1instrumentation and Measurement

INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES:
1.1 Basic Process Control Loop
1.2 Elements of Control Loop
1.2 Elements of Control Loop ( Answer to Ex.
1.1)
1.3 Process Facility Considerations – Electrical
Supply
1.3 Process Facility Considerations – Air Supply
1.3 Process Facility Considerations – Water
Supply
1.3 Process Facility Considerations –
Installation, Maintenance and Safety
1.4 Units and Standards
1.4 Instrument Parameters
2.1 Measurement Error Analysis
Error The most important quantity in control system. When

used to describe the results of measurements , error is the
difference between the actual value of the variable and
measured indication of its value. Often the actual value is
not known . In that case ,the accuracy of measurement
system places bounds on the possible error.
2.1Measurement Error Analysis
2.1 Measurement Error Analysis
2.2 Accuracy
This term is used to specify the maximum overall error to be
expected from a device , such measurement of the variable .
Accuracy usually expressed as the inaccuracy and can
appear in several forms.
1. Measured Variable; the accuracy is ±2°C in some
temperature measurement. Thus there would be an
uncertainty of ±2°C in any value of temperature measured.
2. Percentage of the instrument Full Scale (FS). Thus the
accuracy of ±0.5% FS in a 5V full scale range meter would
mean the inaccuracy or uncertainty of the measurement is
±0.025 V.
2.2 Accuracy
3. Percentage of instrument span, that is, percentage of the
range of instrument measurement capability. Thus, for a
device measuring ±3% of span for a 20-50 psi range of
pressure, the accuracy would be (±0.03)(50-20)= ±0.9 psi.
4. Percentage of actual reading. Thus, for a ±2% of reading
voltmeter, we would have an inaccuracy of ±0.04V for a
reading of 2V .
Example: 2.1
A temperature sensor has a span of 20°-250°C . A
measurement results in a value of 55°C for the temperature.
Specify the error if the accuracy is
(a)± 0.5% FS
(b)± 0.75% of span
(c)± 0.8% of reading
What is the possible temperature in each case?
Answer to Example: 2.1
a. ± 0.5% FS ( Full Scale)
Error = ( ± 0.005)(250°C) = ± 1.25°C. Thus, the actual
temperature is in the range of 53.75°C – 56.25°C.
b. ± 0.75% of span
Error = (± 0.0075)(250-20)°C = ± 1.725°C. Thus, the
actual temperature is in the range of 53.275°C – 56.725°C.
c. ± 0.8% of reading
Error = ( ± 0.008)(55°C) = ±0.44°C. Thus, The actual
temperature is in the range of 54.56°C – 55.44°C.
Example: 2.2
A temperature sensor has a transfer function of 5mV/°C

with an accuracy of ± 1%. Find the possible range of the
transfer function.
Answer to Example: 2.2
Solution:
The transfer function range will be (± 0.01)(5mV/°C) = ±
0.05 mV/°C , thus the range is 4.95 – 5.05 mV/°C.
APPLICATION OF
INSTRUMENTATION AND
MEASUREMENT
LEVEL PROCESS:
Level is defined as the height of a point above a
horizontal plane. Liquid level sensors are
usually classified under to headings direct
methods and inferential methods.
Liquid level sensors are used to detect liquid levels or
interfaces between liquids such as oil and water or liquids
and solids. Liquid level sensors can be defined as a sensor
or transducer, or an integrated system, with instrumentation
and control capabilities. Continuous or point level sensing
can be chosen depending upon the application. Point liquid
level sensors often trigger an alarm or turn off the system
based upon a specific limit.
THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THIS
LEVEL CONTROL ARE:
> To prevent overfill of substance
> To prevent total run out of a substance
> To provide of lack of detection and inventory

monitoring .
2 TYPES OF LEVEL MEASUREMENT
Point level measurement devices- are use to when a
singlediscrete level is reached. They are use for
example, to stop pummp when a tank become full.
Continuous level measurement devices – are use to
measure the level of liquid within a
measurement ranggge rather than a specifc single
point.
CONTINUOUS LEVEL
MEASUREMENT DEVICES ARE
CLASSIFIED AS EITHER DIRECT-
METHOD OR INFERENTIAL-
METHOD TYPE:
Direct-method type – the level is measured
directly in relation to a reference level. Example: sight
glass
Inferential-method type – the level is obtained
indirectly through the measurement of a
parameter that varies directly with level.
NUCLEAR
FUNCTION:
Nuclear
Nuclear radiation level measurement uses a source containing some
type of radioactive material like Cesium or Cobalt located on one side
of a silo while the other side contains the electronic detector. The
gamma radiation has much less transmissibility through the material
than air, thus attenuation indicates its presence between the source
and the detector. For continuous level measurement, either a long
source or a long receiver section is used and these must be aligned to
ensure the complete silo contents are measured. The distinct
advantages of this technique are that it is non-invasive and mounted
outside the silo walls and that it is impervious to the conditions within
the silo. Disadvantages are that it is typically more expensive than
others and can be installation prohibitive. Also, having a nuclear
radiation source requires licensing, as well as a knowledgeable
nuclear safety officer onsite. Furthermore, the source will deteriorate
over time and eventually need proper disposal and replacement, a
very strict, costly, and formal process.
ULTRASONIC
FUNCTION:
Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic technology uses high frequency sound waves directed to the material
by a transducer and measures the time-of-flight to and from the material.
Frequencies as low as 5 KHz are used on long range solids materials and
higher frequencies at 30KHz or higher are used on shorter ranges, primarily
liquid targets. Ranges of up to 60m are typically promoted; however, this
maximum range quickly deteriorates with intense dust in the silo. Since
ultrasonic technology requires a carrier medium (normally air), any change to
this medium has an effect on the measurement. Thus if the silo is
pneumatically fed, the dusty atmosphere may prevent a return signal to the
sensor. High temperature materials will also change the speed of transmission,
leading to accuracy problems. The material echo also presents a challenge;
sloped surfaces may cause indirect reflection leading to weak and/or split
echoes. The main advantages of ultrasonic technology are that it is low cost
and non-contacting. The controller technology determines the effectiveness of
the system. The more sophisticated controllers are capable of intelligent echo
processing of the return echoes, differentiating between false echoes (ladders,
material build up, weld seams) and the material echo. Ultrasonic technology
continues to be a low cost, highly reliable technology for solids measurement
and unlike most radar devices can be used without restriction in silos or
hoppers which are completely open (not a closed tank).
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
For differential pressure, level and flow measurements
Measuring principle
The separating diaphragms of the differential pressure transmitter are

deflected by the existing pressures. The filling oil transmits this
pressure to a semiconductor measuring bridge, the differential
pressure dependent output signal of which is measured and further
processed. The advantages of this sensor are the high system
pressure up to 24 bar, the excellent long-term
stability and the very high unilateral overload resistance

Adjustable cam polypropylene ball float
valve
NUCLEONIC LEVEL SENSOR
FUNCTION
POINT LIQUID LEVEL DETECTION
FUNCTION:
Point Liquid Level Detection
Reliable liquid level detection for high and low alarm or pump
control is essential in industry. Overflows can be both
dangerous and costly, while empty vessels lead to pumps
or downstream processes running dry.
It is important to select a level switch to suit the application,

which is why Mobrey offers a choice of technologies and
products, including the original Mobrey float operated
liquid level switches, vibrating fork liquid level switches
and ultrasonic gap sensors and switches.
3.1 Transducer
Solution:
The transfer function range will be (± 0.01)(5mV/°C) = ± 0.05
mV/°C , thus the range is 4.95 – 5.05 mV/°C.
3.2 Main Components of
Transducer
Solution:
3.3 Selection of Transducer
Solution:
3.4 Classification of Transducer
Solution:
3.5 Transducer Applications
1. Passive Type Transducers

2. Active Type Transducers
3.6 Passive Type Transducers
A. Resistance Variation Type

B. Capacitance Variation Type
C. Inductance Variation Type
D. Voltage and Current Type
A. Resistance Variation Type
B. Capacitance Variation Type
C. Inductance Variation Type
D. Voltage and Current Type
3.7 Active Type Transducers
Active Type Transducers
APPLICATION OF
INSTRUMENTATION AND
MEASUREMENT
FIRE DETECTOR
•A temperature-sensing
device designed to sound an
alarm, to turn on a sprinkler
system, or to activate some
other fire preventive
measure at the first signs of
fire
FIRE DETECTORS
SMOKE DETECTOR
• A smoke detector is a
device that detects smoke
and issues a signal to a
fire alarm system, or issues
a local audible and/or visual
alarm from the detector
itself.
SMOKE DETECTORS
OXYGEN ANALYZER
• Gases can generally be classified
as either diamagnetic or
paramagnetic. The former seek
the weakest part of a magnetic
field and latter the strongest.
Most of the common gases are
diamagnetic but oxygen is
paramagnetic and uses is made
of this in the oxygen analyzer.
OXYGEN ANALYZERS
DISSOLVED OXYGEN METER
• Dissolved oxygen meters are analytical
instruments used to measure the amount
of oxygen dissolved in a unit volume of
water. It is an important indicator of the
degree of usefulness of a sample of water
for a specific application. Air consists of
21 percent oxygen and approximately 78
percent nitrogen by volume. Oxygen
dissolves poorly, and can only exist in
water in low concentrations.
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
METERS
PH SENSOR
• pH is the universally
accepted scale for the
concentration of hydrogen
ions in an aqueous solution.
By measuring pH a liquid
can be categorized as either
acidic, neutral or alkaline.
• The pH of a solution indicates
how acidic or basic (alkaline) it is.
The pH term translates the values
of the hydrogen ion concentration
- which ordinarily ranges between
about 1 and 10 x -14 gram-
equivalents per liter - into
numbers between 0 and 14.
4 Signal Conditioning
Signal conditioning refers to operations

performed on signals to convert them to a
form suitable to interface with other elements
in the process control loop.
4 Signal Conditioning
convert them to a form suitable to interface

with other
4.1Signal Conditioning

with other
*Characteristics*

with other
*Characteristics*

with other
*Characteristics*

with other
*Characteristics*

with other
*Characteristics*

with other
*Linearization*

with other
*Linearization*

with other
*Temperature Correction*

with other
4.2 Pneumatic Signal Conditioning

with other

with other

with other
4.3 Electrical Signal Conditioning

with other
4.3.1 Electrical Signal Conditioning
*Linear Sensors*

with other
*Linear Sensors*

with other
*Float Sensors*

with other
*Float Sensors*

with other
*Float Sensors*

with other
*Float Sensors*

with other
*Strain Gauge Sensors*

with other
*Strain Gauge Sensors*

with other
*Capacitive Sensors*

with other
*Capacitive Sensors*

with other
*Resistance Sensors*

with other

with other

with other
*Magnetic Sensors*

with other
*Magnetic Sensors*

with other
*Thermocouple Sensors*

with other
*Other Sensors*

with other
5. Transducers and Measurement
Systems ( Current & Voltage )

with other

with other

with other

with other

with other

with other
Systems ( Pressure )

with other
Systems ( Pressure )

with other
Systems ( Pressure Measuring
Instruments )
with other
Instruments )
with other
Instruments )
with other
Instruments )
with other
Instruments )
with other
Instruments )
with other
Instruments )
with other
Instruments )
with other
Systems ( Temperature and Heat)

with other

with other

with other

with other

with other

with other
Systems ( Thermometers)

with other

with other

with other

with other
Systems ( RTD)

with other
Systems ( Thermistors)

with other
Systems ( Thermocouples)

with other
Systems ( Thermocouples)

with other
( Application Considerations)

with other
( Summary of Sensor Characteristics)

with other
Systems ( Flow Measurements)

with other
Systems ( Flow measurements)

with other

with other

with other

with other

with other

with other

with other

with other
Systems ( Speed , Velocity &
Acceleration Measurement)
with other
with other
with other
with other
with other
with other
with other
with other
with other
with other
with other
with other
with other
with other
6. Data Transmission and
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
Processing

with other
END
THANK YOU!!!!!

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1instrumentation and Measurement

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INTRODUCTION

Error The most important quantity in control system. When

A temperature sensor has a transfer function of 5mV/°C

> To prevent overfill of substance

> To prevent total run out of a substance

> To provide of lack of detection and inventory

The separating diaphragms of the differential pressure transmitter are

stability and the very high unilateral overload resistance

Point Liquid Level Detection

It is important to select a level switch to suit the application,

1. Passive Type Transducers

A. Resistance Variation Type

Signal conditioning refers to operations

convert them to a form suitable to interface

convert them to a form suitable to interface

convert them to a form suitable to interface

convert them to a form suitable to interface

convert them to a form suitable to interface

convert them to a form suitable to interface

convert them to a form suitable to interface

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