072)(0.002)cos127 sin B= 8/10 =0.8 0.001669 T B= 53° +B = 180° @ = 127° 3. Two isolated north poles, of pole strength Nj = 4 A-m and N2 = 9 A-m respectively, are 4 em apart . Locate the neutral point in the magnetic field between the two magnets? ANS . 1.6 em from NI Hint : neutral point is a point in the field where net force is zero or the resultant B is zero. Buy - Bur =0 B due toN; = B due to N> N, om yp Buy N, kPwi/Re? = k Pao! Ro? 4iR? = 9/(4-Ri 7 27K, = 3/4-R, = 8-2R, 8/5 1.6 em from NiProblem for practice. ‘Two identical N-pole magnets, each of pole strength 100 A-m, are Im apart. Find the type, direction and magnitude of the foree acting on each magnet, Find the magnetic induction at a point midway between the two N- pole magnets. Sample Multiple Choice Questions: 1, Which of the following quantities measures the ability of a magnet to attract or repel? A-magnetic field B.field strength, pole strength _D. magnetic induction 2, What will happen if you cut a small permanent bar magnet into two equal pieces ? ‘A. One piece will be north pole and the other one will be south pole. B. Neither of the piece will be magnetic. €. Each piece would in itself be a smaller bar magnet with both north and south poles. , Both contain north and south poles, but the intensity of the north and south poles is unequal 3. Two isolated south poles are separated by a distance of 4 em and their force of mutual repulsion is 40N. If their separation is halved, what is the new force of repulsion? A.20N B.40N C.80N 1D. 160N 4. Outside the magnet, magnetic flux is conventionally drawn from. A.North to South —B. South toNorth —C. Both AandB__-D. Neither A nor B 5.. The following units of magnetic flux density are equivalent in the same system except A, weber/m2 B.N/Amp-m C. Tesla D, Gauss. Answers: Multiplechoice: 1C 9 2€ 3D 4a 5DELECTROMAGNETISM It deals with the relationship between electricity and magnetism. It embraces any principle, application o devices where there is magnetism and electric current, DISCOVERY of ELECTROMAGNETISM or THE MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC ‘CURRENT Hans Christian Oersted ‘He found out that the electric motion of electric charges in a conductor or wire sets up a magnetic field around the wire, s | ® be compass 1 When s is open, 1=0, no ‘When s is closed, I exist, needle has deflection of compass needle deflection perpendicular to the wire. DISCOVERY of MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCES, Andre Marie Ampere — discovered the shape of magnetic lines around the current wire, 7 Ampere described the magnetic field by magnetic lines of forces arranged USS in concentric circles around a conductor carrying current. The direction of concentric magnetic lines is either clockwise or counterclockwise, RIGHT-HAND THUMB RULE It determines the direction of magnetic field due to current. The rule states that: “Ifa conductor is grasped by the right hand with the thumb pointing to the conventional direction of current in the wire, the curled other fingers indicate the direction of the magnetic lines or field or flux.”Using your right-hand: Point your thumb in the direction of the conventional current.Curl your other fingers into a half-circle around the wire, they point in the direction of the magnetic field, B Dot means Cross means current is ‘current is toward the away from observer. the observer. ‘The magnetic field around the ‘The magnetic field around the conductor is in counterclockwise conductor is in clockwise direction direction Magnetic Induction (B) This is the strength of the magnetic field due to the current wire Magnetic Induction (B) due to the field of the current carrying conductor Itis the ratio of the number of lines ¢ that passes through the area of the field perpendicularly per unit area A of the magnetic field B= o/A oS magnetic flux (lines or maxwell in egs, weber in mks ) + imaginary lines representing magnetic field Unitof B: N/Asm or weber/m2 or TESLA Tin mks lines or maxwell/cm2 or GAUSS ingsAMPERE’S LAW or BIOT- SAVART’S LAW It determines the magnetic induction at a point in the field due to current conductor, It states that “The magnetic induction at a point in the field of a current wire is directly proportional to the current 1 init, its length L and its orientation but inversely with the square of the distance R from the wire.” Consider a current wire of element length AL : . kKIAL sin @ Bat point P: fas = f 7 Where: istance from wire to point P ingle between the axis of wire of lengthA\L and the line of the distance r permeability constant depending upon the unit used and the medium between AL and P Note : Bis the summation or vector sum of the contribution of all the elements (AL) AI sin Py far B at point P (total magnetic induction) B= ( (by integral ealeulus ) re APPLICATION OF AMPERE”S LAW (According to the different configuration of the conductor) 1. Bat the center of a complete circular loop: 1 il Axisotleoe where: «= permeability of medium at center = f 1 = current carried by a conductor 2R R= radius ofthe circular loop 2. Bata point along the horizontal axis 2 where: N=no. of tums of wite in the Be HR radius of the coil : A cmeability ofthe medium 2(a?>+R?7)? T = current I in the coil 3. Bat the center of a flat ular coil: where: N= no. of tums of wien the coll R= radius of the coil 4 = permeability of the mediumDIRECTION OF B ‘Asa vector, the magnetic induction due to a coil and a circular loop lies along the axis of a coil or loop perpendicular to the plane and is directed away from the viewer if the current in the wire is clockwise, but ‘when the current is in counterclockwise direction, B is directed toward the observer. 4, Bueara straight conductor: 2kI A > Batt EE f) ae B Where: d= perpendicular distance from the wire Note : The magnetic induction due to a straight conductor or wire is tangent to the lines of foree (flux) and is perpendicular to the distance d and follows the direction of the magnetic flux. 5, Bat the center or interior of a solenoid: where: N 10. of tums of wire inthe solenoid UNI L = length of a solenoid — al n=N/L=no. of tums pet unit length (turn /m ) a =h [1= permeability of the core material For tightly wound wire: L=Nx dw dw = diameter of wire 6. Balong the mean radial ine of toroid or rawland ring: Toroid — solenoid in the form of ring. IN where: Lin= mean length of toroid coil B H Lm=2nRm = Rm = mean radius = (Ro + Ri)/2 Lm Ro = outer radius i= inner radius NOTE : Since B is a vector quantity, when there are several magnetic induction B in the specified point of consideration due to different current conductors, the resultant B is determined by methods of ‘vector addition such as the cosine law or Pythagorean theorem for two vectors and the component method for three or more vectors. SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 1. Compute the magnetic induction in air at a pt 8 em from a long straight wire carrying a current of 25A. _ KE 2(1x10~ )(25) . d 0.08 B 6.25 x 10° w/m? or n/A-m or tesla2. A circular coil of 50 turns and negligible section area has a diameter of 44 cm. What current must exist in the coil to produce a flux density of $ x 10° web/m2? aN RB _ (0.44m)(5x10 web /m*) 2R uN (4m10-")(50) B= =35A 3. Compute the flux density at the center of the air core of a long solenoid having 8 turns of wire per cm of length and carrying a current of 10A. B=pnl B= (4xx107)(800¢urn / m)(10 A) = 0.01005 tesla 4, A ring solenoid is wound uniformly with 800 turns of copper wire and the mean diameter of its air core is 20 cm. What current in the wire will produce a flux density of 2.8 x 10° web/m2 in the interior? pp HN _Blm_(2.8010" web) n?020%) ia uN (4x1 0" (800 =1.754 5. Two straight parallel wires are 10 cm apart. A current of I= 8A passes thru one wire and 1, = 6A thru the other wire. Find the resultant magnetic induction at a point midway between the wires, when the currents are in the same direction, Br 7 20x10 CA) 5 91 Sex 0.05 : y . By = eh OC) 9 a1 0 ea d 0.05 Resultant B = B,—B Resultant B =EXERCISES: 1. A current in a loop of a wire with a diameter of 10 cm produces a magnetic induction of 4 x 10° web/m? at the center of the loop. What is the current? 2. Find the B at the center of a circular coil of 50 turns of radius 3 cm when the coil bears a current of 8A. 3. Find the magnetic induction at the distance of 4 cm from a long straight wire bearing a current of 12A. 4, How many turns of wire must be in a solenoid 1.1 m long in order that a current of 3.5A may produce a magnetic induction of 0.005 web/m* at its center? 5. A solenoid of 400 tums is wound on cylinder 60 cm long. What is the B at the center when the current is 0.254? MAGNETIC FORCE It is a force on a moving charge and on a current conductor. THEORY: 1. A magnetic field is set-up around a conductor when charges move through it and it is the field which exerts a force upon a charge moving through it. 2. A magnetic field exists when a moving charge thru it experiences a force, Magnetic Force on a moving charge: F=Bqvsin® where: B = magnetic induction (web/m?, N/A-m) q= charge of a moving body (q. =1.6 x 10°C ) v= velocity of a charged body (m/s) @ = angle between velocity and magnetic induction B Note: Force varies with respect to sin @ from 0 to maximum . Force (F) is zero when charges move parallel to B. Force (F) is maximum F=!¢when charges move perpendicular to B. LEFT-HAND MOTOR RULE: It determines the direction of the magnetic force. The thumb, forefinger and center finger of the left hand are perpendicular to each other. The forefinger points to the direction of magnetic field, the center finger indicates the direction of component of velocity (Or component of current) perpendicular to the field and the thumb determines the direction of the force.Motion of the charged body: When a charge is projected perpendicular to the field, it traces a circular path assuming that there is no friction. The size of the circle is defined by its radius, oO v R= mv/Bq where: v= tangential speed B = magnetic induction q= charge of moving body m= mass of moving body Other quantities describing the charge moving in circular path as follows: © = angular velocity (rad/sec) @ = Bq /m (rad/ sec) f = frequency of rotation (rev/sec) f = Bq / 2mm (rev/ sec) T = Period of revohution (sec) T= 2am / Bq Magnetic Force on Current Conductor F= BILsin@ where: B = magnetic induction (web/m2) current in the wire (A) L = length of wire (m) = angle from wire to flux or field +F varies from zero to maximum with respect to sin 6. *If conductor is parallel to field, F is zero. *If conductor is perpendicular to field, F is maximum. Note: The direction of force on the current conductor is determined also by the Left-Hand Motor RuleFORCE BETWEEN 2 PARALLEL WIRES Wire 1 Wire 2 a po 2Htad Ih b aS L where: Ih, Ip = current on each wire | d= distance separating the two wires a L=Ly, Le= length of each wire Force on each wire 2K TyL, : eer Fn = Force on wire 1 due to wire2 py = 2Malala Fiz = Force on wire 2 due to wirel d FORCE PER UNIT LENGTH OF WIRE (F/L) FO 2D tat. im L d Note: The Force between the two parallel wires is an attraction or repulsion & -® 1, When the currents on each wire are in the same direction, the force is an attraction. 2. When the currents are in the opposite direction, the force is repulsion.TORQUE ON A CURRENT LOOP / COIL Fa ¢ Rectangular Current Loop at angle 6 with Rectangular Current Loop viewed at side be fue B T=BIA cos@ Torque ona loop T=NBIA cos@ Torque on acoil number of turns in the coil magnetic induction urrent in the coil area enclosed by the coil angle between the plane of coil and the field where: = angle between the normal to the plane of coil and the field @+B = 90° cos® = sinB T= NBIAsinB Unit : Newton- meter (N-m) 12Sample Multiple Choice Questions 1. A proton of mass m and charge q traveling with a speed v is projected perpendicular to a uniform field B. In the field, it traces a particular path with a frequency of, Ips. a.2nm/Bq — b.Ba/m ¢. Baa m d. m/Bq 2. The plane of a rectangular loop of wire 0.005m2 in area is perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of strength 0.5 wb/m2. If the loop carries a current of 20A, what torque acts on it? a20N-m b.0N-m —¢. 10N-m 4.0.5Nm 3. For an electron moving in a magnetic field to experience no force at all, what orientation of the path from the field must it trace? 20° b. 45° c. 30° 4. 90° 4. When a velocity of a charge moving opposite the magnetic field is increased, the magnetic force on itis. a. increased b. constant c. decreased 4. Zero 5. A current-carrying loop in a magnetic field always tend to rotate due to torque until its plane is. a. parallel to the field cc, at 45° angle with the field . perpendicular to the field _d. at 30° angle with the field 6. For a current straight wire to experience maximum possible force, what orientation must it have with the field? 0° b. 30° ©. 45° 4, 90° 7, Two parallel wires in free space are 10cm apart and they carry currents of 10 A each in the same direction. The force each wire exerts on the other per meter of length is a. 2x107N, attractive c. 2x107N, repulsive b, 2x10“N, attractive d. 2x10*N, repulsive 8. If the magnetic field vector is directed upward and a positively charged particle is moving toward the right, what is the direction of the magnetic force on the particle with respect to viewer? a.away b.tothelef — ¢. towards viewer d. downward Answers :1C 2B 3A 4D 5B 6D 7B 8CSAMPLE PROBLEMS 1. A proton experiences a force of 5x10 “* N when moving at an angle of 53° with the magnetic flux density of 4.5x10" tesla. Find the speed of the proton. 2. A long straight wire carries a current of 8A . An electron travelling at a speed of 8x10" m/s along a path parallel to the axis of the wire with a distance of 4 cm from the wire. What are the magnitude and direction of the force on the electron moving opposite to the direction of the current ? 3. An electron at point A has a speed of 3x10° nis. Find the value and direction of the flux density of the field that will cause the electron to follow the semi-circular path from A to B . ‘The distance from A to B is 20 cm. 4, Four straight wires are arranged as shown below . Find the force per unit length on wire 2 ‘The currents in each wire are 2A , 8 A, 10 A and 4 A respectively. Find the resultant force acting on the the third wire 10. ‘206m a B, =H out of the board a For radius b, dl =bd0@ = Mol pr bdO _ Hol Fag Hel 9 oan © Bb Arb 4b > B, = te into the board For the straight, horizontal parts of the conductor, Bi wire = Bowie = 0 Thus, B=B,+B,+B +B, Since b > a, —>B=-—B, +B, +0+0= 200) Ae 4a 4b ae 7-1) Be 4 (4 a8. Consider 3 identical long, straight current-carrying wires, each 5 m long and weighing 0.15 kg. Two of them are placed on the floor 10 cm apart. The third wire is placed over the two wires as shown in the figure below. What should be the magnitude and direction of the current J in the third wire such that the third wire is suspended in place? 8 To suspend the third wire, the first and second wires must apply repulsive forces on the third wire. Thus the current in the third wire must be heading in the opposite direction as the currents in the first and second wires. That is, the current in the third wire must be heading towards positive x direction. Py i F W = mg = F,,+ Fy, = Fysin 0 + F, sin 0 ~ m = 0.150 kg = — ton @ = 1-0 cm _ g _ 565 © 5.00 cm 2 w= F,= BoE fa 2ad d = JG5 .00 om Y + (5.00 cm ¥ = 15 Bem = 0.158 m L=5.00m 2 ae i belee =F => mg =2F sin 0 => mg = fol E sin 0 2nd ad 2 eee pL sin 0 The current must have a value of 349.87 A and heading towards positive x.9. Two wires (see Figure) are parallel to the z-axis and are carrying currents of I; = 5 A in the - z direction and I, = 20 A in the -z direction. Wire 1 is located at (0,20 cm)and wire 2 is located at (50cm, 20cm ). A Find the coordinates of the point where the net magnetic induction of the field due to the two wires is zero. B. Ifa third wire, parallel to the first two and carrying a current of 10 A in the ~z direction, is located at (20cm, 20cm), find the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic force per unit length acting on it due to the first two wires. +Y- axis +X- axis +Z = axis (s0.em,20 em) Figure 2