Mech. Eng.

Sci 5
ThermoFluid B58EE

Thermodynamics Lecture 10
Ideal/perfect Gases and properties (2)

Baixin Chen
E Mail b.chen@hw.ac.uk
Phone No. 451 4305
Room 1.22 James Nasmyth Building
 Recap: Properties of Pure substance (Topic – II)

Non-Flow Energy Eq (NFEE): Surroundings

Q
Q1-2 + W1-2 = DU = U2-U1 m, V
P, T, .u, h,.

Topic – I: Work-done by a closed system

2 W
W12    p(V ) dV δW = – p dV
1

Topic – II: Calculation of properties of pure substances, u, h,

v by given p and T
• Water and steam (Steam Table & interpolation)
• Ideal/perfect gases (EOS, cp, cv, R and γ )
2
 Ideal/Perfect Gases summary (1)

General definition:
u = fu (p, T), e.g. water/steam
h = u + pv; H=m(u + pv)
For perfect gases:
u = cv T
h = cvT + RT = (cv+R) T
h = cpT
cp
cp = cv + R;  
cv
 Ideal/Perfect Gases Summary (2)
Given =cp/cv and the specific gas constant R =cp–cv

We know almost everything for perfect gases !

By using following relations:

pv = RT

h = cpT
u = cv T
 How to calculate heat interaction for a closed
system with ideal gases as a working fluid?

Non-flow energy equations !

Ref: pages 39 – 47, Applied Thermodynamics by Eastop & McConkey, 5th

Edition
 10.1 a: Non Flow Energy Equation for ideal gases
1st Law of Thermodynamics for a closed system:

Q1-2+W1-2 =DU= U2–U1= m Du (General NFEE)

Q1-2 + W1-2 = m cv DT(only for perfect gases)

Or in differential form

dQ + dW = dU (General NFEE)

dQ + dW = m cv dT (only for perfect gases)

Moving boundary work for a closed system,

V2

W    p( V )dV AnddW= –pdV

V1
10.1 (b): Non Flow Energy Equation for ideal gases II:
for per unit mass
1st Law of Thermodynamics for a closed system:

q +w =Du=u2–u1
1-2 1-2 (General NFEE)

q + w = cv DT(only for perfect gases)

1-2 1-2

Or in differential form
dq + dw = du (General NFEE)

dq + dw = cv dT (only for perfect gases)

Moving boundary work for a closed system,

v2

w    p( v )dv Anddw= –pdv

v1
 10.2: Non flow energy equation for Perfect Gases,
examples
To a closed system with perfect gases as working fluid
changing from state 1 to state 2 by,

1). A constant volume process,

δQv= m du = m cvdT because, δW = 0, why?
2
QV  m( u2  u1 )   mcv dT  m cv (T2  T1 
1

2). A constant pressure process, (Proof: using EOS of perfect gas, pV=mRT, we
δQp= m du +pdV have,
pdV + Vdp = mR dT
= m(cv + R) dT because dp = 0 for a constant pressure process,
we have finally,
= m cp dT pdV =mRdT )
2
Qp  m( h2  h1 )   mcpdT  m c p (T2  T1 
1
10.3: Non flow energy equation for Perfect Gases under
going with isothermal process

2
mk v
QT   W T   d v  m RT ln( 2 )
1
v v1
p1
 mRT1 ln( )
p2
 10.4. Perfect Gases and Adiabatic Process
The adiabatic process for a closed system with perfect gases, the
process Eq is:


pV  k
The adiabatic process for a closed system with perfect gases, the
work-done can be calculated by:

p1V1  p2V2
W
1
cp
 : The ratio of heat capacities at constant
cv volume and constant pressure
 Example III - Perfect gas
Question: 2 kg of a perfect gas is compressed from 1.1
bar, 27oC to 6.6 bar by a piston-cylinder device,
along a path defined by the polytropic equation,

pv1.3 = k

Calculate the heat flow to or from the cylinder walls

if the gas is air, (=1.4, Mw = 28.8 kg/kmole)
 Example III – Solution (a)
Known: m = 2.0 kg; p1=1.1 bar; T1 = 27oC
p2 = 6.6 bar;
Polytropic process: n = 1.3;
Fluid: air (Mw=28.8 (kg/kmol);=1.4
Closed system: NFEE
Surroundings
Process path, n = 1.3
Q
m, V p
P, T, ..

W V2 V V1
Solution:
1). Closed system and NFEE:
Q + W = U2 – U1 (1)
Need to calculate W and U2 and U1
 Example III – Solution (b)
2). U2 and U1
Fluid: Air is perfect gas, U2–U1 = m cv (T2–T1) (2)
2-1. cv can be calculated by R and
For perfect gas: R = cp–cv (3); = cp/cv (4)
For air: R = 8314.3/Mw=289J/kg K; =1.4, Mw =28.8kg/kmol
Using R (Eq. 3) and  (Eq. 4):
cv = 722 J/kg K; cp = 1010 J/ kg K

2-2. T2 = p2V2/(mR) by Ideal gas law (Equation of state)

n n
V2 can be calculated by polytropic process Eq: p1V1 = p2 V2 (5)
Ideal gas law: V1 = m RT1/ p1= 1.576 m3
Polytropic process:
1.1x105 x 1.5761.3 = 6.6x105 V21.3
V2 = 0.397 m3 T2 = p2V2/(m R) = 453 K

2-3. by Eq (2): U2–U1 = m cv (T2–T1)

= 2.0 x 722 (453 – 300) = 220932 J or 221 kJ
 Example III – Solution (c)

3). The closed system and polytropic process:

W = (p1V1 – p2V2 )/(1–n) = 295,533 J or 296 kJ

4). Finally the heat by NFEE

Q = –W + (U2 – U1) = –296 + 221 = –75 kJ

Lose or gain the heat ! ?

 Ideal/Perfect Gases summary (1)

General definition:
u = f (p, T), e.g. water/steam
h = u + pv; H=m(u + pv)
For perfect gases:
u = cv T
h = cvT + RT = (cv+R) T
h = cpT
cp
cp = cv + R;  
cv
 Ideal/Perfect Gases Summary (2)

Given =cp/cv and the specific gas constant R =cp-cv

We know almost everything !

Properties: Interactions :
Q + W = m cv DT
pv = RT
W = (p1V1 – p2V2 )/(1–n)
h = cpT n=1
u = cv T W = p1V1 ln(V2/V1)
n n n=1
p1V1 = p2 V2
 Summary
• Reviewed Ideal Gases
– Property estimation easy
• NFEE for perfect gases
• Examples
Next Lecture

Open system and FEE