CHAPTER 10 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES

10.1 SEQUENCES

1. a1  121  0, a2  122   14 , a3  123   92 , a4  124   16

3
1 2 3 4

1  1, a 
2. a1  1! 1  12 , a3  1  16 , a4  1  1
2 2! 3! 4! 24

( 1)2 ( 1)3 ( 1) 4 ( 1)5

3. a1  21  1, a2  41   13 , a3  61  15 , a4  81   17

4. a1  2  (1)1  1, a2  2  (1)2  3, a3  2  (1)3  1, a4  2  (1)4  3

5. a1  2  12 , a2  22  12 , a3  23  12 , a4  24  1
22 23 24 25 2

6. a1  21  12 , a2  22 1  34 , a3  23 1  78 , a4  24 1 15
 16
2 22 23 24

7. a1 1, a2  1  12  23 , a3  32  1  74 , a4  74  1  15
8
, a5  15
8
 1 31 , a 
 16 6
63 ,
32
a7  127
64
255 ,
, a8  128
22 23 24
a9  511 , a10  1023
256 512

8. a1  1, a2  12 , a3 
 12   1 , a4 
 16   1 , a5 
 241   1 , a6  1 , a7  1 , a8  1 ,
3 6 4 24 5 120 720 5040 40,320

a9  1 , a10  1
362,880 3,628,800

9. a1  2, a2 
( 1)2 (2)
 1, a3 
( 1)3 (1)
  12 , a4 
   1,
( 1)4  12
a5 
   1,
( 1)5  14
1 , a  1 ,
a6  16
2 2 2 4 2 8 7 32
1 ,
a8   64 1
a9  128 , a10  1
256

10. a1  2, a2 
1( 2)
 1, a3 
2( 1)
  23 , a4 
  1,
3  23
a5 
  2,
4  12
a6   13 , a7   72 ,
2 3 4 2 5 5
a8   14 , a9   92 , a10   15

11. a1  1, a2  1, a3  1  1  2, a4  2  1  3, a5  3  2  5, a6  8, a7  13, a8  21, a9  34, a10  55

12. a1  2, a2  1, a3   12 , a4 
  12   1 , a5 
 12   1, a6  2, a7  2, a8  1, a9   12 , a10  1
1 2   12  2

13. an  (1)n 1 , n  1, 2,  14. an  (1)n , n  1, 2, 

15. an  (1)n 1 n 2 , n  1, 2,  16. an 

( 1)n 1
, n  1, 2, 
n2

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702 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

17. an  2n 1 , n  1, 2,  18. an  n2(nn51) , n  1, 2, 

3( n  2)

19. an  n 2  1, n  1, 2,  20. an  n  4, n  1, 2, 

21. an  4n  3, n  1, 2,  22. an  4n  2, n  1, 2, 

23. an  3n  2 , n  1, 2,  n3 ,
n! 24. an  n  1, 2, 
5n 1

25. an 
1 ( 1)n 1
, n  1, 2,  26. an 
n  12  ( 1)n  12    n  , n  1, 2, 
2 2 2

27.
n
 
lim 2  (0.1)n  2  converges (Theorem 5, #4)

n  ( 1)n  ( 1)n 
28. lim n
 lim 1  n   1  converges
n n   

29. lim 1 2 n  lim

 1n 2  lim 2  1  converges
n 1 2n n  1n  2 n 2

30. lim 2n 1  lim

2 n      diverges
1
n

n 13 n n  3 

1
n

 1  5
 4
31. lim 15n 4  lim n 
 5  converges
4
n n 8n
3
n 1 n
8
 

32. lim 2 n 3  lim n3  lim 1  0  converges

n n 5n  6 n ( n 3)( n  2) n n  2

n 2  2 n 1 ( n 1)( n 1)
33. lim n 1
 lim n 1
 lim (n  1)    diverges
n n n

 1  n
3  2
34. lim 1n 2  lim  n     diverges
n 70  4 n n  70   4
 n2 

35.
n
 
lim 1  (1)n does not exist  diverges 36.  
lim (1) n 1  n1 does not exist  diverges
n

37. lim
n
 n2n1  1  1n   nlim  1  1  1  n1   12  converges
 2 2 n

38.
n

lim 2  1
2n
3    6  converges
1
2n
39.
( 1) n 1
lim
n 2 n 1
 0  converges

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.1 Sequences 703

 
n ( 1)n
40. lim  12  lim  0  converges
n n  2n

2n 2n  
41. lim n 1
 lim  lim  21   2  converges
n n  n 1 1
n  n 

 10 
n
42. lim 1  lim    diverges
n 9
n
n (0.9)

43.    
lim sin 2  1n  sin  lim 2  1n   sin 2  1  converges
n  n  

44. lim n cos (n )  lim (n )(1)n does not exist  diverges
n n 

45. lim sin n  0 because  1n  sin n  1  converges by the Sandwich Theorem for sequences
n n n n

46. lim sin 2 n  0 because 0  sin 2 n  1  converges by the Sandwich Theorem for sequences
n 2n 2n 2n

47. lim nn  lim n

1  0  converges (using l'Hopital's
ˆ rule)
n 2 n  2 ln 2

3n 3n ln 3 3n (ln 3)2 3n (ln 3)3

48. lim 3
 lim 2
 lim 6n
 lim 6
   diverges (using l'Hopital's
ˆ rule)
n n n 3n n n

49. lim
ln ( n 1)
 lim
 n11   lim 2 n
 lim
   0  converges
2
n

n n n   
1
2 n
n  n 1 n   
1 1n

50. lim
ln n
 lim
 1n   1  converges
n ln 2n n  22n 

51. lim 81 n  1  converges (Theorem 5, #3)

n

52. lim (0.03)1 n  1  converges (Theorem 5, #3)

n

 
n
53. lim 1  7n  e7  converges (Theorem 5, #5)
n

n
 
n ( 1)
54. lim 1  1n  lim 1  n   e1  converges (Theorem 5, #5)
n n   

55. lim n
10n  lim 101 n  n1 n  1 1  1  converges (Theorem 5, #3 and #2)
n n 

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704 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

 
n 2 2
56. lim n  lim n n  12  1  converges (Theorem 5, #2)
n n

lim 31 n

1n
57. lim n3  n  1 n  11  1  converges (Theorem 5, #3 and #2)
n lim n
n 

58. lim (n  4)1 ( n  4)  lim x1 x  1  converges; (let x  n  4, then use Theorem 5, #2)
n x 

lim ln n
ln n
59. lim 1n
 n 
 1    diverges (Theorem 5, #2)
n n lim n1 n
n 

60.
n n  n 
 
lim  ln n  ln (n  1)  lim ln nn1  ln  lim nn1   ln 1  0  converges

61. lim n 4n n  lim 4 n n  4 1  4  converges (Theorem 5, #2)

n n

n 2 n 1
62. lim 3  lim 32 (1 n )  lim 32  31 n  9 1  9  converges (Theorem 5, #3)
n n n

63. lim nn!

n n
 lim
n 
123( n 1)( n )
nnnnn n
 
 lim 1n  0 and nn!  0  lim nn!  0  converges
n n n

( 4) n
64. lim  0  converges (Theorem 5, #6)
n n !

65. lim n6!n  lim 1    diverges (Theorem 5, #6)

n    
n
n 10 106
 
 n! 
 
 

66. lim nn !n  lim 1    diverges (Theorem 5, #6)

n  6 
n
n 2 3
 n! 

1   n1    nlim exp  ln n   e1  converges

1 (ln n ) ln 1 ln n
67. lim  lim exp 1 ln
n n n  ln n 

  
 
n n
68. lim ln 1  n1  ln  lim 1  n1   ln e  1  converges (Theorem 5, #5)
n  n 

 3 3 
69. lim 
3n 1 n
n 3n 1
  lim exp n ln
n
   3n 1
3n 1 n 
 ln (3n 1) ln (3n 1) 
 lim exp 

1
n
  lim
 n
exp  3n 1  3n 1 
   1  
 
  n2  
 lim exp
n 
 6n2
(3n 1)(3n 1)   exp  6
9   e2 3  converges

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 Section 10.1 Sequences 705

1 1 
 ln n ln ( n 1) 
       
n
70. lim nn1  lim exp n ln n  lim exp    lim exp  n n 1 
n n n 1 n  
  n   n    12  
1

 n 

 2
 lim exp  n (nn 1)  e1  converges
n 

   1n ln  2n11   x nlim exp    x nlim
1/ n  2 
 2n11 
xn 1/ n  ln(2n 1)
71. lim  lim x  x lim exp exp  
n n 1
2 n n  n   2n  1 
 xe0  x, x  0  converges

 ln 1 1     2  1 1  
      
n
 lim exp   1 n    lim exp   n   n    lim exp
2 3 2
72. lim 1  1  lim exp n ln 1  1 2 n
n n2 n  n2 n     n    1   n n 2 1

n
   n2  
 e0  1  converges

n n n
73. lim 3 n6  lim 36n !  0  converges (Theorem 5, #6)
n 2 n ! n

 1011   1211   1011   120

121 
n n n n

74. lim  lim  lim 0 converges (Theorem 5, #4)

n  9   11  n  12   9   12   11  n  108  1
n n n n n n n
10 12 11 10 11 12 110

n n 2n 2n
75. lim tanh n  lim en e n  lim e2 n 1  lim 2e2 n  lim 1  1  converges
n n e  e n e 1 n 2e n 

ln n  ln n n  1 
76. lim sinh (ln n)  lim e 2e  lim 2 n    diverges
n n  n

n 2 sin  1n   sin  1n     

 cos 1
n
1
n2


  cos 1n   1 
77. lim lim  lim  lim converges
n 2n 1 n  2  1  n   2  2 
 2 3 n 2  n2  2
 n n2   n n 

1cos 1n   lim sin  n   n2   lim sin 1  0  converges

1  1 
78.
n

lim n 1  cos 1n  lim
n 1  n  1  n  n 
n  2
n 

   lim     

   lim    cos 0  1  converges

1 cos 1 1
sin 
1 n n 2 n3 2  1
79. lim n sin 1 1
 lim cos
n n n n   n  n
n 2 n3 2

 ln  3n 5n    3n ln 3 5n ln 5 
80.
n

lim 3  5 n n 1n
  n
 lim exp  ln 3  5
n 
n 1 n
  nlim
 

exp  n    lim exp  3 1 5
 
n n 

  n
 
  3n  ln 3 ln 5 
  lim exp   5  ln 3 ln 5   exp(ln 5)  5
 3n 
 lim exp   5  n
n

n    3 1  n   35  1 
n
  5n  
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706 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

81. lim tan 1 n  2  converges 82. lim 1 tan 1 n  0  2  0  converges

n n n

 n
 
n
83.
n 

 n 
2n  n  2

lim  13  1   lim  13  1   0  converges (Theorem 5, #4)


 ln  n 2  n  
84. lim
n
n 2
n  n  lim exp  n   lim exp 22n 1  e0  1  converges
n
  n
n n  
(ln n)200 200 (ln n )199 200199 (ln n )198
85. lim n
 lim n
 lim n
   lim 200!
n
 0  converges
n n  n  n 

  5 ln n 4  
 ln n  5   n   10 ln n 
4
80 ln n 
3
86. lim  lim     lim  lim    lim 3840  0  converges
n n n   
2 n
1
 n n n n n n
 

 
87. lim  n  n2  n   lim  n  n2  n   n  n2  n
  lim
n  lim 1  1
2
 converges
n   n    n n2  n  n  n n2 n n 1 1 1n

1 1  1 n1
1  1  n 2 1  n2  n  n 2 1 n 2  n n2
88. lim  lim     lim  lim  2
n n 2 1  n 2  n n   n2 1 n n  
2
n 2 1  n  n  n 
2 1 n n   
 1n 1

 converges

1 n1 ln n
89. lim 
n n 1 x
dx  lim n  lim 1n  0  converges
n n 
(Theorem 5, #1)

 
n 1 n
90. lim dx  lim  11 p p11   lim 11p p11  1  p11 if p  1  converges
n 1 xp n  x  1 n n

91. Since an converges  lim an  L  lim an 1  lim 72  L  172  L(1  L)  72

n  n n  1 an L

 L2  L  72  0  L  9 or L  8; since an  0 for n  1  L  8

an  6 L6
92. Since an converges  lim an  L  lim an 1  lim L  L( L  2)  L  6
n  n n  an  2 L2

 L2  L  6  0  L  3 or L  2; since an  0 for n  2  L  2

93. Since an converges  lim an  L  lim an 1  lim 8  2an  L  8  2 L  L2  2 L  8  0

n  n n 
 L  2 or L  4; since an  0 for n  3  L  4

94. Since an converges  lim an  L  lim an 1  lim 8  2an  L  8  2 L  L2  2 L  8  0

n  n n 
 L  2 or L  4; since an  0 for n  2  L  4

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 Section 10.1 Sequences 707

95. Since an converges  lim an  L  lim an 1  lim 5an  L  5L  L2  5L  0  L  0 or L  5;

n  n n 
since an  0 for n  1  L  5


96. Since an converges  lim an  L  lim an 1  lim 12  an  L  12  L  L2  25L  144  0
n  n n
  
 L  9 or L  16; since 12  an  12 for n  1  L  9

97. an 1  2  a1 , n  1, a1  2. Since an converges  lim an  L  lim an 1  lim 2  a1  L  2  L1

n n  n n 
 n

 L2  2 L  1  0  L  1  2; since an  0 for n  1  L  1  2

98. an 1  1  an , n  1, a1  1. Since an converges  lim an  L  lim an 1  lim 1  an  L  1  L

n  n n

 L2  L  1  0  L  12 5 ; since an  0 for n  1  L  12 5

99. 1, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, …  1, 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ,   x1  1 and xn  2n 2 for n  2

2 2
100. (a) 12  2(1)2  1, 32  2(2)2  1; let f (a, b)   a  2b   2  a  b   a 2  4ab  4b 2  2a 2  4ab  2b 2
 2b 2  a 2 ; a 2  2b 2  1  f (a, b)  2b2  a 2  1; a 2  2b 2  1  f (a, b)  2b 2  a 2  1
   1  r
 
 a 2  2b 2 2
(b) rn2 2   a b
a  2b 2 2 a 2  4 ab  4b2  2 a 2  4 ab  2b2
 a b 2

 a b  2
yn2
n  2 1
yn

In the first and second fractions, yn  n. Let a represent the (n  1) th fraction where a  1 and b  n  1
b b
for n a positive integer  3. Now the nth fraction is a  2b and a  b  2b  2n  2  n  yn  n.
a b
Thus, lim rn  2.
n

101. (a) f ( x)  x 2  2; the sequence converges to 1.414213562  2

(b) f ( x)  tan ( x)  1; the sequence converges to 0.7853981635  4
(c) f ( x)  e x ; the sequence 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … diverges

102. (a) lim n f

n
 1  lim f  x   lim
n
x  0
x 
x  0 
f  0x   f (0)
x
 f (0), where x  1
n

(b) lim n tan  n   f (0) 

1 1 1  1, 2
f ( x)  tan 1 x
n 1 0

(c)  
lim n e1/ n  1  f (0)  e0  1, f ( x)  e x  1
n
(d)
n
 
lim n ln 1  2n  f (0)  1 2(0)
2  2, f ( x)  ln (1  2 x)

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708 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

103. (a) If a  2n  1, then b   a2    4 n 24n 1    2n 2  2n  12   2n2  2n, c   a2    2n 2  2n  12 

2 2 2

         

  2 2
 2n 2  2n  1 and a 2  b 2   2n  1  2n 2  2n  4n2  4n  1  4n 4  8n3  4n 2

 4n 4  8n3  8n2  4n  1   2n 2  2n  1  c 2 .
2

 a2   a2 
2 2 2
(b) lim  2   lim 2n2  2n  1 or lim  2   lim sin   lim sin   1
a   a  a  2 n  2 n 1 a   a  a    2
 2   2 

  2  
104. (a) lim  2n 
n
1 (2 n)
 lim exp
n 
 ln 2n
2n   lim exp  22n   lim exp
n    n
 21n   e0  1; n!   ne  n 2n ,
Stirling’s approximation  n n !   ne   2n 1 (2n)  ne for large values of n

n n n
(b) n! e
40 15.76852702 14.71517765
50 19.48325423 18.39397206
60 23.19189561 22.07276647

105. (a) lim

ln n
 lim
 1n   lim 1 0
c c 1 c
n n n  cn n cn

(b) For all   0, there exists an N  e(ln  ) c

such that n  e(ln  ) c
 ln n  
ln 
c
 ln nc  ln 1  
 nc  1  1  1  0    lim 1 0
nc nc n  n
c

106. Let {an } and {bn } be sequences both converging to L. Define {cn } by c2 n  bn and c2 n 1  an , where
n  1, 2, 3,  . For all   0 there exists N1 such that when n  N1 then an  L   and there exists N 2
such that when n  N 2 then bn  L  . If n  1  2 max{N1 , N 2 }, then cn  L  , so {cn } converges to L.

 
107. lim n1 n  lim exp n1 ln n  lim exp 1n  e0  1
n n n 


 
108. lim x1 n  lim exp n1 ln x  e0  1, because x remains fixed while n gets large
n n

109. Assume the hypotheses of the theorem and let  be a positive number. For all  there exists an N1 such that
when n  N1 then an  L      an  L    L    an , and there exists an N 2 such that when n  N 2
then cn  L      cn  L    cn  L  . If n  max{N1 , N 2 }, then L    an  bn  cn  L  
 bn  L    lim bn  L.
n

110. Let   0. We have f continuous at L  there exists  so that x  L    f ( x)  f ( L)  . Also,

an  L  there exists N so that for n  N , an  L   . Thus for n  N , f (an )  f ( L)  
 f (an )  f ( L ).

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.1 Sequences 709

3( n 1) 1
111. an 1  an  ( n 1) 1  3nn11  3nn24  3nn11  3n 2  3n  4n  4  3n2  6n  n  2  4  2;

the steps are reversible so the sequence is nondecreasing; 3nn11  3  3n  1  3n  3  1  3;

the steps are reversible so the sequence is bounded above by 3

 2( n1) 3! (2n 3)! (2n5)! (2n 3)! (2n 5)! ( n  2)!
112. an 1  an   ( n 1)!  ( n  2)!  ( n 1)!  (2n 3)!  ( n 1)!  (2n  5)(2n  4)  n  2;
 ( n1) 1!
the steps are reversible so the sequence is nondecreasing; the sequence is not bounded since
(2 n  3)!
( n 1)!
 (2n  3)(2n  2) (n  2) can become as large as we please

2n 13n 1 n n n 1 n 1 ( n 1)!
113. an 1  an   2 n3!  2 n3n  n !  2  3  n  1 which is true for n  5; the steps are reversible so
( n 1)! 2 3
the sequence is decreasing after a5 , but it is not nondecreasing for all its terms; a1  6, a2  18, a3  36,
a4  54, a5  324
5
 64.8  the sequence is bounded from above by 64.8

114. an 1  an  2  n21  n11  2  n2  1n  n2  n21  1  1  n ( n21)   2n11 ; the steps are reversible so the
2 2 2n 1 2n
sequence is nondecreasing; 2  2n  1n  2  the sequence is bounded from above
2

115. an  1  n1 converges because 1n  0 by Example 1; also it is a nondecreasing sequence bounded above by 1

116. an  n  1n diverges because n   and 1n  0 by Example 1, so the sequence is unbounded

117. an  2n 1  1 1 and 0  1
 1n ; since 1n  0 (by Example 1)  1  0, the sequence converges; also it is
2n 2n 2n 2n
a nondecreasing sequence bounded above by 1

 23 
n
118. an  2n 1   1 ; the sequence converges to 0 by Theorem 5, #4
3n 3n

  
119. an  (1)n  1 nn1 diverges because an  0 for n odd, while for n even an  2 1  1n converges to 2; it  
diverges by definition of divergence

120. xn  max {cos 1, cos 2, cos 3, , cos n} and xn 1  max {cos 1, cos 2, cos 3, , cos (n  1)}  xn with xn  1
so the sequence is nondecreasing and bounded above by 1  the sequence converges.

1 2( n 1)
121. an  an 1  1 2n
  n  1  2n 2  2n  n  2n 2  2n  n  1  n and 1 2 n
 2;
n n 1 n
thus the sequence is nonincreasing and bounded below by 2  it converges

( n 1) 1
122. an  an 1  nn1  n 1  n 2  2n  1  n 2  2n  1  0 and nn1  1; thus the sequence is nonincreasing
and bounded below by 1  it converges

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710 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

 34   34   34   34    34   34 
4n 1  3n n n n 1 n n 1 3 n
123.  4 so an  an 1  4   4  1 4
and 4   4; thus the
4n
sequence is nonincreasing and bounded below by 4  it converges

   
124. a1  1, a2  2  3, a3  2(2  3)  3  22  22  1  3, a 4  2 22  22  1  3  3  23  23  1 3,    
    
a5  2  23  23  1 3  3  24  24  1 3,  , an  2n 1  2n 1  1 3  2n 1  3  2n 1  3
  
 2n 1 (1  3)  3  2n  3; an  an 1  2n  3  2n 1  3  2n  2n 1  1  2 so the sequence is
nonincreasing but not bounded below and therefore diverges

125. For a given  , choose N to be any integer greater than 1 /  . Then for n  N ,
sin n sin n 1 1
0     .
n n n N

1 1 1
126. For a given  , choose N to be any integer greater than 1/ e . Then for n  N , 1  2  1  2  2  .
n n N

127. Let 0  M  1 and let N be an integer greater than 1MM . Then n  N  n  1MM  n  nM  M
 n  M  nM  n  M (n  1)  nn1  M .

128. Since M1 is a least upper bound and M 2 is an upper bound, M1  M 2 . Since M 2 is a least upper bound and
M1 is an upper bound, M 2  M1. We conclude that M1  M 2 so the least upper bound is unique.

( 1)n
129. The sequence an  1  2 is the sequence 12 , 32 , 12 , 32 ,  . This sequence is bounded above by 3,
2
but it
clearly does not converge, by definition of convergence.

130. Let L be the limit of the convergent sequence {an }. Then by definition of convergence, for  there
2
corresponds an N such that for all m and n, m  N  am  L   and n  N  an  L  2 . Now
2
am  an  am  L  L  an  am  L  L  an  2  2   whenever m  N and n  N .

131. Given an   0, by definition of convergence there corresponds an N such that for all n  N , L1  an   and
L2  an  . Now L2  L1  L2  an  an  L1  L2  an  an  L1      2. L2  L1  2 says that the
difference between two fixed values is smaller than any positive number 2. The only nonnegative number
smaller than every positive number is 0, so L1  L2  0 or L1  L2 .

132. Let k (n) and i (n) be two order-preserving functions whose domains are the set of positive integers and whose
ranges are a subset of the positive integers. Consider the two subsequences ak ( n) and ai ( n) , where
ak ( n )  L1 , ai ( n)  L2 and L1  L2 . Thus ak ( n )  ai ( n )  L1  L2  0. So there does not exist N such that
for all m, n  N  am  an  . So by Exercise 128, the sequence {an } is not convergent and hence diverges.

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 Section 10.1 Sequences 711

133. a2 k  L  given an   0 there corresponds an N1 such that  2k  N1  a2 k  L    . Similarly,

a2k 1  L   2k  1  N 2  a2 k 1  L    . Let N  max{N1 , N 2 }. Then n  N  an  L   whether n
is even or odd, and hence an  L.

134. Assume an  0. This implies that given an   0 there corresponds an N such that n  N  an  0  
 an    an    an  0    an  0. On the other hand, assume an  0. This implies that given
an   0 there corresponds an N such that for n  N , an  0    an    an    an  0   
an  0.

135. (a)
x2  a
f ( x)  x 2  a  f ( x)  2 x  xn 1  xn  2n x  xn 1 
2 xn  xn  a 
2 2



xn2  a
a



xn  x
n
n 2 xn 2 xn 2
(b) x1  2, x2  1.75, x3  1.732142857, x4  1.73205081, x5  1.732050808; we are finding the positive
number where x 2  3  0; that is, where x 2  3, x  0, or where x  3.

136. x1  1, x2  1  cos (1)  1.540302306, x3  1.540302306  cos (1  cos (1))  1.570791601,

x4  1.570791601  cos (1.570791601)  1.570796327  2 to 9 decimal places. After a few steps, the arc
 xn 1  and line segment cos  xn 1  are nearly the same as the quarter circle.

137-148. Example CAS Commands:

Mathematica: (sequence functions may vary):

Clear[a, n]

a[n_ ] : n1/ n
first25 Table[N[a[n]],{n, 1, 25}]
Limit[a[n], n  8]

The last command (Limit) will not always work in Mathematica. You could also explore the limit by enlarging
your table to more than the first 25 values.
If you know the limit (1 in the above example), to determine how far to go to have all further terms within 0.01
of the limit, do the following.
Clear[minN, lim]
lim 1
Do[{diff  Abs[a[n]  lim], If[diff  .01, {minN  n, Abort[]}]}, {n, 2, 1000}]
minN
For sequences that are given recursively, the following code is suggested. The portion of the command
a[n_ ]: a[n] stores the elements of the sequence and helps to streamline computation.
Clear[a, n]
a[1] 1;

a[n_ ] : a[n] a[n  1]  (1/5)n 1

first25 Table[N[a[n]],{n, 1, 25}]

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712 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

The limit command does not work in this case, but the limit can be observed as 1.25.
Clear[minN, lim]
lim 1.25
Do[{diff  Abs[a[n]  lim], If[diff  .01, {minN  n, Abort[]}]}, {n, 2, 1000}]
minN

10.2 INFINITE SERIES

  21 
 n

1. sn 

a 1 r n
1
3 

 lim sn  21  3
(1 r ) 1 
1
3 n 1 3 

    1 
 n

2. sn 

a 1 r n
9
100
1
100 

 lim sn  1001  111 9
(1 r ) 1  
1
100 n 1 100 

3. sn 

a 1 r n   1   1 n
2
 lim sn  1  2
(1 r ) 1  
 12 n   32  3

1 ( 2) n
4. sn  1( 2) , a geometric series where r  1  divergence

5. 1
( n 1)( n  2)
 n11  n 1 2  sn   12  13    13  14      n11  n1 2   12  n1 2  nlim

sn  12

6. 5
n ( n 1)
 n5  n51  sn  5  25     25  35    35  54      n51  5n    5n  n51   5  n51  nlim

sn  5

7. 1  14  16
1  1   , the sum of this geometric series is 1  1  4
64  
1  14  
1 14 5

8. 1 1  1   , the sum of this geometric series is

 64
 161   1
16 256 1 14  12

9. 7 7  7   , the sum of this geometric series is

 16
 74   7
4 64 1 14  3

10. 5  54  16
5  5   , the sum of this geometric series is 5 4
64  
1  14

11. (5  1)   52  13    54  19    58  271    , is the sum of two geometric series; the sum is

5  1  10  32  23
1 12 
1 13 2

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.2 Infinite Series 713

12. (5  1)   52  13    45  91    85  271    , is the difference of two geometric series; the sum is

5  1  10  23  17

1 12 1 13 2

13. (1  1)   12  15    14  251    18  1251    , is the sum of two geometric series; the sum is
1  1  2  56  17

1 12 1 15 6

 1  10

8  16    2 1  2  4  8   ; the sum of this geometric series is 2
14. 2  45  25 
 2   3
 1 5  
125 5 25 125

15. Series is geometric with r  2  2  1  Converges to 1  5

5 5 1 25 3

16. Series is geometric with r  3  3  1  Diverges

1
17. Series is geometric with r  18  1
8
 1  Converges to 8
 1
7
1 18

 23
18. Series is geometric with r   23   23  1  Converges to   25
 
1  23

 100   23  1000   234

 102   103 
 n 23  n 234
19. 0.23   100
23 1 
1 100
1
 99
20. 0.234   1000
234 1 
1 1000
1
 999
n 0 n0


 107   7 
 10d   d
21. 0.7   10 10 
7 1 n 
1 101
 9
22. 0.d   d 1 n
10 10  
1 101
 9
n 0 n0


 1006   6  1
  101   106   101 
n
23. 0.06  
1 10 1
 90 15
n0

 1000   1  414  1413

 103 
 n 414
24. 1.414  1   1000
414 1  1
1 1000
1
 999 999
n 0

 123 

 
 n  5
25. 1.24123  124
100
  123 1
105 103
 124
100
  10 
1 13 
124 
 100 123
105 102
124  123 
 100 99,900
123,999
99,900
41,333
 33,300
n0
 10 

 142,857 

 
 n  
26. 3.142857  3   142,857 1
106 106
 3  106 

1 16  
 3
142,857
106 1

3,142,854
999,999

116,402
37,037
n 0
 10 

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

714 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

27. lim n  lim 1  1  0  diverges

n n 10 n  1

n ( n 1) 2
28. lim ( n  2)( n 3)  lim 2n  n  lim 22nn15  lim 2
2
 1  0  diverges
n n n 5n  6 n n

29. lim 1  0  test inconclusive

n n  4

30. lim 2n  lim 1  0  test inconclusive

n n 3 n 2 n

31. lim cos 1n  cos 0  1  0  diverges

n

32. lim en n n
 lim ne  lim en  lim 1  1  0  diverges
n  1
n
n  n
e n  e 1 n e

33. lim ln 1n    0  diverges

n

34. lim cos n  does not exist  diverges

n


35. sk  1  12    12  13    13  14      k11  1k    1k  k11   1  k11  klim

sk  lim 1  k11   1,
k 
series converges to 1

36. sk   13  34    34  93    93  163      (k 31) 2

 3
k2
  3 3  3
   k 2  ( k 1) 2   3  ( k 1)2
  
 
 lim sk  lim  3  3 2   3, series converges to 3
k  k   ( k 1) 

    
37. sk  ln 2  ln 1  ln 3  ln 2  ln 4  ln 3    ln k  ln k  1  ln k  1  ln k     
 ln k  1  ln 1  ln k  1  lim sk  lim ln k  1  ; series diverges
k  k 

38. sk   tan1  tan 0    tan 2  tan1   tan 3  tan 2      tan k  tan  k  1    tan  k  1  tan k 
 tan  k  1  tan 0  tan  k  1  lim sk  lim tan  k  1  does not exist; series diverges
k  k 


39. sk  cos 1  12   cos1  13     cos1  13   cos1  14     cos1  14   cos1  15   
  cos 1  k1   cos 1  k11     cos 1  k11   cos 1  k 1 2    3  cos 1  k 1 2 

 lim sk  lim  3  cos 1  k 1 2    3  2  6 , series converges to 6

k  k   

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.2 Infinite Series 715

40. sk   5 4    6 5    7  6     k 3  k 2    k 4  k 3  k 4 2 
 lim sk  lim  k  4  2   ; series diverges
k  k 

41. 4
(4 n 3)(4n 1)
 4 n13  4 n11  sk  1  15     15  91    91  131      4k17  4k13    4k13  4k11   1  4k11
 lim sk  lim 1  4 k11  1
k  k 
 
6 A(2 n 1)  B (2n 1)
42. (2 n 1)(2 n 1)
 2nA1  2 nB1  (2 n 1)(2 n 1)  A(2n  1)  B(2n  1)  6  (2 A  2 B )n  ( A  B)  6
k k
2 A  2 B  0  A  B  0

 A B  6

A  B  6
 2 A  6  A  3 and B  3. Hence,  6
(2n 1)(2n 1)
3  2n11  2n11 
n 1 n 1

3  1111 1 1
1 3 3 5 5 7
  1  1  1
2( k 1) 1 2 k 1 2 k 1   31    the sum is
1
2 k 1 
lim 3 1  2k11  3
k 

40 n A(2 n 1)(2 n 1) 2  B (2n 1)2 C (2 n 1)(2 n 1)2  D (2n 1) 2
43.  A
(2 n 1)
 B  (2 nC1)  D 
(2 n 1)2 (2 n 1)2 (2 n 1)2 (2 n 1) 2 (2n 1)2 (2 n 1) 2

 A(2n  1)(2n  1)2  B(2n  1) 2  C (2n  1)(2n  1)2  D(2n  1)2  40n
 A(8n3  4n2  2n  1)  B (4n 2  4n  1)  C (8n3  4n 2  2n  1)  D(4n 2  4n  1)  40n
 (8 A  8C )n3  (4 A  4 B  4C  4 D )n2  (2 A  4 B  2C  4 D )n  ( A  B  C  D)  40n
 8 A  8C  0  AC  0
 4 A  4 B  4C  4 D  0  A B C  D  0
   BD  0
    4 B  20  B  5
2 A  4 B  2C  4 D  40  A  2 B  C  2 D  20  2 B  2 D  20
  A  B  C  D  0   A  B  C  D  0
 AC  0
and D  5    C  0 and A  0. Hence,
 A  5  C  5  0
k k 1 1 1 1 1 
   1 
 40 n
 (2n 1)2 (2 n 1)2   5  1 1 1 1
 (2 n 1)2  (2 n 1)2   5  1  9  9  25  25     2( k 1) 12  (2k 1)2  (2 k 1)2 
n 1 n 1  
   
 5 1  1 2   the sum is lim 5  1  1 2   5
 (2 k 1)  n   (2 k 1) 

44. 2 n 1
n 2 ( n 1)2
 12 
n
1
( n 1)2
  
 sk  1  14  14  19  19  16   
1    1  1    1  1 
 ( k 1)2 k 2   k 2 ( k 1)2 
 
 lim sk  lim 1  1 2   1
k  k   ( k 1) 

 2 
45. sk  1  1  1  1  1  1    
2 3 3 4  1
k 1 k 
 1  1  1
k k 1   1 1
k 1

 lim sk  lim 1   1 1
k  k  k 1

 2 2
 2 2

2 2 2
 2 
46. sk  12  11 2  11 2  11 3  11 3  11 4    1 (1k 1)  11 k  11k  1 (1k 1)  12  1 (1k 1)
2 2
 
 lim sk  12  11   12
k 

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716 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

     
47. sk  ln13  ln12  ln14  ln13  ln15  ln14    ln (1k 1)  ln1k  ln ( k1 2)  ln (1k 1)   ln12  ln ( k1 2)
 lim sk   ln12
k 

48. sk   tan 1 (1)  tan 1 (2)    tan 1 (2)  tan 1 (3)      tan 1 (k  1)  tan 1 (k )    tan 1 (k )  tan 1 (k  1) 
       
 tan 1 (1)  tan 1 (k  1)  lim sk  tan 1 (1)  2  4  2   4
k 

1 2
49. convergent geometric series with sum   2 2
1   1
2
2 1

50. divergent geometric series with r  2  1

51. convergent geometric series with sum

 32   1
1  12 

52. lim (1)n 1 n  0  diverges

n

 n 
53. The sequence an  cos   starting with n  0 is 1, 0, 1, 0,1, 0, 1, 0, . . . , so the sequence of partial
 2
sums for the given series is 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, . . . and thus the series diverges.

54. cos (n )  (1) n  convergent geometric series with sum 1  5

 
1  15 6

55. convergent geometric series with sum 1  e2

2
1 12  e 1
e 

56. lim ln 1    0  diverges

n 3n

57. convergent geometric series with sum 2 2  20  18  2

1  101  9 9 9

58. convergent geometric series with sum 1  x

1 1x  x1

59. difference of two geometric series with sum 1  1  3  32  3


1 23 
1 13 2

   
n n
60. lim 1  1n  lim 1  n1  e1  0  diverges
n n

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.2 Infinite Series 717

61. lim n!    0  diverges 62. nn

lim  lim nnn  lim n    diverges
n n ! n  12n
n
n 1000 n

      
  12     34  ; both   12    34 
n n n n
63.  2n 3n
4n
 2n
4n
 3n
4n
 and are geometric series, and both
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
 
 12    34 
n 1 n 3
converge since r  1
2
 1
2
 1 and r  3
4
 3
4
 1, respectively    2
 1 and  4
3
1 12 1 34
n 1 n 1

 2n  3n  1  3  4 by Theorem 8, part (1)
4n
n 1

2n
 12  1  1  1  0 
n
n n 1
4n
64. lim 2n  4n  lim  lim  diverges by n th term test for divergence
3n n  3  1 1
n
n 3  4 n 1
4n 4

 
65.   nn1    ln(n)  ln(n  1)
ln
n 1 n 1
 sk   ln(1)  ln(2)   ln(2)  ln(3)   ln(3)  ln(4)      ln(k  1)  ln(k )   ln(k )  ln(k  1)    ln(k  1)
 lim sk  ,  diverges
k 

66. lim an  lim ln

n n
 2nn1   ln  12   0  diverges
67. convergent geometric series with sum 1  e
1  e 

68. divergent geometric series with r  e  23.141 1

e 22.459

 
69.  (1)n x n   ( x) n ; a  1, r   x; converges to 1
1 (  x )
 11x for x  1
n0 n 0

 
 (1)n x 2n     x 2 
n
70. ; a  1, r   x 2 ; converges to 1 for x  1
1 x 2
n0 n 0

71. a  3, r  x 1 ; converges to 3  6 for 1  x1  1 or 1  x  3

2 1  x21  3 x 2

 
 12 
    12  3sin1 x 
( 1)n n n
72.  2
1
3 sin x
; a  12 , r  1 ;
3sin x
converges to
1  3sin1 x 
 3 sin x
2 4 sin x 
 832sin
sin x
x
n0 n 0
for all x (since 1  1  1 for all x)
4 3sin x 2

73. a  1, r  2 x; converges to 1 for 2 x  1 or x  1

1 2x 2

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718 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

74. a  1, r   1 ; converges to 1  x2 for 1  1 or x  1

x2 1 21 
 x 2 1 x2
x 

75. a  1, r  ( x  1); converges to 1  1 for x  1  1 or 2  x  0

1 ( x 1) 2 x

76. a  1, r  3 x ; converges to 1  2 for 3 x  1 or 1  x  5

2 1  32 x  x 1 2

77. a  1, r  sin x; converges to 1

1sin x
for x  (2k  1) 2 , k an integer

78. a  1, r  ln x; converges to 1
1ln x
for ln x  1 or e1  x  e

  
79. (a)  1
( n  4)( n  5)
(b)  1
( n  2)( n  3)
(c)  1
( n 3)( n  2)
n 2 n0 n 5

  
80. (a)  5
( n  2)( n  3)
(b)  5
( n  2)( n 1)
(c)  5
( n 19)( n 18)
n 1 n 3 n  20

81. (a) one example is 1  12   1

 14  81  16
1  
2 1 12 

3     2   3
3
(b) one example is  32  34  83  16
1 12 

1   1   2   0
1
(c) one example is 1  12  14  18  16
1 12 


 k2   k
  
n 1
82. The series k 12 is a geometric series whose sum is where k can be any positive or negative
1 12 
n0
number.

  bnn    (1) diverges.

    
 12   an   bn    12 
n n a
83. Let an  bn  . Then  1, while
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1

    
 12   an   bn    12   (anbn )    14 
n n n
84. Let an  bn  . Then  1, while  13  AB.
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1

 an  13 , B   bn  1 and   bnn     12 
   
 14   12 
n n a n A.
85. Let an  and bn  . Then A   1  B
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1

86. Yes:   a1n  diverges. The reasoning:  an converges  an  0  1

an
   diverges by the
1
an
nth-Term Test.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.2 Infinite Series 719

87. Since the sum of a finite number of terms is finite, adding or subtracting a finite number of terms from a series
that diverges does not change the divergence of the series.

88. Let An  a1  a2    an and lim An  A. Assume

n
  an  bn  converges to S. Let
Sn   a1  b1    a2  b2      an  bn   Sn   a1  a2    an    b1  b2    bn 
 b1  b2    bn  Sn  An  lim  b1  b2    bn   S  A   bn converges. This contradicts the
n 
assumption that  bn diverges; therefore,   an  bn  diverges.

 53   2  53 
2
89. (a) 2
1 r
5 2
5
 1  r  r  53 ; 2  2 

 132   5  13  1  r  r   3 ; 13  13
 103   132  103   103 
2 3
(b) 1 r 10 10 2 2
 13
2


90. 1  eb  e2b    1
1 eb
9 1
9
 1  eb  eb  89  b  ln  89 
91. sn  1  2r  r 2  2r 3  r 4  2r 5    r 2 n  2r 2 n 1 , n  0, 1, 

  
 sn  1  r 2  r 4    r 2 n  2r  2r 3  2r 5    2r 2 n 1  lim sn   n 
1
1 r 2
 2r
1 r 2
 1 22r ,
1 r
2
if r  1 or r  1

 
2
 2
2
92. area  22   (1)2  1    4  2  1  12    4  8 m2
2 1 12

93. (a) After 24 hours, before the second pill: 300e( 0.12)(24)  16.840 mg; after 48 hours, the amount present
after 24 hours continues to decay and the dose taken at 24 hours has 24 hours to decay, so the amount
present is 300e( 0.12)(48)  300e( 0.12)(24)  0.945  16.840  17.785 mg.

e( 0.12)(24)
 
n
(b) The long-run quantity of the drug is 300 e( 0.12)(24)  300  17.84 mg.
1 1  e( 0.12)(24)

94. L  sn  1ar 

a 1 r n   ar n

1 r 1 r

95. (a) The endpoint of any closed interval remaining at any stage of the construction will remain in the Cantor
1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 7 , 8 , 1 , 2 , 7 , 8 , 1.
set, so some points in the set include 0, 27 27 9 9 27 27 3 3 9 9
(b) The lengths of the intervals removed are:
1
Stage 1:
3
1  1 2
Stage 2: 1   
3  3 9
1  1 2 4
Stage 3: 1     and so on.
3  3 9  27
 n 1
1  2 1 1
Thus the sum of the lengths of the intervals removed is  3  3   
3 1  (2 / 3)
 1.
n 1

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720 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

    
2 n 1 n 1
96. (a) L1  3, L2  3 43 , L3  3 43 , , Ln  3 43  lim Ln  lim 3 43 
n n 
3 2 3
(b) Using the fact that the area of an equilateral triangle of side length s is 4
s , we see that A1  4
,

      , A  A  3(4)     
2 2
A2  A1  3 43 1
3 4
3 3
12 3 2 4
3 1
4
3
 3
12
 3
27
,
32

A  A  3(4)     , A  A  3(4)     ,  ,
2 2
2 3 1 3 3 1
4 3 4 5 4 4
33 34

       3 3(4)    n k 3 
n k 1 n
k 3 1 k 1
A    3(4)3 k 2 3 1 3
 3
 3 3   4 k 1  .
n 4 4 32 4 9 4  9 
k 2 k 2  k 2 
  n   1 
lim An  lim 
n n  4
3
3 3 

4k  3  

9k 1   4
3
 3 3  364  
 1 9 
4
3
3 3  201   43 1  35   43  85   58 A1
  k 2 

10.3 THE INTEGRAL TEST

 1 b 1 b
1. f ( x)  12 is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x  1; 1 dx  lim  dx  lim   1x 
x x2 b 1 x2 b  1


 lim  1b  1  1  
b 
  1
1 x2
dx converges   12 converges
n
n 1

 1 b 1 b
2. f ( x)  10.2 is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x  1; 1 dx  lim  dx  lim  54 x0.8 
x x 0.2 b 1 x 0.2 b  1

 lim  5 b0.8  54     1 x1
b  4
0.2
dx diverges   10.2 diverges
n 1
n

 b 1
3. f ( x)  21
x 4
is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x  1; 1 1 dx
x2 4
 lim 2
b 1 x  4
dx

 12 tan 1 b2  12 tan 1 12   4  12 tan 1 12  1 x 14 dx converges

b
 lim  12 tan 1 2x   lim
b   1 b  2


 1 converges
n2 4
n 1

 1 b 1 b
4. f ( x)  x 1 4 is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x  1; 1x4
dx  lim 
b 1 x 4
dx  lim ln x  4 
b  1

 1 
 lim  ln | b  4|  ln 5     dx diverges   1 diverges
b  1 x4 n4
n 1

 2 x b 2 x
5. f ( x)  e2 x is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x  1; 1 e dx  lim  e dx
b 1

 
b  
 lim   12 e2 x   lim  12b  12  1   e2 x dx converges   e 2 n
converges
b   1 b  2e 2e 2e2 1
n 1

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.3 The Integral Test 721

 b
6. f ( x)  1
x (ln x )2
is positive, continuous, and decreasing for x  2; 2 1
x (ln x )2
dx  lim  1
b  2 x (ln x )
2
dx

  
b
 lim   ln1x   lim  ln1b  ln12 
b  2 b
1
ln 2
 1
2 x (ln x )2
dx converges   1
n (ln n )2
converges
n 2

7. f ( x)  x is positive and continuous for x  1, f ( x)  4 x2  0 for x  2, thus f is decreasing for

x2  4
 x 4
2
2

   ln b  4  
 b b  x
 1 ln x 2
 4   lim 2
x  3; 3 x dx
2
x 4
 lim  x dx  blim
b 3 x  4   2
2
 3 b 
1
2
1 ln(13)
2 3 x2  4
dx
  
diverges   n
n2 4
diverges   n
n2  4
 15  82   n
n2  4
diverges
n 3 n 1 n 3

2 2
8. f ( x)  lnxx is positive and continuous for x  2, f ( x)  2ln2 x  0 for x  e, thus f is decreasing for x  3;
x
 ln x 2 b ln x 2 b  ln x 2
3 x
dx  lim  x
dx  lim  2  ln x    lim  2(ln b)  2(ln 3)      x
dx diverges
b  3 b  3 b  3
  
  ln n 2
n
diverges   ln n 2
n
 ln 4
2
 ln n 2
n
diverges
n 3 n 2 n 3

x2  x ( x 6)
9. f ( x)  is positive and continuous for x  1, f ( x)   0 for x  6, thus f is decreasing for x  7;
ex 3 3e x 3

   
 x2 b b
dx  lim   3xx 3  18x x3  54   lim
2 2
3b 2 18b 54 3( 6b 18)
7ex 3
dx  lim  x
b 7 e
x3
b  e e e x 3  7 b eb 3
 327
e73
 lim
b  eb 3
327
e7 3

   x2 
 lim 54
b  e
b3
327
e7 3
 327
e7 3

7 ex 3
dx converges   n2
en 3
converges
n 7
 
 n2  1  4  9  16  25  362   n2 converges
en 3 e13
e 23
e1 e4 3 e5 3 e en 3
n 1 n7

10. f ( x)  x4  x 4 is continuous for x  2, f is positive for x  4, and f ( x)  7 x  0 for x  7,

x 2  2 x 1 ( x 1)2 ( x 1)3
 x4  b b 3   b b 3 
thus f is decreasing for x  8; 8 dx  lim   x 1 2 dx   dx   lim   x11 dx   dx 
( x 1)2 b   ( x 1)
8 8 ( x 1) 2
 b  8 8 ( x 1)2 

 lim  ln x  1 
b 
3 b
x 1 8 
 lim ln b  1  b31  ln 7  73    
b
  x4
8 ( x 1) 2
dx diverges   n4
n 2  2 n 1
diverges
n 8
 
  n4
n 2  2 n 1
 2  14  0  16 25 36 
1  2  3  n 4
n2  2 n 1
diverges
n 2 n 8

1 1
11. converges; a geometric series with r  10 12. converges; a geometric series with r  1e  1

13. diverges; by the nth-Term Test for Divergence, lim n  1  0

n n 1

n 5  5
14. diverges by the Integral Test; 1 x 1
dx  5ln(n  1)  5ln 2  
1 x 1
dx  

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

722 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

 
15. diverges;  3
n
 3 1
n
, which is a divergent p-series with p  1
2
n 1 n 1

 
16. converges;  2
n n
 2  1
n3 2
, which is a convergent p-series with p  3
2
n 1 n 1

17. converges; a geometric series with r  18  1

   
18. diverges;  8
n
 8  1
n
and since  1
n
diverges, 8  1
n
diverges
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1

2 lnxx dx  12  ln 
n 2  ln x
19. diverges by the Integral Test: n  ln 2   x
dx 
2

 ln x
2 dx; t  ln x, dt  , dx  e dt 
dx t
20. diverges by the Integral Test: x
x
 b
 tet 2 dt  lim  2tet 2
 4et 2   lim  2eb 2 (b  2)  2e(ln 2) 2 (ln 2  2)   
ln 2 b   ln 2 b   

21. converges; a geometric series with r  2 1

3

 ln 5   5 
5n 5n ln 5 n
22. diverges; lim  lim  lim    0
n  ln 4 4
n n
n 4 3 n  4 ln 4

 
23. diverges;  2
n 1
 2  1 ,
n 1
which diverges by the Integral Test
n0 n0

n dx
24. diverges by the Integral Test: 12 x 1
 12 ln(2n  1)   as n  

25. diverges; lim an  lim 2n  lim2n ln 2    0

n n 1
n n 1

u  x  1
26. diverges by the Integral Test:
n
1  dx
x x 1
; 
  du  x 
dx 2
n 1 du
u
 ln  
n  1  ln 2   as n  

27. diverges; lim n

 lim
   lim
1
2 n n
   0
n ln n n  
1
n n  2

 
n
28. diverges; lim an  lim 1  1n  e  0
n n

29. diverges; a geometric series with r  1  1.44  1

ln 2

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.3 The Integral Test 723

30. converges; a geometric series with r  1  0.91  1

ln 3

  1x 
3 u  ln x, du  x dx 
1
31. converges by the Integral Test: 2
dx;
(ln x ) (ln x ) 1

 b1   sec1 (ln 3)

 b
 1 du  lim sec1 u   lim sec1 b  sec1 (ln 3)   lim  cos1
ln 3 u u 2 1 b   ln 3 b   b  
 cos (0)  sec (ln 3)  2  sec 1 (ln 3)  1.1439
1 1

   1x  dx; u  ln x, du  1x dx 
32. converges by the Integral Test: 1 x11ln 2 x  dx  1 1 (ln x )2

 
 b
 1 du  lim  tan 1 u  0  lim tan 1 b  tan 1 0  2  0  2
0 1u 2 b    b

 1n   lim sin x  1  0
 1n   nlim
sin
33. diverges by the nth-Term Test for divergence; lim n sin 
n    x 0 x
1
n

 n1   lim   n2  sec  n 
 1  2 1


tan
34. diverges by the nth-Term Test for divergence; lim n tan 1  lim
n n n  1n  n   12 
 n 

 lim sec 2 n1
n 
   sec 2
0  1  0

 ex
35. converges by the Integral Test: 1 dx; u  e x , du  e x dx 
1 e 2 x  

 
 1 b
 du  lim  tan 1 u   lim tan 1 b  tan 1 e  2  tan 1 e  0.35
e 1u 2 n   e b

 2
u  e x , du  e x dx, dx  1 du    2 du
36. converges by the Integral Test: 1
1 e x
dx;
 u  e u (1u )
 2
   bb1   2ln  ee1   2 ln1  2 ln  ee1   2ln  ee1   0.63
b
  u21 du  lim  2 ln uu1   lim  2 ln
e u b  e b 

u  tan 1 x 
37. converges by the Integral Test: 1
 8 tan 1 x
1 x 2
dx; 
 du  dx

 
 2
 4
8u du   4u 2 
 
 2
4
2
 2

 4 4  16  34
2

 1 x 2 

  u  x2  1  1  du b
38. diverges by the Integral Test: 1 x dx;
2
x 1
  2 2 u   lim  12 ln u   lim 12 (ln b  ln 2)  
 du  2 x dx  b  2 b

 b x
 tan 1 x b
39. converges by the Integral Test: 1 sech x dx  2 lim  e 2 dx  2 blim
b 1 1  e   x
e
1

 
 2 lim tan 1 eb  tan 1 e    2 tan 1 e  0.71
b 

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

724 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

 b
sech 2 x dx  lim  tanh x 1  lim (tanh b  tanh 1)
b
40. converges by the Integral Test: 1 sech 2 x dx  lim 
b 1 b  b
 1  tanh 1  0.76

1  xa 2  x 1 4  dx  blim
  (b  2)
   lim ln  ;
a
b 3a (b  2) a 3a
41.  a ln x  2  ln x  4   lim  ln b  4
  ln 5 b4
 ln 5
 1 b  b
 , a  1

a
(b  2)
lim b  4  a lim (b  2)a 1    the series converges to ln 53 if a  1 and diverges to  if
b b  1, a  1
a  1. If a  1, the terms of the series eventually become negative and the Integral Test does not apply. From
that point on, however, the series behaves like a negative multiple of the harmonic series, and so it diverges.

   lim ln  ;
b
42.

3  1  2a
x 1 x 1  
dx  lim  ln
b  
x 1
( x 1)2 a

  blim
3 
 b 1
ln (b 1)2 a  ln
2
42 a b 
b 1
(b 1)2 a
 ln 2
42 a

 1, a  1
lim b 12 a
b (b 1)
 lim 1
b 2 a (b 1)
2 a 1


2
1
 the series converges to ln  42   ln 2 if a  12 and diverges to
, a  2
 if a  12 . If a  12 , the terms of the series eventually become negative and the Integral Test does not apply.
From that point on, however, the series behaves like a negative multiple of the harmonic series, and so it
diverges.

43. (a)

 
(b) There are (13)(365)(24)(60)(60) 109 seconds in 13 billion years; by part (a) sn  1  ln n where

 
n  (13)(365)(24)(60)(60) 109  sn  1  ln (13)(365)(24)(60)(60) 109   
 1  ln(13)  ln(365)  ln(24)  2 ln(60)  9 ln(10)  41.55

  
44. No, because  1
nx
 1
x  1
n
and  1n diverges
n 1 n 1 n 1

 12   an    a2  also diverges and a2  an .

  
45. Yes. If  an is a divergent series of positive numbers, then n n

n 1 n 1 n 1

There is no “smallest” divergent series of positive number: for any divergent series  an of positive
n 1

  2n 

a
numbers has smaller terms and still diverges.
n 1

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.3 The Integral Test 725

  
46. No, if  an is a convergent series of positive numbers, then 2  an   2an also converges, and
n 1 n 1 n 1
2an  an . There is no “largest” convergent series of positive numbers.

47. (a) Both integrals can represent the area under the curve f ( x)  1 , and the sum s50 can be considered an
x 1
50
approximation of either integral using rectangles with x  1. The sum s50   1
n 1
is an overestimate
n 1
51
of the integral 1 1 dx.
x 1
The sum s50 represents a left-hand sum (that is, the we are choosing the
left-hand endpoint of each subinterval for ci ) and because f is a decreasing function, the value of f is
a maximum at the left-hand endpoint of each subinterval. The area of each rectangle overestimates the true
51 50 50
area, thus 1 1 dx  1 . In a similar manner, s50 underestimates the integral 0 1 dx. In
x 1 n 1 x 1
n 1
this case, the sum s50 represents a right-hand sum and because f is a decreasing function, the value of f is
a minimum at the right-hand endpoint of each subinterval. The area of each rectangle underestimates the
50 50 51 51
true area, thus  1
n 1

0
1 dx.
x 1
Evaluating the integrals we find 1 1 dx
x 1
  2 x  1 
1
n 1
50 50 50
 2 52  2 2  11.6 and 0 1 dx   2 x  1   2 51  2 1  12.3. Thus, 11.6   1  12.3.
x 1 0 n 1
n 1

 
n 1 n 1 2
(b) sn  1000   1 dx   2 x  1   2 n  1  2 2  1000  n  500  2  1  251414.2
1 x 1 1
 n  251415.

30  
48. (a) Since we are using s30   1
n4
to estimate  1,
n4
the error is given by  1.
n4
We can consider this
n 1 n 1 n 31
sum as an estimate of the area under the curve f ( x)  1 when x  30 using rectangles with x  1 and
x4
ci is the right-hand endpoint of each subinterval. Since f is a decreasing function, the value of f is a
  1 b 1
minimum at the right-hand endpoint of each subinterval, thus  1
n4

30 x 4
dx  lim
b  30 x

4
dx
n 31
b
 
 lim   1 3   lim   13  1 3   1.23  105. Thus the error  1.23  105.
b   3 x  30 b   3b 3(30) 

 1  1 b 1 b
(b) We want S  sn  0.000001   dx  0.000001   dx  lim  dx  lim   1 3 
n x4 n x4 b n x4 b   3 x  n

 lim 
b 
 1
3b3
 1
3n3  1
3n3
 0.000001  n  3 1000000
3
 69.336  n  70.

 
 1  1 b b
49. We want S  sn  0.01   dx  0.01    1   lim  1  1
n x3 n x3
dx  lim  1 dx  blim
b  n x   2 x
3 2  n b 2b 2 2 n2
8
 1
2 n2
 0.01  n  50  7.071  n  8  S  s8   1
n3
 1.195
n 1

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

726 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

  n
 1 b 1 x b
50. We want S  sn  0.1    1 tan
n x2  4
dx  0.1  lim 21 dx  blim
b n x  4   2 2

 lim  12 tan 1  b2   12 tan 1  n2    4  12 tan 1  n2   0.1  n  2 tan  2  0.2   9.867  n  10

b 
10
 S  s10   1  0.57
n2  4
n 1

 
 1  1 b b
51. S  sn  0.00001   dx  0.00001   dx  lim  1 dx  lim   10   lim  10  10
n x1.1 n x1.1 b  x  n b 
1.1 0.1
b  n x b0.1 n0.1

 10  0.00001  n  100000010  n  1060

n0.1

b
  b  
52. S  sn  0.01   1 dx  0.01   1 dx  lim 1
 dx  lim   1 2 
n x (ln x )3 n x (ln x )3 b  n x (ln x )
3
b  2(ln x ) n
  50
 lim   1 2  1 2   1  0.01  n  e  1177.405  n  1178
b   2(ln b) 2(ln n )  2(ln n )2

n n
53. Let An   ak and Bn   2k a 2k  , where {ak } is a nonincreasing sequence of positive terms converging
k 1 k 1
to 0. Note that { An } and {Bn } are nondecreasing sequences of positive terms. Now,
Bn  2a2  4a4  8a8    2n a
2 
n

 
 2a2   2a4  2a4    2a8  2a8  2a8  2a8      2a n  2a n    2a n 
   
2
 2   
2 
2n 1 terms
 
 2a1  2a2   2a3  2a4    2a5  2a6  2a7  2a8      2a n 1  2a n 1    2a n   2 A n
  2   2 1  2 
 2 

 2  ak . Therefore if  ak converges, then {Bn } is bounded above   2k a k converges. Conversely,
2 
k 1

An  a1   a2  a3    a4  a5  a6  a7     an  a1  2a2  4a4    2n a n  a1  Bn  a1   2k a k .
2  2  k 1

Therefore, if  2k a 2k  converges, then { An } is bounded above and hence converges.
k 1

  
54. (a) a
2  n  1
2 ln 2n
n
 
 n
1
2 n (ln 2)
  2n a 2    2n 2 n1(ln 2)  ln12  1n ,
n n
which diverges
n2 n2 n2

  1
n ln n
diverges.
n 2

  2 p11 
    n
(b) a  1np   2n a   2n  1np   1  , a geometries series that converges if
 
2 n
2
n 1
 
2 n
n 1
2
n 1 2  
n p 1
n 1
1  1 or p  1, but diverges if p  1.
2 p1

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.3 The Integral Test 727

 
  p b
; u  ln x, du  dx   u  p 1   lim 1 b p 1  (ln 2) p 1 
55. (a) 2 dx
x (ln x ) p x ln 2 u du  blim
   p 1  ln 2 b 1 p  
 1 (ln 2)  p 1 p 1
  p 1  the improper integral converges if p  1 and diverges if p  1. For p  1:
 , p 1
 dx
 lim  ln(ln x) 2  lim  ln(ln b)  ln(ln 2)  , so the improper integral diverges if p  1.
b
2x ln x b b

(b) Since the series and the integral converge or diverge together,  n(ln1n) p converges if and only if p  1.
n2

56. (a) p  1  the series diverges

(b) p  1.01  the series converges
 
(c)  n ln1n3   13  n(ln1 n) ; p  1  the series diverges
n2 n2
(d) p  3  the series converges

n 1 1
57. (a) From Fig. 10.11 (a) in the text with f ( x)  1x and ak  k1 , we have  x
dx  1  12  13  n1
1
n

 1   f ( x) dx  ln(n  1)  1  12  13  1n  1  ln n  0  ln (n  1)  ln n  1  12  13  n1  ln n  1.
1

Therefore the sequence 1  12  13  1n   ln n is bounded above by 1 and below by 0.
n 1 1
(b) From the graph in Fig. 10.11 (b) with f ( x)  1x , n11   dx  ln (n  1)  ln n
n x

  
 0  n11   ln (n  1)  ln n   1  12  13  n11  ln (n  1)  1  12  13  1n  ln n . 
If we define an  1  12  13  n1  ln n, then 0  an 1  an  an 1  an  {an } is a decreasing
sequence of nonnegative terms.

 
2  x b  2
58. e x  e x for x  1, and 1 e dx  lim  e x   lim eb  e 1  e 1   e  x dx converges by the
b  1 b 1
2 2  
Comparison Test for improper integrals   e  n  1   e n converges by the Integral Test.
n 0 n 1

 
  b b
 x 2
  lim  1  1  1
59. (a) s10   n13  1.97531986; 11 x13 dx  blim
 11
3
 x dx  blim
  2 11 b 2b2 242 242
n 1

 
 1 b b
x 3 dx  lim   x2   lim  1 2  200
2
and 10 x3b
dx  lim
10 b  10 b 2b
1  1
200
1  s  1.97531986  1  1.20166  s  1.20253
 1.97531986  242 200

(b) s   13  1.20166 21.20253  1.202095; error  1.2025321.20166  0.000435
n
n 1

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

728 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

 
10  b 4 b
dx  lim   x3   lim  13  3993
3
60. (a) s10   n14  1.082036583; 11 x14 dx  lim  x
b 11 b   11 b 3b
1 1
 3993
n 1

 
 b b
dx  lim   x3   lim  13  3000
3 4
and 10 x1 4
dx  lim  x
b  
b 10 10 b 3b
1 1
 3000
1  s  1.082036583  1  1.08229  s  1.08237
 1.082036583  3993 3000

(b) s   14  1.0822921.08237  1.08233; error  1.08237 21.08229  0.00004
n
n 1

11 1    1 1  
1 2
61. The total area will be  n  n n  1   n2 n(n  1) 
   . The p-series  2 converges to
6
and
n 1 n 1 n 1 n

1
 n(n  1) converges to 1 (see Example 5). Thus we can write the area as the difference of these two values,
n 1
2
or  1  0.64493.
6

11 1 1 1  1 1 1 
62. The area of the nth trapezoid is         2   . The total area will be
2 n n 1 n n 1 2n ( n  1) 2 
1   1 1  1
 
2 n 1  n 2
   , since the series telescopes and has a value of 1.
( n  1)2  2

10.4 COMPARISON TESTS


1. Compare with  n12 , which is a convergent p-series since p  2  1. Both series have nonnegative terms for
n 1

n  1. For n  1, we have n 2  n2  30  1
n2
 2
1 .
n  30
Then by Comparison Test,  n2 130 converges.
n 1


2. Compare with  n13 , which is a convergent p-series since p  3  1. Both series have nonnegative terms for
n 1
n  1. For n  1, we have n 4  n4  2  1  1  n  n  1  n  n 1 . Then by Comparison
n4 n4  2 n4 n4  2 n3 n4  2 n4  2

Test,  nn412 converges.
n 1


3. Compare with  1 ,
n
which is a divergent p-series since p  1
2
 1. Both series have nonnegative terms for
n2

n  2. For n  2, we have n 1  n  1
n 1
 1 .
n
Then by Comparison Test,  1
n 1
diverges.
n2

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.4 Comparison Tests 729


4. Compare with  1n , which is a divergent p-series since p  1  1. Both series have nonnegative terms for
n2

n  2. For n  2, we have n 2  n  n 2  2
1
n n
 1
n2
 2
n
n n
 n
n2
 1
n
 n 2
n2 n
 2
n
n n
 n1 . Thus  nn22n
n2
diverges.


5. Compare with  n3/1 2 , which is a convergent p-series since p 3
2
 1. Both series have nonnegative terms for
n 1

cos 2 n
 cosn3/ 2n
2
n  1. For n  1, we have 0  cos 2 n  1   1 . Then by Comparison Test, converges.
n3/ 2 n 3/ 2
n 1


6. Compare with  31n , which is a convergent geometric series, since | r | 1
3
 1. Both series have nonnegative
n 1

terms for n  1. For n  1, we have n  3n  3n  1
n3n
 1
3n
. Then by Comparison Test,  n13n converges.
n 1

  
7. Compare with n 5
3/ 2
. The series  n3/ 2 1 is a convergent p-series since p  3
2
 1, and the series  n3/52
n 1 n 1 n 1

 5 1 converges by Theorem 8 part 3. Both series have nonnegative terms for n  1. For n  1,
n3/ 2
n 1

we have n3  n 4  4n3  4n4  n 4  4n3  n 4  4n4  5n 4  n4  4n3  5n 4  20  5 n 4  4  


n 4  4 n3 n3 ( n  4) n4 5 n 4 5 5 n4
 5 5     . Then by Comparison Test, 
n4 4 4
n 4 n4  4 n3 n4 4 n3 n 3/ 2
n 1 n4  4
converges.


8. Compare with  1 ,
n
which is a divergent p-series since p  1
2
 1. Both series have nonnegative terms for
n 1
n  1. For n  1, we have n  1  2 n  2  2 n  1  3  n 2 n  1  3n  3  2n n  n  3  
   1  n2    
2 2
2 2 n n  2 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
 n  2n n  n  n  3   1   1   1   1 .
n2 3 n2 3 n n 2 3 n n2  3 n n 2 3 n

Then by Comparison Test,  2
n 1
diverges.
n 1 n 3


9. Compare with  n12 , which is a convergent p-series since p  2  1. Both series have positive terms for
n 1
n2
an n3  n 2  3 n3  2 n 2 3n 2  4 n 6n4 6
n  1. lim  lim  lim  lim  lim  lim  1  0. Then by Limit
n bn n  6 n  2 n  6
2 3 2 2
n  1/ n n  n  n  3 n  3n  2 n

Comparison Test,  n2
n3  n 2  3
converges.
n 1

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

730 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series


10. Compare with  1 ,
n
which is a divergent p-series since p  1
2
 1. Both series have positive terms for n  1.
n 1
n 1
an n2  2 n2  n n2  n
lim  lim  lim  lim  lim 2 n 1  lim 2  1  1  0. Then by Limit
n bn n2  2 n  2 n n  2
2
n  1/ n n  n  n  2

Comparison Test,  n 1
n2  2
diverges.
n 1


11. Compare with  1n , which is a divergent p-series since p  1  1. Both series have positive terms for n  2.
n2
n ( n 1)

a
lim bn  lim
 n2 1( n 1)  lim n3  n 2  lim 3n 2  2 n  lim 6n 2  lim 6  1  0. Then by Limit
1/ n n  6 n  2 n  6
3
n  n n  n  n  n2  n 1 n  3n 2  2n 1

n ( n 1)
Comparison Test,  (n2 1)(n 1) diverges.
n2


12. Compare with  21n , which is a convergent geometric series, since | r | 1
2
 1. Both series have positive
n 1
2n
a 3  4n 4n 4n ln 4
terms for n  1. lim n  lim  lim  lim  1  0. Then by Limit Comparison Test,
n bn
n n n
n  1/2 n  3 4 n  4 ln 4

 324n
n
converges.
n 1


13. Compare with  1 ,
n
which is a divergent p-series since p  1
2
 1. Both series have positive terms for n  1.
n 1
5n 
5
a n
lim n
n bn
 lim
n  1/ n
n  4n
 lim 5n
n  4
n
 lim
n  4
 . Then by Limit Comparison Test,  5n
n 4 n
diverges.
n 1


  25 
n
14. Compare with , which is a convergent geometric series since | r | 2  1. Both series have positive
5
n 1

 52nn43 
n

 10n15   1010nn158   1010nn158 

a n n
terms for n  1. lim n  lim  lim  exp lim ln  exp lim n ln
n bn n  10 n 8
n
n  (2/5) n  n 

 exp lim
ln  1010nn158   exp lim
10  10
10 n 15 10 n  8
 exp lim 70 n 2  exp lim 70 n 2
1/ n n  (10 n 15)(10 n 8)
2 2
x  n  1/ n n  100 n  230 n 120

 exp lim 140 n
n 200n  230
 exp lim 140
n  200
 e7/10  0. Then by Limit Comparison Test, 5n  4 
2n 3 n converges.

n 1


15. Compare with  1n , which is a divergent p -series, since p  1  1. Both series have positive terms for n  2.
n2
1 
an
lim
n bn
 lim
n  1/ n
ln n
 lim n
n  ln n
 lim 1
n  1/ n
 lim n  . Then by Limit Comparison Test,
n 
 ln1n diverges.
n2

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.4 Comparison Tests 731


16. Compare with  n12 , which is a convergent p-series since p  2  1. Both series have positive terms for
n 1
1  2 
 
ln 1 12  1 1  n3 
an
n  1. lim  lim  2n   lim n2
 lim 1  1  0. Then by Limit Comparison Test,
n bn  2  1
n 1/ n n  3 n  1 2
n
 n 

 ln 1  n12 

converges.
n 1


17. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) when compared with  1 ,
n
a divergent p-series
n 1
 

 
1
 
2 n 3 n  n 1 1
lim  lim  lim
n  1
n
3
n 2 n  n n  2 n
1/ 6 2

18. diverges by the Direct Comparison Test since n  n  n  n  n  0  3  n1 , which is the nth term of the
n n

divergent series  1n or use Limit Comparison Test with bn  1
n
n 1

19. converges by the Direct Comparison Test; sin 2 n  1 , which is the nth term of a convergent geometric series
2n 2n

20. converges by the Direct Comparison Test; 1 cos n

n2
 2
n2
and the p-series  n12 converges

21. diverges since lim 2n  2 0

n 3n 1 3

22. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with 1 , the nth term of a convergent p-series
n3/ 2
 n 1 
 2 
lim  n n 
n  1 
 lim nn1  1
n
 
 n3/ 2 

23. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with 12 , the nth term of a convergent p-series
n

lim
 10 n 1
n ( n 1)( n  2)   lim 10 n 2  n  lim 20 n 1  lim 20  10
n 2 n 3 n 2
 1  2
n  2 n  n  3n  2
n 

24. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with 1 , the nth term of a convergent p-series
n2
 
 5 n3  3n 

 n2 ( n  2) n2  5  
5n3 3n 15n2 3
lim  
 lim  lim  lim 30 n 5
n  6 n  4
 1  3 2 2
n  2 n n  2 n 5n 10 n  3n  4 n 5
n 

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

732 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

 3nn1    3nn    13 
n n n
25. converges by the Direct Comparison Test; , the nth term of a convergent geometric
series

26. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with 1 , the nth term of a convergent p-series
n3/ 2
 1 
 3/ 2 
lim n 
 lim n3  2  lim 1  2 1
n  1  n n3 n  n3
 3 
 n 2 


27. diverges by the Direct Comparison Test; n  ln n  ln n  ln ln n  1
n
 1
ln n
 1
ln (ln n )
and  1n diverges
n 3


28. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 2) when compared with  n12 , a convergent p-series
n 1
 (ln n )2 
 n3 
lim  
 lim
(ln n )2
 lim
2(ln n )  1n   2 lim ln n 0
n  1  n  n n  1 n n
 n2 

29. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 3) with 1, the nth term of the divergent harmonic series:
n

lim


1 

n ln n 
 lim n
 lim
   lim
1
2 n n

n  
1
n n ln n n  
1
n n 2

30. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 2) with 1 , the nth term of a convergent p-series
n5/ 4
 (ln n )2 
 n3/ 2 
lim  
 lim
(ln n )2
 lim
 2lnn n   8 lim ln n  8 lim
 1n   32 lim 1  32  0  0
1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4
n  1  n  n n   1  n  n n  1  n  n
 n5/ 4   4 n3/ 4   4 n3/ 4 

31. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 3) with 1, the nth term of the divergent harmonic series:
n
 11ln n   lim n  lim 1  lim n  
lim
n  1n  n  1 ln n n  n1  n 

 
 ln( x 1)  b
32. diverges by the Integral Test: 2 dx  u du  lim  12 u 2   lim 12 b 2  ln 2 3  
x 1 ln 3 b   ln 3 b

33. converges by the Direct Comparison Test with 1 , the nth term of a convergent p-series n 2  1  n for
n3/ 2

 
n  2  n2 n2  1  n3  n n2  1  n3/2  1
n3/ 2

n n 1
1
2
or use Limit Comparison Test with 1 .
n2

34. converges by the Direct Comparison Test with 1 , the nth term of a convergent p-series
n3/ 2

n 2  1  n 2  n 2  1  n  n3/2  n 2 1  n3/2  n
 1 or use Limit Comparison Test with 1 .
n n 2 1 n3/ 2 n3/ 2

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.4 Comparison Tests 733

   
35. converges because  1n2nn   n12n   2n1 which is the sum of two convergent series:  n12n converges by
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1

the Direct Comparison Test since 1
n 2n
 1
2n
, and  2n1 is a convergent geometric series
n 1

 nn2 22n    n12n  n12 

 n

36. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: and 1  1  1  1 , the sum of the nth
n 2n n2 2n n2
n 1 n 1
terms of a convergent geometric series and a convergent p-series

37. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: 1  1 , which is the nth term of a convergent geometric series
3n 1 1 3n 1

38. diverges; lim

n

3n 1 1
3n   lim 
1 1
n  3 3
n  1
3
0


  15 
n
39. converges by Limit Comparison Test: compare with , which is a convergent geometric series with
n 1
 n 1  1 
 2 n
| r | 1  1, lim  n  3n n5   lim n 1  lim 1  0.
5 n  2 n  3
2
n (1/5) n n 3n


  34 
n
40. converges by Limit Comparison Test: compare with , which is a convergent geometric series with
n 1
 2 n  3n 
 128  1  1  1  0.
n
 n n
| r | 3  1, lim  3  4 n   lim 8n 12n  lim
4 n  9  1 1
n n n
n (3/4) n  9 12
12


41. diverges by Limit Comparison Test: compare with  1n , which is a divergent p-series
n 1
 2n  n 
 n  2n (ln 2)2
lim  n1/2n   lim 2n  n  lim 2n ln 21  lim  1  0.
n n n 2
n n 2 n  2 ln 2 n  2 (ln 2)

ln n
n en ln n
42. Since n grows faster than ln n and 2  ln 2, lim n
 lim  0. Since e  1 ,
n e n n

 
1 ln n
 en is a convergent geometric series, so  n en
converges.
n 1 n 1

  
43. converges by Comparison Test with  n(n11) which converges since  n(n11)    n11  1n , and
n2 n2 n2


sk  1  12    1
2 
 13     1
k 2
 k11    1 1
k 1 k   1  1k  lim sk  1; for n  2, (n  2)!  1
k 
 n(n  1)(n  2)!  n(n  1)  n !  n(n  1)  1  1
n ! n( n 1)

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

734 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series


44. converges by Limit Comparison Test: compare with  n13 , which is a convergent p-series
n 1
( n 1)!
( n  2)! n3 ( n 1)! n2 2n 2
lim  lim  n 1) n ( n 1)!
 lim  lim  lim 1 0
( n 2)( n  2 n  3 n  2
3 2
n 1/ n n n  n  3n  2

45. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with 1, the nth term of the divergent harmonic series:
n
sin 1n   lim sin x  1
lim
n  1n  x 0 x

46. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with 1, the nth term of the divergent harmonic series:
n
 tan 1n   lim  1  sin 1n   lim 1 sin x  11  1
lim
n  n1 
 1
n  cos n   1n 
  x 
x 0 cos x

   
tan 1 n
47. converges by the Direct Comparison Test:
n1.1

n
2
1.1
and  n1.12  2  n11.1 is the product of a convergent
n 1 n 1
p-series and a nonzero constant

sec 1 n  2  
  
48. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: sec1 n  2 
n1.3

n1.3
and  n1.32  2  n1.31 is the product of
n 1 n 1
a convergent p-series and a nonzero constant

 coth n 
 
49. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with 1 : lim  n 2   lim coth n  lim en e n
2 n n
n n  1  n n  e  e
 n2 

 lim 1 e 2 n 1
2 n
n  1 e

 tanh n 
 2 
50. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with 1 : lim  n   lim tanh n  lim en  e n
n
n2 n  1  n 
n
n   e
e
 n2 

 lim 1 e2 n 1
2 n
n  1 e

 1 
 
51. diverges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with 1 : lim  n n n   lim 1 1
n n  1
n   n
n  n

 nn 
 
52. converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with 1 : lim  n2   lim n
n 1
2
n n  1  n 
 n2 

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.4 Comparison Tests 735

53. 1  1  2 . The series converges by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with 1 :
1 2 3 n
 n ( n 1)
2  n ( n 1) n2

lim
 2
n ( n 1)   lim 2n 2  lim 4n  lim 4  2.
n 2n 1 n  2
2
n  1  n  n
n
 n2 

54. 1  1  6  6  the series converges by the Direct Comparison Test

1 22  32  n 2 n ( n 1)(2 n 1) n ( n 1)(2n 1) n3
6

an an an
55. (a) If lim  0, then there exists an integer N such that for all n  N , bn
 0  1  1  bn
1
n bn
 an  bn . Thus, if  bn converges, then  an converges by the Direct Comparison Test.
an an
(b) If lim  , then there exists an integer N such that for all n  N ,  1  an  bn . Thus, if
n bn bn

 bn diverges, then  an diverges by the Direct Comparison Test.


an an
56. Yes,  n
converges by the Direct Comparison Test because n
 an
n 1

an an
57. lim    there exists an integer N such that for all n  N ,  1  an  bn . If  an converges,
n bn bn

then  bn converges by the Direct Comparison Test

58.  an converges  lim an  0  there exists an integer N such that for all n  N , 0  an  1  an2  an
n 

  an2 converges by the Direct Comparison Test

59. Since an  0 and lim an    0, by n th term test for divergence,  an diverges.

n

 
60. Since an  0 and lim n2  an  0, compare  an with 
n
1 , which is a convergent p-series
n 2

 lim  n 2  an   0   an converges by Limit Comparison Test

an
lim 2
n 1/ n n 

 
(ln n )q
61. Let   q   and p  1. If q  0, then  n p
  n1p , which is a convergent p-series. If q  0,
n2 n2
(ln n )q

(ln n )q
compare with  n1r where 1  r  p, then lim
n 1/ n
np
r
 lim
n n
pr
, and p  r  0. If q  0   q  0 and
n2

lim
(ln n )q
 lim 1  0. If q  0, lim
(ln n )q
 lim
q (ln n )q 1  1n   lim
q (ln n )q 1
. If
pr q p r pr p  r 1 p r
n n n  (ln n) n n n n  ( p  r ) n n ( p  r ) n
q (ln n )q 1 q
q  1  0  1  q  0 and lim p r
 lim p r
 0, otherwise, we apply L'Hopital's Rule
n ( p  r ) n n ( p  r ) n (ln n)1 q

again. lim
q ( q 1)(ln n )q  2  1n   lim
q ( q 1)(ln n )q  2
. If q  2  0  2  q  0 and
2 p  r 1 2 pr
n ( p r ) n n ( p  r ) n

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

736 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

q ( q 1)(ln n )q  2 q ( q 1)
lim 2 p r
 lim 2 p r
 0; otherwise, we apply L'Hopital's Rule again. Since q is finite,
n ( p  r ) n n ( p  r ) n (ln n) 2  q
there is a positive integer k such that q  k  0  k  q  0. Thus, after k applications of L'Hopital's Rule we
q ( q 1)( q  k 1)(ln n )q  k q ( q 1)( q  k 1)
obtain lim  lim  0. Since the limit is 0 in every case, by Limit
n ( p  r )k n p  r k pr
n  ( p  r ) n (ln n )k  q

(ln n)q
Comparison Test, the series  np
converges.
n 1

 
(ln n )q
62. Let   q   and p  1. If q  0, then  n p
  n1p , which is a divergent p-series. If q  0, compare
n2 n2
(ln n )q

with  n1p , which is a divergent p -series. Then lim
n 1/ n
p
np
 lim (ln n)q  . If q  0   q  0, compare
n
n2
(ln n )q

1 np (ln n )q nr  p
with  r
, where 0  p  r  1. lim r
 lim p r
 lim q
since r  p  0. Apply L'Hopital's to
n2 n n 1/ n n n n (ln n )
( r  p ) nr  p 1 (r  p )nr  p ( r  p ) n r  p (ln n )q 1
obtain lim  lim . If  q  1  0  q  1  0 and lim  ,
n (  q )(ln n)  q 1 1n  n (  q )(ln n)
 q 1
n (q )

( r  p ) 2 n r  p 1 ( r  p )2 n r  p
otherwise, we apply L'Hopital's Rule again to obtain lim  lim . If
n (  q )(  q 1)(ln n )
q 2
 1
n n  (  q )(  q 1)(ln n)
q 2

(r  p)2 nr  p ( r  p )2 nr  p (ln n )q  2
 q  2  0  q  2  0 and lim q 2
 lim (  q )(  q 1)
 , otherwise, we apply
n (  q )(  q 1)(ln n) n 
L'Hopital's Rule again. Since q is finite, there is a positive integer k such that  q  k  0  q  k  0. Thus,
( r  p )k n r  p
after k applications of L'Hopital's Rule we obtain lim q k
n (  q )(  q 1)(  q  k 1)(ln n )
( r  p )k nr  p (ln n )q  k
 lim  . Since the limit is  if q  0 or if q  0 and p  1, by Limit comparison test,
n  (  q )(  q 1)(  q  k 1)
   
(ln n)q (ln n )q (ln n )q
the series  n p r
diverges. Finally if q  0 and p  1 then  np
  n
. Compare with  1n ,
n 1 n2 n2 n2
q  q

(ln n ) (ln n)
which is a divergent p -series. For n  3, ln n  1  (ln n)q  1  n
 1n . Thus n
diverges by
n2

(ln n)q
Comparison Test. Thus, if   q   and p  1, the series  n p r
diverges.
n 1

 
9 d
63. Since 0  d n  9 for all n and the geometric series  10n converges to 1,  10nn converges.
n 1 n 1



64. Since  an converges, an  0 as n  . Thus for all n greater than some N we have 0  an 
2
and
n 1

thus 0  sin an  an . Thus  sin an converges by Theorem 10.
n 1

65. Converges by Exercise 61 with q  3 and p  4.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.4 Comparison Tests 737

66. Diverges by Exercise 62 with q  1 and p  12 .

2

67. Converges by Exercise 61 with q  1000 and p  1.001.

68. Diverges by Exercise 62 with q  1 and p  0.99.

5

69. Converges by Exercise 61 with q  3 and p  1.1.

70. Diverges by Exercise 62 with q   12 and p  12 .

71. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
a : n - 1./n^3/sin(n)^2;
s : k - sum( a(n), n 1..k ); # (a)]
limit( s(k), k infinity );
pts : [seq( [k,s(k)], k 1..100 )]: # (b)
plot( pts, style  point, title "#71(b) (Section 10.4)" );
pts : [seq( [k,s(k)], k 1..200 )]: # (c)
plot( pts, style  point, title "#71(c) (Section 10.4)" );
pts : [seq( [k,s(k)], k 1..400 )]: # (d)
plot( pts, style  point, title "#71(d) (Section 10.4)" );
evalf( 355/113 );

Mathematica:
Clear[a, n, s, k, p]

a[n_]: 1 / ( n 3 Sin[n]2 )
s[k_] Sum[ a[n], {n, 1, k}];
points[p_]: Table[{k, N[s[k]]}, {k, 1, p}]
points[100]
ListPlot[points[100]]
points[200]
ListPlot[points[200]
points[400]
ListPlot[points[400], PlotRange  All]
To investigate what is happening around k  355, you could do the following.
N[355/113]
N[π  355/113]
Sin[355]//N
a[355]//N
N[s[354]]
N[s[355]]
N[s[356]]

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

738 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

 
72. (a) Let S   n1 , which is a convergent p-series By Example 5 in Section 10.2,  n( n11) converges to 1.
2
n 1 n 1

 n1   n(n11)   n1   n(n11)   n(n11)    n1 

     
By Theorem 8, S  2 2 2
 n ( n11) also converges.
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1

 
  
(b) Since  n( n11) converges to 1 (from Example 5 in Section 10.2), S  1   1  n( n11) 1   1
n2 n 2 ( n 1)
n 1 n 1 n 1

(c) The new series is comparable to  1, so it will converge faster because its terms  0 faster than the
n3
n 1

terms of  1.
n2
n 1
1000 1000
(d) The series 1   n (1n1) gives a better approximation. Using Mathematica, 1   n (1n1)  1.644933568,
2 2
n 1 n 1
1000000

2
while 1  1.644933067. Note that 6  1.644934067. The error is 4.99 107 compared with
n2
n1
1 106.

10.5 ABSOLUTE CONVERGENCE; THE RATIO AND ROOT TESTS

2n 1

 

 
 lim ( n21)2n!  nn!  lim n21  0  1   2n! converges
( n 1)! n n
1. lim
n 2n n 2 n
n! n 1

( 1)n 1 ( n n1)1 2
 

  
 lim nn3  n3 2  lim 3nn36  lim 13  13  1   ( 1)n n n2 converges
n
2. lim 3
n ( 1)n n n2 n 3 3 n n  3
3 n 1

 ( n 1) 1!

   

3. lim
n
 ( n 1)12
( n 1)!  lim 
n( n 1)! ( n 1)2 
n  ( n  2)
2  ( n 1)!   lim
n 3  2n 2  n  lim 3n 2  4 n 1  lim 6 n  4    1 
2
 n  n 4 n  4 n  2n  4 n 2
( n 1)!
 (n1)2  
( n 1)2 n 1

diverges

2( n 1) 1 
( n 1)3( n 1)1
 lim  2 n21  n3n 1   lim  3n2n3   nlim  2   23  1   n23
n 1 n 1 n 1
4. lim converges
n 2n 1 n  ( n 1) 3 3 2  n  3
n 1
n3n 1 n 1

( n 1)4

   

 lim  n  4 4   lim
( 4)n 1 ( n 1)4 n
5. lim n 4  4 n 3 6n 2  4 n 1  lim1  1n  3  1  1  1 1  n4
n n4 n   4 4 n  n 4n 4 n 4 2n 2 n3 4n4 4
n 1
( 4)n
( 4)n

converges

3( n 1) 2

   lim 

  lim  
 3nn3   nlim  3   3  1   3ln n
3 n2
ln ( n 1)
 lim 3n 2 3  ln n 3ln n
6. lim   lim
n
3n  2 ln( n 1) 3n 2 n ln( n 1)
1
 1
n ln n
n n n 1  n n2
diverges

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.5 Absolute Convergence; The Ratio and Root Tests 739

( n 1)2  ( n 1) 2 !
( 1)n 1
7. lim
n
( n 1)!32( n 1)
2
( 1)n n ( n2n2)!
 lim 
( n 1)2 ( n  3)( n  2)! n !32 n 
n  ( n 1)n !3 3
2n 2  2 
n ( n  2)!  n
3 2
 lim n 5n3 7 n2 3
9 n  9n  
n!3

 

   
2
 (1)n n n(!3n2n2)! converges
2
 lim 3n 215n 7  lim 54
6n 15  lim 6  1  1 
n 18
n 27n 18n n  n 54 9
n 1

( n 1)5n 1

8. lim
n
 2( n 1)3 ln  ( n 1) 1
n5n
(2 n  3)ln( n 1)
 lim  (2 n 5)ln( n  2) 
n  
( n 1)5n 5 (2 n  3)ln( n 1) 
n5n
  lim
 n
5( n 1)(2 n 3) ln( n 1)
n (2n 5) 
 ln( n  2) 

n

2

2 n 5n n
ln( n 1)
   1 

 lim 10n 225n 15  lim ln( n  2)  lim 204nn525  lim  n11   lim 20
n 
 lim n  2
n   n 2  n 4 n  n 1
     

  (2n3)ln(
n
 5  lim 11  5  1  5  1  n5 diverges
n n 1)
n 2

 

 lim 2 n 7 5  0  1   7 n converges
n
9. lim n 7
n (2 n 5)n n (2 n 5)
n 1


10. lim n
n
4n
(3n )n n
 
 lim 34n  0  1   4 n converges
(3n )
n

n 1


      
n n
11. lim n 43nn 53  lim 43nn 53  lim 43  43  1   43nn 53 diverges
n n n n 1


       
n 1 11/ n n 1
12. lim n   ln e2  n1   lim  ln e2  1n   ln e2  2  1   ln e2  n1  diverges
n   n  
n 1
 

 n  
13. lim n 8  lim  8 2   19  1   8 2 n converges
3 n1  n   3 n1   n 1  3 n 
2n
n 1
 

     sin(0)  0  1   sin  

n  n
14. lim n sin 1  lim sin 1 1 converges
n  n n n
n 1
n

n2  n2
     
n
15. lim n ( 1)n 1  n1  lim 1  n1  e 1  1   1  n1 converges
n n n 1

   lim    0  1  
n 
n ( 1)
n n
16. lim  lim 1 1 1 converges
1 n 1/ n 1
n n n n n n n
n
n1n
n 2

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

740 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

 ( n 1) 2 
 
2n 1 
   12   12  1
a ( n 1) 2
2n 2
17. converges by the Ratio Test: lim an1  lim   lim n 1
  lim 1  n1
n n n  n 2  n 2 n 2 n
 2n 

 ( n 1)2 
 en 1 
   1e   1e  1
a   ( n 1)2 en 2
18. converges by the Ratio Test: lim an1  lim  lim  2  lim 1  1n
n n n  
n2
en
n e
n 1
n n 

19. diverges by the Ratio Test: lim an1  lim

a    lim (n1)!  e  lim n1  
( n 1)!
en 1
n

n n n   n e n! n e

n!
en
n 1

20. diverges by the Ratio Test: lim

an1
 lim
   lim (n1)!  10  lim n  
( n 1)!
10n 1
n

n  
n 1
n an n 10
n! n! n 10
10n

 ( n 1)10 
 10n 1 
   101   101  1
a   ( n 1)10 10n 10
21. converges by the Ratio Test: lim n1  lim  lim  10  lim 1  n1
n an n  
n10
10n
n 10
n 1
n n

 nn 2   
n n
22. diverges; lim an  lim  lim 1  n2  e 2  0
n n  n 

 54   54 
2  ( 1) n n n
23. converges by the Direct Comparison Test:   2  (1)n   (3) which is the n th term of a
(1.25)n  
convergent geometric series

24. converges; a geometric series with | r |   23  1

     
n n n
25. diverges; lim an  lim ( 1)n 1  n3  lim (1)n 1  n3 ; (1)n 1  n3  e 3 for n even and  e 3
n n n
for n odd, so the limit does not exist

n
 1  
 
n
26. diverges; lim an  lim 1  31n  lim 1  n3   e1/3  0.72  0
n n  n  

27. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: ln n  n  1 for n  2, the n th term of a convergent p-series
n3 n3 n2

(ln n )n 
1/ n

28. converges by the nth-Root Test: lim n (ln n )n

an  lim n n  lim  lim lnnn  lim 1n  0  1
1
n   n n 
1/ n
n n n n n

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.5 Absolute Convergence; The Ratio and Root Tests 741

29. diverges by the Direct Comparison Test: 1

n
 1
n2
 n 1
n2
 1 1
2 n  for n  2 or by the Limit Comparison Test
(part 1) with 1.
n

n 1/ n
  
      01
n
30. converges by the nth-Root Test: lim n an  lim n 1n  1  lim  1
n
 1  lim1  1
n n n2 n  n2 n n n2

31. diverges by the nth-Term Test: Any exponenetial with base > 1 grows faster than any fixed power, so
lim an  0.
n

a ( n 1)ln( n 1) 2n 1
32. converges by the Ratio Test: lim an1  lim n 1  n ln( n)
 2
1
n n n 2

an1 ( n  2)( n  3) n!
33. converges by the Ratio Test: lim  lim ( n 1)!
 ( n 1)( n  2)
 0 1
n an n

an 1 ( n 1)3 e n
34. converges by the Ratio Test: lim  lim n 1  3  1e  1
n an n e n

an1 ( n  4)! n
n 4
35. converges by the Ratio Test: . lim  lim  3! n !3  lim
( n 3)!
 13  1
n  3( n 1)
n 1
n an n 3!( n 1)!3

an1 ( n 1)2n 1 ( n  2)!

 nn1  23  nn21   23  1
n
36. converges by the Ratio Test: lim  lim n 1  n3 n!  lim
n an n 3 ( n 1)! n 2 ( n 1)! n

an1 ( n 1)! (2n 1)! n 1

37. converges by the Ratio Test: lim  lim  n!  lim  0 1
n an n n  3)!
(2 n (2 n 3)(2 n  2)

n
an 1 ( n 1)! n n n 1 1
38. converges by the Ratio Test: lim  lim   lim  lim  lim  1e  1
n n 1  nn1   
n 1 n !
n an
n n
n ( n 1) n n 1 1n

n
n lim n
n n
39. converges by the Root Test: lim n an  lim n  lim  n
 01
n n (ln n )n n ln n lim ln n
n

n
lim n
 0  1  lim n n  1
n
n n
40. converges by the Root Test: lim n an  lim n  lim  n 
n n (ln n )n /2 n ln n lim ln n  n 
n

41. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: n !ln n  ln n  n  1  1 which is the nth-
n ( n  2)! n ( n 1)( n  2) n ( n 1)( n  2) ( n 1)( n  2) n2
term of a convergent p-series

42. diverges by the Ratio Test: lim

an1
n an
 lim 3n 1
3 n 1 
n ( n 1) 2
n 3 2n
3n
 lim n3
n ( n 1) 2
3
3
   23  1

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

742 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

an 1 ( n 1)!2 (2 n )! ( n 1)2 2
43. converges by the Ratio Test: lim  lim  2  lim (2n  2)(2n 1)  lim n 2 2n 1  41  1
n an n  2( n 1) !  n! n n 4 n  6n  2

44. converges by the Ratio Test: lim

an1
 lim
(2 n 5) 2n 1  3  3n  2  lim  22 nn 53  26n 42n 33n 6 
n n n

n an n 3n1  2 

(2 n  3) 2n  3  n  36 93  22 6 

 lim  22nn 53   lim  26n  42n 33n 6   1  32 

n n n
2 1
n  n   36 93  22  6  3

45. converges by the Ratio Test: lim

an 1
 lim
 1sinn n an  01
n an n an

46. converges by the Ratio Test: lim an 1  lim

a  1 tan 1 n
n an
 lim 1 tan 1 n  0 since the numerator approaches
n n n an n n

1  2 while the denominator tends to 

47. diverges by the Ratio Test: lim

an1
 lim
 23nn15 an  lim 23nn15  23  1
n an n an n 

48. diverges; an 1  n a
n 1 n   
 an 1  nn1 nn1 an 1  an 1  nn1 nn1 nn12 an 2    
      a
 an 1  nn1 nn1 nn12  12 a1  an 1  n 11  an 1  n31 , which is a constant times the general term of
the diverging harmonic series

a
49. converges by the Ratio Test: lim an1  lim na  lim n2  0  1
 2 an
n n n n n

50. converges by the Ratio Test:

a
lim an1  lim
 a nn
2 n n
 lim 2n  12  1  
n n n an n

51. converges by the Ratio Test: lim an 1  lim

a  1nln n an  lim 1nln n  lim n1  0  1
n n n an n n

52. n 10
 0 and a1  12  an  0; ln n  10 for n  e10  n  ln n  n  10  nnln10n  1
n  ln n

 an 1  nnln10n an  an ; thus an 1  an  12  lim an  0, so the series diverges by the nth-Term Test

n

53. diverges by the nth-Term Test: a1  13 , a2  2 13 , a3  3 2 13  6 13 , a4  4 3 2 13  4! 13 , , an  n ! 13

 lim an  1 because
n 
  is a subsequence of   whose limit is 1 by Table 8.1
n! 1
3
n1
3

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.5 Absolute Convergence; The Ratio and Root Tests 743

3 4
 12   2
   6
  
2 6 24
54. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: a1  12 , a2  , a3   12   12 , a4   12   12 ,
   

    12 
n! n
 an  12 which is the nth-term of a convergent geometric series

a 2n 1 ( n 1)!( n 1)! (2 n )! 2( n 1)( n 1)

55. converges by the Ratio Test: lim an 1  lim (2 n  2)!
 n  lim (2 n  2)(2 n 1)  lim 2nn11  21  1
n n n 2 n!n ! n  n

a (3n  3)! n!( n 1)!( n  2)! (3n 3)(3 2)(3n 1)

56. diverges by the Ratio Test: lim an 1  lim ( n 1)!( n  2)!( n 3)!  (3n )!
 lim ( n 1)( n  2)( n 3)
n n n n 


 lim 3 3nn22
n 
 3nn31   3  3  3  27  1

 n!n n!
57. diverges by the Root Test: lim n an  lim n 2  lim 2    1
n n  n n  n n

( 1)n  n !  n!n
n
58. converges by the Root Test: lim n  lim n  lim nn!  lim n1   n2  n3  nn1  nn   nlim 1
n n n2 n n  n n n  n n  n

 0 1

n
59. converges by the Root Test: lim n an  lim n n 2  lim nn  lim n 1  0  1
n n 2 n n 2 n 2 ln 2

n
60. diverges by the Root Test: lim n an  lim n n 2  lim n4    1
n n 2 n n  
a 13(2 n 1)(2 n 1) n n
61. converges by the Ratio Test: lim an 1  lim n 1 n 1  4 2 n !  lim 2 n 1  1  1
n n n 4 2 ( n 1)! 13(2n 1) n (42)( n 1) 4

13(2 n 1) 1234(2 n 1)(2 n ) (2n )!

62. converges by the Ratio Test: an   
(242 n) 3n 1 (242n )2  3n 1  2n n! 3n 1
2

 2 n!  3 1    13n   1 1  1  1

2

 
n n
(2 n  2)! (2 n 1)(2 n  2) 3n 1 2
 lim  lim lim 4n 2  6n  2
2

n   2n 1 ( n 1)! 3n 1 1
   (2 n )! n 
22 ( n 1)2 3n 1  n 4 n 8n  4
n 3 3
3 3 

 
a p p
63. Ratio: lim an 1  lim 1 p  n1  lim nn1  1 p  1  no conclusion
n n n ( n 1) n

Root: lim n an  lim n 1p  lim 1  1 p  1  no conclusion

n n 
p
n n n n (1)

p
a
 1 (ln n ) p
p
 1  p
  lim ln(lnn n1)    lim n1    lim nn1   (1) p  1  no
64. Ratio: lim an 1 lim p 
 n   n 1  
n n n  ln( n 1)  1  n   n 
conclusion

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

744 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

ln(ln n )
Root: lim n an  lim n 1 p  1 ; let f (n)  (ln n)1/ n , then ln f (n) 
  n
p
n n (ln n ) lim (ln n )1/ n
n 

 lim ln f (n)  lim

ln(ln n )
 lim
 n ln1 n   lim 1  0  lim (ln n)1/ n  lim eln f ( n)  e0  1;
n  n n n 1 n n ln n n n
therefore lim n an  1  1 p  1  no conclusion
 lim (ln n) 
p
n 1/ n (1)
n 


( n 1) 2n
65. an  n
2n
for every n and the series  2nn converges by the Ratio Test since lim
n 2
n 1
 n  12  1
n 1

  an converges by the Direct Comparison Test
n 1

 2( n 1)2 
  lim  2n  2 n 1  n ! 
     
2 2
66. 2n  0 for all n  1; lim  ( n 21)! 
22 n 1 24n
  lim n 1  lim n 1  lim
24n ln 4
n! n  2n  n  1)n ! 2n2
( n
 n  n  n  1
 n! 
 n2
   1   2n ! diverges
n 1

10.6 ALTERNATING SERIES AND CONDITIONAL CONVERGENCE

1. converges by the Alternating Convergence Test since: un  1  0 for all n  1;

n
n  1  n 1  n  n 1  n  1  1  un 1  un ; lim un  lim 1  0.
n 1 n n n  n

 
2. converges absolutely  converges by the Alternating Convergence Test since  |an |   n3/1 2 which is a
n 1 n 1
convergent p-series.

3. converges  converges by Alternating Series Test since: un  1n  0 for all n  1;

n3
n 1 n n 1 n 1
n  1  n 1  n  3  3  (n  1)3  n3   1n  un 1  un ; lim un  lim 1  0.
( n 1)3n 1 n3 n n n3
n

4. converges  converges by Alternating Series Test since: un  4  0 for all n  2;

(ln n)2
2
n  2  n  1  n  ln(n  1)  ln n   ln(n  1)   (ln n)2  1  1  4  4  un 1  un ;
 ln( n 1) 2 (ln n) 2  ln( n 1) 2 (ln n) 2

lim un  lim 4  0.
2
n n (ln n )

5. converges  converges by Alternating Series Test since: un  n  0 for all n  1;

n 2 1

n  1  2 n 2  2 n  n 2  n  1  n3  2 n 2  2 n  n 3  n 2  n  1  n n 2  2 n  2  n 3  n 2  n  1  
  
 n (n  1)2  1  n2  1 (n  1)   n  n 1  u
n 2 1 ( n 1) 2 1
n 1  un ; lim un  lim
n
2
n
n  n 1
 0.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.6 Alternating Series and Conditional Convergence 745

6. diverges  diverges by n th Term Test for Divergence since: lim n2 5  1  lim (1)n 1 n2 5  does not
2
2
n n  4 n n 4
exist

n n
7. diverges  diverges by n th Term Test for Divergence since: lim 22    lim (1)n 1 22  does not exist
n n n n

 
 |an |   (n101)! ,
n
8. converges absolutely  converges by the Absolute Convergence Test since which
n 1 n 1
an 1 10
converges by the Ratio Test, since lim  lim  0 1
n an n n  2


   (1)n1  10n 
n  1  lim n n n
9. diverges by the nth-Term Test since for n  10  10 0 diverges
n 10 n 1

10. converges by the Alternating Series Test because f ( x )  ln x an increasing function of x  ln1x is decreasing
 un  un 1 for n  1; also un  0 for n  1 and lim 1 0
n ln n

11. converges by the Alternating Series Test since f ( x)  lnxx  f ( x )  1 ln2 x  0 when x  e  f ( x) is
x
 
decreasing  un  un 1 ; also un  0 for n  1 and lim un  lim lnnn  lim 1n  0
1

n n  n

 
12. converges by the Alternating Series Test since f ( x)  ln 1  x 1  f ( x)  x(x11)  0 for x  0  f ( x) is

 
decreasing  un  un 1 ; also un  0 for n  1 and lim un  lim ln 1  1n  ln  lim 1  1n   ln1  0
n n   n  
 
x 1
13. converges by the Alternating Series Test since f ( x)  x 1
 f ( x)  1 x  2 x
 0  f ( x) is decreasing
2 x ( x 1)2
n 1
 un  un 1 ; also un  0 for n  1 and lim un  lim 0
n n  n 1

n 1 3 1 1n
14. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim 3  lim 30
n n 1 n 1  1
n

 
 | an |    101 
n
15. converges absolutely since a convergent geometric series
n 1 n 1

( 1)n 1 (0.1)n
 101 
n
16. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since  1  which is the nth term
n (10)n n
of a convergent geometric series

 
17. converges conditionally since 1  1
n n1
 0 and lim 1
n n
 0  convergence; but  |an |   n1/1 2
n 1 n 1
is a divergent p-series

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

746 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

 
18. converges conditionally since 1
1 n
 1
1 n 1
 0 and lim 1
n 1 n
 0  convergence; but  |an |   11 n
n 1 n 1

is a divergent series since 1
1 n
 1
2 n
and  n1/1 2 is a divergent p-series
n 1

 
19. converges absolutely since  |an |   n
n3 1
and n
n3 1
 1
n2
which is the nth-term of a converging p-series
n 1 n 1

20. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim n! 

n
n 2

 
21. converges conditionally since n 13  ( n 11) 3  0 and lim n13  0  convergence; but
n
 |an |   n13
n 1 n 1

diverges because n 13  41n and  1n is a divergent series
n 1


22. converges absolutely because the series  | sinn2n | converges by the Direct Comparison Test since | sinn2n |  n12
n 1

23. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim 53 nn  1  0

n

( 2)n 1
 52 
n
24. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since  2n 1 2 which is the nth term of a
n  5n n  5n
convergent geometric series

x 
25. converges conditionally since f ( x)  12  1x  f ( x)   23  12  0  f ( x) is decreasing and hence
x x

 
   
un  un 1  0 for n  1 and lim 1
n n
2
 1n  0  convergence; but  |an |   1 n
n2
 1
n2
  1n is the sum
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
of a convergent and divergent series, and hence diverges

26. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim an  lim 101/ n  1  0

n n 

un 1  ( n 1)2  23 n 1 
27. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: lim  lim    23  1
n un n  n 2  23 
n
 

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.6 Alternating Series and Conditional Convergence 747

ln( x) 1
28. converges conditionally since f ( x)  x ln1 x  f ( x)   2
 0  f ( x) is decreasing  un  un 1  0 for
( x ln x )

 dx b  1x  
n  2 and lim 1
n n ln n
 0  convergence; but by the Integral Test, 2 x ln x
 lim   dx
b 2  ln x 
 
 
 lim  ln(ln x)  2  lim  ln(ln b)  ln(ln 2)     |an |   n ln1 n diverges
b
b  b  n 1 n 1

b
  tan 1 x 2 
29. converges absolutely by the Integral Test since

1  tan x   
1 1
1 x 2
dx  lim 
b  2


 1

    tan 1 1   12  2    4    332
2 2 2 2 2
 lim  tan 1 b
b  

30. converges conditionally since f ( x)  x lnlnx x  f ( x) 

 1x ( x ln x )(ln x)1 1x   1 lnxx ln x  lnxx   1ln x 0
( x  ln x )2 ( x  ln x )2 ( x ln x ) 2

 un  un 1  0 when n  e and lim ln n  lim

 1n   0  convergence; but n  ln n  n  1  1
n n  ln n n 1 1n  n  ln n n

 
 ln n
n  ln n
 1
n
so that  |an |   n lnlnn n diverges by the Direct Comparison Test
n 1 n 1

31. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim n 1 0

n n 1

 
 |an |    15 
n
32. converges absolutely since is a convergent geometric series
n 1 n 1

un1 (100)n 1
33. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: lim  lim  n!  lim100  0 1
n un n ( n 1)! (100) n n n 1

 
34. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since  |an |   n2 12n 1 and 1
n 2  2 n 1
 1
n2
which is the
n 1 n 1
nth-term of a convergent p-series

  
( 1)n
35. converges absolutely since  |an |   n n
  n3/1 2 is a convergent p-series
n 1 n 1 n 1

 
( 1)n
36. converges conditionally since  cosnn   n
is the convergent alternating harmonic series,
n 1 n 1
 
but  |an |   n1 diverges
n 1 n 1

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

748 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

1/ n
 ( n 1)n  n 1 1
37. converges absolutely by the Root Test: lim n |a |
n  lim  n 
 lim  1
n n  (2 n )  n 2 n 2

an 1  ( n 1)!2 (2n)! ( n 1)2

38. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: lim  lim  2  lim (2 n  2)(2 n 1)  14  1
n an n   (2 n  2)! ( n !) n 

(2 n)! ( n 1)( n  2)(2 n) ( n 1)( n  2) n  ( n 1) 

39. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim |an |  lim  lim  lim
n
n
n  2 n !n n 2n n n  2n 1

 n21 
n 1
 lim 0
n 

an 1 ( n 1)!( n 1)!3n 1 (2 n 1)! ( n 1)2 3 3

40. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test: lim  lim (2n 3)!
  lim  1
n an n n !n !3n n  (2n  2)(2 n  3) 4

41. converges conditionally since n 1 n

1
 n 1 n
n 1 n
 1
n 1 n
and  1
n 1  n  is a decreasing sequence of
  
( 1)n
positive terms which converges to 0   converges; but  |an |   1 diverges by the
n 1  n n 1 n
n 1 n 1 n 1
 1
 n
Limit Comparison Test (part 1) with 1 ; a divergent p-series lim  n 1  n
  lim
n 
1
n n 1 n
n  n
 lim 1  1
n  1 1n 1 2

 n2 n  n 
42. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim  n 2  n  n   lim  n 2  n  n      nlim
n
n   n    n2 n  n   n2 n  n

 lim 1  1 0
n  1 1n 1 2

43. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim

n
 n  n  n  lim 

n  
  
n n  n 

 n n  n
n n 


n 

n 1 1
 lim  lim 1
 2
0
n  n  n  n n 1 1
n

44. converges conditionally since  1

n  n 1  is a decreasing sequence of positive terms converging to 0
 1 
   
( 1)n  n  n 1 
 converges; but lim  lim n
 lim 1  1 so that  1
n 1
n  n 1 n   1
n
n n  n 1 n 1 1 1n 2
n 1
n  n 1


diverges by the Limit Comparison Test with  1
n
which is a divergent p-series
n 1

45. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since sech(n)  2  2en  2e n  2 which is the nth
e  e n
n
e2 n 1 e2 n en
term of a convergent geometric series

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.6 Alternating Series and Conditional Convergence 749

 
46. converges absolutely by the Limit Comparison Test (part 1):  |an |   en 2e n Apply the Limit Comparison
n 1 n 1
 n 2 n  n
Test with 1n , the nth term of a convergent geometric series: lim  e 1e   lim n2e  n  lim 22 n  2
e n   n  e e n  1 e
 en 


( 1)n 1
47. 1
4
 16  18  10
1  1  1  
12 14  2( n 1)
; converges by Alternating Series Test since: un  2( n11)  0 for all
n 1
n  1; n  2  n  1  2(n  2)  2(n  1)  1  1  un 1  un ; lim un  lim 1  0.
2 ( n 1) 1 2( n 1) n n 2( n 1)


48. 1  14  19  16
1  1  1  1  1  
25 36 49 64  an ; converges by the Absolute Convergence Test since
n 1
 
 |an |   n12 which is a convergent p-series
n 1 n 1

49. |error|  (1)6 15  0.2  50. |error|  (1)6    0.00001

1
105

51. |error|  (1)6

(0.01)5
 2 1011 52. |error|  (1)4 t 4  t 4  1
5

53. |error|  0.001  un 1  0.001  1  0.001  (n  1) 2  3  1000  n  1  997  30.5753  n  31

( n 1)2  3

n 1  998 9982  4(998)

54. |error|  0.001  un 1  0.001  0.001  (n  1)2  1  1000(n  1)  n  2
( n 1)2 1
 998.9999  n  999

 
3
55. |error|  0.001  un 1  0.001  1  0.001  (n  1)  3 n  1  1000
 (n1)3 
3
n 1

 
2 3 9  40
 n 1  3 n  1  10  0  n  1  2
 2 n 3 n  4

1000
56. |error|  0.001  un 1  0.001  1  0.001  ln  ln(n  3)   1000  n  3  ee
ln  ln( n 3) 

 5.297 10323228467 which is the maximum arbitrary-precision number represented by Mathematica on the
particular computer solving this problem.

6
57. 1  5  (2n)!  105  200, 000  n  5  1  2!
1  1  1  1  0.54030
(2 n )! 106 4! 6! 8!

6
58. 1  5  105  n !  n  9  1  1  2!
1  1  1  1  1  1  1  0.367881944
n ! 106 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 8!

59. (a) an  an 1 fails since 13  12

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

750 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

   
 |an |    13    12   13     12 
 n n n n
(b) Since    is the sum of two absolutely convergent series,
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
we can rearrange the terms of the original series to find its sum: 13  19  27
1   1  1  1 
2 4 8    

 13    12   1  1   1
1 13  1 12  2 2

60. s20  1  12  13  14    19
1  1  0.6687714032  s  1  1  0.692580927
20 20 2 21


61. The unused terms are  (1) j 1a j  (1)n 1  an 1  an  2   (1) n 3  an 3  an  4   
j  n 1

 (1) n 1
 an 1  an  2    an 3  an  4    . Each grouped term is positive, so the remainder has the same
sign as (1)n1 , which is the sign of the first unused term.
n n
62. sn  112  213  314    n ( n11)   k (k11)    1k  k11   1  12    12  13    13  14    14  15      1n  n11 
k 1 k 1
n
which are the first 2n terms of the first series, hence the two series are the same. Yes, for sn    1k  k11 
k 1


 1  12    1
2
 13   11
3 4  
 1
4 
 15     1 1
n 1 n  
 1
n  
 n11  1  n11  lim sn  lim 1  n11  1
n n

 both series converge to 1. The sum of the first 2n  1 terms of the first series is 1  n11  n11  1.  
Their sum is lim sn  lim 1  n11  1.
n n 
 
  
63. Theorem 16 states that  |an | converges   an converges. But this is equivalent to  an diverges
n 1 n 1 n 1

  |an | diverges
n 1

 
64. a1  a2    an  a1  a2    an for all n; then  an converges   an converges and these imply
n 1 n 1
 
that  an   an
n 1 n 1

 
65. (a)  an  bn converges by the Direct Comparison Test since an  bn  an  bn and hence   an  bn 
n 1 n 1
converges absolutely
   
(b)  bn converges   bn converges absolutely; since  an converges absolutely and  bn
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
 
converges absolutely, we have   an  (bn )    an  bn  converges absolutely by part (a)
n 1 n 1
   
(c)  an converges  k  an   kan converges   kan converges absolutely
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.6 Alternating Series and Conditional Convergence 751

  
66. If an  bn  (1)n 1 , then
n
 (1)n 1
n
converges, but  anbn   1n diverges
n 1 n 1 n 1


67. Since  an converges, an  0 and for all n greater than some N , an  1 and ( an ) 2  an . Since
n 1
  
 an is absolutely convergent,  an converges and thus  (an )2 converges by the Direct Comparison
n 1 n 1 n 1
Test.

1 1 1 1 1 
68. For n  2,  2  . Thus    2  diverges by comparison with the divergent harmonic series.
n n 2n n 1
n n 

69. s1   12 , s2   12  1  12 ,
s3   12  1  14  16  81  10
1  1  1  1  1  1  1  0.5099,
12 14 16 18 20 22
s4  s3  13  0.1766,
1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  0.512,
s5  s4  24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
s6  s5  15  0.312,
1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  0.51106
s7  s6  46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66

70. (a) Since  an converges, say to M, for  > 0 there is an integer N1 such that
N1 1  N1 1
N1 1    
 an  M  
2
 
an    an   an   2    an  2   an  2 .
 n 1 
n 1 n 1  n  N1  n  N1 n  N1

Also,  an converges to L  for   0 there is an integer N 2 (which we can choose greater than or

equal to N1 ) such that s N 2  L  2 . Therefore,  an  2 and s N 2  L  2 .
n  N1
 k
(b) The series  an converges absolutely, say to M. Thus, there exists N1 such that  an M 
n 1 n 1
whenever k  N1. Now all of the terms in the sequence  bn  appear in  an  . Sum together all of the

terms in  bn  , in order, until you include all of the terms  an nN1 , and let
1
N 2 be the largest index in
N2 N2 
the sum  bn so obtained. Then  bn  M   as well   bn converges to M.
n 1 n 1 n 1

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

752 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

10.7 POWER SERIES

n 1

u
1. lim un 1  1  lim x n  1 | x | 1  1  x  1; when x  1 we have
n n n x
 (1)n , a divergent series;
n 1

when x  1 we have  1, a divergent series
n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 1  x  1
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1  x  1
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally


u ( x 5)n 1
2. lim n 1  1  lim  1  | x  5 |  1  6  x  4; when x  6 we have  (1) n , a divergent
n un
n
n ( x  5) n 1

series; when x  4 we have  1, a divergent series
n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 6  x  4
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 6  x  4
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

u (4 x 1)n 1
3. lim n 1  1  lim  1  | 4 x  1 |  1  1  4 x  1  1   12  x  0; when x   12 we have
n un
n
n (4 x 1)
    
 (1)n (1)n   (1)2n   1n , a divergent series; when x  0 we have  (1)n (1)n   (1)n ,
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
a divergent series
(a) the radius is 14 ; the interval of convergence is  12  x  0
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is  12  x  0
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

4.
n un
u
lim n 1  1  lim
n
(3 x  2)n 1
n 1
 n n
(3 x  2) n
 
 1  3x  2 lim nn1  1  3x  2  1  1  3x  2  1


( 1)n
 13  x  1; when x  13 we have  n
which is the alternating harmonic series and is conditionally
n 1

convergent; when x  1 we have  1,
n
the divergent harmonic series
n 1
(a) the radius is 13 ; the interval of convergence is 13  x  1
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 13  x  1
(c) the series converges conditionally at x  13

u ( x  2)n 1 n x2
5. lim n 1  1  lim n 1
 10 n  1  10  1  x  2  10  10  x  2  10  8  x  12; when
n un n 10 ( x  2)
 
x  8 we have  (1)n , a divergent series; when x  12 we have  1, a divergent series
n 1 n 1
(a) the radius is 10; the interval of convergence is 8  x  12
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 8  x  12
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.7 Power Series 753


un 1 (2 x )n 1
6. lim
n un
 1  lim
n (2 x )
n
 1  lim 2 x  1  2 x  1   12  x  12 ; when x   12 we have
n 
 (1)n ,
n 1

a divergent series; when x  12 we have  1, a divergent series
n 1
(a) the radius is 12 ; the interval of convergence is  12  x  12
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is  12  x  12
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

un 1 ( n 1) x n 1 ( n  2) ( n 1)( n  2)
7. lim  1  lim  n  1  x lim ( n 3)( n)  1  x  1  1  x  1; when x  1 we have
n un n ( n  3) nx n
 
 (1)n nn 2 , a divergent series by the nth-term; Test; when x  1 we have  nn 2 , a divergent series
n 1 n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 1  x  1
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1  x  1
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

8. lim
un 1
n un
 1  lim
n
( x  2)n 1
n 1
 n n
( x  2) n
 
 1  x  2 lim nn1  1  x  2  1  1  x  2  1  3  x  1;

 
( 1)n
when x  3 we have  1,
n
a divergent series; when x  1 we have  n
, a convergent series
n 1 n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 3  x  1
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 3  x  1
(c) the series converges conditionally at x  1

 
 1  3  lim nn1   lim nn1   1  3 (1)(1)  1  x  3
un 1 x n 1 n n 3n x x
9. lim  1  lim n 1
 n
n un n ( n 1) n 1 3 x  n    n 

( 1)n
 3  x  3; when x  3 we have  n3/ 2
, an absolutely convergent series; when x  3 we have
n 1

 1 ,
n3/ 2
a convergent p-series
n 1
(a) the radius is 3; the interval of convergence is 3  x  3
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 3  x  3
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

u ( x 1)n 1
10. lim n 1  1  lim  n  1  x 1 lim n  1  x  1  1  1  x  1  1  0  x  2; when
n un n n 1 ( x 1)n n n 1
 
( 1)n
x  0 we have  n 1/ 2
, a conditionally convergent series; when x  2 we have  1 ,
n1/ 2
a divergent series
n 1 n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 0  x  2
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 0  x  2
(c) the series converges conditionally at x  0

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

754 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

 
un 1 n 1
11. lim  1  lim ( nx 1)!  nn!  1  x lim n11  1 for all x
n un n x n
(a) the radius is ; the series converges for all x
(b) the series converges absolutely for all x
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

 
un 1 n 1 n 1
12. lim  1  lim 3 ( n x1)!  nn !n  1  3 x lim n11  1 for all x
n un n  3 x n
(a) the radius is ; the series converges for all x
(b) the series converges absolutely for all x
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

 
u n 1 2 n  2
13. lim n 1  1  lim 4 nx1  n n 2 n  1  x 2 lim n4n1  4 x 2  1  x 2  14   12  x  12 ; when x   12
n un n 4 x n
   
 4n   12   4n  12 
2n 2n
  1n , a divergent p-series when x  12 we have  1n ,
n n
we have  a divergent
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
p-series
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is  12  x  1
2 2
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is  12  x  1
2
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

un 1 ( x 1)n 1 2 n  2 
14. lim  1  lim 2 n 1
 n 3n  1  x  1 lim  n 2   13 x  1  1  2  x  4; when x  2 we
n un n ( n 1) 3 ( x 1) n   3( n 1) 
   
( 3)n ( 1) n (3)n
have  n2 3n 
n2
, an absolutely convergent series; when x  4 we have  n2 3n   12 , an
n
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
absolutely convergent series.
(a) the radius is 3; the interval of convergence is 2  x  4
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 2  x  4
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

x n 1
un 1 2
15. lim  1  lim  n n3  1  x lim n 2 3  1  x  1  1  x  1; when x  1
n un
2
n 2
( n 1) 3 x n n  2 n  4
 
( 1)n
we have  n2 3
, a conditionally convergent series; when x  1 we have  1
n2 3
, a divergent series
n 1 n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 1  x  1
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1  x  1
(c) the series converges conditionally at x  1

x n 1
un 1 2
16. lim  1  lim  n n3  1  x lim n2 3  1  x  1  1  x  1; when x  1
n un
2
n 2
( n 1)  3 x n n  2 n  4
 
( 1)n
we have  1
n2 3
, a divergent series; when x  1 we have  n2 3
, a conditionally convergent series
n 1 n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 1  x  1
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1  x  1
(c) the series converges conditionally at x  1

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.7 Power Series 755

17. lim
un 1
n un
 1  lim
n
( n 1)( x 3)n 1
5n 1
 5n
n ( x  3)n
x 3
n
x 3
 
 1  5 lim nn1  1  5  1  x  3  5  5  x  3  5

 
n( 5) n
 8  x  2; when x  8 we have  5 n
  (1)n n, a divergent series; when x  2 we have
n 1 n 1
 
 n5n
5n
  n, a divergent series
n 1 n 1
(a) the radius is 5; the interval of convergence is 8  x  2
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 8  x  2
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

18. lim
un 1
 1  lim
( n 1) x n 1


4n n 2 1  x
 1  4 lim

( n 1) n2 1 
 1  x  4  4  x  4; when
n un n 4
n 1
 n 2n 2 
2
nx n
n  n n  2n  2 
2

 
n ( 1)n
x  4 we have  n2 1
, a conditionally convergent series; when x  4 we have  n ,
n 2 1
a divergent
n 1 n 1
series
(a) the radius is 4; the interval of convergence is 4  x  4
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 4  x  4
(c) the series converges conditionally at x  4

19. lim
un 1
n un
 1  lim
n
n 1x n 1 3n
3n 1

nx n
1 3
x
lim n1   1 
n n
x
3
 1  x  3  3  x  3; when x  3
 
we have  (1)n n , a divergent series; when x  3 we have  n , a divergent series
n 1 n 1
(a) the radius is 3; the interval of convergence is 3  x  3
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 3  x  3
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

 
un 1 n 1
n 1(2 x 5)n 1 n 1
n 1
 lim t t 
20. lim  1  lim  1  2 x  5 lim  1  2 x  5  t  n   1  2 x  5  1
n un n
n
n (2 x 5)n n
n
n  lim n 
 n  

 1  2 x  5  1  3  x  2; when x  3 we have  (1) n n , a divergent series since lim
n
n
n  1;
n 1

when x  2 we have  n n, a divergent series
n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 3  x  2
2
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 3  x  2
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

  
21. First, rewrite the series as   2  (1)n ( x  1)n1   2( x  1)n1   (1)n ( x  1)n1.
n 1 n 1 n 1
 n
un 1 2( x 1)
For the series  2( x  1)n1 : lim
n un
 1  lim
n 2( x 1)
n 1
 1  x  1 lim 1  x  1  1  2  x  0;
n 
n 1

un 1 ( 1) n 1 ( x 1)n
For the series  (1)n ( x  1)n1 : lim
n  un
 1  lim n
n  ( 1) ( x 1)
n 1
 1  x  1 lim 1  x  1  1
n
n 1

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

756 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series


 2  x  0; when x  2 we have   2  (1)n (1)n1, a divergent series; when x  0 we have
n 1

  2  (1)n , a divergent series
n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 2  x  0
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 2  x  0
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

un 1 ( 1)n 1 32 n  2 ( x  2)n 1 3n
22. lim  1  lim 3( n 1)
  1  x  2 lim n9n1  9 x  2  1  17  x  19 ;
n un n ( 1)n 32 n ( x  2)n n 9 9
 
  19    31n , a divergent series; when x  199 we have
( 1)n 32 n n
when x  17
9
we have  3n
n 1 n 1
 
 19    (31)n , a conditionally convergent series.
n 2n
( 1) 3 n n
 3n
n 1 n 1
(a) the radius is 1 ; the interval of convergence is 17  x  19
9 9 9
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 17  x  19
9 9
(c) the series converges conditionally at x  19
9

 lim 1 1 t 
1 n11  xn 1
n 1

23.
u
lim n 1
n un
 1  lim
n  1 1n  xn
n
 1  x  t 
t

 lim 1 1 n  e 
  1  x e  1  x  1  1  x  1; when x  1
 n  n 

 (1)n 1  1n   
n n
we have , a divergent series by the nth-Term Test since lim 1  1n  e  0; when x  1
n 1 n

 1  1n 
n
we have , a divergent series
n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 1  x  1
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1  x  1
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

 n11 
24. lim
un 1
n un
 1  lim
n 
ln ( n 1) x n 1
n
x ln n
 1  x lim
n  n 
1
n 
 
 1  x lim nn1  1  x  1  1  x  1;


when x  1 we have  (1)n ln n, a divergent series by the nth-Term Test since nlim

ln n  0; when x  1
n 1

we have  ln n, a divergent series
n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 1  x  1
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1  x  1
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.7 Power Series 757


 
( n 1)n 1 x n 1 n
 1  x  lim 1  n1   lim (n  1)   1  e x lim (n  1)  1  only
un 1
25. lim  1  lim
n un n nn xn  n    n   n
x  0 satisfies this inequality
(a) the radius is 0; the series converges only for x  0
(b) the series converges absolutely only for x  0
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

un 1 ( n 1)!( x  4)n 1
26. lim  1  lim  1  x  4 lim (n  1)  1  only x  4 satisfies this inequality
n un n  n !( x  4)n n
(a) the radius is 0; the series converges only for x  4
(b) the series converges absolutely only for x  4
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

un 1 ( x  2)n 1 x 2 x 2
 
n
27. lim  1  lim n 1
 n 2 n  1  2 lim nn1  1  2  1  x  2  2  2  x  2  2
n un n ( n 1)2 ( x  2) n
 
( 1)n 1
 4  x  0; when x  4 we have  n1, a divergent series; when x  0 we have  n
, the
n 1 n 1
alternating harmonic series which converges conditionally
(a) the radius is 2; the interval of convergence is 4  x  0
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 4  x  0
(c) the series converges conditionally at x  0

28. lim
un 1
n un
 1  lim
n
( 2)n 1 ( n  2)( x 1)n 1
( 2)n ( n 1)( x 1)n n 
 
 1  2 x  1 lim nn12  1  2 x  1  1  x  1  12


  12  x  1  12  12  x  32 ; when x  12 we have  (n  1), a divergent series; when x 3
2
we have
n 1

 (1)n (n  1), a divergent series
n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 1  x 3
2 2 2
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1
2
x  32
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

2
 1  x  lim nn1 
un 1 x n 1 n (ln n)2 ln n 
29. lim  1  lim   lim ln ( n 1)   1
n un n ( n 1) ln ( n 1) 
2
xn  n   n 
2
 1  2
 x (1)  lim n1   1  x  lim nn1   1  x  1  1  x  1; when x  1 we have 

( 1) n

 n   n 1    n  n 1
n(ln n) 2


which converges absolutely; when x  1 we have  n(ln1n)2 which converges
n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 1  x  1
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1  x  1
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

758 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

 1  x  lim nn1   lim ln ( n 1)   1  x (1)(1)  1  x  1

u n 1 n ln ( n ) ln ( n)
30. lim n 1  1  lim ( n 1)xln ( n 1) 
n un n xn  n   n 
 
( 1) n
 1  x  1; when x  1 we have  n ln n
, a convergent alternating series; when x  1 we have  n ln1 n
n 2 n 2
which diverges by Exercise 56(a) Section 10.3
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 1  x  1
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1  x  1
(c) the series converges conditionally at x  1

3/2
(4 x 5)2 n  3
 1  (4 x  5)2  lim nn1 
un 1 n3/ 2
31. lim  1  lim   1  (4 x  5) 2  1  4 x  5  1
n un n  ( n 1) 3/ 2
(4 x 5)2 n 1  n 
 
( 1)2 n 1
 1  4 x  5  1  1  x  32 ; when x  1 we have  n3/ 2
  3/12 which is absolutely convergent;
n
n 1 n 1

(1)2 n 1
when x  3
2
we have  n3/ 2
, a convergent p-series
n 1

(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 1  x  3

4 2
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1  x  3
2
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

32. lim
un 1
n un
 1  lim
n
(3 x 1)n  2
2n  4
 2n  2n 1
(3 x 1) n 
 
 1  3 x  1 lim 22 nn  24  1  3x  1  1  1  3x  1  1


( 1) n 1
  23  x  0; when x   23 we have  2n 1
,a conditionally convergent series; when x  0
n 1
 
(1)n 1
we have  2n1   2n11, a divergent series
n 1 n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is  23  x  0
3
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is  23  x  0
(c) the series converges conditionally at x   23

33. lim
un 1
n un
 1  lim
n 2 46
x n 1
(2 n ) 2( n 1) 

246(2 n)
xn n

 1  x lim 2 n1 2  1 for all x 
(a) the radius is ; the series converges for all x
(b) the series converges absolutely for all x
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

un 1 357(2n 1) 2( n 1) 1 x n  2 n 2 2n  (2 n 3) n2 

34. lim  1  lim 2 n 1
  1  x lim  2 
1
n un n ( n 1) 2 357(2n 1) x n 1 n  2( n 1) 
 only x  0 satisfies this inequality
(a) the radius is 0; the series converges only for x  0
(b) the series converges absolutely only for x  0
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.7 Power Series 759


n ( n 1) n( n 1)(2 n 1)
35. For the series  121222nn2 x n , recall 1  2    n  2
and 12  22    n 2  6
so that we
n 1
  n ( n 1)
 
  n( n 1)(22 n 1)  x n    2n31  x n ; 3 x n 1
un 1 (2 n 1)
can rewrite the series as then lim  1  lim  1
n un n  2( n1) 1 3 xn
n 1  6  n 1

  2n31 (1)n , a
(2n 1)
 x lim (2n 3)  1  x  1  1  x  1; when x  1 we have conditionally
n  n 1

convergent series; when x  1 we have   2n31 , a divergent series.
n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 1  x  1
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1  x  1
(c) the series converges conditionally at x  1


36. For the series  
n  1  n ( x  3)n , note that n  1  n  n 11 n  n 1 n 
n 1 n
1
n 1 n
so that we can
n 1

( x 3)n un 1 ( x 3)n 1
rewrite the series as  n 1  n
; then lim
n un
 1  lim
n
 n 1 n
n  2 n 1 ( x 3)n
1
n 1

( 1)n
 x  3 lim
n 
n 1  n
n  2  n 1
 1  x  3  1  2  x  4; when x  2 we have  n 1  n
,a conditionally
n 1

convergent series; when x  4 we have  1
n 1  n
,a divergent series;
n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 2  x  4
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 2  x  4
(c) the series converges conditionally at x  2

un 1 ( n 1)! x n 1 369(3n) ( n 1) x

37. lim  1  lim   1  x lim 3( n 1)  1  3  1  x  3  R  3
n un n 369 (3 n )  3( n 1)  n ! xn n

un 1  246(2n) 2( n1)  2 xn 1  258(3n 1) 2 (2 n  2)2 4x

38. lim  1  lim   1  x lim 1 9 1
n un n  258(3n1) 3(n1)1 2  246(2n) 2 xn n (3n  2) 2

 | x |  94  R  94

un 1  ( n1)!2 x n 1 2n (2 n)! ( n 1)2 x

39. lim  1  lim   1  x lim 2(2 n  2)(2 n 1)
1 8 1 x  8  R  8
n un n 2n 1  2( n 1)  !  n !2 x n n 

2
n n n n
   
n
40. lim nu
n  1  lim n 1
x  1  x lim nn1  1  x e1  1  x  e  R  e
n n  n 

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

760 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

un 1 n 1 n 1
41. lim u
 1  lim 3 n x n  1  x lim 3  1  x  13   13  x  13 ; at x   13 we have
n n n 3 x n 
   
    
n n
 3n  13  (1) n , which diverges; at x  13 we have 3n 13  1, which diverges.  The series
n0 n0 n0 n0
 
 3n x n  
(3x)n , is a convergent geometric series when  13  x  13 and the sum is 113 x .
n0 n 0

 e 4 
x n 1
u
42. lim un 1  1  lim  1  e x  4 lim 1  1  e x  4  1  3  e x  5  ln 3  x  ln 5;
 e 4 
n
n n n x n 

   
   
n n
at x  ln 3 we have eln 3  4   (1)n , which diverges; at x  ln 5 we have eln 5  4   1,
n0 n0 n0 n 0

  ex  4
n
which diverges. The series is a convergent geometric series when ln 3  x  ln 5 and the sum is
n0
1  1x.

1 e x  4  5 e

un 1 ( x 1) 2 n  2 4n ( x 1)2
43. lim  1  lim n 1
 1 lim |1|  1  ( x  1)2  4  x  1  2  2  x  1  2
n un n 4 ( x 1)2 n 4 n
   
( 2)2 n
  4n
 1, which diverges; at x  3 we have  24n
2n
 1  x  3; at x  1 we have n
 
4 4n
n0 n 0 n 0 n0
  
( x 1) 2 n
 44n   1, a divergent series; the interval of convergence is 1  x  3; the series 
n

4n
n 0 n 0 n0
 n

 
2
   x21  is a convergent geometric series when 1  x  3 and sum is 1 x11 2  1  4
n 0 2  4  ( x 1)2 
 4 
4 x 2  2 x 1
 
 4
3 2 x  x 2

un 1 ( x 1)2 n  2 9n ( x 1)2
44. lim  1  lim n 1
 1 lim |1|  1  ( x  1)2  9  x  1  3  3  x  1  3
n un n 9 ( x 1)2 n 9 n
   
( 3)2 n
  1 which diverges; at  39n   1
2n
 4  x  2; when x  4 we have n
 x  2 we have
9
n0 n0 n0 n0
  n

   x31 
( x 1) 2 n  2
which also diverges; the interval of convergence is 4  x  2; the series  9 n
  is a

n0 n0
convergent geometric series when 4  x  2 and the sum is 1  1  9  9
 x31 
2
1  9  ( x 1)2  9 x 2  2 x 1 8 2 x  x 2
 9 
 

 
n 1
u x 2
45. lim n 1  1  lim  2n 1 x  2  2  2  x  2  2  0  x  4  0  x  16;
 
n 1
n un
n
n 2 x 2
 
when x  0 we have  (1)n , a divergent series; when x  16 we have  (1)n , a divergent series; the
n0 n0

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.7 Power Series 761

 

x 2
interval of convergence is 0  x  16; the series 2
is a convergent geometric series when 0  x  16
n0
and its sum is 1  1  2
1   
x 2
2
2 x  2
2  4 x

un 1 (ln x )n 1
46. lim  1  lim  1  ln x  1  1  ln x  1  e 1  x  e; when x  e1 or e we obtain the
n un n (ln x )n
  
series  1n and  (1)n which both diverge; the interval of convergence is e1  x  e;  (ln x)n  11ln x
n0 n0 n0
1
when e xe

 x 1 lim |1|  1  x 1  1  x 2  2 

   
un 1 n 1 n 2

47. lim  1  lim x 2 1  3 1

2
x  2
n un n 3 x 2 1 3 n 3


  2  x  2; at x   2 we have  (1)n which diverges; the interval of convergence is
n0

  x 31 
 2 n
 2  x  2; the series is a convergent geometric series when  2  x  2 and its sum is
n0
1  1  32
 x 2 1 
1 3   3 x2 1  2 x
 3 
   

 x 1
n 1
2 
u
48. lim n 1  1  lim  2n  1  x 2  1  2   3  x  3; when x   3 we have  1n ,
 x 1
n 1
n un
n
n 2 2
n0

  x 21 
 2 n
a divergent series; the interval of convergence is  3  x  3; the series is a convergent
n0
geometric series when  3  x  3 and its sum is 1  1  2
1 x 21 
2  2

 x2 1  3 x 2
 
 2 
 

2 2
49. Writing as we see that it can be written as the power
x 1  [ ( x  1)]
 
series  2[( x  1)]n   2(1)n ( x  1)n . Since this is a geometric series with ratio ( x  1) it will converge
n 0 n 0
for
 ( x  1)  1or 0  x  2.

 n
5 5/3 5 x x
50. (a) f ( x)      , which converges for  1 or x  3.
3  x 1  ( x / 3) n 0 3  3 3
  n
3 3 / 2 3  x 3 x
(b) g ( x )           n 1 x n , which converges for  1 or x  2.
x  2 1  ( x / 2) n 0 2  2  n 0 2 2

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

762 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

 n
3 3 1  1
51. g ( x )         x  5 n , which converges for
x  2 3  [ ( x  5)]   x  5   n 0  3 
1    
  3 
x5
 1 or 2  x  8.
3

1   x
n
52. (a) We can write the given series as  
2 n 0  4 
which shows that the interval of convergence is 4  x  4.

2
(b) The function represented by the series in (a) is for 4  x  4. If we rewrite this function as
4 x

2
1  ( x  3)
we can represent it by the geometric series  2( x  3)n which will converge only for
n 0
x  3  1or 2  x  4.


( x 3) n 1
53. lim
n 2n 1
 2n
( x 3)n
 1  x  3  2  1  x  5; when x  1 we have  (1)n which diverges; when x  5
n0

we have  (1)n which also diverges; the interval of convergence is 1  x  5; the sum of this convergent
n 1

 
n
geometric series is 1  2 . If f ( x)  1  12 ( x  3)  14 ( x  3) 2     12 ( x  3)n    2 then
1  
x 3
2
x 1 x 1

 
n
f ( x)   12  12 ( x  3)     12 n( x  3)n 1   is convergent when 1  x  5, and diverges when x  1 or
5. The sum for f ( x) is 2 , the derivative of 2 .
( x 1)2 x1

 
n
54. If f ( x)  1  12 ( x  3)  14 ( x  3) 2     12 ( x  3)n    2
x 1
then

 
( x 3.)2 ( x 3)3 n ( x 3)n 1
 f ( x) dx  x  4
 12
    12 n 1
  . At x  1 the series  n21 diverges; at x  5 the
n 1

( 1) n 2
series  n 1
converges. Therefore the interval of convergence is 1  x  5 and the sum is
n 1
2 ln x  1  (3  ln 4), since  x21 dx  2 ln x  1  C , where C  3  ln 4 when x  3.

2 4 6 8 10
x  5 x  7 x  9 x  11x  
55. (a) Differentiate the series for sin x to get cos x  1  33! 5! 7! 9! 11!
2
 1  x2!  x4 6
 x6!  x8!  10!
8 10
x  . The series converges for all values of x since
4!

limx 2 n  2  (2n )!
n (2 n  2)! x
2n
 x 2 lim  1
n (2 n 1)(2 n  2)
  0  1 for all x.
3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9 11 11 3 5 7 9 11
(b) sin 2 x  2 x  2 3!x  2 5!x  2 7!x  2 9!x  2 11!x    2 x  83!
x  32 x  128 x  512 x  2048 x  
5! 7! 9! 11!

  
(c) 2sin x cos x  2  (0 1)  (0  0  1 1) x  0  21  1  0  0 1 x 2  0  0  1  12  0  0  1 3!
1 x3
 

 0  4! 2 3! 4!  2 3! 
1  1  0  0  1  0  1  0  1 x 4  0  0  1  1  0  0  1  1  0  0  1  1 x5
5! 

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.7 Power Series 763

 1  1  0  0  1  0  1  0  1  0  1  0 1 x6    2  x  4 x3  16 x5  
 0  6! 4! 3! 2 5!   3! 5! 

3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9 11 11
 2 x  2 3!x  2 5!x  2 7!x  2 9!x  2 11!x  

56. (a) d
x  ex   1  22!x  33!x  44!x  55!x    1  x  x2!  x3!  x4!    ex ; thus the derivative of ex is ex itself
2 3 4 2 3 4

x
dx  e x  C  x  x2 x3 x4 x5    C , which is the general antiderivative of e x
(b) e 2
 3!
 4!
 5!
2 3
(c) e x  1  x  x2!  x3!  x4 5
 x5!   ;
4!
e x  e x  1 1  (11  1 1) x  1 2!    
1  1  1  1 1 x 2  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1 x 3
2! 3! 2! 2! 3!

 1  4! 4!   5! 4! 2! 3! 3! 2! 4! 5! 
1  1  1  1  1  1 1  1 1 x 4  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1 1  1  1 x 5  
3! 2! 2! 3!
 1 0  0  0  0  0 

57. (a) ln sec x  C   tan x dx   x   x3

3
5 7
x  17 x  62 x   dx 
 215 315 2835
9
 x2
2
4 6
x  x  17 x  31x    C ;
 12 45 2520 14,175
8 10

x  0  C  0  ln sec x  x2 4 6 8
x  x  17 x  31x   , converges when    x  
 12
10

2 45 2520 14,175 2 2

(b) sec2 x 
d (tan x )
dx
 d
dx x  x3
3
 215x  17
5 7 9

x  62 x    1  x 2  2 x  17 x  62 x   , converges
315 2835 3 45 315
4 6 8

when  2  x  2

(c) sec2 x  (sec x)(sec x)  1   x2

2
4
x  61x   1 
 524 720
6
 x2
2
4
x  61x  
 524 720
6

 12  12  x2   245  14  245  x4   720 48 48 720 
4 6 8
 1 61  5  5  61 x 6    1  x 2  2 x  1745x  62 x  ,
3 315
 2  x  2

58. (a) ln sec x  tan x  C   sec x dx   1   x2

2
4 6

x  61x   dx  x  x  x  61x  277 x    C ;
 524 720 6 24 5040 72,576
3 5 7 9

3 5 7 9
x  61x  277 x   , converges when    x  
x  0  C  0  ln sec x  tan x  x  x6  24 5040 72,576 2 2

(b) sec x tan x 

d (sec x )
dx
 d
dx 1  x2
2
4 6

x  61x    x  5 x  61x  277 x   , converges when
 524 720 6 120 1008
3 5 7

 2  x  2

(c) (sec x)(tan x)  1  x2  524  2 4

x  61x   x  x  2 x  17 x  
720 3 15 315
6
 3 5 7

 13  12  x3   152  61  245  x5   315 15 72 720 
3 5 7
 x 17  1  5  61 x 7    x  5 x  61 x  277 x   ,
6 120 1008
 2  x  2

 
59. (a) If f ( x)   an x n , then f ( k ) ( x )   n(n  1)(n  2)  n  (k  1)  an xnk and f ( k ) (0)  k !ak
n 0 nk
(k ) 
f ( k ) (0)
 bn x n ,
f (0)
 ak  k!
; likewise if f ( x)  then bk  k!
 ak  bk for every nonnegative integer k
n 0

(b) If f ( x)   an x n  0 for all x, then f ( k ) ( x)  0 for all x  from part (a) that ak  0 for every
n 0
nonnegative integer k

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

764 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

10.8 TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES

1. f ( x)  e2 x , f ( x)  2e2 x , f ( x)  4e 2 x , f ( x)  8e2 x ; f (0)  e2(0)  1, f (0)  2, f (0)  4, f (0)  8

 P0 ( x)  1, P1 ( x)  1  2 x, P2 ( x)  1  2 x  2 x 2 , P3 ( x)  1  2 x  2 x 2  43 x3

2. f ( x)  sin x, f ( x)  cos x, f ( x)   sin x, f ( x)   cos x; f (0)  sin 0  0, f (0)  1, f (0)  0, f (0)  1
 P0 ( x)  0, P1 ( x)  x, P2 ( x)  x, P3 ( x)  x  16 x3

3. f ( x)  ln x, f ( x)  1x , f ( x)   1 , f ( x)  2 ; f (1)  ln1  0, f (1)  1, f (1)  1, f (1)  2

x2 x3
 P0 ( x)  0, P1 ( x)  ( x  1), P2 ( x)  ( x  1)  12 ( x  1)2 , P3 ( x)  ( x  1)  12 ( x  1)2  13 ( x  1)3

4. f ( x)  ln(1  x), f ( x)  11x  (1  x) 1 , f ( x)  (1  x) 2 , f ( x)  2(1  x)3 ; f (0)  ln1  0, f (0)  11  1,
2 2
f (0)  (1) 2  1, f (0)  2(1)3  2  P0 ( x)  0, P1 ( x)  x, P2 ( x)  x  x2 , P3 ( x)  x  x2  x3
3

5. f ( x)  1
x
 x 1 , f ( x)   x 2 , f ( x)  2 x 3 , f ( x )  6 x 4 ; f (2)  12 , f (2)   14 , f (2)  14 , f ( x)   83
 P0 ( x)  12 , P1 ( x)  12  14 ( x  2), P2 ( x)  12  14 ( x  2)  81 ( x  2)2 ,
 P3 ( x)  12  14 ( x  2)  18 ( x  2)2  16
1 ( x  2)3

6. f ( x)  ( x  2)1 , f ( x)  ( x  2)2 , f ( x)  2( x  2)3 , f ( x )  6( x  2)4 ;

f (0)  (2)1  12 , f (0)  (2)2   14 , f (0)  2(2) 3  14 , f (0)  6(2)4   83

 P0 ( x)  12 , P1 ( x)  12  4x , P2 ( x)  12  4x  x2 2 3
, P3 ( x)  12  4x  x8  16
x
8

7.  
f ( x)  sin x, f ( x)  cos x, f ( x)   sin x, f ( x)   cos x; f 4  sin 4    2
2
, f  4  cos 4  2
2
,

f   4    sin 4   22 , f   4    cos 4   22  P0  22 , P1 ( x)  22  22  x  4  ,

P2 ( x)  22  22  x  4   42  x  4  , P3 ( x)  22  22  x  4   42  x  4   122  x  4 
2 2 3

8. f ( x)  tan x, f ( x)  sec 2 x, f ( x)  2sec2 x tan x, f ( x)  2sec4 x  4sec2 x tan 2 x; f 4  tan 4  1,  
             
f  4  sec 2 4  2, f  4  2sec2 4 tan 4  4, f  4  2sec4 4  4sec2 4 tan 2 4  16    
 P0 ( x)  1, P1 ( x)  1  2  x  4  , P2 ( x)  1  2  x  4   2  x  4  ,
2

P3 ( x)  1  2  x  4   2  x  4   83  x  4 
2 3

9. f ( x)  x  x1/2 , f ( x)   12  x1/2 , f ( x)    14  x3/2 , f ( x)   83  x5/2 ; f (4)  4  2,

f (4)   12  41/2  14 , f (4)    14  43/2   32 8
1 , f (4)  3 4 5/2  3  P ( x)  2, P ( x)  2  1 ( x  4),
256 0 1 4
1 ( x  4) 2 , P ( x)  2  1 ( x  4)  1 ( x  4) 2  1 ( x  4)3
P2 ( x)  2  14 ( x  4)  64 3 4 64 512

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.8 Taylor and Maclaurin Series 765

10. f ( x)  (1  x)1/2 , f ( x)   12 (1  x)1/2 , f ( x)   14 (1  x)3/2 , f ( x)   83 (1  x )5/2 ;

f (0)  (1)1/2  1, f (0)   12 (1)1/2   12 , f (0)   14 (1)3/2   14 , f (0)   83 (1) 5/2   83
 P0 ( x)  1, P1 ( x)  1  12 x, P2 ( x)  1  12 x  81 x 2 , P3 ( x)  1  12 x  81 x 2  16
1 x3

11. f ( x)  e x , f ( x)  e x , f ( x)  e  x , f ( x )  e  x   f ( k ) ( x)  (1)k e  x ; f (0)  e(0)  1, f (0)  1,


( 1)n
f (0)  1, f (0)  1, , f ( k ) (0)  (1)k  e x  1  x  12 x 2  61 x3     n!
xn
n0

12. f ( x)  x e x , f ( x)  x e x  e x , f ( x)  x e x  2e x , f ( x)  x e x  3e x   f ( k ) ( x)  x e x  k e x ;


f (0)  (0)e(0)  0, f (0)  1, f (0)  2, f (0)  3,  , f ( k ) (0)  k  x  x 2  12 x3     (n11)! xn
n0

13. f ( x)  (1  x)1  f ( x)  (1  x)2 , f ( x)  2(1  x)3 , f ( x)  3!(1  x)4
  f ( k ) ( x)  (1)k k !(1  x) k 1; f (0)  1, f (0)  1, f (0)  2, f (0)  3!,  , f ( k ) (0)  (1)k k !
 
 1  x  x 2  x3     ( x)n   (1)n x n
n 0 n0

14. f ( x)  2 x
1 x
 f ( x)  3 , f ( x)  6(1  x) 3 , f ( x)  18(1  x)4   f ( k ) ( x)  3(k !)(1  x) k 1;
(1 x ) 2

f (0)  2, f (0)  3, f (0)  6, f (0)  18,  , f ( k ) (0)  3(k !)  2  3x  3x 2  3x3    2   3 x n
n 1

  
( 1)n x 2 n 1 ( 1)n (3 x )2 n 1 ( 1) n 32 n 1 x 2 n 1
  
3 3 5 5
15. sin x  (2n 1)!
 sin 3 x  (2n 1)!
 (2n 1)!
 3 x  3 3!x  3 5!x  
n 0 n 0 n0

 2x 
2 n 1
  ( 1) n 
( 1)n x 2 n 1 ( 1)n x 2 n 1
16. sin x   (2n 1)!
 sin 2x   (2n 1)!
 2 2 n 1
(2 n 1)!
 2x  x3  x5  
23 3! 25 5!
n 0 n0 n 0


( 1) n x 2 n
17. 7 cos( x)  7 cos x  7 
2 4 6
x  7 x  7 x   , since the cosine is an even function
 7  72!
(2n )! 4! 6!
n0

 
( 1)n x 2 n ( 1)n ( x )2 n
  5cos  x  5 
2 2 4 4 6 6
18. cos x  (2 n)! (2 n )!
 5  52!x  54!x  56!x  
n 0 n 0

  

e x  e x  12  1  x  x2!  x3!  x4!    1  x   x3!  x4!     1   (2x n)!
2 3 4
19. cosh x  x2 3 4
x2  x4  x6  
2n

2  2!  2! 4! 6!
n 0

  

e x  e x  12  1  x  x2!  x3!  x4!    1  x  x2!  x3!     x 
2 n 1
 (2xn1)!
2 3 4 2 3
20. sinh x  x4 x3  x5 6
 x6!   
2  4!  3! 5!
n0

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

766 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

21. f ( x)  x 4  2 x3  5 x  4  f ( x)  4 x3  6 x 2  5, f ( x)  12 x 2  12 x, f ( x)  24 x  12, f (4) ( x)  24

 f ( n ) ( x)  0 if n  5; f (0)  4, f (0)  5, f (0)  0, f (0)  12, f (4) (0)  24, f ( n ) (0)  0 if n  5
 x 4  2 x3  5 x  4  4  5 x  12
3!
x3  24
4!
x 4  x 4  2 x3  5 x  4

x2  f 2 x  x2 6 ( 1)n n !
22. f ( x)  x 1
( x)  ; f ( x)  2 ; f ( x)   f ( n ) ( x)  ;
( x 1)2 ( x 1)3 ( x 1)4 ( x 1)n 1

f (0)  0, f (0)  0, f (0)  2, f (0)  6, f ( n ) (0)  (1)n n ! if n  2  x 2  x3  x 4  x5     (1)n x n
n2

23. f ( x)  x3  2 x  4  f ( x)  3x 2  2, f ( x)  6 x, f ( x)  6  f ( n ) ( x)  0 if n  4;

f (2)  8, f (2)  10, f (2)  12, f (2)  6, f ( n) (2)  0 if n  4
 x3  2 x  4  8  10( x  2)  12
2!
( x  2)2  3!
6 ( x  2)3  8  10( x  2)  6( x  2) 2  ( x  2)3

24. f ( x)  2 x3  x 2  3x  8  f ( x)  6 x 2  2 x  3, f ( x)  12 x  2, f ( x)  12  f ( n ) ( x )  0 if n  4;

f (1)  2, f (1)  11, f (1)  14, f (1)  12, f ( n ) (1)  0 if n  4
 2 x3  x 2  3x  8  2  11( x  1)  14
2!
( x  1)2  12
3!
( x  1)3  2  11( x  1)  7( x  1)2  2( x  1)3

25. f ( x)  x 4  x 2  1  f ( x)  4 x3  2 x, f ( x )  12 x 2  2, f ( x)  24 x, f (4) ( x)  24, f ( n ) ( x)  0 if n  5;

f (2)  21, f (2)  36, f (2)  50, f (2)  48, f (4) (2)  24, f ( n) (2)  0 if n  5  x 4  x 2  1
 21  36( x  2)  50
2!
( x  2)2  48
3!
( x  2)3  24
4!
( x  2)4  21  36( x  2)  25( x  2)2  8( x  2)3  ( x  2)4

26. f ( x)  3 x5  x 4  2 x3  x 2  2  f ( x)  15 x 4  4 x3  6 x 2  2 x, f ( x)  60 x3  12 x 2  12 x  2,
f ( x )  180 x 2  24 x  12, f (4) ( x)  360 x  24, f (5) ( x)  360, f ( n) ( x)  0 if n  6;
f (1)  7, f (1)  23, f (1)  82, f (1)  216, f (4) (1)  384, f (5) (1)  360, f ( n ) (1)  0 if n  6
 3 x5  x 4  2 x3  x 2  2  7  23( x  1)  82
2!
( x  1)2  216
3!
( x  1)3  384
4!
( x  1)4  360
5!
( x  1)5
 7  23( x  1)  41( x  1)2  36( x  1)3  16( x  1)4  3( x  1)5

27. f ( x)  x 2  f ( x)  2 x 3 , f ( x)  3! x 4 , f ( x)  4! x 5  f ( n ) ( x)  (1)n (n  1)! x  n  2 ;

f (1)  1, f (1)  2, f (1)  3!, f (1)  4!, f ( n ) (1)  (1)n (n  1)!

 1
x2
 1  2( x  1)  3( x  1)2  4( x  1)3     (1)n (n  1)( x  1)n
n 0

( n  2)!
28. f ( x)  1  f ( x)  3(1  x)4 , f ( x)  12(1  x)5 , f ( x)  60(1  x)6  f ( n) ( x)  2
(1  x) n 3 ;
(1 x )3
( n  2)!
f (0)  1, f (0)  3, f (0)  12, f (0)  60,  , f ( n ) (0)  2

( n  2)( n 1) n
 1
(1 x )3
 1  3x  6 x 2  10 x3     2
x
n0

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.8 Taylor and Maclaurin Series 767

29. f ( x)  e x  f ( x)  e x , f ( x)  e x  f ( n ) ( x)  e x ; f (2)  e 2 , f (2)  e2 ,  f ( n) (2)  e2


 en! ( x  2)n
2 3 2
 e x  e2  e 2 ( x  2)  e2 ( x  2)2  e3! ( x  2)3   
n0

30. f ( x)  2 x  f ( x)  2 x ln 2, f ( x)  2 x (ln 2) 2 , f ( x )  2 x (ln 2)3  f ( n ) ( x)  2 x (ln 2)n ;

f (1)  2, f (1)  2ln 2, f (1)  2(ln 2)2 , f (1)  2(ln 2)3 ,  , f ( n ) (1)  2(ln 2)n

2(ln 2)2 2(ln 2)3 2(ln 2)n ( x 1) n
 2 x  2  (2ln 2)( x  1)  2
( x  1)2  3!
( x  1)3     n!
n0

31.    
f ( x)  cos 2 x  2 , f ( x)  2sin 2 x  2 , f ( x)  4cos 2 x  2 , f ( x)  8sin 2 x  2 ,    
  
f (4) ( x)  24 cos 2 x  2 , f (5) ( x)  25 sin 2 x  2 , ..; 
f  4   1, f   4   0, f   4   4, f   4   0, f (4)  4   24 , f (5)  4   0, , f (2n )  4   (1)n 22 n

       x  4 
2 4 ( 1)n 22 n 2n
 cos 2 x  2  1  2 x  4  23 x  4    (2n )!
n 0

32. f ( x)  x  1, f ( x)  12 ( x  1)1/2 , f ( x)   14 ( x  1) 3/2 , f ( x)  83 ( x  1)5/2 , f (4) ( x)   15

16
( x  1)7/2 , ;
f (0)  1, f (0)  12 , f (0)   14 , f (0)  83 , f (4) (0)   16
15 ,  x  1  1  1 x  1 x 2  1 x3  5 x 4  
2 8 16 128


( 1)n
33. The Maclaurin series generated by cos x is  (2n)! x 2n which converges on (, ) and the Maclaurin
n0

series generated by 2
1 x
is 2  x n which converges on (1, 1). Thus the Maclaurin series generated by
n 0
 
( 1)n
f ( x)  cos x  12x is given by  (2n)! x 2n  2  xn  1  2 x  52 x 2  . which converges on the
n0 n 0
intersection of (, ) and (1, 1), so the interval of convergence is (1, 1).


 xn!
n
34. The Maclaurin series generated by e x is which converges on (, ). The Maclaurin series generated
n0

 
by f ( x)  1  x  x 2 e x is given by 1  x  x 2   n0 xn!  1  12 x2  23 x3 . which converges on (, ).
n


( 1)n
35. The Maclaurin series generated by sin x is  (2n1)!x 2n1 which converges on (, ) and the Maclaurin
n0
 n 1
( 1)
series generated by ln(1  x) is  n
x n which converges on (1, 1). Thus the Maclaurin series generated
n 1
  ( 1)n    ( 1) n 1 
by f  x   sin x  ln(1  x) is given by   (2 n 1)!x 2 n 1    n x n   x 2  12 x3  61 x 4  . which
  
 n0   n 1 
converges on the intersection of (, ) and (1,1), so the interval convergence is (1, 1).

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

768 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series


( 1)n
36. The Maclaurin series generated by sin x is  (2n1)!x 2n1 which converges on (, ). The Maclaurin
n0
2
  ( 1)n    ( 1)n    ( 1)n 
series generated by f ( x)  x sin x is given by x   (2 n 1)!x 2n 1   x   (2n 1)! x 2 n 1    (2 n 1)! x 2n 1 
2
    
 n0   n 0   n 0 
 x3  13 x5  45
2 x 7   which converges on ( , ).


f ( n) (a)
37. If e x   n!
( x  a)n and f ( x)  e x , we have f ( n) (a )  ea for all n  0,1, 2,3,
n0
 ( x  a )0 ( x  a )1 ( x  a ) 2   ( x a )2 
 e x  ea  0!  1!  2!    ea 1  ( x  a)  2!   at x  a
   

38. f ( x)  e x  f ( n ) ( x)  e x for all n  f ( n ) (1)  e for all n  0,1, 2,

e ( x  1) 2  e ( x  1)3    e 1  ( x  1)  ( x 1)  ( x 1)  
2 3
 e x  e  e( x  1)  2! 3!  2! 3! 

f ( a ) f ( a )
39. f ( x)  f (a)  f (a)( x  a)  2
( x  a)2  3!
( x  a )3 
f ( a ) f (4) ( a )
 f ( x)  f (a)  f (a)( x  a)  3!
3( x  a)2    f ( x )  f (a )  f (a)( x  a)  4!
4  3( x  a)2 
f ( n  2) ( a )
 f ( n ) ( x)  f ( n) (a )  f ( n 1) (a)( x  a)  2
( x  a)2 
( n) (n)
 f (a )  f (a )  0, f (a)  f (a )  0, , f (a )  f (a)  0

40. E ( x)  f ( x)  b0  b1 ( x  a)  b2 ( x  a )2  b3 ( x  a)3    bn ( x  a) n  0  E (a)  f (a)  b0  b0  f (a);

from condition (b),
f ( x )  f ( a )  b1 ( x  a ) b2 ( x  a )2 b3 ( x  a )3 bn ( x  a )n
lim 0
xa ( xa)n
f ( x ) b1  2b2 ( x  a ) 3b3 ( x  a ) 2  nbn ( x  a ) n 1
 lim  0  b1  f (a )
x a n( x  a ) n 1
f ( x )  2b2 3!b3 ( x  a )  n( n 1)bn ( x  a )n  2 1
 lim  0  b2  f (a)
x a n( n 1)( x  a )n  2 2

f ( x ) 3!b3  n ( n 1)( n  2)bn ( x  a )n  3 1 f ( a )

 lim  0  b3  3!
x a n ( n 1)( n  2)( x  a ) n  3
f ( n ) ( x )  n !bn
 lim n!
 0  bn  1
n!
f ( n) (a ); therefore,
x a
f ( a ) f ( n) (a)
g ( x)  f (a)  f (a)( x  a)  2!
( x  a )2   n!
( x  a) n  Pn ( x)

41. f ( x)  ln(cos x)  f ( x)   tan x and f ( x)   sec2 x; f (0)  0, f (0)  0, f (0)  1

2
 L( x)  0 and Q( x)   x2

42. f ( x)  esin x  f ( x)  (cos x)esin x and f ( x)  ( sin x )esin x  (cos x)2 esin x ; f (0)  1, f (0)  1, f (0)  1
2
 L( x)  1  x and Q( x)  1  x  x2

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.9 Convergence of Taylor Series 769

       
1/2 3/2 3/2 5/2
43. f ( x)  1  x 2  f ( x)  x 1  x 2 and f ( x)  1  x 2  3x 2 1  x 2 ;

f (0)  1, f (0)  0, f (0)  1  L( x)  1 and Q( x)  1  x2

2

44. f ( x)  cosh x  f ( x)  sinh x and f ( x)  cosh x; f (0)  1, f (0)  0, f (0)  1

 L( x)  1 and Q( x)  1  x2
2

45. f ( x)  sin x  f ( x)  cos x and f ( x)   sin x; f (0)  0, f (0)  1, f (0)  0  L( x)  x and Q( x)  x

46. f ( x)  tan x  f ( x)  sec 2 x and f ( x)  2sec2 x tan x; f (0)  0, f (0)  1, f   0  L( x)  x and Q( x)  x

10.9 CONVERGENCE OF TAYLOR SERIES

 
( 5 x )2 ( 1)n 5n x n
x2
 xn!  e5 x  1  (5 x)  
n 2 2 3 3
1. e x  1  x  2!
  2!
   1  5 x  5 2!x  5 3!x    n!
n 0 n0

 x 
2
 
x
2. e  1  x  x2
2!
   xn
n!
e  x /2
 1  x
2
 2 2!
   1  2x  x 2  x3   
22 2! 233!

( 1) n x n
2n n !
n 0 n 0

 
( 1)n x 2 n 1  (  x )3 (  x )5  5( 1)n 1 x 2 n 1
  5sin ( x)  5  ( x)  3!  5!     (2n 1)!
3
3. sin x  x  x3!  x5  
5! (2n 1)!   n0
n 0

 2x   x   x 
3 5 7
 
( 1)n x 2 n 1 ( 1)n  2 n 1x 2 n 1
4. sin x  x  x3
3!
 x5
5!
   (2n 1)!
 sin  x   x 
2 2 3!
 2 5!
 2 7!
   22 n 1 (2 n 1)!
n0 n 0

 
2n
  ( 1)n 5 x 2 
( 1)n x 2 n ( 1)n 52 n x 4 n
  
2 4 8 12
5. cos x  (2 n)!
 cos 5 x  (2 n)!
 (2 n )!
 1  252!x  625
4!
x  15625 x  
6!
n 0 n 0 n 0

2n
n   x3 
1/ 2 
 ( 1)   2  
   cos   
 1/2  
( 1)n x 2 n ( 1) n x3 n
 x3/ 2 x3
 
3
6. cos x   cos  
 1  2x2!  x 6  x9  
(2 n)! 2  (2n )!
 n
2
 2 (2 n)! 2  4! 23  6!
2
n 0 n 0 n0

 
n
  ( 1)n 1 x 2 
7. ln(1  x)  
n 1
( 1) n 1 x n
n
 ln 1  x  2
  n1 n

n 1
( 1)n 1 x 2n
n
 x 2  x2 
4
x6
3
8
 x4  

 
2 n 1
  ( 1)n 3 x 4 
8. tan 1
x
n0

( 1)n x 2 n 1
2n 1
 tan 1
3x   n0
4
2 n 1
 
n0
( 1) n 32 n 1 x8n  4
n

4 12 243 x 20 2187 x 28
 3x  9 x  5
 7


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770 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

  
 (1)n x n  1 13 x3   (1)n  34 x3   (1)n  34 
n n 3n
9. 1
1 x
  x  1  34 x3  16
9 x 6  27 x9  
64
n 0 4 n0 n 0

  
  12 x     12 
n n 1 n
10 1
1 x
  xn  1
2 x
 1 1
2 1 1 x
 1
2
x  12  14 x  81 x 2  16
1 x3  
n 0 2 n0 n0

   n   n 1
11. e x   xn
n!
 xe x  x   xn !    xn !  x  x 2 
 
x3
2!
 x4
3!
 x5
4!

n0  n 0  n 0

   ( 1)n x 2 n 1   ( 1)n x2 n  3
( 1)n x 2 n 1
  x 2 sin x  x 2   (2n 1)!    (2 n 1)!  x3  x5 x7 9
12. sin x    x7!  
(2n 1)!   3! 5!
n 0  n 0  n0

 
( 1)n x 2 n ( 1)n x 2 n
 x2 x2
 x2 2
13. cos x    1  cos x  1   1  1  x2  x4  x6  x8  10!
10
x 
(2 n)! 2 2 (2 n )! 2 4! 6! 8!
n 0 n 0
 n 2n
( 1) x
x4 x6 x8

10
   x  
 10!
4! 6! 8! (2 n)!
n 2

 
   ( 1)n x 2 n 1 
( 1)n x 2 n 1
 x3    (2n 1)!   x  x3 3
14. sin x   sin x  x   x  x3!  x5 7
 x7!  x9 11
x   x 
 11! x3
(2n 1)! 3!   3! 5! 9! 3!
n 0  n 0 

( 1)n x 2 n 1
x5

7
  x7!  x9 11
x  
 11!
5! 9! (2n 1)!
n 2

  
( 1)n x 2 n ( 1) n ( x ) 2 n ( 1)n  2 n x 2 n 1
  x cos  x  x  
2 3 4 5 6 7
15. cos x  (2 n )! (2n )!
 (2 n )!
 x   2!x   4!x   6!x  
n0 n0 n0

 
2n
  ( 1)n x 2 
16. cos x  
n 0
( 1)n x 2 n
(2 n)!
 x cos x2
   x n0
2 2
(2 n)!
 
n0
( 1)n x 4 n  2
(2n )!
 x 2  x2! 
6
x10
4!
 x6!  
14


( 1)n (2 x )2 n  (2 x )2 (2 x )4 (2 x )6 (2 x)8 
17. cos 2 x  12  cos22 x  12  12  (2 n )!
 12  12 1  2!  4!  6!  8!  
 
n0
 
2 4 6
(2 x )8 ( 1) n (2 x ) 2 n ( 1)n 22 n 1 x 2 n
  1    1 
(2 x ) (2 x ) (2 x )
 1 22!
 24!
 26!
 28! 2(2 n)! (2 n )!
n 1 n 1

 1cos2 2 x   12  12 cos 2 x  12  12 1  (22!x) 

2
(2 x )4 (2 x )6 (2 x )2 (2 x ) 4 (2 x )6
18. sin 2 x   4!
 6!
  22!
 24!
 26!


 
( 1)n 1 (2 x )2 n ( 1)n 22 n 1 x 2 n
  2(2 n )!
  (2 n )!
n 1 n 1

 
19. x2
1 2 x
 x2  112 x   x2  (2 x)n   2n xn2  x2  2 x3  22 x4  23 x5  
n0 n 0

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 Section 10.9 Convergence of Taylor Series 771

 
( 1)n 1 (2 x )n ( 1)n 1 2n x n 1
x ln(1  2 x)  x  
2 3 3 4 4 5
20. n
 n
 2 x 2  2 2x  2 4x  2 5x  
n 1 n 1

  
21. 1
1 x
  x n  1  x  x 2  x3    d
   (11x)
1
dx 1 x 2
 1  2 x  3x 2     nx n 1   (n  1) xn
n 0 n 1 n 0


22. 2
(1 x )3
 d2
   dxd  (11x)
1
dx 2 1 x

2 

 d
dx 1  2x  3x2    2  6 x  12x2    n2 n(n  1) xn2

  (n  2)(n  1) xn
n 0


      
3 5 7
23. tan 1 x  x  13 x3  15 x5  17 x 7    x tan 1 x 2  x  x 2  13 x 2  15 x 2  17 x 2  
 

( 1)n x 4 n 1
 x3  13 x 7  15 x11  17 x15     2 n 1
n 1

3
x5 7  (2 x )3 (2 x )5 (2 x )7 
24. sin x  x  x3!  5!
 x7!    sin x  cos x  12 sin 2 x  12  2 x  3!  5!  7!   
 

( 1)n 22 n x 2 n 1

3 5 7 3 5 7
 x  43!x  165!x  647!x    x  23x  215x  4315
x  
(2 n 1)!
n0

25. e x  1  x  x2
2!
 x3
3
  and 1
1 x
 1  x  x 2  x3    e x  11 x  1  x   x2
2!
 x3
3! 
   1  x  x 2  x3   

 2  32 x 2  56 x3  24
25 x 4   
  n1!  (1)n  x n
n 0

3
26. sin x  x  x3!  x5 7
 x7!   and cos x  1  x2! 
2
x4  x6 
5! 4! 6!

 cos x  sin x  1  x2!   2

x4
4!
6

 x6!    x  x3! 
3
x5
5!
7
 x7!    1  x  x2
2!
 x3
3!
 x4
4!
5
 x5!  x6
6!
 x7
7!


 
( 1)n x 2 n ( 1)n x 2 n 1 
 (2 n)!
 (2n 1)! 
n 0


        
2 3 4
27. ln(1  x)  x  12 x 2  13 x3  14 x 4    3x ln 1  x 2  3x  x 2  12 x 2  13 x 2  14 x 2 
 

( 1) n 1 2 n 1
 13 x3  61 x5  91 x 7  12
1 x9   
 3n
x
n 1

28. ln(1  x)  x  12 x 2  13 x3  14 x 4   and ln(1  x)   x  12 x 2  13 x3  14 x 4    ln(1  x)  ln(1  x)


  
 x  12 x 2  13 x3  14 x 4     x  12 x 2  13 x3  14 x 4    2 x  32 x3  52 x5     n 0
 2n21x 2n1

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

772 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

29. e x  1  x  x2  x3   and sin x  x  x3! 

3
x5 7
 x7!  
2! 3! 5!

 e x  sin x  1  x   x2
2!
 x3
3! 
  x  x3! 
3
x5
5!
7

 x7!    x  x 2  13 x3  30
1 x5   .

30. ln(1  x)  x  12 x 2  13 x3  14 x 4   and 1  1  x  x 2  x3  

1 x


ln(1 x )
1 x
 ln(1  x)  11x  x   1 x 2  1 x3  1 x 4   1  x  x 2  x3
2 3 4  
   x  12 x 2  56 x3  12
7 x 4  .


   tan 1 x  tan 1 x 
2
31. tan 1 x  x  13 x3  15 x5  17 x 7    tan 1 x

  x  13 x3  15 x5  17 x7   x  13 x3  15 x5  17 x7    x 2  23 x 4  45
23 x 6  44 x8  .
105

3
32. sin x  x  x3!  x5 7
 x7!   and cos x  1  x2! 
2
x4  x6    cos 2 x  sin x  cos x  cos x  sin x
5! 4! 6!

 cos x  12 sin 2 x  1
2 1  x2
2!
 x4
4!
6 

 (2 x )3 (2 x )5 (2 x )7 
 x6!    2 x  3!  5!  7!     x  67 x3  120

61 x5  1247 x7  
5040

3
33. sin x  x  x3!  x5 7
 x7!   and e x  1  x  x2  x3 
5! 2! 3!

     x 
3 2 3
 esin x  1  x  x3!  x5  x7    12 x  x3! 
3
x5  x7  1 x3  x5  x7  
5! 7! 5! 7! 6 3! 5! 7!

 1  x  12 x 2  18 x 4  .

34. sin x  x  x3! 

3
x5
5!
7
 x7!   and tan 1 x  x  13 x3  15 x5  17 x 7    sin tan 1 x  
     
3 5
 x  13 x3  15 x5  17 x7    16 x  13 x3  15 x5  17 x7    120
1 x  1 x 3  1 x5  1 x 7  
3 5 7

 
7
1
 5040 x  13 x3  15 x5  17 x7      x  12 x3  83 x5  16
5 x7  

35. Since n  3, then f (4) ( x)  sin x, f (4) ( x)  M on [0, 0.1]  sin x  1 on [0, 0.1]  M  1.
4
0.10
Then R3 (0.1)  1 4!
 4.2  106  error  4.2  106

36. Since n  4, then f (5) ( x)  e x , f (5) ( x)  M on [0, 0.5]  e x  e on [0, 0.5]  M  2.7.
5
0.50
Then R4 (0.5)  2.7 5!
 7.03 104  error  7.03  104

 
5
x 5
37. By the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, the error is less than 5!
 x  (5!) 5  104
5
 600  104  x  6  102  0.56968
5
 x

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.9 Convergence of Taylor Series 773

2 (.5)4
38. If cos x  1  x2 and x  0.5, then the error is less than 24
 0.0026, by Alternating Series Estimation
2
Theorem; since the next term in the series is positive, the approximation 1  x2 is too small, by the Alternating
Series Estimation Theorem

3
39. If sin x  x and x  10 , then the error is less than
10 3 3

 1.67 1010 , by Alternating Series Estimation

3!
3
Theorem; The Alternating Series Estimation Theorem says R2 ( x) has the same sign as  x3! . Moreover,
x  sin x  0  sin x  x  R2 ( x)  x  0  103  x  0.

x2 3
 x2 (0.01)2
40. 1  x  1  2x  8
x   . By the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem the |error| 
 16 8
 8

 1.25  105

ec x3 3(0.1) (0.1)3
41. R2 ( x)  3!
 3!
 1.87  104 , where c is between 0 and x

ec x3 (0.1)3
42. R2 ( x)  3!
 3!
 1.67  104 , where c is between 0 and x

 1cos2 2 x   12  12 cos 2 x  12  12 1  (22!x) 

2
(2 x )4 (2 x )6 2 x2 3 4 5 6
43. sin 2 x   4!
 6!
   2!
 2 4!x  2 6!x  

 d
dx sin 2 x   dxd  22!x  2 4!x2 3 4 5 6
 2 6!x    2 x   (2 x )3
3!

(2 x )5
5!

(2 x )7
7!


(2 x )3 (2 x )5 (2 x )7
 2sin x cos x  2 x  3!
 5!
 7!
   sin 2 x, which checks

 (2 x) 2 (2 x) 4 (2 x)6 (2 x )8
44. cos 2 x  cos 2 x  sin 2 x  1  2!  4!  6!  8!    



 2 x2
2!
3 4 5 6 7 8
 2 4!x  2 6!x  2 8!x   
2 3 4 5 6
x  2 x  2 x    1  x 2  1 x 4  2 x 6  1 x8  
 1  22! 4! 6! 3 45 315

45. A special case of Taylor’s Theorem is f (b)  f (a )  f (c )(b  a ), where c is between a and
b  f (b)  f (a)  f (c)(b  a), the Mean Value Theorem.

46. If f ( x) is twice differentiable and at x  a there is a point of inflection, then f (a )  0. Therefore,
L( x)  Q( x)  f (a)  f (a)( x  a).

f (c2 )
47. (a) f   0, f (a)  0 and x  a interior to the interval I  f ( x)  f (a)  2
( x  a)2  0 throughout I
 f ( x )  f (a) throughout I  f has a local maximum at x  a
f (c2 )
(b) similar reasoning gives f ( x)  f (a)  2
( x  a)2  0 throughout I  f ( x)  f (a) throughout I
 f has a local minimum at x  a

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

774 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

48. f ( x)  (1  x)1  f ( x)  (1  x)2  f ( x)  2(1  x) 3  f (3) ( x)  6(1  x)4  f (4) ( x)  24(1  x)5 ;

 109   109 
5 5
therefore 1  1  x  x 2  x3 . x  0.1  10  1  10  1   x4  x4  the error
1 x 11 1 x 9 (1 x )5 (1 x )5

 109 
max f (4) ( x ) x 4 5 f (4) ( x )
e3  4!
 (0.1) 4  0.00016935  0.00017, since 4!
 1 .
(1 x )5

49. (a) f ( x)  (1  x)k  f ( x)  k (1  x)k 1  f ( x)  k (k  1)(1  x)k 2 ; f (0)  1, f (0)  k , and
k ( k 1) 2
f (0)  k (k  1)  Q ( x)  1  kx  2
x

(b) R2 ( x)  321 x 3 1  x3  1  0  x 
 100 1 or 0  x  .21544
3! 100 1001/3

50. (a) Let P  x    x  P    .5 10 n since P approximates  accurate to n decimals. Then,

P  sin P  (  x)  sin(  x)  (  x)  sin x    ( x  sin x)
3
x 0.125  103n
 ( P  sin P )    sin x  x  3!
 3!
 0.5  103n  P  sin P gives an approximation to
 correct to 3n decimals.

 
f ( k ) (0)
51. If f ( x)   an x n , then f ( k ) ( x)   n(n  1)(n  2) (n  k  1)an x nk and f ( k ) (0)  k !ak  ak  k!
n 0 nk
for k a nonnegative integer. Therefore, the coefficients of f ( x) are identical with the corresponding
coefficients in the Maclaurin series of f ( x ) and the statement follows.

52. Note: f even  f ( x)  f ( x)   f ( x)  f ( x)  f ( x)   f ( x)  f  odd;

f odd  f ( x)   f ( x)   f ( x)   f ( x)  f ( x)  f ( x)  f  even;
also, f odd  f (0)  f (0)  2 f (0)  0  f (0)  0
(a) If f ( x) is even, then any odd-order derivative is odd and equal to 0 at x  0.
Therefore, a1  a3  a5    0; that is, the Maclaurin series for f contains only even powers.
(b) If f ( x) is odd, then any even-order derivative is odd and equal to 0 at x  0.
Therefore, a0  a2  a4    0; that is, the Maclaurin series for f contains only odd powers.

53-58. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
f : x - 1/sqrt(1 x);
x0 : -3/4;
x1: 3/4;
# Step 1:
plot( f (x), x  x0..x1, title "Step 1: #53 (Section 10.9)" );
# Step 2:
P1: unapply( TaylorApproximation(f(x), x  0, order 1), x );
P2 : unapply( TaylorApproximation(f(x), x  0, order  2), x );
P3 : unapply( TaylorApproximation(f(x), x  0, order  3), x );

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.9 Convergence of Taylor Series 775

# Step 3:
D2f : D(D(f));
D3f : D(D(D(f)));
D4f : D(D(D(D(f))));
plot( [D2f(x),D3f(x),D4f(x)], x  x0..x1, thickness [0,2,4], color [red,blue,green], title "Step 3: #57
(Section 10.9)" );
c1: x0;
M1: abs( D2f(c1) );
c2 : x0;
M2 : abs( D3f(c2) );
c3 : x0;
M3 : abs( D4f(c3) );
# Step 4:
R1: unapply( abs(M1/2!*(x-0)^2), x );
R2 : unapply( abs(M2/3!*(x-0)^3), x );
R3 : unapply( abs(M3/4!*(x-0)^4), x );
plot( [R1(x),R2(x),R3(x)], x  x0..x1, thickness [0,2,4], color [red,blue,green], title "Step 4: #53
(Section 10.9)" );
# Step 5:
E1: unapply( abs(f(x)-P1(x)), x );
E2 : unapply( abs(f(x)-P2 (x)), x );
E3 : unapply( abs(f(x)-P3(x)), x );
plot( [E1(x),E2(x),E3(x),R1(x),R2(x),R3(x)], x  x0..x1, thickness [0,2,4], color [red,blue,green],
linestyle [1,1,1,3,3,3], title "Step 5: #53 (Section 10.9)" );
# Step 6:
TaylorApproximation( f(x), view [x0..x1,DEFAULT], x  0, output animation, order 1..3 );
L1: fsolve( abs(f(x)-P1(x))  0.01, x  x0/2 ); # (a)
R1: fsolve( abs(f(x)-P1(x))  0.01, x  x1/2 );
L2 : fsolve( abs(f(x)-P2(x))  0.01, x  x0/2 );
R2 : fsolve( abs(f(x)-P2(x))  0.01, x  x1/2 );
L3 : fsolve( abs(f(x)-P3(x))  0.01, x  x0/2 );
R3 : fsolve( abs(f(x)-P3(x))  0.01, x  x1/2 );
plot( [E1(x),E2(x),E3(x),0.01], x  min(L1,L2,L3)..max(R1,R2,R3), thickness [0,2,4,0], linestyle [0,0,0,2]
color [red,blue,green,black], view [DEFAULT,0..0.01], title "#53(a) (Section 10.9)" );
abs(`f(x)`-`P`[1](x) )  evalf( E1 (x0) ); # (b)
abs(`f(x)`-`P`[2](x) )  evalf( E2(x0) );
abs(`f(x)`-`P`[3](x) )  evalf( E3(x0) );

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

776 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a, b, c, and n may vary)

Clear[x, f, c]

f[x_] (1  x)3/2
{a, b}  {1/2, 2};
pf  Plot[ f[x], {x, a, b}];
poly1[x_]Series[f[x], {x,0,1}]//Normal
poly2[x_]Series[f[x], {x,0,2}]//Normal
poly3[x_]Series[f[x], {x,0,3}]//Normal
Plot[{f[x], poly1[x], poly2[x], poly3[x]}, {x, a, b},
PlotStyle  {RGBColor[1,0,0], RGBColor[0,1,0], RGBColor[0,0,1], RGBColor[0,.5,.5]}];

The above defines the approximations. The following analyzes the derivatives to determine their maximum
values.
f"[c]
Plot[f"[x], {x, a, b}];
f'"[c]
Plot[f'"[x], {x, a, b}];
f""[c]
[f""[x], {x, a, b}];

Noting the upper bound for each of the above derivatives occurs at x  a, the upper bounds m1, m2, and m3
can be defined and bounds for remainders viewed as functions of x.
m1 f"[a]
m2  -f'"[a]
m3 f""[a]

r1[x_ ] m1 x 2 /2!
Plot[r1[x], {x, a, b}];

r2[x_ ] m2 x 3 /3!
Plot[r2[x], {x, a, b}];

r3[x_ ] m3 x 4 /4!
Plot[r3[x], {x, a, b}];

A three dimensional look at the error functions, allowing both c and x to vary can also he viewed. Recall that c
must be a value between 0 and x. so some points on the surfaces where c is not in that interval are meaningless.
Plot3D[f"[c] x 2 /2!, {x, a, b}, {c, a, b}, PlotRange  All]

Plot3D[f'"[c] x 3 /3!, {x, a, b}, {c, a, b}, PlotRange  All]

Plot3D[f""[c] x 4 /4!, {x, a, b}, {c, a, b}, PlotRange  All]

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.10 The Binomial Series and Applications of Taylor Series 777

10.10 THE BINOMIAL SERIES AND APPLICATIONS OF TAYLOR SERIES

1. (1  x)1/2  1  12 x 
 12   12  x2   12   12   32  x3    1  1 x  1 x 2  1 x3 
2! 3! 2 8 16

2. (1  x)1/3  1  13 x 
 13   23  x2   13   23   53  x3    1  1 x  1 x2  5 x3 
2! 3! 3 9 81

( 3)( 4) ( 3)( 4)( 5)

3. (1  x )3  1  ( 3)(  x )  (  x )2  (  x )3    1  3x  6 x 2  10 x 3  
2! 3!

4. (1  2 x)1/2  1  12 (2 x) 
 12   21 (2 x)2   12   12   23 (2 x)3    1  x  1 x2  1 x3  
2! 3! 2 2

( 2)( 3) 2  ( 2)( 3)( 4) 2 

x 2 x 3

  
2
5. 1  2x  1  2 2x  2!
 3!
   1  x  34 x 2  12 x3  

     
2 3 4

1    
(4)(3)  3x (4)(3)(2)  3x (4)(3)(2)(1)  3x
6. x 4  1 4  3x    0    1  43 x  23 x 2  27
4 x3  1 x 4
3 2! 3! 4! 81

  12   32  x3    12   23   25  x3 
2 3

7. 1  x  3 1/2
 1 1 x3
2
 2!
 3!
   1  12 x3  83 x 6  16
5 x9  

  13   43  x2    13   43   73  x2 
2 3

8. 1  x  2 1/3
 1  13 x 2  2!
 3!
   1  13 x 2  92 x 4  14
81
x6  

 12   12  1x   12   12   32  1x 
2 3

  
1/2
9. 1  1x  1  12 1
x
 2!
 3!
   1  21x  1  1 
8 x2 16 x3

   1    4  x2    13    43    73  x3   x  1 x 2  2 x3  14 x4  
10. 3
x
1 x
 x(1  x)1/3  x 1   13 x  3 2! 3   3!  3 9 81
 

(4)(3) x 2 (4)(3)(2) x3 (4)(3)(2) x 4

11. (1  x) 4  1  4 x  2!
 3!
 4!
 1  4 x  6 x 2  4 x3  x 4

   
2 3

1  x 
(3)(2) x 2 (3)(2)(1) x 2
2 3 2
12.  1  3x  2!
 3!
 1  3x 2  3x 4  x6

(3)(2)( 2 x )2 (3)(2)(1)( 2 x )3
13. (1  2 x)3  1  3(2 x)  2!
 3!
 1  6 x  12 x 2  8 x3

     
2 3 4

   
4 (4)(3)  2x (4)(3)(2)  2x (4)(3)(2)(1)  2x
14. 1  2x  1  4  2x  2!
 3!
 4!
 1  2 x  32 x 2  12 x3  16
1 x4

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

778 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

x3 x7 x11 x15
15. Example 3 gives the indefinite integral as C      . Since the lower limit of
3 7  3! 11  5! 15  7!
integration is 0, the value of the definite integral will be the value of this series at the upper limit, with
0.611
C  0. Since  2.75  10 6 and the preceding term is greater than 105 , the first two terms should give
11  5!
0.63 0.67
the required accuracy, and the integral is approximated to within 10 5 by   0.0713335
3 7  3!

e x  1 x x2
16. Using the series for e  x , we find  1    . Integrating term by term and noting that the
x 2! 3!
x2 x3
lower limit of integration is 0, the value of the definite integral from 0 to x is given by  x    .
2  2! 3  3!
0.46
Since  9.48  10 7 and the preceding term is greater than 10 5 , the first five terms should give the
6  6!
required accuracy, and the integral is approximated to within 10 5 by
0.4 2 0.43 0.44 0.45
0.4      0.3633060.
2  2! 3  3! 4  4! 5  5!

1 x 4 3x8 5 x12
17. Using a binomial series we find  1    . Integrating term by term and noting that
1  x4 2 8 16
the lower limit of integration is 0, the value of the definite integral from 0 to x is given by
x 5 x 9 5 x13 5  0.513
x    . Since  2.93  10 6 and the preceding term is greater than 10 5 , the first
10 24 13 16 13 16
three terms should give the required accuracy, and the integral is approximated to within 10 5 by
0.55 0.59
0.5    0.4969564.
10 24

x 2 x 4 5x 6
3
18. Using a binomial series we find 1  x2  1 
  . Integrating term by term and noting that the
3 9 81
x3 x5 5x 7
lower limit of integration is 0, the value of the integral from 0 to x is given by x     . Since
9 45 7  81
5  0.357
 5.67  10 6 and the preceding term is greater than 10 5 , the first three terms should give the
7  81
0.353 0.355
required accuracy, and the integral is approximated to within 10 5 by 0.35    0.3546472.
9 45

1  
0.1 sin x 0.1 0.1 0.1
x2  x5!  x7!  dx   x  3x3!  5x5!  7x7!    x  3x3!  5x5! 
4 6 3 5 7 3 5
19. 0 x
dx  
0 3!   0   0
(0.1)7
 0.0999444611, | E |  77!
 2.8  1012

1  x 
0.1  x 2 0.1 0.1 0.1
 x2!  x3!  x4!   dx   x  x3  10
x5  x 7    x  x3  10
x5  x 7 
2 4 6 8 3 3
20. 0 e dx  
0  42  0  42  0

(0.1)9
 0.0996676643, | E |  216
 4.6 1012

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.10 The Binomial Series and Applications of Taylor Series 779

1  21    21  (1)3/2  12    12    32  (1)5/2

1  x4     x4   x4 
1/2 2 3
21.  (1)1/2  12 (1)1/2 x 4  2!
 3!

 12    12    32    52  (1)7/2
 x4 
4 4 8 12
 x16  
   1  x2  x8  x16  5128
4!

1  
0.1
0.1 x4 8 12
x16   dx   x  x5  (0.1)9
  x8  x16  5128  0.100001, | E |  72  1.39  10 11
0 2  10  0

  dx    
1 1cos x 1 1 1
22.
2 4 6
x8  dx   x  x3  x5  x 7  x9   0.4863853764,
 x4!  x6!  x8!  10!
0 x2 0 2  2 34! 56! 78! 910!  0
1  1.9  10 10
| E |  1112!


 
1 1 1
dt   1  t2  t4!  t6!  dt  t  10  |error|  1316!  .00011
2 4 8 12 5 9 13
23. 0 cos t 0 
t  t  t
94! 136!  0

 
1 1 1
tdt   1  2t  t4!  t6!  t8!  dt  t  t4  3t4!  4t6!  5t8!   |error |  518!  0.000004960
2 3 4 2 3 4 5
24. 0 cos 0   0

t 
x x
 t3!  t5!  t7!  dt   t3  7t3!  11t 5!  15t 7!  
6 10 14 3 7 11 15
25. F ( x)   2 x3 7
 7x3!  11x5!
11

0   0 3

 |error|  1517!  0.000013

t 
x x
 t 4  t2!  t3!  t4!  t5!   dt   t3  t5  7t2!  9t3!  11t 4!  13t 5!  
2 6 8 10 12 3 5 7 9 11 13
26. F ( x)  
0   0
3 7 5 9 11
 x3  x5  7x2!  9x3!  11x4!  |error|  1315!  0.00064

t  
x
x (0.5)6
t3  t5  t7   dt   t2  12
t 4  t 6   x 2  x 4  |error | 
5 7 2
27. (a) F ( x)    .00052
0 3  30  0 2 12 30
2 4 6 8 32
(b) |error|  1
33.34
 .00089 when F ( x)  x2  3x4  5x6  7x8   (1)15 31x22

 
x x
F ( x)   1  2t  t3  t4   dt  t  2t2  3t3  4t4  5t5   x  x2  x2  x2  x2
2 3 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5
28. (a)
0   0 2 3 4 5
(0.5)6
 |error|   .00043
62
2 3 4 31
(b) |error|  1  .00097 when F ( x)  x  x2  x2  x2   (1)31 x 2
322 2 3 4 31

 e x  (1  x)   x1 1  x  x2  x3!    1  x   12  3!x  x4!    xlim e 1 x 

 lim  12  3! 
2 3 2 x 2
29. 1 x  x 
x2 2
0 x x 0 4! 2

 1
2

30. 1
x  e x  e x   1x 1  x  x2!  x3!  x4!   1  x  x2!  x3!  x4!   1x  2x  23!x  25!x  27!x  
2 3 4 2 3 4 3 5 7

x 2  2 x 4  2 x 6    lim e x e  x  lim 2  2 x 2  2 x 4  2 x 6    2
 2  23! 5! 7! x 0 x x  3! 5! 7!  
Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
780 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

1cos t  t2 
2

31. 1
t41  cos t   t
2
2

t 
2 2 4

 14 1  t2  1  t2  t4!  t6!      4!
6


1  t 2  t 4    lim
6! 8! t 0
 t4
 

 lim    
t 0
1
4!
t2
6!
t4  
8!  1
24

sin     6 
3

32. 1
5  3


3
  3 5
1   2   4   lim
  6  sin   15   6    3!  5!   5! 7! 9!  0
 5
 


1  2  
4
 lim 5! 7!
 9! 1
120
 0

 y  tan 1 y   y1  y   y  y3  y5   13  y5  y7   ylim  

3 5 2 4 1
1 y  tan y y2 y4
33.  lim  13  5  7   1
3
y3 3
0 y 3
y 0  

 y3 y5   y3 y5   y3 23 y5   1 23 y 2 
 y 3  ...   y  3!  ...    6  5! ...    6  5! ... 
tan 1 y sin y  5
  5!
    
34.    cos y
y 3 cos y y 3 cos y y 3 cos y
 1 23 y 2 
1   6  5! ... 
tan y sin y  
 lim  lim cos y
  16
y 0 y 3 cos y y 0

35. 
x 2 1  e 1/ x
2
  x  1  1 
2 1
x2
 1
2 x4
 1
6 x6 
 ...  1  1
2 x2
 1
6 x4
 ...  lim x 2 e 1/ x  1
x 
 2

 lim 1 
x
 1
2 x2
 1
6 x4 
 ...  1

36. ( x  1) sin  x11   ( x  1)  x11  3!( x11) 3

 1
5!( x 1)5

 ...   1 

1
3!( x 1)2
 1
5!( x 1)4


 lim ( x  1) sin
x 
 x11   xlim 
 
1
1  3!( x 1) 2
 1
5!( x 1)4

  1


37.

ln 1 x 2    x  2
2
 3  
x 4 x6


 1 x2  x4  
 2 3



 lim

ln 1 x 2   lim 1 2
 3  
x2 x4

 2!  2
1cos x x 0 1cos x
11 x2!  x4!    1  x   x 0  1  x  
2 4 2 2
 2! 4! 
     2! 4! 

x 2 4 ( x  2)( x  2) x2 x2  4 x2

38. ln( x 1)
   lim  lim 4
 ( x  2)2 ( x  2)3   x  2 ( x  2)2  x  2 x 1)
ln( x 2 1  x2 ( x  2)2 
( x  2)  2
 3
 1 2  3   2
 3

     

39. sin 3x 2  3 x 2  92 x 6  40
81 x10   and 1  cos 2 x  2 x 2  2 x 4  4 x 6  
3 45

sin 3 x 2 3 x 2  92 x 6  40
81 10
x  3 92 x 4  40
81 8
x  3
 lim  lim  lim 
x 0 1cos 2 x 2
2
x 0 2 x  23 x 4  45
4 6
x  2 2 4 4
x 0 2 3 x  45 x 


40. ln 1  x3  x3  x2   6
x9
3
12
 x4   and x sin x 2  x3  16 x 7  120
1 x11  1 x15  
5040

 lim

ln 1 x3   lim x3  x6
2
 x9  x12 
3 4
 lim
1 x3
2
 x 6  x9  
3 4
1
2 3 1 7 1 x11  1 x15   1 4 1 x8  1 x12  
x 0 x sin x x 0 x  6 x  120 5040 x 0 1  6 x  120 5040

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.10 The Binomial Series and Applications of Taylor Series 781

1  1  1    e1  e
41. 1  1  2! 3! 4!

 14    14    14   14   14    14 
3 4 5 3 2  1 1 1 4 1
42.   1     64 1  1/4
 64 3
 48


32  34  36    1  1 3 2
  43   43   43 
4 6
43. 1  1
 4! 1
 6!    cos
42 2! 44 4! 46 6! 2! 4

 12   12  12   12   12     23 
1 1 1 1 2 3 4
44. 2
      13  14    ln 1  12  ln
222 323 424

       
3 5 7 3 5 7
45. 3  3  5  7    3  3!
1 
3
1 
 5! 3
 1 
7! 3
   sin 3  2
3
3 3! 3 5! 3 7!

 23   13  23   23   23   23 
3 5 7
46. 2  23  25  27    15  17    tan 1
3 33 3 35 5 37 7

47. x 3  x 4  x5  x 6    x3 1  x  x 2  x 3    x 3    11x   1x x

3

2 2 4 4 6 6
1 (3 x) 2  1 (3 x) 4  1 (3 x) 6    cos (3 x)
48. 1  3 2!x  3 4!x  3 6!x    1  2! 4! 6!


    x2  
 
2 3
49. x3  x5  x 7  x9    x3 1  x 2  x 2     x3 1 x3
  1 x 2 1 x 2

2 4 2 5 2 6  (2 x )2 (2 x )3 (2 x )4 
50. x 2  2 x3  2 2!x  2 3!x  2 4!x    x 2 1  2 x  2!  3!  4!     x 2 e 2 x
 

51. 1  2 x  3x 2  4 x3  5 x 4    d
dx 1  x  x2  x3  x4  x5    dxd  11x   (1x1) 2

52. 1  2x  x2
3
 x3
4
 x4
5
    1x  x  x2   2
x3
3
4 5
 x4  x5     1x ln(1  x)    ln(1 x )
x

 11 xx   ln(1  x)  ln(1  x)   x  x2  x3  x4      x  x2  x3  x4    2  x  x3  x5  

2 3 4 2 3 4 3 5
53. ln

2
x3 x4 ( 1)n 1 x n ( 1)n 1 x n
54. ln(1  x)  x  x2  3
 4
  n
   error  n
 1 when x  0.1;
n10n
1  1  n10n  108 when n  8  7 terms
n10n 108

3
x5 7
x9 ( 1)n 1 x 2 n 1 ( 1) n 1 x 2 n 1
55. tan 1 x  x  x3  5
 x7  9
  2 n 1
   error  2 n 1
 1
2n 1
when x  1;

1
2 n 1
 1  n  1001
2
 500.5  the first term not used is the 501st  we must use 500 terms
103

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

782 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

n 1 2 n 1
3
x5 7 9 ( 1) x 2 n 1
56. tan 1 x  x  x3  5
 x7  x9    2 n 1
  and lim x2 n 1  22nn11  x 2 lim 22nn 11  x 2  tan 1 x
n x n 

( 1)n
converges for | x |  1; when x  1 we have  2n1 which is a convergent series; when x  1 we have
n 1

( 1)n 1
 2n 1
which is a convergent series  the series representing tan 1 x diverges for | x |  1
n 1

( 1) n 1 x 2 n 1
 181  has an
3
57. tan 1 x  x  x3  x5  x7  x9     and when the series representing 48 tan 1
5 7 9 2 n 1

error less than 1  10

3
6
, then the series representing the sum 48 tan 1  18   57 
1  32 tan 1 1  20 tan 1 1
 239  also
1
2 n 1
6 1
has an error of magnitude less than 10 ; thus error  48 18 2 n 1
  n  4 using a calculator  4
 6
310
terms

  
58. (a) f ( x)  1   m k
 
k x  f ( x ) 
k 1

k 1
m
k  k x k 1  (1  x)  f ( x)  (1  x)  m
k k x
k 1

k 1
 
   
  k k x  x m k k x  m k k x  m k k x 
m k 1 k 1 k 1 k

k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1
   
1m  (1) x0  k2  mk  k xk 1  k1 mk  k x k  m  k2  mk  k xk 1  k1 mk  k xk
 
Note that:   mk  k x k 1    k m1  (k  1) xk .
k 2 k 1
   
Thus, (1  x)  f ( x)  m m
k  k x k 1   m k
 
k k x  m   k 1 ( k  1) x   k k x
m k m k
   
k 2 k 1 k 1 k 1

  (k  1)    k  x  .
 
 m 
   (k  1) x    k x
k 1
m
k 1
k m
k
k

 m 
k 1

m
k 1
m
k
k

Note that:   (k  1)    k 
m m m( m 1) m ( k 1) 1 m( m 1)( m  k 1)
k 1 k ( k 1)!
(k  1)  k!
k


m( m 1)( m  k )
k!

m( m 1)( m  k 1)
k!
k 
m( m 1)( m  k 1)
k!
 (m  k )  k   m m( m1)k !(mk 1)  m  mk  .

  (k  1)    k  x   m    m   x   m  m    x

  
Thus, (1  x)  f ( x)  m    m m k m k m k
 k 1
k 1 k
k 1
k
k 1
k

  
 m 1  

 k 1
 mk  x k   m  f ( x)  f ( x) 


m f ( x )
(1 x )
if 1  x  1.

(b) Let g ( x)  (1  x)  m f ( x)  g ( x)   m(1  x) m 1 f ( x )  (1  x)  m

m f ( x )
f ( x)  m(1  x) m 1 f ( x)  (1  x) m  (1 x )   m(1  x) m 1 f ( x)  (1  x) m 1  m  f ( x)  0.


(c) g ( x)  0  g ( x)  c  (1  x) m f ( x)  c  f ( x)  c
(1 x )  m
 c(1  x )m . Since f ( x)  1  
k 1
 k x
m k


 f (0)  1  
k 1
 k (0)  1  0  1  c (1  0)  1  c  1  f ( x )  (1  x ) .
m k m m

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.10 The Binomial Series and Applications of Taylor Series 783

1  x2 
1/2 2 4 6 3 5 7
59. (a) x  sin 1 x  x  x  3 x  5 x ;
 1  x2  38x  516 6 40 112
135(2n 1)(2n 1) x 2 n  3 246(2 n)(2n 1) (2 n 1)(2 n 1)
Using the Ratio Test: lim   1  x 2 lim 1
n 246(2 n)(2n  2)(2 n  3) 135(2n 1) x n  (2 n 1)(2 n  3)
2 n 1

 x  1  the radius convergence is 1. See Exercise 69.

 cos1 x    1  x2   
1/2 3 5 7 3 5 7
(b) d
dx
 cos 1 x  2  sin 1 x  2  x  x6  340
x  5 x    x  x  3x  5 x
112 2 6 40 112

  12   32 (1)5/ 2 t 2    12   32   52 (1)7 / 2  t 2 
2 3

60. (a) 1  t 2 1/2

 (1) 1/2
   (1)
 12 3/2
t  
2
2!
 3!
2
 1  t2  3t 4  35t 6
22 2! 23 3!
x

 sinh 1 x   1  t2  38t  516
0
2 4
t dt  x  x  3 x  5 x
6 40 112
6
 3 5 7

(b) sinh 1  14   14  3841  40,960

3  0.24746908; the error is less than the absolute value of the first unused

 14 
7
5 x7 , 5
term, 112
evaluated at t  1
4
since the series is alternating  |error|  112
 2.725 106

61. 1
1 x
  1(1 x)  1  x  x 2  x3       11x 
d 1
dx 1 x 2
 d
dx  1  x  x2  x3    1  2 x  3x2  4 x3  

62. 1
1 x 2
 1  x 2  x 4  x6    d
 
1
dx 1 x 2
2x
1 x 2 
2
 d
dx 1  x2  x4  x6    2 x  4 x3  6 x5  
244668(2 n  2)(2 n)
63. Wallis’ formula gives the approximation   4  335577(2 n 1)(2 n 1)  to produce the table
 

n ~
10 3.221088998
20 3.181104886
30 3.167880758
80 3.151425420
90 3.150331383
93 3.150049112
94 3.149959030
95 3.149870848
100 3.149456425

At n  1929 we obtain the first approximation accurate to 3 decimals: 3.141999845. At n  30, 000 we still
do not obtain accuracy to 4 decimals: 3.141617732, so the convergence to  is very slow. Here is a Maple
CAS procedure to produce these approximations:
pie :
proc(n)
local i, j;
a(2) : evalf (8/9)
for i from 3 to n do a(i) : evalf (2*(2*i  2)*i/(2*i  1)^2*a(i  1))od;
[[ j, 4*a(j)] $ (j  n  5 .. n)]
end

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

784 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

64. (b) See Exercise 68 in Section 8.2 and the corresponding solution in this manual which shows how the
formulas for definite integrals of powers of sine and of cosine can be derived from repeated application of
the reduction formulas 67 and 68. The given expression for K follows from substituting k 2 sin   for x
in the binomial series for 1 / 1  x and then using the formula for integrals of even powers of sine in
Exercise 68 of Section 8.2.

  12   32 (1)5/ 2   x 2    12   32   52 (1)7 / 2   x 2 
2 3

1  x     x  
1/2
2 1/2
65.  1 x 2
 (1) 1/2
   (1)
 12 3/2 2
2!
 3!


135(2 n 1) x 2 n
x2  132 x  1335 x    1  
4 6
 1 2 2 2! 2 3! 2 n n !
n 1
x  
135(2 n 1) x 2 n 
0 
x 1/2 135(2 n 1) x 2 n 1
 sin 1 x   1  t 2 dt   1    dt  x   24(2n )(2 n 1) , where | x |  1
0 n
2 n ! 
 n 1  n 1

 1 


1  
x
 1
66. tan t  2  tan x  
 dt
x 1t 2

   t 2  
x  1 1  
 

dt   1  12  14  16   dt
x t t t  
  t 2  

 
 1 b
  1  1  1   dt  lim   1t  13  15  17    1x  1  1  1 
x t2 t4 t6 t8 b  3t 5t 7t  x 3 x3 5 x5 7 x7

x dtx
 tan 1 x  π  1x  1  1   , x  1;  tan 1 t   tan 1 x  2  
2 3 x3 5 x5     1 t 2
x
 lim   1t  13  15  17     1x  1 3  1 5  1 7    tan 1 x   2  1x  1 3  1 5   , x  1
b   3t 5t 7t  b 3x 5x 7x 3x 5x

67. (a) ei  cos( )  i sin( )  1  i (0)  1

    12  i2   12  (1  i)
(b) ei /4  cos 4  i sin 4 

(c) ei /2  cos   2   i sin   2   0  i (1)  i

68. ei  cos   i sin   ei  ei (  )  cos( )  i sin( )  cos   i sin  ;

ei  ei  cos   i sin   cos   i sin   2 cos   cos   ei  e  i ;
2

ei  e i  cos   i sin    cos   i sin    2i sin   sin   ei  e i

2i

(i )2 (i )3 (i ) 4

69. e x  1  x  x2
2!
 x3
3!
 x4
4!
   ei  1  i  2!
 3!
 4!
  and
2 3 4 2 3
( i ) ( i ) ( i ) (i ) (i ) (i )4
ei  1  i  2!
 3!
 4!
   1  i  2!
 3!
 4!

 ( i )2 ( i )3 ( i )4   ( i )2 ( i )3 ( i )4 
1 i  2!  3!  4!    1i  2!  3!  4!  
 ei  e  i      2 4
 1  2!  4!  6!    cos  ;
6
2 2
 ( i )2 ( i )3 ( i )4   ( i )2 ( i )3 ( i )4 
i  i  1i  2!  3!  4!    1i  2!  3!  4!   3 5 7
   
e e
2!
 2!
   3!  5!  7!    sin 

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Section 10.10 The Binomial Series and Applications of Taylor Series 785

70. ei  cos   i sin   ei  ei (  )  cos( )  i sin( )  cos   i sin 

(a) ei  ei  (cos   i sin  )  (cos   i sin  )  2 cos   cos   ei  e i  cosh i
2
i  i
(b) ei  e i  (cos   i sin  )  (cos   i sin  )  2i sin   i sin   e e
2
 sinh i

71. e x sin x  1  x   x2
2!
 x3
3!
 x4
4! 
  x  x3! 
3
x5
5!
 x7
7!
 
 
 (1) x  (1) x 2   16  12 x3   16  16 x 4     1201  121  241  x5    x  x2  13 x3  301 x5  ;
 
e x  eix  e(1 i ) x  e x  cos x  i sin x   e x cos x  i e x sin x  e x sin x is the series of the imaginary part

( x ix ) n ( x ix ) 2 ( x ix )3 ( x ix ) 4
of e(1i ) x which we calculate next; e(1i ) x   n!
 1  ( x  ix)  2!
 3!
 4!

n0

 1  x  ix  2! 3!   
1 2ix 2  1 2ix3  2 x3  1 4 x
4!   4
  5!1  4x5  4ix5   6!1  8ix6     the imaginary part of
e(1i ) x is x  2!2 x 2  3!2 x 3  5!4 x 5  6!8 x 6    x  x 2  13 x 3  301 x 5  901 x 6   in agreement with our
product calculation. The series for e x sin x converges for all values of x.

72. dx 
d e( a  ib ) 
 d
dx
eax  cos bx  i sin bx    ae ax  cos bx  i sin bx   eax  b sin bx  bi cos bx 
 
 aeax  cos bx  i sin bx   bie ax  cos bx  i sin bx   ae( a ib ) x  ibe( a  ib ) x  (a  ib)e( a  ib ) x

73. (a) ei1 ei2   cos 1  i sin 1  cos  2  i sin  2 

  cos 1 cos  2  sin 1 sin  2   i  sin 1 cos  2  sin  2 cos 1   cos 1   2   i sin 1   2   e 
i 1  2 

(b) ei  cos( )  i sin( )  cos   i sin    cos   i sin    cos   i sin 
cos   i sin   1
cos  i sin 
 1
ei

74. a bi e( a bi ) x

a 2  b2
 C1  iC2   a bi
a2 b2
e ax
 cos bx  i sin bx   C1  iC2
e ax

a 2 b 2
 a cos bx  ia sin bx  ib cos bx  b sin bx   C1  iC2
 e ax  a cos bx  b sin bx    a sin bx  b cos bx  i   C1  iC2
a 2 b 2
eax  a cos bx  b sin bx  ieax  a sin bx b cos bx 
  C1   iC2 ;
a 2 b 2 a2 b2
( a  bi ) x
e e e ax ibx
 eax  cos bx  i sin bx   eax cos bx  ieax sin bx, so that given
( a bi ) x eax  a cos bx b sin bx 
e dx  a2bi2 e( a bi ) x  C1  iC2 we conclude that e
ax
cos bx dx   C1 and
a b a 2  b2
ax e ax  a sin bx b cos bx 
 e sin bx dx  a 2 b 2
 C2

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

786 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

CHAPTER 10 PRACTICE EXERCISES

 ( 1) n 
1. converges to 1, since lim an  lim 1  n   1
n n   

2. converges to 0, since 0  an  2 , lim 0  0, lim 2  0 using the Sandwich Theorem for Sequences
n n n n

3. converges to 1, since lim an  lim

n n 
   lim 
1 2n
2n
1
n 2
n 
 1  1

4. converges to 1, since lim an  lim 1  (0.9) n   1  0  1

n n   

 
5. diverges, since sin n2  {0, 1, 0,  1, 0, 1,}

6. converges to 0, since {sin n }  {0, 0, 0,}

7. converges to 0, since lim an  lim

ln n 2
 2 lim
 1n   0
n n  n n 1

8. converges to 0, since lim an  lim

ln(2 n 1)
 lim
 2n21   0
n n  n n  1

 1n   1
9. converges to 1, since lim an  lim
n n 

n  ln n
n   lim n
1
1

 6 n2 
10. converges to 0, since lim an  lim

ln 2n3 1   3 
lim  2 n1 1   lim 12 n  lim2 0
n n  n n n  6 n
2
n n

11. converges to e 5 , since lim an  lim

n
 n 5 
n  n
n
 lim 1 
n 
 ( 5) n
n   e5 by Theorem 5

 
n
12. converges to 1, since lim an  lim 1  n1  lim 1  1e by Theorem 5
e
 
n
n n  n  1 1
n

 
1/ n
13. converges to 3, since lim an  lim 3n  lim 3  13  3 by Theorem 5
n  n
1/ n
n n  n

3
1/ n 31/ n
14. converges to 1, since lim an  lim  lim  11  1 by Theorem 5
n  n
1/ n
n n  n

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 10 Practice Exercises 787



 21/ n ln 2 
 
 n2 
15. converges to ln 2, since lim an  lim n 21/ n  1  lim 21/ n 1  lim  
 lim 21/ n ln 2  20  ln 2  ln 2
n n n 1
n n   1 
 2 n
n 

   lim exp   0

2
n ln(2 n 1)
16. converges to 1, since lim an  lim 2n  1  lim exp n
2 n 1
1   e 1
n n  n n 

( n 1)!
17. diverges, since lim an  lim n!
 lim  n  1  
n n  n 

( 4)n
18. converges to 0, since lim an  lim  0 by Theorem 5
n n  n !

19. 1 1

 12  1 1  1 1  1 1 
 2 n21  sn   32  52    52  72      2 n23  2 n21  
 12    12 
(2 n 3)(2n 1) 2 n 3 3 2 n 1
     
  
1
 lim sn  lim  16  2 n21   16
n  n  

20. 2
n ( n 1)
 2
n
 n21  sn   22  23    32  24      n2  n21    22  n21  nlim

sn  lim  1  n21   1
n 

21. 9
(3n 1)(3n  2)
 3  3
3n 1 3n  2
 sn   23  53    53  83    83  113      3n31  3n32   23  3n32
 lim sn  lim
n 
3
n 2
 
 3n3 2  3
2

22. 8
(4 n 3)(4n 1)
 2  2  s
4 n 3 4 n 1 n   92  132    132  172    172  212      4n23  4n21    92  4n21
 lim sn  lim  92  4n21   92
n  n
 
 
23.  en   e1n , a convergent geometric series with r  1e and a  1  the sum is 1

1 1e
 e
e1
n0 n 0

 
 (1)n 43n     43   41 
n 3
24. a convergent geometric series with r   14 and a  4
 the sum is
n 1 n0
  34    3
1 41  5

25. diverges, a p-series with p  1

2

 
26.  n5  5 1n , diverges since it is a nonzero multiple of the divergent harmonic series
n 1 n 1

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

788 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

27. Since f ( x)  1  f ( x)   1  0  f ( x) is decreasing  an 1  an , and lim an  lim 1  0, the

x1/ 2 2 x3/ 2 n n  n
 
( 1)n
series  n
converges by the Alternating Series Test. Since  1
n
diverges, the given series converges
n 1 n 1
conditionally.

28. converges absolutely by the Comparison Test since 1  1 for n  1, which is the nth term of a convergent
2n3 n3
p-series

29. The given series does not converge absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since 1  1 , which is the
ln( n 1) n 1

nth term of a divergent series. Since f ( x)  1  f ( x)   1  0  f ( x) is decreasing

ln( x 1)  ln( x 1) 2 ( x 1)
 an 1  an , and lim an  lim 1  0, the given series converges conditionally by the Alternating
n n  ln( n 1)
Series Test.

 
 b b
30. 2 1 dx  lim  1 dx  lim  (ln x)1    lim 1  ln12  1  the series converges
x (ln x )2 b   2 ln b ln 2
2
b  2 x (ln x ) b
absolutely by the Integral Test

ln n n 1
31. converges absolutely by the Direct Comparison Test since   , the nth term of a convergent
n3 n3 n2
p-series

32. diverges by the Direct Comparison Test for en  n  ln en

n
   ln n  n
n
n
 ln n  ln nn  ln(ln n)
ln n
 n ln n  ln(ln n)  ln(ln n)
 1n , the nth term of the divergent harmonic series

 1 
 2
 2
33. lim  n n 1   lim n2  1  1  converges absolutely by the Limit Comparison Test
n  1  n  n 1
 n2 

34. Since f ( x)  3 x2  f ( x) 

3 x 2 x3 0 2
when x  2  an 1  an for n  2 and lim 33n  0, the series
x3 1
 x 1
2
3 n n 1

converges by the Alternating Series Test. The series does not converge absolutely: By the Limit Comparison
 3n2 
 3 
Test, lim  n 1 
 lim3n3  3. Therefore the convergence is conditional.
n  
1
n
3
n n 1

35. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test since lim  ( nn1)!

2  n !   lim n  2  0  1
n 1  n  ( n 1)2
n 

36. diverges since lim a n  lim


( 1) n n2 1  does not exist
2
n n  2 n  n 1

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 10 Practice Exercises 789

37. converges absolutely by the Ratio Test since lim  (3n 1)!  nn!   lim n31  0  1
n 1

n  3  n 

n n
38. converges absolutely by the Root Test since lim n an  lim n 2 3n  lim n6  0  1
n n n n

 1 
 3/ 2  n ( n 1)( n  2)
n 
39. converges absolutely by the Limit Comparison Test since lim  lim 1
n  1  n  n3

 n ( n 1)( n  2) 

 1 
40. converges absolutely by the Limit Comparison Test since lim
 2
n 
 lim

n2 n2 1  1
n  1  n  n4
 
n n2 1 

u ( x  4)n 1 x4 x4

 
n
41. lim un 1  1  lim n 1
 n3 n  1  3 lim nn1  1  3  1  x  4  3  3  x  4  3
n n n ( n 1)3 ( x  4) n 
 
( 1)n 3n ( 1)n
 7  x  1; at x  7 we have  n3 n
  n
, the alternating harmonic series, which converges
n 1 n 1
 
 n33n   1n , the divergent harmonic series
n
conditionally; at x  1 we have
n 1 n 1
(a) the radius is 3; the interval of convergence is 7  x  1
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 7  x  1
(c) the series converges conditionally at x  7

u ( x 1)2 n (2 n 1)!
42. lim n 1  1  lim (2n 1)!   1  ( x  1)2 lim (2 n )(2
1
n 1)
 0  1, which holds for all x
n un n ( x 1)2 n  2 n 
(a) the radius is ; the series converges for all x
(b) the series converges absolutely for all x
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

un 1 (3 x 1)n 1 n2 n2
43. lim  1  lim   1  3 x  1 lim  1  3x  1  1  1  3x  1  1
n un
2
n  ( n 1) (3 x 1)n n  ( n 1)
2

  
( 1)n 1 ( 1)n ( 1) 2n 1
 0  3x  2  0  x  23 ; at x  0 we have  n2
  n2
   12 , a nonzero constant
n
n 1 n 1 n 1
 
( 1)n 1 (1)n ( 1)n 1
multiple of a convergent p-series which is absolutely convergent; at x  2
3
we have  n 2
  n2
,
n 1 n 1
which converges absolutely
(a) the radius is 13 ; the interval of convergence is 0  x  2
3
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 0  x  2
3
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

790 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

un 1 (2 x 1) n 1 2n 1 n 2 x 1 2 x 1
44. lim  1  lim 2nn23   n 1  2 n 1 lim n  2  2n 1
2 n 2 n  3 n 1
1 (1)  1
n un n  2n 1 (2 x 1) 2

 2 x  1  2  2  2 x  1  2  3  2 x  1   32  x  12 ; at x   32 we have
 
 2nn11 
( 2)n
2 n
 
( 1)n ( n 1)
2 n 1
which diverges by the nth-Term Test for Divergence since lim n 1
n 2 n 1
   12  0;
n 1 n 1
 
 2nn11  22n   2nn11 , which diverges by the nth-Term Test
n
at x  1 we have
2
n 1 n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is  32  x  1
2
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is  32  x  1
2
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

 n   n11   1    1
n x x
45. lim
un 1
 1  lim x n 1  nn  1  x lim lim 1  0  1, which holds
n n 1 e n  n 1
n 1
n un n  1)
( n xn e

for all x
(a) the radius is ; the series converges for all x
(b) the series converges absolutely for all x
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

un 1 n 1 ( 1)n
46. lim
n un
 1  lim x  nn  1  x lim
n n 1 x n 
n
n 1
 1  x  1; when x  1 we have  n
, which
n 1

converges by the Alternating Series Test; when x  1 we have  1
n
, a divergent p-series
n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 1  x  1
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1  x  1
(c) the series converges conditionally at x  1

un 1 ( n  2) x 2 n 1 3n
 
2
47. lim  1  lim n 1
  1  x3 lim nn12  1   3  x  3;
n un n  3 ( n 1) x 2 n 1 n
 
the series   n1 and 3
 n31 , obtained with x   3, both diverge
n 1 n 1
(a) the radius is 3; the interval of convergence is  3  x  3
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is  3  x  3
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

48. lim
un 1
n un
 1  lim
n 
( x 1) x 2 n  3
2n3
 2 n 21n 1
( x 1) x n
 
 1  ( x  1)2 lim 22nn13  1  ( x  1) 2 (1)  1  ( x  1)2  1

  
( 1)n ( 1)2 n 1 ( 1)3n 1 ( 1)n 1
 | x  1|  1  1  x  1  1  0  x  2; at x  0 we have  2n 1
  2 n 1
  2 n 1 which
n 1 n 1 n 1

converges conditionally by the Alternating Series Test and the fact that  2n11 diverges; at x  2 we have
n 1
 
( 1)n (1) 2 n 1 ( 1)n
 2n 1
  2 n 1 , which also converges conditionally
n 1 n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 0  x  2
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 0  x  2
(c) the series converges conditionally at x  0 and x  2

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 10 Practice Exercises 791

 2 
u csch( n 1) x n 1  n 1  n 1  1 2 n 1 x
 e e 
49. lim un 1  1  lim 1 x lim  1  x lim e e2 n  2  1  e  1
n n n csch( n) x n n  2  n  1e
 en  e n 

 e  x  e; the series  ( e) ncsch n, obtained with x   e, both diverge since lim ( e)n csch n  0
n
n 1
(a) the radius is e; the interval of convergence is e  x  e
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is e  x  e
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

un 1 x n 1 coth( n 1) 2 n  2 2 n
50. lim  1  lim  1  x lim 1 e2 n  2  1e2 n  1  x  1  1  x  1;
n un
n
n x coth( n ) n 1e 1 e

the series  ( 1)n coth n, obtained with x  1, both diverge since lim ( 1)n coth n  0
n
n 1
(a) the radius is 1; the interval of convergence is 1  x  1
(b) the interval of absolute convergence is 1  x  1
(c) there are no values for which the series converges conditionally

51. The given series has the form 1  x  x 2  x3    ( x)n    11x , where x  14 ; the sum is 1  54

1 14

2
52. The given series has the form x  x2  x3 n
   (1)n 1 xn    ln(1  x ), where x  23 ; the sum is
3
ln  53   0.510825624
3 2 n 1
53. The given series has the form x  x3!  x5    (1)n (2xn 1)!    sin x, where x   ; the sum is sin   0
5!

2
54. The given series has the form 1  x2!  x4 2n
   (1)n (2x n)!    cos x, where x  3 ; the sum is cos 3  12
4!

55. The given series has the form 1  x  x2 2 n

 x3!    xn !    e x , where x  ln 2; the sum is eln(2)  2
2!

3 2 n 1
56. The given series has the form x  x3  x5    (1) n (2x n 1)    tan 1 x, where x  1 ; the sum is
5 3

tan 1  
1
3

6

57. Consider 1 as the sum of a convergent geometric series with a  1 and r  2 x

1 2x
 
 112 x  1  (2 x)  (2 x)2  (2 x)3     (2 x)n   2n x n where 2 x  1  | x |  1
2
n 0 n0

58. Consider 1 as the sum of a convergent geometric series with a  1 and r   x3

1 x3

     
2 3
 13 
1 x
1
 
1  x3
 1   x3   x3   x3    (1)n x3n where  x 3  1  x3  1  x  1
n0

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

792 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

  
( 1)n x 2 n 1 ( 1)n ( x )2 n 1 ( 1)n  2 n 1x 2 n 1
59. sin x   (2n 1)!
 sin  x   (2 n 1)!
  (2 n 1)!
n 0 n 0 n0

 23x 
2 n 1
  ( 1)n 
( 1)n x 2 n 1 ( 1)n 22 n 1 x 2 n 1
60. sin x   (2n 1)!
 sin 2x
3
  (2n 1)!
  32 n 1 (2 n 1)!
n 0 n0 n 0

 
2n
  ( 1)n x5/3 
61. cos x  
n 0
( 1)n x 2 n
(2 n)!
 cos x  
5/3

n0
 (2n )!
 
n0
( 1)n x10 n /3
(2 n)!

2n
 ( 1)n  x 
3

 
 n 2n 
( 1) x ( 1)n x 6 n
  
3
x  5
62. cos x  (2 n)!
 cos  (2 n)!

5 5n (2 n)!
n 0 n 0 n 0

 2x 
n
  
( x /2)
 xn
  2 xn!
x n n
63. e  n!
e  n!
 n
n0 n0 n 0


 x2
 x  2 n 
( 1)n x 2 n
64. e x
 xn
n!
e   n!
  n!
n0 n 0 n0

       
1/2 1/2 3/2 1/2
65. f ( x)  3  x 2  3  x 2  f ( x)  x 3  x 2  f ( x)   x 2 3  x 2  3  x2

   
5/2 3/2
 f ( x)  3x3 3  x 2  3x 3  x2 ; f (1)  2, f (1)   12 , f (1)   18  12  83 ,
( x 1) 3( x 1)2 9( x 1)3
3 3
f (1)   32 8
9
32
 3  x2  2  21!
 3
 
2 2! 25 3!

66. f ( x)  11x  (1  x)1  f ( x)  (1  x) 2  f ( x)  2(1  x) 3  f ( x)  6(1  x) 4 ;

f (2)  1, f (2)  1, f (2)  2, f (2)  6  11x  1  ( x  2)  ( x  2)2  ( x  2)3  

67. f ( x)  1  ( x  1) 1  f ( x)  ( x  1) 2  f ( x)  2( x  1) 3  f ( x)  6( x  1) 4 ;

x 1
f (3)  1 , f (3)   1 , f (3)  2 , f (2)  6  1  1  1 ( x  3)  1 ( x  3) 2  1 ( x  3)3 
4 42 43 44 x 1 4 42 43 44

68. f ( x)  1  x 1  f ( x)   x 2  f ( x)  2 x 3  f ( x)  6 x 4 ;

x
f (a)  1 , f ( a )   1 , f ( a )  2 , f ( a )  6  1  1  1 ( x  a )  1 ( x  a) 2  1 ( x  a )3  
a a2 a3 a4 x a a2 a3 a4

1  x 
1/2  x3 1/2 1/2
x6   dx   x  x4  7x2!  10x 3!  13x 4!  
9
3 x12 4 7 10 13
69. 0 e dx  
0
 2!
 x3!  4!   0
  1 1  1  1  1  1  0.484917143
2 24 4 27 72! 210 103! 213 134! 216 165!

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 10 Practice Exercises 793

70. 0 x sin  x
1 3
 dx  01 x  x3  x3!  x5!  x7!  x9!   dx  01 x4  x3!  x5!  x7!  x9!   dx
9 15 21 27 10 16 22 28

1
  x5  11x 3!  17x 5!  23
x 23  x 29    0.185330149
5 11 17

 7! 299!  0

1  
1/2 tan 1 x 1/2 1/2
x2 x4  x11   dx   x  x5  x 7  x9  x11  
6
x8 10
x3
71. 1 x
dx  
1 3
 5
 x7  9  9
 25 49 81 121  0
 12  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1  0.4872223583
923 52 25 7 2 2 7 92 29 112 211 132 213 152 215 172 217 192 219 212 221

72.
1/64 tan 1 x
0 x
dx  
1/64 1
0 x x  x3
3
 x5
5
 x7
7
  dx    1/64
0  x1/2  13 x5/2  15 x9/2  17 x13/2   dx
  23 x3/2  21

2 x 7/2  2 x11/2  2 x15/2  
55 105 0
1/64
  2
383
 2
2187
 2
55811
 2
105815

   0.0013020379

7 x  x3!  x5!   71 x3!  x5!  

3 5 2 4

   
73. lim 7 2sin
x
x  lim  lim  7
2
x 0  2 x  2 x  2 x   x 0  2 2 x  2 x  
2 2 3 3 2 3 2
x 0 e 1
 2! 3!   2! 3! 

1   2   3     1   2   3    2 2 3!  5!  

3 5
2 3!  5!  
1 2
   2! 3!   2! 3! 
74. lim e esin2  lim     
 lim 3 5 
 lim  
2
 0  0   3  5
    3!  5!    0        0  1   2  
   3! 5!   3! 5! 

t 2  2  21 t2  t4!   2 t4!  t6!   2 4!  6!  

2 4 4 6 1 t2

75. lim  1
t 0 2  2 cos t
 12
t
  lim 2
t 2  2 2 cos t
 lim 
t 0 2t (1 cos t ) t 0 2t 2  11 t  t  
2
2 4!
4

 lim 
t 0  t 4  2 t  
4!
6

 lim 
t 0  1 2 t  
2
 1
 12
     4! 

 h2 h4   h2 h4   h2 h2 h4 h4 h6 h6 
76.
 sin h cos h  lim 1 3!  5!   1 2!  4!   lim  2!  3!  5!  4!  6!  7! 
 lim h
h 0 h2 h 0 h2 h 0 h2

 lim
h0 2! 
1  1  h2
3! 5!
2 4
 h4!  h6!  h7!    13
4

11 z 2  z3    z 2  z 4   1 z 2  
4
   3 
77. 1cos 2 z
lim ln(1  lim  
 lim  3 
 lim  
 2
z 0  z )  sin z z 0   z  z  z     z  z  z  
2 3 3 5
z 0   z  2 z  z  
2 3 4
z 0   1  2 z  z  
2
 2 3   3! 5!   2 3 4   2 3 4 

y2 y2 y2 1
78. lim cos y  cosh y
 lim  lim  lim  1
y 0 1 y2 y4 y6  y2 
y4 y6 y 0   2 y22 y6  y 0  1 2 y  
4
y 0  4!  6!     1      6!  
 2 2! 4! 6!  2  6! 
       

  3 x  (3 x )3  (3 x )5   
  
 
6 120   2
79. lim sin33 x  r  s  lim   
 r  s   lim 3  92  8140x    r s 0
x 0 x x2 x 0 x3 x2 x 0 x2 x2
 
 
 r  3  0 and s  92  0  r  3 and s  9
x2 x2 2

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794 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

80. The approximation sin x  6x is better than

6 x 2
sin x  x.

258(3n 1)(3n  2) x n 1 246(2 n ) 3n  2 2 2

81. lim 246(2n )(2 n  2)
  1  x lim 1 x   the radius of convergence is
n 258(3n 1) x n n  2n  2 3 3

357(2 n 1)(2 n  3)( x 1)n 1 4914(5n 1) 2 n 3 5

82. lim 4914(5n 1)(5n  4)
  1  x lim 1 x   the radius of convergence
n 357(2 n 1) x n n  5n  4 2

is 5
2

 ln 1  k12    ln 1  1k   ln 1  1k    ln(k  1)  ln k  ln(k  1)  ln k 

n n n
83.
k 2 k 2 k 2
  ln 3  ln 2  ln1  ln 2   ln 4  ln 3  ln 2  ln 3   ln 5  ln 4  ln 3  ln 4   ln 6  ln 5  ln 4  ln 5
    ln(n  1)  ln n  ln(n  1)  ln n    ln1  ln 2   ln(n  1)  ln n after cancellation

 ln 1  k12   ln  n2n1    ln 1  k12   nlim

n 
 ln  n2n1   ln 12 is the sum
k 2 k 2

n n
84.  1
k 2 1
 1
2   k11  k11   12  11  13    12  14    13  15    14  61      n12  1n    n11  n11 
k 2 k 2

  12  32  n1  n11   12  3n(n1)2n(2(nn1)1)2n   34nn(nn1)2   k 11  nlim   4
2
 1 1 1  1n  n11  1 31 1  3
2 1 2  2 2 n n 1
2
k 2

147(3n  2)(3n 1) x3n  3 (3n )! (3n 1)

85. (a) lim (3 n  3)!
  1  x3 lim (3n 1)(3n  2)(3n  3)
 x3  0  1
n 1 47 (3n  2) x3n n
 the radius of convergence is 
  
147(3n  2) 3n 147(3n  2) 3n 1 d2y 147(3n  2) 3n  2
y  1   
dy
(b) (3n )!
x  dx
 (3n 1)!
x  2
 (3n  2)!
x
dx
n 1 n 1 n 1
  
147(3n 5) 3n  2 147(3n  2) 3n 
 x  (3n 3)!
x  x 1  
 (3n)!
x   xy  0  a  1 and b  0

n2  n 1 


x2
 (1)n x n
2
86. (a) 1 x
 1(x x )  x 2  x 2 ( x)  x 2 ( x)2  x 2 ( x)3    x 2  x3  x 4  x5   
n2
which converges absolutely for x  1
 
(b) x  1   (1)n x n   (1)n which diverges
n2 n2

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 10 Additional and Advanced Exercises 795

 
87. Yes, the series  anbn converges as we now show. Since  an converges it follows that an  0  an  1
n 1 n 1

for n  some index N  an bn  bn for n  N   an bn converges by the Direct Comparison Test with
n 1

 bn
n 1


88. No, the series  anbn might diverge (as it would if an and bn both equaled n ) or it might converge (as it
n 1
would if an and bn both equaled 1n )

 
89.   xn1  xn   lim
n  k 1
  xk 1  xk   nlim

 xn 1  x1   lim  xn1   x1 
n
both the series and sequence must
n 1
either converge or diverge.

   lim
an

 an
1 an 1
90. It converges by the Limit Comparison Test since lim  1 because converges and
n an n 1 an n 1
so an  0.


91. 
an
n
 a1 
a2
2

a3
3

a4
4
   a1   12  a2   13  14  a4   15  16  17  18  a8   19  101  111    161  a16  
n 1
 1
2  a2  a4  a8  a16   which is a divergent series

92. an  1
ln n
for n  2  a2  a3  a4   , and 1
ln 2
 ln14  ln18    1
ln 2
 2 ln1 2  3ln1 2    1
ln 2 1  12  13  

which diverges so that 1   n ln1 n diverges by the Integral Test.
n 2

CHAPTER 10 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES


1. converges since 1
(3n  2)(2 n 1)/ 2
 1
(3n  2)3/ 2
and  (3n12)3/ 2 converges by the Limit Comparison Test:
n 1
 1 
 3/ 2 
 3nn2 
n  3/2
lim  lim  33/2
n  1  n
 3/ 2 
 (3n  2) 

b
  tan 1 x 3    tan 1 b 3 
 tan x 
 2
1
 lim    lim  3 
2. converges by the Integral Test: 1 dx
x 2 1 b   3  b  3
 192 
 1  


3
 3  7 3
 24  192 192 

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

796 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

3. diverges by the nth-Term Test since lim an  lim (1)n tanh n  lim (1)n
n n  b
 1 e2 n
1 e 2 n   lim (1)
n
n
does not

exist

ln  n !
4. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: n !  nn  ln  n !  n ln (n)  ln ( n)
 n  log n  n !  n
log n  n ! 1
  , which is the nth-term of a convergent p-series
n3 n2

5. converges by the Direct Comparison Test: a1  1  12

(1)(3)(2)2
, a2  1324  12
(2)(4)(3)2
, a3   4253  1324   (3)(5)(4)
12
2
,

a4     
34
56
23
45
12
34
 12
(4)(6)(5)2
,  1   12
( n 1)( n 3)( n  2)2
represents the given series and
n 1
12  124 , which is the nth-term of a convergent p-series
( n 1)( n  3)( n  2)2 n

a
6. converges by the Ratio Test: lim an 1  lim ( n 1)(n n 1)  0  1
n n n 

1 5
7. diverges by the nth-Term Test since if an  L as n  , then L  11L  L2  L  1  0  L  2
0

 
8. Split the given series into  321n 1 and  322nn ; the first subseries is a convergent geometric series and the
n 1 n 1
n
2n n  
second converges by the Root Test: lim n 22nn  lim  11 1 1
n 3 n  9 9 9

9.  
f ( x)  cos x with a  3  f 3  0.5, f  3     23 , f   3   0.5, f   3   2
3
,  
f (4) 3  0.5;

cos x  12  23  x  3   14  x  3   123  x  3   
2 3

10. f ( x)  sin x with a  2  f (2 )  0, f (2 )  1, f (2 )  0, f (2 )  1, f (4) (2 )  0, f (5) (2 )  1,
( x  2 )3 ( x  2 )5 ( x  2 )7
f (6) (2 )  0, f (7) (2 )  1; sin x  ( x  2 )  3!
 5!
 7!


2 3
11. e x  1  x  x2!  x3!   with a  0

12. f ( x)  ln x with a  1  f (1)  0, f (1)  1, f (1)  1, f (1)  2, f (4) (1)  6;
( x 1)2 ( x 1)3 ( x 1)4
ln x  ( x  1)  2
 3
 4


13. f ( x)  cos x with a  22  f (22 )  1, f (22 )  0, f (22 )  1, f (22 )  0, f (4) (22 )  1,
f (5) (22 )  0, f (6) (22 )  1; cos x  1  12 ( x  22 )2  4!
1 ( x  22 ) 4  1 ( x  22 )6  
6!

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 10 Additional and Advanced Exercises 797

14. f ( x)  tan 1 x with a  1  f (1)  4 , f (1)  12 , f (1)   12 , f (1)  12 ;

( x 1) ( x 1)2 ( x 1)3
tan 1 x  4  2
 4
 12


ln   b   1
n
1/ n a

 
n 1/ n  
 
n
15. Yes, the sequence converges: cn  a  b n
 cn  b  ba  1  lim cn  ln b  lim  n 
  n n

 ab  ln ab   ln b  0ln ab   ln b
n

 ln b  lim 01
since 0  a  b. Thus, lim cn  eln b  b.
n  a  1
n
n
b

  
2 
16. 1  10 3  7  2  3  7   1  2
3n  2
 3
3n 1
 7
102 103 104 105 106 10 10 103n
n 1 n 1 n 1
   
2  2  3
   3 7

 1   3n 1   3n  2   3n  3  1  10 3   10 3   10 3  1  999
2 3 7 200  30  7  999 237  412
n0
10
n 0
10
n 0
10 1  10 
1
1  10 
1
1  10 
1 999 999 999 333

n 1 k 1 1 2 n n dx
17. sn   dx
k 1 x 2
 sn   dx2   dx2    
0 1 x 1 1 x
dx
n 1 1 x 2
 sn  
0 1 x 2
k 0


 lim sn  lim tan 1 n  tan 1 0  2
n  n

u ( n 1) x n 1 ( n 1)(2 x 1)n x  ( n 1)
2
18. lim n 1  lim   lim  2 xx1  1  x  2 x  1 ;
n 2 x 1 n ( n  2)
n 1
n un n ( n  2)(2 x 1) nx n

if x  0, x  2 x  1  x  2 x  1  x  1;
if  12  x  0, x  2 x  1   x  2 x  1  3x  1  x   13 ;
if x   12 , x  2 x  1   x  2 x  1  x  1.
Therefore, the series converges absolutely for x  1 and x   13 .

19. (a) No, the limit does not appear to depend on the value of the constant a
(b) Yes, the limit depends on the value of b
 
 cos a  


1    a sin
 n
 an   cos an  
 cos a  
n ln  1 n n   cos an    n2 
(c) s  1  n n   ln s 




 lim ln s 
 1
 n



 lim n  cos an 
a sin a
n
   1n  n   1  n  cos  a 
   2
 n  1 n
n
n
 cos a  
 1001  1  lim s  e1  0.3678794412; similarly, lim  1  bnn   e1/b
n n  

    1sin 0  1
1/ n

  
  1sin an n  1 sin lim an
1 sin an
20.  an converges  lim an  0; lim  2   lim 2
n 
2 2 2
n 1 n n   n
 the series converges by the nth-Root Test

u n 1 n 1 ln n
21. lim un 1  1  lim bln( nx1)  n n  1  bx  1   b1  x  1b  5  b   15
n n n b x

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

798 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

22. A polynomial has only a finite number of nonzero terms in its Taylor series, but the functions sin x, ln x and
e x have infinitely many nonzero terms in their Taylor expansions.

 ax  a3 x3     x  x3    x

 
   3! 
 lim  a 22  a3!  3!
1  a5  1 x 2   is finite
sin( ax ) sin x  x 3! 3
23. lim  lim    
x 0 x3 x 0 x3 
x 0  x 5! 5! 
3
if a  2  0  a  2; lim sin 2 x sin x  x   23!  1   76
x 0 x3 3!

1 a2 x 2  a4 x4   b

 
cos ax b  2 4!  2 2 2
24. lim 2
 1  lim  2

 1  lim 1b
2
 a4  a48x    1  b  1 and a   2
x 0 2x x 0 2x x 0 2 x


un ( n 1)2
25. (a) un 1

n 2
 1  n2  1
n2
 C  2  1 and  n12 converges
n 1

u
(b) u n  nn1  1  1n  02  C  1  1 and
n 1 n
 1n diverges
n 1

5n2

26.
un

2 n (2 n 1)
 4n 2n 2 6
 1 4  5 3
 1 2  4 n 2  4 n 1
after long division  C  3  1 and
un 1 (2n 1) 2 4 n 2  4 n 1 n 4 n2  4 n 1 n n 2 2

f ( n)  2
5n2  5  5   un converges by Raabe’s Test
4 n  4 n 1  4 4  1 
 n 2 n 1
 n 

  
27. (a)  an  L  an2  an  an  an L   an2 converges by the Direct Comparison Test
n 1 n 1 n 1

   lim
an

 an
1 an 1
(b) converges by the Limit Comparison Test: lim  1 since converges and therefore
n an n 1 an n 1
lim an  0
n

an2 an3 a
28. If 0  an  1 then ln 1  an    ln 1  an   an  2
 3
   an  an2  an3    1  na , a positive term of a
n
convergent series, by the Limit Comparison Test and Exercise 27b

 
29. (1  x)1  1   x n where x  1  1 d (1  x) 1 
 dx  nxn1 and when x  1
2
we have
(1 x ) 2
n 1 n 1

 12   3 12   12   12 
2 3 n 1
4  1 2 4   n 

   
 x n1  1x x   (n  1) xn  (12 xxx)   n(n  1) x n 1    n(n  1) x n 
2 2
30. (a) 2 2x
2
(1 x )3 (1 x )3
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1
 2
n ( n 1)
  x
 2 x2 , x 1
1 1x 
n 3
x ( x 1)3
n 1

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 Chapter 10 Additional and Advanced Exercises 799

   1  
 1/3 1/3
n ( n 1)
(b) x   x n
x 2 x2
( x 1)3
 x3  3 x 2  x  1  0  x  1  1  57
9
57
9
 2.769292, using a
n 1
CAS or calculator


31. (a) 1
(1 x )2
d
 dx  11x   dxd 1  x  x2  x3    1  2 x  3x2  4 x3     nxn1
n 1
 2
 
 n  56   16    16  11  
n 1
(b) from part (a) we have 5
6
n 1  6 

 np n1q  (1 p)2  q2  q1
q q
(c) from part (a) we have
n 1

 
1   
32. (a)  pk   2k  12 1   1 and E ( x)   k pk   k 2k  12  k 21k   12   1 2
 12 
2
k 1 k 1 2 k 1 k 1 k 1 1

by Exercise 31 (a)

 15  1      1 and E ( x)   k pk   k 56
    5
   
  56   k  56 
k 1 k k 1 k 1
(b)  pk   56 k
 1
5
 6
5 k
 1
6
k 1 k 1 k 1  6  k 1 k 1 k 1

  16  1 1  6
 56 
2


 kpk   k  k (k11)    k11 ,

     
(c)  pk   k ( k11)    1k  k11   klim

1  k11   1 and E ( x) 
k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1 k 1
a divergent series so that E ( x) does not exist

33. (a) Rn  C0 e kt0  C0 e2 kt0    C0 e nkt0 


C0 e kt0 1e  nkt0 R lim Rn 
C0 e kt0

C0
 kt0
1 e n 1e  kt0 e kt0 1

(b) Rn 

e1 1e  n R 1 
e1 1 e10   0.58195028; R  e11  0.58197671;
1 1  e  0.36787944 and R10  1
1 e 1 e
R  R10
R  R10  0.00002643  R
 0.0001

1e  , R  1
   4.7541659;  12   e 11   1  en /10  12
.1 .ln
e .ln
(c) Rn  1 Rn  R2  1.1e 
1 e.1 2 2 e.1 1 e 1 .1

 e n /10  12 n  ln
  10  12   10n   ln  12   n  6.93  n  7

34. (a) R
C0
ekt0 1
 Rekt0  R  C0  CH  ekt0  CH  t0  k1 ln CH
L L
C
 
C

(b) 1 ln
t0  0.05 e  20 hrs

(c) Give an initial dose that produces a concentration of 2 mg/ml followed every t0  1 ln 2
0.02 0.5    69.31 hrs
by a dose that raises the concentration by 1.5 mg/ml
(d) t0  1 ln 0.1
0.2 0.03    5 ln  103   6 hrs

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800 Chapter 10 Infinite Sequences and Series

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