Hybrid filters for power quality improvement

B. Singh, V. Verma, A. Chandra and K. Al-Haddad

Abstract: Solid-state controllers are widely used to convert AC power for feeding number of
electrical loads such as adjustable speed drives, furnaces, power supplies etc. Some of these
controllers behave as nonlinear loads because they draw nonsinusoidal current from the AC mains.
Filter technology for improving power quality of such loads has matured to a reasonable level.
Moreover, hybrid filters are considered one of best options for improving power quality for a
number of considerations. A comprehensive review of hybrid filters configurations is given: their
control approaches, state of art, design considerations, selection criteria, potential applications,
latest trends, future developments and their comparative features. A broad review of the status of
hybrid filters to researchers, design and practice engineers dealing with power quality improvements
is presented. A classified list of more than 150 research publications on the hybrid filters is also
given for quick reference.

1 Introduction
Solid-state conversion of AC power using diodes and
thyristors is widely adopted to control a number of
processes such as adjustable speed drives (ASD), furnaces,
chemical processes such as electroplating etc., power
supplies, welding, heating etc. These solid-state converters
are also used in power industries such as HVDC
transmission systems, battery energy storage systems and
interfacing renewably energy electricity generating systems.
Some of these solid-state controllers draw harmonic
currents and reactive power from the AC mains and
behave as nonlinear loads. Moreover, in three-phase AC
mains, they also cause unbalance and excessive neutral
current resulting in low power factor and poor efficiency of
the systems. In addition to these, they, also create the
problems of poor utilisation of distribution system, RFI
and EMI noise, interference to communication systems,
voltage distortion, disturbance to neighbouring consumers,
poor power quality at AC source such as notch, sag, swell,
noise, spikes, surge, flicker, unbalance, low-frequency
oscillations and malfunction of protection systems. Because
of such severity of power quality problems, several
standards have been developed [1–4] and are being enforced
on consumers, manufacturers and utilities. Moreover the
power community has become more conscious of these
power quality problems and numbers of technology options
have been reported in the literature and research publica-
tions [5–35]. Initially, lossless passive filters (LC) have been
used to reduce harmonics, and capacitors have been chosen
for power-factor correction of these nonlinear loads. But
passive filters have the demerits of fixed compensation, large
size and resonance with the supply system. Active and filters
r IEE, 2004
IEE Proceedings online no. 20045027
doi:10.1049/ip-gtd:20045027
Paper first received 04th May 2004
B. Singh and V. Verma are with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
!
A. Chandra and K. Al-Haddad are with the D!ept. de G!enie Electrique, !
ETS,
1100, rue Notre-Dame Ouest, Montr!eal, Qu!ebec, Canada, H3C 1K3
E-mail: vishalvermal@hotmail.com
(AFs) [17, 19, 21, 26, 31, 32] have been explored in shunt
and series configurations to compensate for different types
of nonlinear loads. However, they have the drawback that
their rating is sometimes very close to load (up to 80%) in
some typical applications and thus it becomes a costly
option for power quality improvement in a number of
situations. Moreover, a single active filter does not provide a
complete solution for compensation in many cases of
nonlinear loads due to presence of both voltage and current
power quality problems. However, many researchers [33,
34] have classified different types of nonlinear loads and
have suggested various filter options for their compensation.
Because of the higher rating of AFs and cost considerations,
the acceptability of AFs by users has been limited in
practical situations. In response to these factors, a series of
hybrid filters has been evolved and extensively used in
practice as a cost-effective solution for the compensation of
nonlinear loads. Moreover, these hybrid filters (HFs) are
found to be more effective in providing complete compen-
sation of various types of nonlinear loads. Therefore, it is
considered timely to present a broad perspective on hybrid
filter technology for the power community dealing with
power quality issues.
This paper deals with a comprehensive survey on hybrid
filters. More than 150 publications [1–155] have been
reviewed and classified into ten categories. The first category
[1–35] is on standards, texts, review articles and benchmark
publications on power quality issues. The second to fourth
categories include publications on single-phase hybrids of
passive–passive [36–44], passive–active [45–56] and active–
active [57–63] filters. The fifth to seventh–categories
publications are on three-phase, three-wire hybrid filters
of passive–passive [64–73], passive–active [74–117] and
active–active [118–138] combinations. The eighth to tenth
categories of hybrid filters are on three-phase, fourwire
passive–passive [139, 140], passive–active [141–144] and
active–active [145–155] hybrid filters. However, these nine
types of HFs are further classified into a number of circuit
configurations. This paper covers the state of the art of HF
technology, configurations, control approaches, selection of
components and design considerations, comparative fea-
tures, selection criteria and potential applications and latest
trends and future developments in HF technology.

IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 3, May 2005 365
2 State of the art
The technology of power filters is now matured for
compensating different types of nonlinear loads through
current-based compensation and for improving the power
quality of the AC supply through voltage-based compensa-
tion techniques such as elimination of voltage harmonics,
sags, swell, notches, glitches, spikes, flickers and voltage
unbalance and for providing even voltage regulation.
Moreover, these filters are also identified according to the
nature of the nonlinear loads, such as voltage fed (voltage
stiff or voltage source on the DC side of the rectifier
through the capacitive filter), current fed (current stiff or
current source on the DC side of the DC motor drive or the
current source for the CSI-fed AC motor drive etc.) and a
mix of these two types [26, 30–34]. Various topologies such
as passive, active, hybrid filters in shunt, series and both for
two-wire single-phase, three-wire three-phase and four-wire
three-phase systems have been proposed using current
source and voltage inverters to improve the power quality
of the AC mains. It has already been mentioned that hybrid
filters are considered a better option for power quality
improvement as a cost-effective and ideal solution for either
compensation of nonlinear loads or to provide a clean and
ideal AC supply to a variety of loads. This Section describes
the chronological developments and present status of HF
technology.
Because of extensive use of solid-state converters, the
pollution level in AC supply systems is increasing rapidly
and power quality has become an important area of
research. A number of standards, surveys and texts have
been reported [1–35] for improving the power quality and
maintaining it to the prescribed level through different
approaches in single-phase, three-phase three-wire and
three-phase four-wire systems. Moreover, hybrid filters
have been developed using passive and active filters with
their single, two or three units either to improve their
performance or to reduce the cost of the system compared
to single active or passive filters. Lossless passive filters (LC)
have been used for a long time as a combination of single-
tuned, double-tuned along with damped highpass filters
either to suck current harmonics through creating harmo-
nics valley in shunt with current fed nonlinear loads
(thyristor based DC motor drive, HVDC, DC current
source for CSI etc.) or to block harmonic currents through
creating a harmonic dam in series with voltage fed nonlinear
loads. However, these passive filters have the limitations of
fixed compensation and resonance with the supply system,
which are normally overcome using active filters (AFs). A
single unit of AF normally has high rating resulting in high
cost and even then does not provide perfect compensation.
The rating of active filters is reduced through augmenting it
by passive filters to form hybrid filters, which reduces
overall cost and in many instances they provide better
compensation than either passive or active filters. However,
if one can afford the cost, then a hybrid of two active filters
provides the perfect and best solution and thus it is known
as a universal power quality conditioner (UPQC) or
universal active filter. Therefore, development in hybrid
filter technology has been from a hybrid of passive filters to
a hybrid of active filters to give a cost-effective solution and
perfect compensation.
In a single-phase system, there are a large number of
nonlinear loads, such as fluorescent lamps, ovens, TVs,
computers, air conditioners, power supplies, printers,
copiers and high-rating traction systems. These loads are
compensated for using a hybrid of passive filters [37, 40, 41]
as a low-cost solution and a hybrid of active filters in
366
traction systems [58]. A major amount of power is
processed in three-phase three-wire systems, either in ASDs
with small rating to reasonable power level, or HVDC
transmission systems in high power rating, and they behave
as nonlinear loads. These loads are also compensated for
using either a group of passive filters or a combination of
active and passive filters in different configurations depend-
ing on the nature of the AC system, such as current fed,
voltage fed or a mix of them. Vastly distributed single-phase
nonlinear loads have power quality problems in three-phase
four-wire AC systems and are compensated for using a
number of passive filters or active filters or their combina-
tion as hybrid filters.
One of major reason for the advance of hybrid filter
technology consisting active filter elements is due to the
development of fast self-commutating solid-state devices
such as the MOSFET (metal oxide semiconductor field
effect transistor) and IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transis-
tor). An improved and low-cost sensor technology is also
responsible for reducing the cost and improving the
response of HFs. Fast Hall-effect sensors and compact
isolation amplifiers have made HFs affordable.
Another major factor for the revolution in HF
technology has been the evolution of microelectronics.
The development of low-cost, high-accuracy and fast digital
signal processors, microcontrollers and application specific
integrated circuits (ASICs) has made possible the imple-
mentation of complex control algorithms for online control
at an acceptable price. A number of control theories of HFs
such as instantaneous reactive power theory, synchronously
rotating frame theory and many more with several lowpass,
highpass and bandpass digital filters along with several
closed-loop controllers such as the proportional–integral
(PI) controller, the sliding-mode controller (SMC) etc., have
been employed to implement hybrid filters. Moreover,
many manufacturers are developing hybrid filters even at
quite large power ratings to improve the power quality of a
vast range of nonlinear loads.
3 Configurations
HFs can be classified based by a number of elements in
topology, supply system and types of converter used in their
circuits. The supply system can be single-phase (two-wire),
three-phase three-wire and three-phase four-wire to feed
variety of nonlinear loads. The type of converters can be
voltage-source inverter (VSI) or current-source inverter
(CSI) to realise active filters (AFs) as a part of hybrid filter
with appropriate control. The number of elements in the
topology can either be two, three or more, which may either
be active filters (AFs) or passive filters (PFs). Here, the main
classification is made on the basis of the supply system, with
further sub-classification on the basis of filter elements.
Figure 1 shows the proposed classification of hybrid filters
based on the supply system with the topology as a further
sub-classification. However, there is common sub-classifica-
tion in each case of supply system. Therefore, major
classification is made on the basis of number (two and
three) and types of elements (passive and active filters) in
different topologies in each case of supply system. These
hybrid filters are classified into a hybrid of two passive
elements as shown in Fig. 2 as two circuits followed by a
hybrid of three passive elements as shown in Fig. 3 resulting
in only two circuits. The main hybrid of two elements, one
active and one passive filter, has eight valid combinations,
as shown in Fig. 4. Similarly the hybrid filters consisting of
three elements, two passive with one active and one passive
with two active filter elements, each have 18 valid circuits
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 3, May 2005
 hybrid filters

single − phase three − phase three − wire three − phase four − wire

passive − passive active − active passive − passive active − active passive − passive active − active

passive − active passive − active passive − active

Fig. 1 Classification of hybrid filters for power quality improvement

Zs PFss Zs PFss1 PFss2

is is
AC nonlinear AC PFsh nonlinear
Vs
mains Vs PFsh loads mains loads

a
a

Zs PFss
Zs PFss

is nonlinear
AC PFsh1 PFsh2
Vs
is mains loads
AC nonlinear
mains Vs PFsh
loads
b

Fig. 3
b a Hybrid filter as combination of passive-series (PFss1), passive-shunt
(PFsh) and passive-series (PFss2) filters
Fig. 2
b Hybrid filter as combination of passive-shunt (PFsh1), passive-series
a Hybrid filter as combination of passive-series (PFss) and passive-
(PFss) and passive-shunt (PFsh2) filters
shunt (PFsh) filters
b Hybrid filter as combination of passive-shunt (PFsh) and passive-
series (PFss) filters

resulting in a total of 36 circuit combinations, as shown in
Figs. 5 and 6, respectively. It is followed by a hybrid of two
and three active filter elements each having only two
circuits, as shown in Figs. 7 and 8, respectively. The hybrid
filters of more than three elements are rarely used because
of cost and complexity considerations and hence are not
included here. These hybrid filters as a combination of two
and three active and passive elements result in a total of 52
practically valid circuit configurations.
However, these 52 circuit configurations of hybrid filters
are valid for each case of supply system of single-phase two-
wire, three-phase three wire and three-phase four wire AC
systems. In each case of supply system, four basic elements
of filter circuit as passive series (PFss), passive shunt (PFsh),
active series (AFss) and active shunt (AFsh) are required to
develop complete hybrid filter circuit configurations.
Figures 9–20 show some of the basic circuits of these four
elements for three cases of supply systems. However, there
may be many more combinations such as active filter
elements using current source inverters or reduced devices
voltage source inverters etc.
Normally each passive filter element employs three tuned
filters, the first two being for the lowest dominant
harmonics followed by highpass filter elements. However,
in some high-power applications such as HVDC systems,
five tuned filter elements are used, having four for the four
lower dominant harmonics and the fifth one as a highpass
damped filter element. In each passive filter element of series
type (PFss), two lossless LC components are connected is
parallel for creating a harmonic dam to block harmonic
currents. All the three or five components of the passive
series filter are connected in series, as shown in Figs. 9, 13
and 17. However, in the passive shunt filter element (PFsh),
two lossless LC components are connected in series, for
creating a harmonic valley to sink harmonic currents. All
the three or five components of the passive shunt filter
(PFsh) are connected in parallel, as shown in Figs. 10, 14
and 18 for three supply systems.
Similarly each active filter element employs a VSI
preferably with self-supporting DC bus with electrolytic
capacitor (Cd), and an AC inductor (Lr) along with optional
small AC capacitor (Cr) to form a ripple filter to eliminate
the switching ripple. They may also use a CSI with inductive
energy storage at the DC-link with current control of shunt
AC capacitors to form an active filter element. However, a
VSI is normally preferred because of various advantages,
such as low losses, small size, low noise etc. Depending on
supply system, this VSI-based active filter element may be a
single-phase two-arm bridge, three-phase three-arm bridge
and three-phase four-arm or mid point or three single-phase
to form an active filter element for a four-wire system.
These units can be connected in series directly in single

IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 3, May 2005 367
 PFss
PFss AFss zs
zs

is nonlinear is nonlinear
AC vs AC vs AFss
loads loads
mains mains

a b

zs AFss zs PFss

is is nonlinear
AC vs PFsh nonlinear AC vs AFsh
loads loads
mains mains

c d

zs
zs

is
PFsh nonlinear
is nonlinear AC vs
AC loads
vs loads mains
mains AFsh PFsh
AFsh

e f

zs PFss zs AFss

is nonlinear AC is nonlinear
AC vs
vs AFsh loads mains PFsh loads
mains

g h

Fig. 4
a Hybrid filter as combination of series-connected passive-series (PFss) and active-series (AFss) filters
b Hybrid filter as combination of parallel-connected passive-series (PFss) and active-series (AFss) filters
c Hybrid filter as combination of passive-shunt (PFsh) and active-series (AFss) filters
d Hybrid filter as combination of active-shunt (AFsh) and passive-series (PFsh) filters
e Hybrid filter as combination of active-shunt (AFsh) and passive-shunt (PFsh) filters
f Hybrid filter as combination of series-connected passive-shunt (PFsh) and active-shunt (AFsh) filters
g Hybrid filter as combination of passive-series (PFss) and active-shunt (AFsh) filters
h Hybrid filter as combination of active-series (AFss) and passive-shunt (PFsh) filters

phase to reduce the cost [48, 53] or through injunction
transformers usually with higher turns on the VSI side to
form active series filter element (AFss), as shown in Figs. 11,
15, 19a, 19band 19c, respectively for two-wire, three-wire
and four-wire systems to act as a high active impedance to
block harmonic current and low impedance for funda-
mental current. In the same manner, active shunt filter
element (AFsh) may either connected directly or through
step down transformers to connect the VSI at optimum
voltage to act as an adjustable sink for harmonic currents,
as shown in Figs. 12, 16 and 20 for three cases of AC supply
system, respectively.
The total number of valid basic circuit configurations
of HFs for all three cases of supply system results in
156 configurations to suit the majority of applica-
tions for improving the power quality of the system
either having nonlinear loads or polluted AC supply.
Moreover, there may be many more variation in
active filter elements or passive filter elements, but the
basic concept of HFs will remain out of these circuit
configurations.
4 Control approaches
The control scheme is the heart of the HF in which an
active filter (AF) element is involved. Out of 52 configura-
368
tions, 48 have one, two or three AF elements. Most HFs
require a control scheme, which has three major stages. The
first stage includes the sensing of all essential control
variables such as AC voltages, AC and/or DC currents,
DC voltage etc. to feed in to the digital processor for use in
the control algorithm after signal conditioning to a proper
level for inputting to analogue to digital conversion, either
inbuilt in the processor or interfaced as a module. In the
second stage, the control algorithm is implemented through
software in the processor to derive output control signals in
the form of injected voltages for the series active filter (AFss)
and currents to act as current sources for the active shunt
filter (AFsh). In the third and last stage, PWM gating signals
are generated either in the processor using a dedicated
PWM generator optimally or complemented in the hard-
ware externally. These gating signals are isolated and
amplified to feed solid-state switching devices of the AF.
4.1 Signal sensing and conditioning
The control algorithm in its implementation requires a
number of instantaneous current and voltage signals from
the HF system. These signals are generally AC voltage at
the point of common coupling (PCC), injected voltages in
the AFss element, AC currents in the AFsh element, DC bus
voltage or current depending on the use of VSI or CSI in
the implementation of the active filter. The AC voltages are
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 3, May 2005
 Zs PFss Zs PFss AFss
AFss AFss Zs PFss1

is nonlinear is nonlinear Ac is
Ac Vs PFsh Ac Vs PFsh nonlinear
loads loads mains Vs PFss2
mains mains loads

a b c

AFss Zs PFss1 PFss2 Zs PFss

Zs

is is nonlinear is nonlinear
Ac nonlinear Ac Vs Ac
Vs AFsh loads AFsh
mains PFsh PFss loads mains mains Vs PFsh loads

d e f

Zs
PFss1 AFss
Zs AFss PFss Zs
is AF
sh
nonlinear
Ac
loads
Ac is
PFsh
nonlinear mains Vs PFsh Ac is nonlinear
mains Vs loads Vs PFss2 loads
mains

g h i

Zs PFss zs PFss zs PFss AFss

nonlinear is nonlinear is nonlinear

is AC AC
Ac loads vs loads vs PFsh
Vs PFsh mains AFsh mains loads
mains AFsh PFsh

j k l

zs
zs PFss
zs
AFss
is AFsh
is
PFsh nonlinear AC nonlinear
is nonlinear AC vs PFsh1
AC vs loads mains loads
vs PFsh1 loads mains PFsh2
mains PFsh2 AFsh

m n o

zs

is
AFss PFsh1
PFss zs
zs
AC nonlinear
vs
is mains loads
AC is nonlinear AC nonlinear
vs AFsh
vs PFsh mains PFss loads PFsh2
mains AFsh loads PFsh

p q r

Fig. 5
a Hybrid filter as combination of passive-shunt (PFsh), passive-series (PFss) and active-series (AFss) filters
b Hybrid filter as combination of passive-series (PFss) passive-shunt (PFsh), and active-series (AFss) filters
c Hybrid filter as combination of passive-series (PFss1) in series with parallel-connected active-series (AFss) and passive-series (PFss2) filters
d Hybrid filter as combination of passive-shunt (PFsh) and parallel-connected active-series (AFss) and passive-series (PFss) filters
e Hybrid filter as combination of passive-series (PFss1), active-shunt (AFsh) and passive-series (PFss2) filters
f Hybrid filter as combination of parallel-connected passive-shunt (PFsh) with active-shunt (AFsh) and passive-series (PFss) filters
g Hybrid filter as combination of active-series (AFss), passive-shunt (PFsh) and passive-series (PFss) filters
h Hybrid filter as combination of series-connected passive-shunt (PFsh) with active-series (AFss) and passive-series (PFss) filters
i Hybrid filter as combination of series-connected passive-series (PFss1) with active-series (AFss) in parallel with passive-series (PFss2) filters
j Hybrid filter as combination of passive-series (PFss) and parallel-connected passive-shunt (PFsh) with active-shunt (AFsh) filters
k Hybrid filter as combination of passive-shunt (PFsh), passive-series (PFss) and active-shunt (AFsh) filters
l Hybrid filter as combination of series-connected passive-series (PFss) with active-series (AFss) and passive-shunt filters
m Hybrid filter as combination of passive-shunt (PFsh1), active-series (AFss) and passive-shunt (PFsh2) filters
n Hybrid filter as combination of passive-series (PFss) and series-connected passive-shunt (PFsh) with active-shunt (AFsh) filters
o Hybrid filter as combination of passive-shunt (PFsh1) and series-connected active-series (AFss) with passive-shunt (PFsh2) filters
p Hybrid filter as combination of active-shunt (AFsh), passive-series (PFss) and passive-shunt (PFsh) filters
q Hybrid filter as combination of parallel-connected active-series (AFss) with passive-series (PFss) and passive-shunt (PFsh) filters
r Hybrid filter as combination of passive-shunt (PFsh1) and parallel-connected passive-shunt (PFsh2) with active-series (AFsh) filters

sensed using a potential transformer, isolation amplifier voltage are sensed through an isolation amplifier or Hall
or Hall effect voltage sensors. However, distorted effect sensors. Similarly current signals are sensed either
voltages such as injected voltages in the AFss and DC using current transformers or Hall-effect current sensors,

IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 3, May 2005 369
 zs PFss AFss zs AFss PFss
zs PFss

is nonlinear is nonlinear is AFss1 nonlinear

AC AC AC
vs loads vs loads vs AFss2 loads
mains AFsh mains AFsh mains

a b c

zs AFss1 AFss2 zs
zs PFss

is is AFss
AC is nonlinear AC nonlinear AC nonlinear
vs AFss mains vs loads vs loads
mains AFsh loads PFsh mains AFsh PFsh

d e f

zs AFss zs PFss
AFss1
zs PFss
AFss is AFsh is
AC nonlinear AC nonlinear
is vs v AFss2
AC nonlinear mains loads mains s loads
mains vs loads PFsh
AFsh

g h i

zs zs
AFss AFss zs AFss PFss

AC is nonlinear AC is nonlinear AC is nonlinear

vs PFsh loads PFsh loads vs AFsh loads
mains AFsh mains AFsh mains

j k l

zs zs
AFss
zs PFss AFsh2
is AFsh is
AC nonlinear AC nonlinear
AC is nonlinear mains vs loads mains vs AFsh1 loads
mains vs AFsh2 loads PFsh PFsh
AFsh1

m n o
zs
zs PFss
zs AFss
is AFsh1
is AC nonlinear
AC is nonlinear AC nonlinear vs loads
vs vs AFss mains
mains PFsh loads mains AFsh loads AFsh2 PFsh
AFsh

p q r

Fig. 6
a Hybrid filter as combination of active-shunt (AFsh), passive-series (PFss) and active-series (AFss) filters
b Hybrid filter as combination of active-serres (AFss), active-shunt (AFsh) and passive-series (PFss) filters
c Hybrid filter as combination of active-series (AFss1) in active-series (AFss2) filters
d Hybrid filter as combination of active-shunt (AFsh), parallel-connected passive series (PFss) with active-series (AFss) filters
e Hybrid filter as combination of active-series (AFss1), passive-shunt (PFsh) and active-series (AFss2) filters
f Hybrid filter as combination of active-shunt (AFsh), passive-shunt (PFsh) and active-series (AFss) filters
g Hybrid filter as combination of passive-series (PFssh), active-shunt (AFsh), passive-shunt (PFsh) and active-series (AFss) filters
h Hybrid filter as combination of series-connected active-shunt (AFsh) with passive-shunt (PFsh) and actives-series (AFss) filters
i Hybrid filter as combination of active-series (AFss), passive-series (PFss) and active-series (AFss2) filters
j Hybrid Filter as combination of active-series (AFss), active-shunt (AFsh) and passive-shunt (PFsh) filters
k Hybrid filter as combination of active-shunt (AFsh), active-series (AFss) and passive-shunt (PFsh) filters
l Hybrid filter as combination of active-series (AFss), passive-series (PFss) and active-shunt (AFsh) filters
m Hybrid filter as combination of active-shunt (AFsh1), passive-series (PFss) and active-shunt (AFsh2) filters
n Hybrid filter as combination of series-connected actives-series (AFss), series-connected active-shunt (AFsh) and passive-shunt (PFsh) filters
o Hybrid filter as combination of series-connected active-shunt (AFsh1), series-connected active-shunt (AFsh2) and passive-shunt (PFsh) filters
p Hybrid filter as combination of passive-shunt (PFsh), active-series (AFss) and active-shunt (AFsh) filters
q Hybrid filter as combination of parallel-connected passive-series (PFss) with active-series (AFss) and active-sehunt (AFsh) filters
r Hybrid filter as combination of active-shunt (AFsh1), in series with parallel-connected active-shunt (AFsh2) and passive-shunt (PFsh) filters

depending on sensing of sinusoidal AC current or distorted 4.2 Control algorithms

AC and DC currents. These variables after sensing are There are many control approaches, which are used in
scaled down to a suitable level to be fed to ADC channels, implementation of HFs having active filter elements.
phase lock loop (PLL) input, synchronising signals etc. Initially there have been two methods, based on fre-
Sometimes these signals are filtered in hardware or software quency-domain and time-domain compensation. Control
to avoid switching noise or undesired signals with lowpass methods based on time domains are simple to implement
(LF), bandpass (BF) and highpass (HF) filters. and result in fast dynamic response due to instantaneous
370 IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 3, May 2005
 Zs Zs
AFss

is
is
Ac nonlinear C3 C5 Ch
Vs
mains loads
AFsh nonlinear
Ac Vs L3 L5 Lh Rh
loads
mains
a
PFSh
Zs
AFss
Fig. 10 Single-phase passive shunt filter normally used as a unit
is PFSh in a single-phase hybrid filters
Ac nonlinear
Vs
mains loads
AFsh

Zs
b AFSS
transformers
Fig. 7 is
a Hybrid filter as combination of active-series (AFss) and active-shunt Cr
(AFsh) filters Lr
T1 T3 nonlinear
b Hybrid filter as combination of active-shunt (AFsh) and active-series Ac Vs loads
(AFss) filters mains Cd
T2 T4

Zs AFss1 AFss2
Fig. 11 Single-phase passive-series filter normally used as a unit
AFss in a single-phase hybrid filter
is
Ac Vs nonlinear
mains loads
AFsh
Zs
a
is
Zs
AFss T1 T3
nonlinear
Ac Vs
Cd loads
mains Lr T4
is AFSh
Ac Vs nonlinear Cr T
2
mains loads
AFsh1 AFsh2

Fig. 12 Single-phase active-shunt filter normally used as a unit

b
AFsh in a single-phase hybrid filter
Fig. 8
a Hybrid filter as combination of active-series (AFss1), active-shunt
(AFsh) and active-series (AFss2) filters
b Hybrid filter as combination of active-shunt (AFsh1), active-series Zsa Ch Rh
Vsa C5 C7 PFSSa
(AFss) and active-shunt (AFsh2) filters
isa L5 L7 Lh
Zsb Ch Rh three - phase
Vsb C5 C7 PFSSb three - wire
Zs C3 C5 Ch Rh
nonlinear
isb L5 L7 Lh loads
is L3 L5 Lh
Zsc C5 C7 Ch Rh PFSSc
Vsc
Ac Vs PFSS
nonlinear
mains isc L5 L7 Lh
loads

Fig. 13 Three-phase three-wire passive-series filter normally used

Fig. 9 Single-phase passive-series filter normally used as a unit as unit PFss in three-phase three-wire hybrid filter
PFss in a single-phase hybrid filters

derivation of compensation commands and therefore,
nowadays, they are only used in HFs.
Normally in the implementation of the active series filter
element (AFss), compensating command signals are derived
in the form of injected voltages, and in the active shunt filter
element (AFsh) compensating commands are derived in the
form of currents. There are many control approaches, such
as instantaneous p–q theory [76, 77], synchronous rotating
reference frame d–q theory [80], synchronous detection
method [86] and many more to derive the control command
signals. In general, a closed-loop proportional–integral (PI)
or sliding-mode controllers are used on the DC bus voltage
of the AF to provide a self-supporting DC bus and are
augmented into a control method to draw small active

IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 3, May 2005 371
 Zsa
Vsa

isa three - phase

Zsb
Vsb three - wire
nonlinear
isb loads
Zsc
Vsc

PFSha PFShb PFShc

isc
C5 C7 Ch C5 C7 Ch C5 C7 Ch
L5 L7 Lh Rh L5 L7 Lh Rh L
5 L7 Lh Rh

Fig. 14 Three-phase three-wire passive-shunt filter normally used as a unit PFsh in a three-phase three-wire hybrid filter

Zsa Zsa
Vsa Vsa
Tr
isa isa
Zsb three - phase Zsb three - phase
Vsb Vsb
three - wire three - wire
Tr nonlinear nonlinear
isb Zsc isb Zsc
Vsc loads Vsc loads

isc Tr Cr
isc
Cr
AFss
Cr Cr
Lr Lr Lr AFSh
Lr Cr Cr
Lr Lr

Cd
Cd

Fig. 16 Three-phase three-wire active-shunt filter normally used as

Fig. 15 Three-phase three-wire active-series filter normally used as a unit AFsh in a three-phase three-wire hybrid filter
a unit AFss in a three-phase three-wire hybrid filter

Zsa
Vsa C3 C5 Ch Rh
PFssa

L3 L5 Lh a
isa Zsb
C3 C5 Ch Rh
Vsb PFssb
b three - phase
n four - wire
L3 L5 Lh
nonlinear
isb Zsc loads
C3 C5 Ch Rh
Vsc PFssc c
L3 L5 Lh n
isc

Fig. 17 Three-phase four-wire passive-series filter normally used as a unit PFss in a three-phase four-wire hybrid filter

Zsa
Vsa
a
isa Zsb three - phase
Vsb
b four - wire
nonlinear
isb Zsc
n Vsc loads
c
isc PFsha PFshb PFshc
n
C3 C5 Ch C3 C5 Ch C3 C5 Ch

L3 L5 Lh Rh L L5 Lh Rh L3 L5 Lh Rh
3

Fig. 18 Three-phase four-wire passive-shunt filter normally used as a unit PFsh in a three-phase four-wire hybrid filter

372 IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 3, May 2005
 Vsa Zsa Zsa
Vsa a
a
Tr isa
isa Zsb Zsb three - phase
Vsb Vsb b
Cr b three - phase n four - wire
Tr four - wire isb
isb nonlinear Zsc nonlinear
Zsc Vsc
n Vsc Cr c loads c loads
Tr isc n
isc
n
Tr Tr Tr
Cr
AFsh
Tr Tr Tr
Cr
Cr
C
Lr Lr Lr Cd1 AFSS Lr Lr Lr r

Cd2 Cd 1
Cd 2
a
Fig. 20 Three-phase four-wire active-shunt filter as a unit AFsh in
Zsa a three-phase four-wire hybrid filter
Vsa
a
isa Tr
Zsb
Vsb
b three - phase
n Tr four - wire
isb Zsc
Vsc nonlinear 4.3 Generation of gating signals
c loads
isc Tr In the third or final stage of control of the AF in HFs,
n different closed-loop PWM controllers are used to generate
gating signals. The PWM controllers are implemented
either in the processor through optimised software and
associated hardware of the processor or in analogue
hardware. Nowadays implementation of these PWM
Lr Lr Lr Lr controllers is preferred in the software of the processor,
AFSS
Cd which reduces the cost of the system and enhances the
reliability due to a reduction in component count. The
derived compensating command signals are compared with
b sensed feedback signals and any error is processed in the
Zsa PWM controller and generates digital gating signals. There
Vsa
are a number of closed-loop PWM controllers such as
isa Tr carrier-less PWM controllers (hysteresis, on/off etc.),
Vsb Zsb
three - phase carrier-based PWM controller such as PI, dead beat,
isb Tr four - wire sliding-mode controller (SMC), and many more implemen-
n V Zsc nonlinear
sc ted through software in the processor already used for
loads
isc
Tr deriving compensating commands. These digital (low/high)
gating signals are buffered, isolated and amplified to feed
the gate of the solid-state switching devices of the AF used
AFSS
in HFs.

Lr Lr Lr 5 Selection of components and design

a b c
Cd considerations

The selection of components of the hybrid filters is an

c important aspect to attain a high-level performance. There
Fig. 19
a Three-phase four-wire active-series filter with capacitor mid point
normally used as a unit AFss in a three-phase four-wire hybrid filter
b Three-phase four-wire active-series filter with four-pole topology
normally used as unit AFss in three-phase four-wire hybrid filter
c Three-phase four-wire active-series filter with three-single-phase-
bridge used as a unit AFss in a three-phase four-wire hybrid filter
power from the system for feeding losses in the AF system.
These compensating commands, either in the form of
injected voltage for active series filter (AFss) or in the form
of compensating reference currents for a active shunt filter
element (AFsh) of HFs, are used in PWM control to
generate the gating signals for the solid-state switching
devices of the VSI of the AF of HFs.
are a number of components in HFs, such as passive filter
elements, active filter elements, control scheme employing
sensors, processor, isolation amplifier circuits, interfacing
circuits, injection transformers etc.
A passive filter (PF) element consists of several AC
capacitors and inductors, and a small resistor to be used
in the damped highpass filter, as shown in Figs. 9, 10, 13,
14, 17 and 18. These inductors must have a quality factor as
high as possible to reduce the losses in the system and
they must be designed in such a way that they must not
saturate in whole current operating range. In passive filters,
the value of the capacitor is decided by the required reactive
power in the system, and then the value of the inductor
is calculated by tuning it for a particular harmonic
frequency. The quality factor for calculating the value of
the resistance is decided by the desired sharpness in the
characteristics of the filter. Similarly the resistance in the
highpass filter is also calculated based on the sharpness or

IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 3, May 2005 373
attenuation of the higher-order harmonics on one side and
reducing the losses on the other side to achieve optimum
value of the quality factor. Another important component
in the hybrid filter is the active filter element (AF), which is
normally realised using a VSI with ripple filter on the AC
side and an electrolytic capacitor to provide a self-
supporting DC bus. The ripple filter consists of essential
components such as a capacitor (Cr) and an inductor (Lr) to
improve voltage profile. However, a major component of
the AF is the solid state switching device, which is a
MOSFET for small ratings, an IGBT medium power
ratings and a GTO (gate-turn-of thyristor) for exceptionally
high power rating to build the VSI of the AFs. These solid-
state switching devices are used in modular form, especially
in low and medium power ratings, as power modules (PMs)
or intelligent power modules (IPMs) consisting of several
devices in one module with gating, protection and
interfacing elements to reduce size, cost and weight of the
AF to be used as an element in HFs. One of the major
components is a control scheme, which is implemented into
the processor. First, the voltage and current signals are
sensed using PT, CT, Hall-effect sensors and isolation
amplifiers. Many manufacturers are developing these
sensors at reasonably low cost. The main and important
component is the processor, which executes an online whole
control algorithm after receiving input signals through
ADC channels, PLL and synchronised interrupt signals. It
also implements PWM control optimally. All three tasks of
inputting data, computation of algorithm and optimised
PWM generation are carried out concurrently in the
modern-day specially designed processors for power
electronics applications. Many manufacturers are offering
these processors at give away prices, e.g. Texas Instruments
series TMS320F24X, Analog Devices ADMC401, Intel
80196 etc. and ASICs for easy and cost-effective imple-
mentation of HFs.
6 Comparative features and other options for
power quality improvement
The classified HFs of nine major categories and 156 circuit
configurations are capable of improving power quality from
the low-cost HF as a combination of two passive elements
to UPQC (unified power quality conditioner) as perfect
compensation for nonlinear loads as well as providing a
clean power supply. Unfortunately, in practice sometimes,
most critical loads, such as UPS (uninterruptibte power
supply), behave as nonlinear loads and need clean power. In
such situations, UPQC is the only right HF to provide
perfect compensation. However, it is the costliest HF.
In many situations, active shunt filters can also
compensate nonlinear loads but their rating and cost are
much higher compared to an HF of a combination of one
active and one passive element. In many cases, the rating of
the AF element in the HF can be reduced to less than 5% of
the load, resulting in drastic reduction in its cost [76].
Similarly, in some applications, an active series filter
alone can provide effective compensation in voltage-fed
types of loads [33], but its rating can be reduced to less than
one-fifth by adding a passive series filter to it [30]. Therefore,
a low rating series AF along with a passive series filter as
hybrid filter provides cost-effective compensation. However,
there are many methods of power quality improvements in
some applications, but HF is one of best alternative
methods of improving power quality. For example, in
place of the three-phase diode rectifier with capacitive filter,
one may choose a multipulse AC–DC converter [8], or
active series filter alone [33], but it can easily be observed
374
that the hybrid filter, as a combination of active series with
passive series filter, is a most appropriate method of power
quality improvement for such a voltage-fed nonlinear load.
In some applications, one can also use a unity power
factor rectifier for improving power quality. However, in
retrofit applications, the replacement of an existing rectifier
(AC–DC converter) may be a costly option and may need
interruption of process or plant for a longer period with
higher investment. In such cases, a hybrid filter of proper
topology may be the right option and may be brought into
service within no time. However, with HFs, there may be
many options to the users, but one has to select the most
suitable HF for a specific application depending on the cost,
size, level of performance etc. After, taking into account
these considerations carefully, one can easily select the best
option of HF for a particular application.
7 Selection criteria and potential applications
Selection of HFs for a particular application is an important
decision for users. The following are the some of the factors
for the selection and design of the right HF configuration
for a specific situation:
 type of supply system (single-phase, three-phase three-
wire, three-phase four-wire)
 nature of load (voltage fed, convert fed or mixed)
 rating of load
 compensation required in currents (harmonics, reactive
power, balancing, neutral current)
 compensation required in voltages (harmonics, flicker,
unbalance, regulation, sag, swell, surge, spikes, notches etc.)
 pattern of load (fixed, variable, fluctuating)
 level of compensation required (THD, individual
harmonic reduction meeting specific standard etc.)
 cost (low cost of passive filters to UPQC)
 size
 weight
 efficiency
 reliability (component counts)
 environmental factors (ambient temperature, altitude,
pollution level, humidity, types of cooling etc.).
These are only some of the factors that provide some
guidelines for the selection and design of a specific hybrid
filter. However, the following are the some additional
criteria for the selection of HFs.
The selection of HF configuration also depends on the
nature of the load. Nonlinear loads can be classified in to
three major categories. The first category is voltage fed or
voltage source or voltage stiff loads, such as diode
rectifier with capacitive filter at the DC-link feeding
variable-frequency VSI-based AC motor drive (ASDs),
power supplies with front-end diode rectifier with capacitive
filters used in computers and other appliances,
battery charger etc. These voltage stiff loads draw
discontinuous and nonsinusoidal currents from the AC
mains resulting in very high THD of the AC current,
poor power factor and distortions of the AC terminal
voltage at the PCC. They behave as uncontrolled current-
sink-type nonlinear loads. One of the best topologies of HF
for such loads is a combination of active series filter (AFss)
with passive series filter (PFss) (Fig. 4a) if there is no
problem of pollution of the supply system. It creates a dam
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 3, May 2005
for current harmonics and provides an adjustable solution
for varying loads. It also avoids the resonance problem of
passive filters.
The second category of loads is current fed or current
source or current stiff loads, such as thyristor-converter-fed
DC motor drives, and thyristor converters used to derive
DC current source for feeding CSI and HVDC systems.
These current stiff loads have stiff type of current
waveforms and have an almost predetermined level of
harmonics. One of the best topologies for compensating for
such loads is an HF of a combination of active shunt (AFsh)
in series with passive shunt filters (PFsh), as shown in
Fig. 4f, provided that the load is a balanced one in the case
of a three-phase three-wire system. However, if the power
source has power quality problems and one wants to
compensate for reactive power of the load, then a HF of
UPQC type (Fig. 7a) may be the best option. Therefore,
depending on the power quality problems involved, one can
choose a lowest cost and rating topology to a costly but best
compensating topology for the HF.
The third category of loads are a mix of two types; it
means that they are neither stiff voltage nor stiff current
type and may have a group of loads of both kinds. In such a
case an HF topology of active series with passive shunt filter
elements (Fig. 4h) is one of the best, provided that the
power supply is ideal and an adjustable reactive power
compensation is not required. If more power quality
problems are involved, one has to choose a more complex
and costly topology of the HF, such as UPQCs.
These are some of the basic guidelines for the selection of
suitable HFs. Once the user identifies the types of power
quality problems, they can find much more literature on the
specific type of HFs and consult application notes of several
manufacturers of HF to select the most suitable HF for the
required specific applications.
One of major potential application of HFs is in ASDs,
which behave as several kinds of nonlinear loads such as
variable-frequency VSI-fed AC motor drives as voltage stiff
loads, CSI-fed AC motor drives as current stiff loads etc.
Therefore, the right topology of HF for two types of ASD
applications such as these is different, as already discussed
earlier in detail. Another major application sector is power
supplies and appliances, which behave as either voltage stiff
or mixed types of nonlinear loads.
There are a number of applications of solid-state
controllers, which have severe power quality problems such
as heaters, ovens, arc furnaces, welders, process industries
such as electroplating, electro mining etc., utility sector such
as HVDC systems, some of the thyristor controlled static
VAR compensators etc. In view of these existing loads and
additional applications of solid-state controllers with
associated power quality problems, HFs will be increasingly
required to improve power quality. Moreover, the newer
and additional configurations of HFs will further increase
their use as a more cost-effective and better solution to
power quality problems.
8 Latest trends and future developments
HF technology has developed to a mature level and is
extensively used in small rating power supplies to large
rating ASDs and HVDC systems. There is consistent new
development of additional circuit configurations of HFs to
provide cost-effective and improved performance of HFs.
Some of new concepts, such as reducing the rating of active
filter element in shunt and series filters and eliminating the
drawbacks of passive filters such as resonance and fixed
IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distrib., Vol. 152, No. 3, May 2005
compensation for improved performance of HFs, have been
implemented for various nonlinear loads.
New topologies of HFs have been developed, which not
only compensate for nonlinear loads but also provide clean
AC power to the critical loads, even the nonlinear nature.
Moreover, the appropriate circuit topology of the HF has
reduced the rating of the AF element and provides more
effective control. A typical example is the case of the
recently introduced hybrid filter as a combination of active
series filter (5%) with passive series filter (20%), which
needs only 25% rating of load in the case of voltage fed
loads [30, 33], whereas the rating of active shunt filter for
such loads can be as high as 60–80% of the load. Reduction
in the rating of the active filter element allows the use of a
MOSFET as switching device in the VSI of the AF in
reasonably high rating HFs, which operate at very high
switching frequency, thus providing fast response and
reduction in the size of ripple filter passive elements and
size of the DC bus capacitor.
Moreover, use of an improved control algorithm reduces
the requirements of sensors and provides the fast response
of the system. Development of dedicated application
specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and new series of DSPs
and microcontrollers is providing cost-effective and com-
pact HFs.
The development of improved switching devices with
reduced conduction losses and high permissible switching
frequency and better gating requirement will improve the
HF technology. Moreover, the concept of IPM through
integration of several devices into one module, their
protection and control signal isolation and amplification,
will reduce the cost, size, losses and component counts of
HFs.
New development in magnetics such as filter magnetic
materials will reduce the losses and size of passive filter
elements such as transformers, inductors, etc., and thus cost
and weight of HFs. The introduction of better quality of
capacitors is expected to reduce passive filter elements and
reduce the failure rate of HFs. Moreover, invention of new
additional configurations of HFs will provide better
alternatives to existing applications and will explore a
number of newer applications.
9 Conclusions
A comprehensive review of HFs has been presented to
provide a wide exposure on various issues of the HFs to the
researchers, designers and users of these filters for power
quality improvement. A classification of HFs into nine
categories with many circuits in each category is expected to
provide an appropriate topology for a particular applica-
tion. These hybrid filters can be considered as a better
alternative for power quality improvement owing to
reduced cost, simple design and control and high reliability
compared to other options of power quality improvement.
Some of the circuit configurations of HFs avoid the
problems involved in passive and active filters, and therefore
provide cost-effective and better solutions for harmonic
elimination of nonlinear loads. Moreover, owing to the
large number of HF circuits, the user can select the most
appropriate topology with required features to suit for a
specific application. It is hoped that this survey of hybrid
filters will be beneficial to designers, users, manufacturers
and research engineers dealing with power quality improve-
ment.
375
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