(Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance)

Module for:
Analysis of Reservoir Performance
Pressure Transient Testing

T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.

Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116
(979) 845-2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu
(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 1
Pressure Transient Testing
Orientation — This module focuses on familiari-
zation with deliverability tests and the analysis
and interpretation pressure transient test data.
The following issues must be clear: test design,
data acquisition/data quality control, and test
execution are critical activities.
Deliverability Testing:
"4-point" tests are appropriate (analyze as well tests).
Isochronal/modified isochronal testing is difficult.
Pressure Transient Test Analysis/Interpretation:
Conventional analysis — specialized plots.
Model identification — type curves, simulation, etc.
Test design — simplicity is the key.

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 2
Deliverability Testing — Basics

a. "Standard" 4-point test deliverability test — note c. Modified "Isochronal" test sequence — note that
that the rates increase (to protect the reservoir). each "buildup" is not required to achieve pi.

b. "Isochronal" test sequence — note that each d. Governing equations for "deliverability" test
"buildup" is required to achieve pi. analysis/interpretation.

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 3
Deliverability Testing — Orientation

a. Basic "pressure-squared" relation that is pre-

sumed to describe gas flow — analogous form
can be derived from steady-state flow theory c.Traditional "deliverability" plot — probably
(Darcy's law). derived from empirical plotting of data.

b."Rate-squared" (or velocity-squared) formula-

tion — analogous form can be derived from d. Modified "deliverability" plot — note that bqsc2
steady-state flow theory (Forchheimer Eq.). must be known (... need alternative approach).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 4
Deliverability Testing — 4-Point Tests

b. "Standard" 4-point test deliverability test — note

that the rates increase (to protect the reservoir).

Discussion:
The value "value" of deliverability
tests is in the process — the data
can be be more effectively analyz-
ed as "well test data" than as
deliverability data. However, deli-
verability analysis can serve as a
quality control (data checking).

a.Basic deliverability test analysis — note the

difference in the simplified and "LIT" cases.

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 5
Deliverability Testing — Isochronal Tests

Isochronal Test Analysis — Note the multiple trends.

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 6
Well Test Analysis — Multirate Testing

a. Multirate (4-point) rate sequence (note pressure

match (solid trend through the data).

c. Results summary — note that non-Darcy flow,

changing wellbore storage, and an infinite-
acting reservoir system were considered in this
analysis.
b. Log-log "summary plot" — note good agreement
in comparison of data and model.

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 7
Well Test Analysis — "Well Interference"

a. "Well Interference" plot — note the linear trend c. Horner semilog plot — note the two semilog
through the data functions (confirms interference) . trends confirm the radial composite model.

Discussion:
"Well interference" is much more
common than previously thought
— and we must recognize the
characteristic behavior on each
plot:
– Log-log plot (b)
– Semilog plot (c)
– Specialized plot (a)
b. Log-log "summary plot" — note the corrected and
uncorrected data (well interference).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 8
Well Test Analysis — Basic Plots

a. Log-log "preliminary analysis" c. Semilog "middle-time" plot — e. Cartesian "Arps" plot — used
plot — wellbore storage and used to analyze radial flow to estimate average reservoir
radial flow (Cs, k). behavior (k, s). pressure.

b. Cartesian "early-time" plot — d. Horner "middle-time" plot — f. Log-log "summary" plot —

used to analyze wellbore used to analyze radial flow summary of all analysis (Cs, k,
storage (p0, Cs). behavior (k, s, p*). s, A, etc).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 9
Well Test Analysis — Basic Plots (1)

Example: "Preliminary Analysis" (log-log).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 10
Well Test Analysis — Basic Plots (2)

Example: "Horner Semilog Analysis" (semilog).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 11
Well Test Analysis — Basic Plots (3)

Example: "Analysis Summary Plot" (log-log).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 12
Well Test Analysis — Work Relations

Given data — Lee text (1st edition), Working relations — Lee text (1st
Example 2.2. edition), Example 2.2).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 13
Well Test Analysis — WBS Type Curves

a. Type Curve: Radial flow with b. Type Curve: Radial flow with c. Type Curve: Radial flow with
wellbore storage and skin wellbore storage and skin wellbore storage and skin
effects (pD, pDd). effects (pD, pDd, pDr1). effects (pD, pDdd).

d. Type Curve: Radial flow with e. Type Curve: Radial flow with f. Type Curve: Radial flow with
wellbore storage and skin wellbore storage and skin wellbore storage and skin
effects (pDi, pDid). effects (pDi, pDid, pDir1). effects (pDi, pDir2).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 14
Well Test Analysis — WBS Type Curves (1)

Type Curve: "Gringarten-Bourdet" (pD, pDd).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 15
Well Test Analysis — WBS Type Curves (2)

Type Curve: "Second Derivative) (pD, pDdd).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 16
Well Test Analysis — WBS Type Curves (3)

Type Curve: "Integral Functions" (pDi, pDid).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 17
Well Test Analysis — Bounded Reservoir

a. Type Curve for sealing faults (pDd). b. Type Curve for conductive (leaky) faults (pDd).

c. Type Curve for pressure buildup test in a d. Type Curve for pressure buildup test in a
closed rectangular reservoir (pDd). closed rectangular reservoir (pDid).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 18
Well Test Analysis — Bounded Reservoir (1)

Type Curve: "Sealing Faults" (pDd).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 19
Well Test Analysis — Bounded Reservoir (2)

Type Curve: "Closed Reservoir" (Buildup Only) (pDd).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 20
Well Test Analysis — Composite Systems

a. Composite Reservoir (ηr=1x10-3). b. Composite Reservoir (ηr=1x10-2). c. Composite Reservoir (ηr=1x10-1).

d. Composite Reservoir (ηr=1x100). e. Composite Reservoir (all ηr cases).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 21
Well Test Analysis — Composite Systems (1)

Type Curve: all ηr cases (Tang-Brigham).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 22
Well Test Analysis — Fractured Wells

a. Type Curve: CfD= various, b. Type Curve: CfD=1, CDf = various. c. Type Curve: CfD=2, CDf = various.
no CDf cases.

d. Type Curve: CfD=5, CDf = various. e. Type Curve: CfD=10, CDf = various. f. Type Curve: CfD=1x103,
CDf = various.

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 23
Well Test Analysis — Fractured Wells (1)

Type Curve: Various CfD (Cinco-Samaniego).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 24
Well Test Analysis — Fractured Wells (2)

"Pseudoradial flow" skin factor correlation for a

fractured well (Cinco-Samaniego).
(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 25
Well Test Analysis — Fractured Wells (3)

Type Curve: CfD=2, various CDf cases.

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 26
Well Test Analysis — Fractured Wells (4)

Type Curve: CfD=1x103, various CDf cases.

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 27
Well Test Analysis — Dual Porosity Reservoirs

a. Type Curve: ω,λ= various, b. Type Curve: λCD= 1x10-1, pss c. Type Curve: λCD= 1x10-4, pss
pss interporosity flow. interporosity flow. interporosity flow.

d. Type Curve: ω,λ= various, tran- e. Type Curve: λCD= 1x10-1, f. Type Curve: λCD= 1x10-4,
sient interporosity flow. transient interporosity flow. transient interporosity flow.

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 28
Well Test Analysis — Dual Porosity Reservoirs (1)

Type Curve: Pseudosteady-State Interporosity

Flow (Onur, et al format).
(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 29
Well Test Analysis — Dual Porosity Reservoirs (2)

Type Curve: Transient Interporosity Flow (Onur,

et al format).
(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 30
Well Test Analysis — Dual Porosity Reservoirs (3)

Type Curve: λCD= 1x10-4, pss interporosity flow.

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 31
Well Test Analysis — Dual Porosity Reservoirs (4)

Type Curve: λCD= 1x10-4, transient interporosity flow.

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 32
Well Test Analysis — Scaling
Pressure transient analysis
"sees" the reservoir as a volume-
averaged set of properties.
New solutions/models will also
have this view of the reservoir —
but, quantifying heterogeneity
may (or may not) be possible by
the analysis of pressure transient
test data.
Scaling will remain a major issue
— regardless of the mechanism
used to analyze reservoir
performance.

From: Simulator Parameter Assignment

and the Problem of Scaling in Reservoir
Engineering — Halderson (1986).

(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 33
 (Formation Evaluation and the Analysis of Reservoir Performance)

Module for:
Analysis of Reservoir Performance
Pressure Transient Testing
End of Presentation
T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116
(979) 845-2292 — t-blasingame@tamu.edu
(04 December 2002) PETE 689 (02C) — Pressure Transient Testing Slide — 34