NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC . MAGAZINE, PURLIBEED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, D.C. devant Prive, 60, comta.CONTENTS. Pee “The Riviera of arthiern Netw Soremy; velthi tates oi) tia clematfen- tom ot tivers fa gediceal: Willinin Morris Dwi. 4. Ui WGth pen tltreteatione.t A Caitioal Reviow of Betidiy’s First Mapelitind, 1240-30, tugether with dtramdstion of bie origina) Rejeiet upon gz Dr Wo MUN Seccetcs Piao eh aiye a undee etiny Hllustented by ead map.) Fraley eae eet enka Hickipes by Bering in IT!h> Marcus Boker 5 2. ior Publinhed May, 150. Pine pe nerdy mantras a S4n1S8 ety maven, come,HE NATIONAL GEOGRAPTHG | MAGAZINE, ¥ol. TL. TaMO, No, 2. THE RIVERS OF NORTE NOTES ON THE CLASSIF GENERAT. VY JERSEY, WITH I@ATION OF RIVERS IN By Witilaat Monts Pavia, Goris Rivers of difteriiit kinds: commaquent, antecedent, sup ined), subsequent, ar justed.—Topographiy of Northern Xue slersey. Revived nnd superita paca pivens in New Jerscy.—Drainage of the Watchung eresoent.—Rearmngement of superimpesed rivers by the growth of subsequcnt steams. —Application of this jai the Green river in the (inte mountaind: Powell's and theories, The Green river probably superimposed and its branches rearranged by the growth af stlsequent streams,—Anaclinal and. 1 in New Jetuey. reversetl ri N sex New Juney i4 drained by several treats which rise in the Archon Highlands, flow southeastward aeross the weteal Trinsse plain and resel the sea near the inland margin of the Ceetavenus formation, What kinds of rivers are these? Suelo qaestion ean hardly be wnswered until we have examined rivers in many parts of the worl, gaining inaterial fora general history of rivers by indue- tion from as large as possible a varioty of examples; and until we hyve deduow) from our generalizations a series of critical features wuificlent to serve for the detection of rivers of different k wherever found. ven. a82 Natiowal Geographic Magazine. ‘The generalizations hore referred to may he presented in the form of a clissification, following the ideas of Powell, Gilbert, Heim, Liw! and others, as follows = Covtangplent rivers.—Those that have in their birth, at the time of their original extablishment on the country which they drain, selected courw in accordance with the coumtruetional slopes of the surfaces ¢ eximple, the Red River of the North and such of Its branches as flow on the even surface of the lnchstrine plain of Lake Ayassia; the soveral streams that drain the broken Inva blocks of Southern Oregan ; certain streams and rivers of the Jura that drain the synelinal troughs of those monutains. Con sequent streams may be divided. into: dofinite and indefinite groups, Definite consequent streams are those that follow: well defined constrnerional channels, seh asthe axial line of a syn- clinal trough, or the lowest polit of an antioliual arvh between two synelinal busine ; they are defined in loeation as well as in direction, Tndefinite consequent streanis une those that flow dewn constructional slopes, such as the flanks of an anticliny, but whose precise location depends an those minor inequalities of surface that we term accidental ; they are defined in direotion bit not in loeation ; and they are asa rule branches of definite oom mt streams. Antecedent rivers.—Thove that during and for w time after: disturbance of their drainage area maintain the conrses that they: had taken before the disturbance. In Powell's original definizion of this class of rivers, he said that the valleye of the Uinta mountains are oocupied by “driinage that was established antes eedent to the eorrngation ar displacement af the beds by faulting or folding."* No limit is set to the amount of eurruganion: or displacemeit 6r to the strength of the faulting or folling, It therefore seems ndyinitble to cor ‘What variations there may he from the strongly marked antecedent types ono extreme being in those cases where the displacement was a minimum and the perseyernnoe of the streams a maximum, the other where the dis placement was a maximum and the sucessful persoverance of the streams a miniinuin, or aero, ‘The simplest examples of antoce: dent rivers are therefore found in regions that have been broadly clovated with the geritlest changes of slope, so as to enter a now, ‘eyele of topographic development, all the streams rataining their previous courses, but gaining ability to depen their former chan * Colorado river of the Woat, 163.Rivers of Northern New Foray. sa nels down to the new basclevel; such «treams may Is called “revived.” Examples of revived streams are very common 5 nearly all the streams of the Highlands of New Jersey are of this Kitid j all the streamiof central and western Pennsylvania acem to belong in the same class, From these simple and common ex- amples; we shall some day, when our knowledge of rivers is better developed, be able to form a complete series leading to what is genorally understood as the typical antecedent river, Which has outlived deformation as well as clevation witbent suffering either deflection or ponding, Large rivers of stroug slope, well enclosed iy wteep-sided valley’, or in other words vig- porous aduleacent rivers have the best opportunity to persist across aheltof rising of writhing country, beeause a gfeat deformation would be required to throw them from their courses Stall streams or large ones of faint slope in an open low country are more easily deflected, From the typical antecedent river, the series may be continued by examples-in which even the larger streams are less or more ponded ar deitected by the deformation, until. at the endl of the series there is a complete-extinetion of the anteredent drainage and the establishment af an entirely original consequent drainage. "The perfectly typical antecedent river, in dle of this merieg, is certainly of ure ecurrence, am perhaps inknown, Consequent streams, whose course is taken an a relative thin, unconformably overlying mass, for a time preserve th initial courses, even though they may be quite out of aecord with the underlying stroctures on which they have descended. Such streams were first recognized by Marvine, and afterwards named “superimposed,” “inherited” or “epigenetic” Ly various authors. A full collection of examples of this clase should bezin with streams that depart from true qonsequent courses. only locally, Where they have discovered a stall portion of the underlying formation, like the Merrimack at Matichester and other water: power trwns af New Hampshire, wher the stream has sunk upon rocky ledges beneath the «urface drift and sande; or like the yi and other rivers in Minnesota which have in places nigh the drift sheet to the underlying crystalline. ‘The series would conelide with streams that have stripped off the cover on whiel they were eonsequent, and Lave thus become superimposed on the underlying formation. in their whole length, *Stur's exprimsion “ Gebirgshub oder Gebirgechobs" suggested to te the terms hero employed.oe Nationa Geographic Magazine, ‘There is a curious intermediate type of drinage lately recox- hiked by MoGee in the southern states, a superimposed drainage ‘that i not incouseuent upon the buried surface benesth the unconformably overlying surface layer, It odeurs in re where a wellanarked drainage had been established 5 a brief sub- morgenee then allowed the deposition of a rela: of sediments; cn elevation brought the masked’ surface up again, and ns it rose, the streams took possession of Tires essen: tially identical with the courses of their ancestors, becwuse the mask of newer deposits bad not extinguished the antecedent topography. MoGee proposes to call such streams “resurrected,” Rivers of all elasses a4 a rule develop during their adolescence and more matnre growth certain “subsequent” branches that wer not in any way represented in the carly youth of the upstem, ‘Thus the indefinite membors of the sommeqnent drainage of the tains have developed subsequent streams on soft bed of inonoclinal and anticlinal structures, where there could not possibly have een any consequent drainage lines at the birth of this svitom, unless we admit the eupposed fracturing of the anti- jal crests, whieh) seems wurnieceksary to way the lows, Even iar the simplest style of drainage, growing on a level surface, many of the branches must bo “subseyjuent,” or as MeGee has calle them in such cases, “antoyen Itivers of all classes are subject to spontaneous rearrungement or aidjustment of thelr courses to a greater or less extent, in a0: Cordanct with the weaker stractural lines. ‘This results fram the migration of divides and the cousequent abstraction or captur of ane stream by another. ‘The capture is generally made by t headward development of some sabsequent brunch, Bir afte this kind of change has advanced 1 a certain extent, the divides riher change ovasos, ‘The rivers may then bo anid to be matarely adjusted. Under certain conditions, cbietly great initial altitude of surface, and great diversity of structure, thet is, in mountainons regions, the changes arising from adjustments of this xpontaneous kind are very great, an thar the courses of a river's middle age may have little resemblance to those of its youth, as Low! has pointed out and ax [have tried to show fa thy ense of tho Pennsyivanian rivers. It uy be ditteult 1 cases whether the youthful evurses af u river system were conmequont, antecedent or supérimpoped. Adjust- ments of this kind were not discussed by Powell, althaugl he become stable, andRivers of Northern New dersey. 85 ‘makes brief tuention of what Thave ealled su ‘The first appreciation that 1 from ‘the writings of Lowl; but 1 have since found that the general principles governing their opportunity were stated by Gilbert in bis tonegraph on the Henry Mountains of Utab (pp. 141, 140), and by Heim in his Mechanismus dor Gebirgsbildang 6, 278 ete, i, 79, 320), Where do the rivers of northern New Jersey stand in this general scheuw of river classification? We must again postpone the answer to the question, while roviewing the history of the genertl geigraphiead development of the ‘The topogmphy of northern New Jersey may be brieily de- sored as made up of valleys und lowlands that have been eteled in the now elevated surface of what may be called the Sehooley }Aneplain on the Cretaceous baselevel. “The topogtaphical atlas of New Jorey should be constantly referred to, i order to Follow such a statement as this; but in order that the reader may with out undue difficulty apprehend the meaning of my desoriptions d recoguize the virions localities -yot to bo named without the trouble of searching for them om the maps of the atlas, 1 have attempted to drag: a generulizod bird's eye view of northern Now yan it would he seen hy an observer abut seventy miles ally above the center of southern New Jersey. ‘The merid- jane are vertical and want and west fines are horizontal, but oblique avimeths ate foreshortened, “The result is hardly more than a caricature, and I publish it in part 10 experiment ess of su imperfect an effort. An active imagin- ation may porceive the lomg oven ervst line of Kittatinuy Mountain on the northwest, rising beyond the rolling Hoor of the Kittatinny Valley, 5 the great Alleghany limestone lowland ix here called ; then come the Highland plateaus, of accordant altitude one with another, bat without the mesa-like margin that-my pen has not wo how to avoid indicating. ‘the Central plain lies in the fore- ground, diversified by the yarinus trap ridges that rise ahove surface; First and Second mountiins of the double Watchung *The more detailed statement of this history may be found in an vesuy prepared by the author with the collaboration of Mr. J. W. Woud, Jr., of thr class of 1958 in Hurvand College, the study being undertaken asa joint thesli by instructor anil student in a seonnd sourse in Physi- sal Geagrupliy. The essay de published in the Procesdingy of the Boston Society of Natural Hiatory, 1349.86 A ional Geographio Maguzine, crescent, near the Highlands; Sourland Mountain in the south- west ; and Rocky Hill, the sauthwostern reappearance of the Palisades intrusive trap sheet, lying a little nearerto ux The Central plain is als diversitied by the Falltine, a slight but rather distinot break in ite gurfacy from ‘Trenton (Tr) om the Delaware to a little below Now Brungiriok (N.B.) on the Raritan, ‘The Important drainage Fines are: the Delaware, forming the western Doundary of the State, tresching Kittatinay Mountain at the ‘Water Gap, cutting a deep transverse valley through the High- lands where it receives longitudinal branches, and a shallower trench across the Kittatinny lowland and the Central plain; the Raritan, whose north and south branches head in the Highlands, while the Millstone joins it from south of the fail-line, cutting through Rocky Hill near Princeton (Pr) on the way; mud the Poyuanuock-Pasaie, visiug i ie Highlands, gathering trihu- taries in the loo basin behind the Watchung ridges, and eseaping to the front country ae a stream, the Passaic, through deep gaps at Patterson, ‘The terminal moti we te furthest advance of thy second glicial invasion of post-tertiney time, is indicated by an irregular dotted band crossing the State from the Narrows of Now York Bay, which it defines, om the Gast, passing over Second Mountain by the gap at Summit: (S); rising midway in the Highlands aver Schocley Mountain, and seid by the Delaware at Belvidere (5). ‘hy Schooley peneplain is indicated by the crest and. summit altitudes of Rittatinny Mountain, the Highland plateaus and the wwe lay lowe ain eamentially hori tically completed work of the processes of denuda- ing on a previously high land through a long period of now Hfted and tilted, ss that its inland portion rises to it of the Highlands, which are its remnants, while ite seiward portion descends slowly beneath a cover of uncouformable Crotacvous bods, southuast af the full-line, and thax hidden sinks unesth the Atlantic shore. ‘The cover of Cretaecous ments was laid on the southeastern part of the old peneplain mergence of ite seaward portion, before thy elevation and tilting abowe mentioned (fy. 2, p. 8). Much of the caver Hus heetl worn away since the time of elevation (figs. 3-H, p. 09), which gave opportunity for the opening of deep val- leye on the saft lanestones and slates among the hard crystalline rocks of the Highlands; and tor the production of the broadss Nation! Geayraphic Megazine, Kittatinny Valley lowland or peneplain on the wide belt of limestones beyond the Highlands; snd furthermore for the development of 4 broad baseloyelled plain on the weak Triassic shales and sandstones, where the old pemupliin lus hwo almost entirely destroyed. ‘Tho Crotaccous cover remains only near the coast, Where it stood too low to he attucked while the valleys and Jowlands just described wert curved out. An interesting peen- jiurity iw the relation between the newer basclevel plain on the Trinsic aren and the old Cretaceous peneplain is that their sur faves inutually intersect at a small angle alomg the line whieh now marks the visible contact between the Triaskie and Creta- ceout formations: thy newer plain standing beneath the eroded portion of the older one northwest of this lime, while it rises above the busied part af the older one and obliquely truneates ite Cretaceous cover to the southeast of the line. Finally, the land asa whole has been raised.a little since the making of the newer plain, and shallow valleys interrupt its broad surface. Tt is no longer a true plain; it hus yecome prstplain, A few words iaay be allowed me concerning these terms, peneplain and past plain, Given sufficient time for the action of demnding forces en a mass of land standing fixed with reference to a constant base- level, and it must be worn down so low and sv smooth, that it would fully duserve the name of plain, But it is very unusual for a mass of land to maintain a fixed position ax long ax is here assumed. Many instancks might be quoted of regions whieh have stood still so long that their surface is almost reduced to ite ultimate form; bat the truly ultimate stage is sellom reached. Wo can select regions in whiel the valley lowlands haye become brond and flat, the intermedinte “doab” hills have wasted wiway lower and lower until they are reduced tu forms of insignificant relief; and yet the surface still does not deserve the name of plain ax onqualifiedly as do those youriy lands newly born from seas or lakes in whieh their geometrically level surfaces were formed, Ihave thorefare elsewhere suzgestod* that an old region, nearly bgselevelled, should be called aw almost-plain; that is, a peneplain, On the other hand, an old baselevelled region, either a pene plain or a truly ultimate: plain, will, when thrown by clevation into a new cycle of development, depart by greater and greater degrees fro imple featureless form, as young narrow valleys + Amer, Jour. Sci,, xxxvil, 1880, 420,Rivers of Northern New ofevsey. su are sunk boneath its surface by ite revived stream Tt therefore no Jonger fully deserves the name that was properly applicable before itt elevation, It must net again be called a peneplain, for it is now siot approaching: and almost atiaining-«-smaoth surface, lout ish coming rougher ant rougher, Ht hus pasion beyond the stage of minimum relief, and this significant fact deserves impli- cation, at (east, in a name. Twould therefore eall such a region shales was, until ite apastplain, The area of the weak ‘Trinss late elevation, ax good an example of ats ultimate baselevelled plain asany that Fhave found ; bat now itis a pastplain, as any fhe may see while traveling aecoss it on the train: its doabs are Wroad and ¢outinuons, and its valleys are relatively narrow and shallow, The Kittatinny lowland is intersected hy streams whose valleys sink below its generally even, gently rolling surface ; but it wax never so sinooth ax the Triassic plain. It was enly a p plain, and it is now a roughened peneplain. Perhaps the more adventurous terminolagist will call it a past-peneplain; hut 1 dare not venture quite wo fur as that. When the Highlands were lowlands, their surface well desetved the name of peneplain ; but they were lifted so long ago inte so high a position that they are how ont into a complicated mass of rugwod uplands, ‘They no peneplain ; and if in preceding para- graphs T have referred to them aseonstituting an old pereplain, it ik’ boeansn tho sutiefactory name bas vet heen applied to the pare tienlay stage of development of plains and plateans in which they now stand. Having tried in vain to invent a term with whieh to name the Highlands, let me now advertise for one ivthy pages of our Magazine. Wastxo: a name applicable to those broken, ruggod regions that have teen developed bythe normal processes af denndstion fron the ener continuous surface of & plain or peneplain, The name should be if possible homologous with the words, plain, peneplain and past plain: it should be of simple. convenient and euphonious form :. it must he sntisfaectory to many other persons than its inventor; and ite etymological onstruction should net In) eambarrusieed by the atterapt to crowd tod much moaning Into it. The mere stiggestion that it was onoe a plain and that it is now maturely diversified will euffice. The topography of northern New Jersey in therefore, like ite structure, polygenctic. Ibexhibits very clearly a series of forms developed unier thrye different geographic cycles, and closcr search will doubtless discover forms belonging tw yet other eyeingme Mational Geographic Magesine. Jess complete and of brieter duration than these three, “There ix the tilted and deeply croded peneplain of the Highlands, who initial form may be calle the $ in, from the tinet exhibition of ave of ite remnunts on thin was the product of dunussic and Cretaceo| is the younger central haseloyelled plat oped dan Tertiary time, or thereabouts, on the weaker ‘Triassie and Cnet cooiin bibs ; ind the associated valleys of the same age that have ‘een sunk into the weakest rocks of the Highlands. There are the shallow valleys in the Central plain, of the latest post-tertinry eyele, requiring the name of this region to be changed from pln, as it was Intely, to pastplain, as it is now, ‘The first cycle, in which the Schooley peneplain was pros sand the mplishment of a great work; it inelnded in its Inter part, Jos various other eseillstiony the sub-eyele whin the seaward ly sulumorid ated "The second eyele Was shorter; being w time suiliciont to haselsvel the safter Hiods, but riot seriomaly to consime the harder parts of the pre- exiting surface. Woe are still itt the third vyole, of which Iut asmall part has elapsed. ‘The question with which this exxay opened may now bo taken up, ‘The streams and rivers of northern New Jersey may be examined, with the intention of clusifying them according: to their conditions af origin, to their degree of complexity as indi- Catal by the inmber of geographic eyeles through which they have lived, and to the advance mae toward their mature adjust- ment. he Musounetonn streams It flows southwestwand along a ley hevweer arystalline plateaux on wither side, etitering the Delaware a lithe: below Euston, Pa, fig. 1). Tt dvains oountey that has been enormously denuded, and daring the Jura Cretagrous cycle of this deep denudation, there must have been time for it and it fellows to become thoroughly adjusted to the stricture nf the region ; it must be chiefly for thin mason that it faves so) elusely clone by on the ever ith origin, very intial feature that was diveordant with the dee re that it discovered beneath the initial surface ; it i# maturely adjusted to its environment, It endured may be taken as the type of the Highland row Timestone val:Rivers of Northern New dorsey. a to'un old ogo during the basdleveling of the Sehooley: jwneplain, and is now a “revived” stream, in at least its second work. Most of the other streams of the Highlands and the country farther inland are also of this well adjusted, rovived kind, ‘The streams of the Kittatinny valley lowland show not only the first revival of the kind just described, but. also a second revival, in comsequonce of the recent uplift that has introduced the third eyele of development ; this not being so clearly manifested in the Highlands, where the rocks are hurler, and the valleys of the second eyelo are narrower, Look now atthe drainage af the erescentio Watehuay mon tains; the curved edyes of two great warped lava-flows of the ‘Vriaswio ‘The noteworthy feature of this district is that the small streams inthe southery part of the erasecnt rise on the: back lope onder to reach the outer part of the Central Plain, If these streams wore descended directly or by revival from ancestors antecedent to or consequent upon the monoolinal tilting of the ‘Triassic formation, they could not possibly, in the long time and deep deaudation that the region hus endured, have down tu the present thme snaintained little adjusted to the structare of their basing, In do Jong a time as has elapsed. sincw the tilting of the Trinssio formation, the divides would have taken their places on the crest of the tenp ridges and not behind the erst on the hack slope. ‘They cannot be subsequent streams, for syeh could not haye pushed their sourves headwards throagh a bard trap ridge, Subsequent streams are developed in accordance with strnotural details, not in violation of them. eouries lust have been taken nat long ago, claw the have lost their beads back of the second mountain ; seme piratical subsequent branch of a larger trumsverre stream, like Ue Passaie, would have heheaded them, The only method how kuoin by which these several doubly trinsvérse strenns could have been established in thy not too distant past, is by stiperimposition from the Cretaceous cover that was laid upon the old Schooley peneplain. It hax already been stated that when the Highlands and this region together had been nearly baseloveled, the coastal portion of the resulting peneplain was sulmerged and buried by an uneonformabl: cover of waste derived from the non-snbmerged portion: henve when the whele aren was lifted to something like ite present height,92 National tieographic Magazine, new system of consequent streams was born om the revealed sea, bottom, Since then, time enough may hayo passed te allow the. streams tosink their channels through the unconformabl and strip it off, aml thud superimpose themmelyes cn the rocks below: we should thervfure find them, in sy ey have not yer been re-adjusted, following ineonsequent, discordant courses on the under formation, ‘The existing overlap of the Ctetachuus beds on the still buried ‘Triassic portion of the old Sehouley peneplain makes it evident that such au origin for the Watchung streams is posible; but it hue not yet beon indepen dently proved that the Cretaccous caver over reached so far inlani! as to erovs the Watchung ridges. Want of other explanation for the Watehung streams 1s not satisfactory ovidence in favor of the explanation here rugzested. There should ty external evidence that the ‘Triassic area has actually been submerged and buried after it was baselevelled to the Schodley peneplain and before it was uplifted to ite present altitude; other streams as well as the anes thug far indicated, should bear signs of superimposition; and if adjustment of the apetimposed courses hus begun, it should be systematically ear- ried farthest near the largest streams. I shall not here state more than in brief form, tho sufficient evidence that can be quoted in favor of the first ani second requisites, Suffice it to say tint the overlup of the Cretaceous heits (whieh contain practically no Triassic fragments) on the bevelled Triassie strata at Amboy and elsewhere indicates eubmergena after base: levelling; and that the pebbles, sands and marls of the Cretaceous weries point clearly to the Highlanis ae their source. The sub mengence must therefore have reached inland across the Triassic formation at least to the margin of the erystalline rocks, Some shore-line cutting must have been done at the margin of the Highlands during Cretactous time, but. the generally rol face of the old peneplain leads me-to ascribe its origin ¢hi subaérial wasting. Moreover, the North Braneh of the Raritan, botween Mendham and Peapsek (* Fig: 1) und the Lockatong (L), small branch of the Delaware on the West Hunterdon sandstone plateau, give striking indications of xuperimposition in the dis- vordance of their courses with the weaker structural lines of their basins, so unlike the thoronghly ailjusted course of the Mnsconet- cong and its fellows, the Pohatoong, the Lopateong, anid others,Rivera of Northern Now Foveey. a8 The thind requisite of the proof.of the inland extension af the ‘Cretaceous, and the resulting superimposed origin of the Watch- ung streams may be stated in detail, as being more in the line of this essay: has the adjustinent that accompanies superimposition systematically advanced farther near the large streams than near ‘the sinall ones? "The chrnoter of this adjustment should be firat examined deductively, Giveu a series of streams of different volumes, flowing southeastward, in the direction of the present dip of tho remmiut of the Cretaccaus cover, over the former inland extension of this superposed formation; how will these stremmns reset on one another when they sink: their channels inte the underlying Trinssio formation ‘The conditions during, the formation of the caver of Cretaceous ‘beds are illustrated in fig. 2, where the Triweio portion of the peneplain i4 submerged, and the shoreline of the transgressing cea has reached the margin of the erystalline rocks, ‘The waste from the crystallines is sproad out ax a series of yetavels, sands aud mals On the haselevelled Prigssio area, Then follows the dovation and tilting of the peneplain with the cover on its back; and with this regression of the sea, there isan equivatont gnin of new land: a stivoth gently sloping plain ix roventod ae the shore line retrests: streams rn aut acrods it from the erystalliay area, or ‘begin on its open surface, growing mouthward ns the land rises, ‘Three such streams, A, C, D, are shown in fig. #5 thelr opportunity for deop valley-eutting ix indi- cated by the dvpth of the new baselevel, IL, below the generaloF National Geographic Magazine, surface of the country. While these stroums are deopening their channels in the Cretaceous cover, whieh is unshaded with mat ginal contour lines in the figures, their subsequent, antogenctic Wranches are irregularly disposed, because there is no. lateral variation of structure to guide them; but after a time, the base- levelled surface of the buried Triassic beds ix reached, as is shown by linear shading in the valley bottoms of figs 4, 5, 6, 7 ‘The growth of the subsequent branches then developed, will be along the strike of the Triassie aofter beds, that is, about aquare Fra, 4, to the course of the three thmsvenie stroama under cotisideration, Tho most rapid growth will iv found on the branches of largest stream, A, beeause it will most quickly out down its ‘0 the baselevel of the time and thue-providessteep valley-sides, from which the subsequent branches. at Inckwards most energetically. In due time the main streams discover the particularly resistant tranevorse laya sheets in the underlying formation; and then tli subsequent branches of the largest transverse stream on the tp-stream sie of the obwtme- tions, for example, F and G, fig, 4, will have a great advantage over. those of the smuller streams ‘Phe most rapidly growing subsequent Uranch, G, fig. of the lanes: trausverse master stream, A, may grow leadwardy so fast ox to push away the divide, X, whieh soparates it: from the head of the opposing sub- sequent branch, J, of the next adjacent smaller transverse nircam, C,and thus finally to capture and divert the headwaters, Hi, of the smaller transyerse stream to the larger one, as im fig: 0.Rivera of Northern New sFerwey. 5 The divide oreeps while the two opposing subwqnent branches are in contest ¢ it leaps whon the saocessfil subseqaent lranol reaches the chanel of the conquered streath. ‘The fret stream captured in this way mmst necessarily be the nearest to the large stream, The diversion of the considerable volume of headwaters, H, to the channel of the «mall subsequent branch, G, causes ft to: fae deepen itd chinnel rapid + the sume effect is perceptible in H for i distance above its point of capture and diversion : the ine eveased Joad of seiliment thus given to Gowill bein great part dropped in » fan-delta where it enters the flat valley of the master stream, A, (lig. ). Gaining strength by conquest, other captures are made, faster for a time, but with decreasing slowness as the head of the divert- vo. 7a0 National Geographies Magazine, ing subsequent beanch tecedes from the original master > and at last, equilibrium may: be wained when the headwater slope af the diverting branch i+ no greater than that. of the opposing subsse- quent branch of the next uncaptured transverse stream, After the capture of a transverse stream has bocn effoeted in this way, the divide, V, between its diverted upper portions, H, fiz. 6, and Pra: & its beheaded lower portion, ©, will he pushed dawn stream by the growth of an inverted stream, Vo ‘This goes on until equilibrium is attisined and farther shifting is prevented on reaching the hard transvere lava ehevts, Z, fig. 7: here the divide is anaturely Fiat, established, Th the ease af a system of transverse etreams, C, 1D, eto, fig. 7, succemively captured hy the subsequent branch of single master, the divides (Z, Y’}, hetwoen the inverted (V, VW’)Rivers f Novthern New Sorsey. wi and beheaded (©, D) portions of the captured streams will for a time present different stages of approach to establishment, ‘The divide on the fine of that one of tho original streams, C, chat ix nearest to the master stream, A, may reach a final stable position, Z; while on the mext stream further away from the master, the beheaded portion, D, may still rotin » short pies above the ump In the upper Invid sheet, not yet: avoured “hy the inverted stream, V5 and a thind stream, further away still from the mas: ter (not shoven in figuré 7) might remain uncaptured and inde= pendent. Ivis by such tots as these that we may hope to recognize the occurrence of partinl adjustment in the streams of the Watehung crescent as n result of their superimposition on the Triassiq forma tion from its former Oretaccaus cover. ‘The groater the degree af complexity in the tests proposed, the more contidence we shall have in the theory when the tests successfully moet the fnets Henew the reason for deduetively carrying out thy thearetival conditions to their extrement consequences in erder to inencase th complexity of the tests that are to be vonfranted with the facts, ‘This, a8 a mattur of method, seems to me of great practieal impor taniie in 'any attempt to decipher the past progress of zeographieal Hlevelopinent, The admirable contoured topographic maps of New Je issued hy the Geological Survey of that state under the leadership of the late Professor Guorge H, Cook, afforded means of apply- ing the deductive: texts wil without the necessity of plodding over all the eo dl; but however goed the coneern with a better appree represent after an exeurvian on the wroand has given the student some perunnal acquaintance with it, 'Thix I have tried to gain on various ocen- sions, snaps iti hid, Atlas shut number six, area, and the five-mile-to-an-ineh geologieal map of the stute pro sont in the elearost manner the facts of form and. structure in- volved inour problem ; and to any: mind, the correspondence bes tweon thenry anil fact is very striking. The Pequannock:Passaic is the master tratsverse stream of the region ; its jireGuinence was probably: due ip the beginoing to fte gathering, from the wn submerged Highlands, a grater amount of drainage than be longed to any other stream that rin southeastward down te including the Central red-eandstoneas National Geographie Mayazina, to slope df the newly revealed Cretaceous gover, Tt was at that time a compound, comp eompound beonuse it drained area of different ages; composite, hecause these areas were of differvat structur’s, Existing examples of compound, composite rivers are seen in the Catnwba, the Yadkin-Pedee, the Cape Fear andl the Neuse rivers af North Caroling, whieh all rise on the inland erystalline area, and traverse the coastal quaternary plain before reaching the sea, But unlike thee, there mast have been, when the old submerged land mao with the Cretaceous cover on its haek, sumerous xmall stress whose drainage aren lay within the Cretaceous plain, ‘These were simple streams, losing over a structure of one kind and one age. ‘Their modern bomo- logues are son, in the Maurice, tho Great and Litthe Egg Harbor anil the Wasting rivers of southern New Jorsey, and I suppose alee in various relatively short streams of North Carolina, such as the Lamnber, Great Cohera and Moeessin, Tr cannot be supposed that the original Pequannoek-Passaie possessed the Lirge southern branch, which T shall eall the npper Passaic, by which Great Swamp is now drained ;+ far had this Deen the case, the divides between the branches of th e honiis of the small streams that nsw still erase of the trap ridges, mast have long ago been drives to a Jweition on the crest line of the inner ridge, The uppor Passaie member of the Poyuannock-Passaic ent development, guided by some Weds when they were reached beneath the Cretaceuns cover, and Very successful in capturing and diverting other transverse streams that were smaller than its muster, For some distance on vither side from the Pequannock-Passaie gap in the trap ridges at Patterson, the existing streams are perfectly adjusted to the Trintsie structure ; that is, the ridges are perris- tent divides, aud the Intoral subsequent branches of the mastur flow along the strike of the softer shales and sandstones, except where Intely thrown off their courses hy glacial drift: buries ‘This Eintorpret as meaning that the Pequannock-Passain master *Sue terminology ruygested by the author, Nat. Geogr, Mag., i, 1889, 218, tlt should he recognized that the present round-aboat drainage of the Great Swamp is 9 post-glacial feature, determined by thy morainis: bar: rier that orgeses the haxin from Suiumit (8) to Morristown (M) the pire~ glacial drinnge of the southern part of the inner crescent was tne doubtedly of a simpler ind more direct pattern.