Objectives

19.1 Characteristics of simple harmonic motion

19.2 Kinematics of simple harmonic motion
19. Oscillations 19.3 Energy in simple harmonic motion
19.4 Systems in simple harmonic motion
By Liew Sau Poh 19.5 Damped oscillations
19.6 Forced oscillations and Resonance

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Outcomes Outcomes
a) define simple harmonic motion by means of the h) derive and use expressions for the periods of
equation a = 2x oscillations for spring-mass and simple pendulum
b) Show that x = xo sin t as a solution of a = 2x systems
c) derive and use the formula v = (A2 x2) i) describe the changes in amplitude and energy for
d) describe, with graphical illustrations, the variation in
displacement, velocity and acceleration with time a damped oscillating system
e) describe, with graphical illustrations, the variation in j) distinguish between under damping, critical
velocity and acceleration with displacement damping and over damping
f) derive and use the expressions for kinetic energy and k) distinguish between free oscillations and forced
potential energy oscillations
g) describe, with graphical illustrations, the variation in l) state the conditions for resonance to occur
kinetic energy and potential energy with time and
displacement
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19.1 Characteristics of SHM Periodic Motion

This type of motion is the most pervasive motion
in the universe.
All atoms oscillate under harmonic motion.
We can model this motion with a linear restoring
force.
Motion that repeats in a regular pattern over and
over again is called periodic motion.
Simple harmonic motion is a specific type of
periodic motion that has a simple sine or cosine
wave shape.

5 6

Position VS. Time graph

What is the simple mathematical form of SHM motion?
The displacement of the oscillating mass varies
Hearbeat Oscillating mass on a
sinusoidally as a function of time.
Spring

Periodic Motion Simple Harmonic Motion

7 8
 Simple Harmonic Motion
The restoring force of an When there is a
ideal spring is given by:
restoring force,
F = -kx F = -kx, simple
where k is the spring constant
harmonic motion
and x is the displacement of
the spring from its unstrained occurs.
length. The minus sign
indicates that the restoring
force always points in opposite
direction to the displacement
9
of the spring. 10

19.2 Kinematics of SHM 19.2 Kinematics of SHM

Simple Harmonic Motion When the block attached
Fs = -kx Fs = -kx
(SHM) occurs when the force to the spring (left) is
acting on a body is displaced a small distance
x proportional to the x
x from equilibrium, the
Fs = 0 displacement of the body Fs = 0
spring exerts a restoring
from some equilibrium force which is
Fs = +kx position (eg. a spring or a Fs = +kx
proportional to the
pendulum). displacement:
-x -x
x=0 x=0
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19.2 Kinematics of SHM 19.3 Energy in SHM

a = - (k/m) x Total Energy
If we try x=A cos(wt+f) as a solution to this equation, we = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy
obtain:
dx
v A sin t E=K+U
dt
d 2x 2
a A cos t
dt 2
K 1
2 m v2 U 1
2 k x2
2
x ( SHM )
2
d x 2
So 2
x Equation for Simple
dt
13 Harmonic Motion 14

19.3 Energy in SHM 19.3 Energy in SHM Motion

1 2 2
Kt 2m xm sin t U t 1
2k xm cos t
2
k m U t 1
2k xm2 cos 2 t range
2
of
Kt 1 k x 2 sin 2 t E 1
2 kx m constant motion
2 m

U 1
2 k x2
E 1
2k xm2 constant
turning turning
15 16
point point
KE and PE Conversion Amplitude
Fs = -kx
2 1 2
x A cos Acos t
x A v 0 a x KE 0 U kA
2
x Amplitude is the
magnitude of the
Fs = 0 maximum
1 2
x 0 v A a 0 KE kA U 0
2 displacement.
Fs = +kx
2 1 2
x A v 0 a A KE 0 U kA
2
17
-x 18
x=0

Period, T Frequency, f
For any object in The frequency f of the simple harmonic motion is
simple harmonic the number of cycles of the motion per second.
motion, the time
required to complete 1
one cycle is the period f
T. T

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Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator Energy transfer

For a displacement x = A cos (wt+f), we can say KE, U
that kinetic energy, KE is: kA2/2
1 2 1 2
KE mv m A2 sin 2 t
2 2
Potential energy (elastic) PE is:
1 2 1 2
PE kx kA cos 2 t
2 2
Etotal KE PE
1 k 0 t
Etotal m. A2 sin 2 t cos 2 t
2 m t = 0 corresponds to the stretched spring.
1 2
Thus, total energy is
Etotal kA proportional to amplitude2.
21 2 22

KE, U Angular Frequency

kA2/2 2
Since m d 2x m
2
x kx (restoring force )
dt
k /m
1 k
or f 1/ T
2 m
-A +A
x
x = 0 corresponds to equilibrium position of
spring.
23 24
19.4 Systems in SHM Gravitational Pendulum
Simple Pendulum: a bob of mass m hung on an
1. Pendulums
unstretchable massless string of length L.
1. The Simple Pendulum
2. The Physical Pendulum
3.
2. SHM & Uniform Circular Motion
3. Damped SHM
4. Forced Oscillations & Resonance

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Simple Pendulum The Simple Pendulum

L Fg sin L Fg d2x
mg sin m
I dt 2
mg L But x L (sin )
I m L2
I
T d2 g
acceleration ~ - displacement L 2 in rad
2 dt L
SHM a t xt
Comparing g
2 x m a=
2
T L
L
L mg T 2
T 2 g
SHM for small g
27 28

A pendulum leaving a trail of ink: Physical Pendulum

A rigid body pivoted about a point other than its center of mass (com).
SHM for small h F sin hF
g g

I acceleration ~ - displacement
Pivot
SHM
mg h
I
2
at xt
Center of Mass
2
T

I
T 2
quick method to measure g mg h
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The Torsional Pendulum Simple Harmonic Motion

Torsion Pendulum: m I
T 2 T 2
k mgh
d2
I I L I
dt 2 T 2 T 2
I g
T 2
Any Oscillating System:
Spring: m I
k inertia
T 2
33 34
springiness
SHM & Uniform Circular Motion SHM & Uniform Circular Motion
The projection of a point moving in uniform The reference point
circular motion on a diameter of the circle in
which the motion occurs executes SHM.
of radius xm.
The projection of xm
on a diameter of the
circle executes
SHM.
radius = xm
The execution of uniform circular motion
describes SHM.
35 36
x t xm cos t a n g le t
http://positron.ps.uci.edu/~dkirkby/music/html/demos/SimpleHarmonicMotion/Circula UC Irvine Physics of Music Simple Harmonic Motion Applet Demonstrations
r.html

SHM & Uniform Circular Motion SHM & Uniform Circular Motion
xm. The projection of a point moving in uniform circular motion on a
The projection of xm on a diameter of the circle executes diameter of the circle in which the motion occurs executes SHM.
SHM. Measurements of the angle between Callisto and Jupiter:
Galileo (1610)

planet
x(t) v(t) a(t)

v t x m s in t
xt xm co s t 2
at xm cos t
radius = xm 2 earth
37
v xm a xm
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Equations of Motion (SHM) Displacement-Time Graph

x = A cos t x x = A cos t
A
v=- A sin t

a=- 2A cos t
0 t
v=± (A2 - x2 )0.5
a=- 2x [the definition] -A

39 40

Velocity-Time Graph Acceleration-Time Graph

v v= A sin t a
a= A cos t
A A

0 t 0 t

A A

41 42
Velocity-Displacement Graph Acceleration-Displacement Graph

v=± A x )0.5 a= x [the definition]

v
A
a
A

0
t x
-A 0 A -A A

A
A
43 44

Phase Relationship Free oscillations

When a system oscillates without external forces
x acting on it, the system is in free oscillation.
The amplitude of oscillation is constant, which
will not drop.

t Displacement, x
0

x0

v a 0 Time

45 46 -x0

19.5 Damped Oscillations 19.5 Damped Oscillations

In many real systems, nonconservative forces are Damped harmonic motion is harmonic motion
present with a frictional or drag force. If the damping is
This is no longer an ideal system (the type we have
dealt with so far) modifies the undamped oscillation.
Friction is a common nonconservative force
In this case, the mechanical energy of the system
diminishes in time, the motion is said to be damped

47 48

Damped SHM Damped SHM

SHM in which each oscillation is reduced by an external force.
F kx Fnet ma
Restoring Force
SHM kx bv ma

FD bv dx d2x
kx b m 2
Damping Force dt dt
In opposite direction to velocity
Does negative work differential equation
Reduces the mechanical energy
49 50
19.5 Damped Oscillations 19.5 Damped Oscillation
A graph for a damped One example of damped motion
oscillation occurs when an object is attached
The amplitude to a spring and submerged in a
decreases with time viscous liquid
The blue dashed lines The retarding force can be
represent the expressed as R = - b v where b is a
envelope of the constant and is called the damping
motion coefficient

51 52

19.5 Damped Oscillation 19.5 Damped Oscillation

However, if the damping is B: critical damping: this is
large, it no longer the fastest way to get to
resembles SHM at all. equilibrium.
A: underdamping: there are
a few small oscillations C: overdamping: the
before the oscillator system is slowed so
comes to rest. much that it takes a long
time to get to
equilibrium.
53 54

19.5 Damped Oscillation 19.5 Damped Oscillation

There are systems where damping 2nd Order Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation:
is unwanted, such as clocks and d 2x dx
m 2 kx b 0 Solution of Differential Equation:
watches. dt dt b
t
Then there are systems in which it x (t ) xm e 2m
cos t
is wanted, and often needs to be as
close to critical damping as where:
k b2
possible, such as automobile shock m 4 m2
absorbers and earthquake
protection for buildings.

b=0 SHM
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Damped Oscillations Auto Shock Absorbers

b
t 2
2m b
x(t ) xm e cos t 1
2m

k
m
b the natural
1 small damping frequency
2m
b
1 0 " critically damped "
2m
b 2 Typical automobile shock
1 0 " overdam ped "
2m absorbers are designed to produce
57 Exponential solution to the DE 58 slightly under-damped motion
19.6 Forced Oscillations &
Resonance
Forced oscillations occur when there is a
periodic driving force. This force may or
may not have the same period as the
natural frequency of the system.
If the frequency is the same as the natural
frequency, the amplitude becomes quite
large. This is called resonance.
19.6 Forced Oscillations & Resonance
It is possible to compensate for the loss of energy
in a damped system by applying an external force
The amplitude of the motion remains constant if
the energy input per cycle exactly equals the
decrease in mechanical energy in each cycle that
results from resistive forces

59 60

19.6 Forced Oscillations & Resonance 19.6 Forced Oscillations & Resonance
After a driving force on an initially stationary The sharpness of the
object begins to act, the amplitude of the resonant peak depends
oscillation will increase on the damping. If the
After a sufficiently long period of time, damping is small (A), it
can be quite sharp; if
Edriving = Elost to internal the damping is larger
Then a steady-state condition is reached (B), it is less sharp. External frequency f
The oscillations will proceed with constant
amplitude
Like damping, resonance can be wanted or
unwanted. Musical instruments and TV/radio
61 receivers
62 depend on it.

19.6 Forced Oscillations & Resonance 19.6 Forced Oscillations & Resonance
When the frequency of the driving force is near to Each oscillation is driven by an external force to
the natural frequency ( » ) an increase in maintain motion in the presence of damping:
amplitude occurs
This dramatic increase in the amplitude is called
resonance
F0 cos d t
The natural frequency is also called the
resonance frequency of the system
wd = driving frequency

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19.6 Forced Oscillations & Resonance 19.6 Forced Oscillations & Resonance

Each oscillation is driven by an external force to 2nd Order Homogeneous Linear Differential Equation:
maintain motion in the presence of damping. d 2x dx
m 2 kx m 2 F0 cos d t
dt dt
Steady-State Solution of Differential Equation:

x( t ) xm cos t
2nd Order Inhomogeneous Linear Differential Equation:
d2x dx where: k
2 F0
m 2 kx m F0 cos d
t xm
dt dt m2 2
d
2 2
b2 d
2
m
k
tan
b d w = natural frequency
65
m 66 m 2
d
2
wd = driving frequency
19.6 Forced Oscillations & Resonance
The natural frequency, w, is the frequency of
oscillation when there is no external driving force
or damping.
F0 less damping
xm
2 2 2 2 2 2
m d
b d

k
m
more damping
w = natural frequency
wd = driving frequency When w = w resonance occurs!
d
67 68

Stop the SHM caused by winds on a high-

rise building
400 ton weight mounted on a spring on a high floor
of the Citicorp building in New York.

The weight is forced to oscillate at the same

frequency as the building but 1190 degrees out of
69 70
phase.

Summary
OSCILLATION

Free Damped Forced Oscillations

and Resonance
Displacement, x
less damping
x
00
Time
- more
x damping
0

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