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Γιάννης Μοσχοβάκης
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Σημειώματα
Σημειώμα ιστορικού εκδόσεων έργου
Το παρόν έργο αποτελεί την έκδοση 1.1. ΄Εχουν προηγηθεί οι κάτωθι εκδόσεις:
Σημείωμα αναφοράς
Copyright 2015. Γιάννης Μοσχοβάκης. «Θεωρία Συνόλων». ΄Εκδοση: 1.1. Αθήνα 2015. Διαθέσιμο
από τη δικτυακή διεύθυνση: http://opencourses.uoa.gr/courses/MATH24/
Σημείωμα αδειοδότησης
Το παρόν υλικό διατίθεται με τους όρους της άδειας χρήσης Creative Commons Αναφορά, ΄Οχι
Παράγωγα ΄Εργα, Μη Εμπορική Χρήση 4.0 [1] ή μεταγενέστερη, Διεθνής ΄Εκδοση. Εξαιρούνται τα
αυτοτελή έργα τρίτων π.χ. φωτογραφίες, διαγράμματα κ.λ.π., τα οποία εμπεριέχονται σε αυτό και τα
οποία αναφέρονται μαζί με τους όρους χρήσης τους στο «Σημείωμα Χρήσης ΄Εργων Τρίτων».
[1] http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
• που δεν περιλαμβάνει άμεσο ή έμμεσο οικονομικό όφελος από τη χρήση του έργου, για το
διανομέα του έργου και αδειοδόχο
• που δεν περιλαμβάνει οικονομική συναλλαγή ως προϋπόθεση για τη χρήση ή πρόσβαση στο
έργο
• που δεν προσπορίζει στο διανομέα του έργου και αδειοδόχο έμμεσο οικονομικό όφελος (π.χ.
διαφημίσεις) από την προβολή του έργου σε διαδικτυακό τόπο
Ο δικαιούχος μπορεί να παρέχει στον αδειοδόχο ξεχωριστή άδεια να χρησιμοποιεί το έργο για εμπο-
ρική χρήση, εφόσον αυτό του ζητηθεί.
Θεωρία Συνόλων
Διατήρηση σημειωμάτων
• το Σημείωμα Αναφοράς
• το Σημείωμα Αδειοδότησης
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:* '()* '$ '>*4/= ,H*4 03 4@4=0. 0? L +5=./0 .>0)*&*4 '.4 64. . GÆ C
/&3%>. 09 :%5$;9
& = $∈N ($ A BC ME
T
:* '()* ($ .3%4'=7 .>>( 0 .+=@*4N0 @*3 *23.4 =/% .+>;O *23.4 :(>4/. *1C
'%>=*5% 3. .+%@*2N%1:* '.I *1)*2.3 03 4@4=0. 0 64. 03 +%>& :*6.>&*50
%4'%6,3*4. <3 .3.>14'83 /0:*4%/13=><3?
!"#!4# %&'()*+# J&:$<3. :* %3 %54/:= 5#$67 /13(50/0 ) : * → + .+=
,3.3 %+%>%64'= H85% /* '(+%4%3 (>>% *23.4 (789:;+7 .3 0 .32/5%$0 *4'=3.
) −1 [(] '()* .3%4'%& /13=>%1 /% + *23.4 .3%4'= /&3%>% /% * ? P% /0:*4%C
/&3%>%25 & ⊆ N *23.4 /8/<7'3* AQRQSTUV
E ; =>?@AB7 .3 *2* & = ∅ ; % &
*23.4 *4'=3. %1 H85%1 XQVYZ .+= :4. /13*H; /13(50/07 /1:F%>4'([
A = ! {& ⊆ N | & = ∅ ∨ (∃ /13*H;9 ) : N → N )[& = ) [N ]]},
L /13,H*4. /% N *+4@,H*.4 ,3.3 .+>=7 /13@1./4'= H.5.'054/:= +%1 *23.4
% '>*4@2 <3 *$.5:%683 09?
24 !"#$%!& '('"')*# )%# # $,-.%'$/0'"# .*0#% !1234 1$5.,6 #""1 7$' !#"1 .8(#%39
-:0, 2'; 8.0 -2'(.* !#0.*4 0# ,0 #2'</).%= >. !1?. '2'"')%!7 5@('6 # !".%$1 $/0'"#
!#"'/0#% F 9$/0'"#6 #27 ' )#""%!7 !"#$!%A # #0'%!1 !#"'/0#% G 9$/0'"#6 #27 ' ).(9
-#0%!7 &!'(!%! B$,-#*0.% )*+,-./CA !#% #2#(%?-,:4 .0@$.%4 Γ9$;07"30 .*0#% Γ 9$/0'"# .0@
#2#(%?-,:4 '-:4 Γ9$;07"30 .*0#% ΓÆ 9$/0'"#6 #27 # ).(-#0%!1 01##! !#% 21"
45
46(% )%#
789:; !#% -=/= D.0 ?# 5(,$%-'2'%&$';-. #;& ,0 '('"')*#6 .!74 #27 -.(%!:4 #0#<'(:4
$. F !#% GÆ $,-.%'$/0'"#=
25 .(%'(%F7-#$. $' 5@(' GHIJK6 .2.%8& ;21(5';0 2'""'* '(%$-'* L#0#";%!@0 $;07"30M
2'; 8.0 .*0#% %$'8/0#-'% $. ).0%!'/4 '2'"')%!'/4 5@(';46 #0 !#% $;-2*2';0 $' N =
!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
!" !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01
!" #" $%&'()*" !"#$%'!' : N → N ()#*+ !"#(,-. *# /*+ 01#2# *#
"3$%,(+ 02#22#+/- !"#$%'!' ! : N∗ → N∗ !+. 456(+.7 52+* 8!(
(") = #$% {! (#) | # ⊑ "} (" ∈ N )
& '( !)
= lim ! ("($))%
*+ ,-./ 02 3 ! : N∗ → N∗ +,-.-/01%2 3 45678343 +6 /96+2 .:6::62;<
;+2 2;+6:=:2/9 36 & '( !)>
2345#$6!7 ?6 3 2;+6:=:2/9 36 & '( !)@ 0/
(") ∈ N! ⇐⇒ (∃# ⊑ ")[& ⊑ ! (#)]'
;+2 456/=AB ;7C/ +6948:D3 /2;06+ E/2:627B
−1
[N! ] = {N" | & ⊑ ! (#)}
S
!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
!"#$%&' ()* + ,-.'/ 01234 !"
!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
!" !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01
2345#$6!7 # $ %&( = [! ] )*+, + ! -./01 *-*-20&34/56 71089:7(&56
801 5 " ,*+9+;.<-1 5/ # &=3>(/0 3- 5/ # "? @$A 801 4&(
$ = ! [!] = {% | (∃& ∈ )[% ⊑ # (&)]}
+ 74/2+ )9(/ (/ 02B18C/ 353:(/ 56 -18)/06 # [ ]D E28-. /0 7-.F+,3-
)1 + $ -./01 74/2+ *-*-20&34/56 71089:7(&56 801 # [ ] = [$ ]D
%&( % ∈ $ D G4+,3-
' = ! {( ∈ ! | % ⊑ " (() ∨ % | " (()})
801 ,*+H4+,3- )1 & ∈ [! ]D E/ % | # (&)A )- ,*:2B-1 >,&18)6 021H3)6 *A 4+1+6
C&- % | " (&(*))A :20 &(*) ∈ ' I 801 0/ % ⊑ # (&)A )- ;10 8:*+1+ *A % ⊑ " (&(*))A
+*)- *:91 &(*) ∈ ' D J20 + ' -./01 >2:B56 +, ! A 801 0*) + G-C2530
K-/:9106 ! *24*-1 /0 4B-1 *-*-20&34/+ ,*+&=/+9+
'0 = {(0 )+++ )("} ⊆ '
*+, -*.&56 -./01 >2:B56D 2+8=*-1 )1 ;10 8:H- & ∈ 4+1+ C&- % ⊑ # (&)A
,*:2B-1 8:*+1+ (# *+, 180/+*+1-. 5/ % ⊑ " ((# ) ⊑ # (&)A 801 -*+34/(6 8:H-
*017. +, % &+ $ -./01 02B18) 3M30 -/)6 0*) 0 " ((# )A 801 + 021H3)6 +,6
-./01 *-*-20&34/+6D
2+>0/C6A # [ ] ⊆ [$ ]D 10 /0 7-.F+,3- )1 [$ ] ⊆ # [ ]A 7-B)30&- #*2+6
0*0;(;M &- :+*+$ )1 ,*:2B-1 8:*+1+ , ∈ [$ ] \ # [ ] 801 H4+,3-
' = ! {( ∈ ! | " (() | ,}+
OC20 + ' -./01 >2:B56 +, ! A -*-17M + 3)/+6 2)*+6 ;10 /0 -./01 + " (&(*))
&,3P0) 3- + , ;10 8:H- * -./01 /0 1&B=-1 5 # (&) = , D E*) + G-C2530
K-/:9106A ,*:2B-1 *-*-20&34/+ ,*+&=/+9+
'0 = {(0 )+++ )("} ⊆ '
*+, -*.&56 -./01 >2:B56 +, ! D G4+,3-
- = max{QR(" ((#)) | . ≤ *} + 1)
801 -*194;+,3- 8:*+1+ & ∈ [! ] 4+1+ C&- , (- ) ⊆ # (&)A *+, *24*-1 /0 ,*:2B-1
-*-17M , ∈ [$ ]A 4&1 *+, + , -*174B-01 +&+7M*+- 0821P-.6 *2+&-;;.&-16 0*)
3495 56 -18)/06 56 # D E*) 5/ :995 3-21:A (# ⊑ & ;10 8:*+1+ .A -*-17M +
'0 -./01 >2:B56I :20 " ((#) ⊑ # (&) -*-17M 5 " ,*+9+;.<-1 5/ # I :20 0 " ((#)
801 , (- ) -./01 02B18: 3M300 +, # (&)A 801 -*+34/(6 &,3P0:I 801 -*-17M +
8)3P+6 " ((# ) 4B-1 3182)-2+ 3M8+6 +, , (- )A *24*-1 /0 1&B=-1 5 " ((# ) ⊑ , A *+,
-918: 0/1.H-01 &+/ +21&3) +, ' D
#S$ T- +/ .71+ &,3P+91&3) +, # $ 801 5/ -*1*2)&H-5 ,*)H-&5A 4&( % ∈ $ A
4&1 *+, ;10 8:*+1+ ( ∈ ! A % ⊑ " (()D E>+= + ! -./01 710&*C3-/+A ,*:2B+,/
710>+2-18: &53-.0
&1 )&2 ∈ ∩ N$)
801 0>+= 5 " ,*+9+;.<-1 5/ # A
" (() ⊑ # (&1 )) " (() ⊑ # (&2)+ # "? U$
!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
!"#$%&' ()* + ,-.'/ 01234 !
!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>=
!" !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01
#$% &'()$*+,
[C] ⊆ [! ]" - ./" 0
123'(452 +'$ 7 84*9287 # = $ 7, :(85;*7, $ #$% $<=, 7, > &(< <&(/
?(@AB2$% $&C 7 84*9287 3* % #$% & D
#(') = EFG {% (& (()) | ( ⊑ '}"
H # 2A*$% 8<*2I=, 5(*(5(')%85C, $&C ( - ./".0> J'$ 7 2%#C*$ 7, #[C] = $ [C]
2A*$% 8<5&$@=, #$% ;?2%$ $&C ( !" #> #$% 2A*$% <&(84*(?( (< $ [! ] ⊆ ) $&C
7 - ./" 0K ⊣
L( $&(;?285$ :2* 875$A*2% A&($ M;M$%$> 5;I'%, C(< :2AN(<52 C% <&J'I(<*
&J5&(??$ $*$?<%#J 84*(?$K
!"$ " %&''(" !"# $%#&') '*+#&,'-.,%, #/.0& 0.0%1&$)2
2345#$6!7 O83 ! = ! C&3, 8( - ./P0 @%$ ( :(85;*( #?2%8C 84*(?(
* 6= ∅> ;8% +82 &;'$ $&C ( * = [! ] @*3'AB(<52 2&A87, C% #J92 ?;N7 8( !
;I2% 2&;#$87> :2* <&J'I(<* 2'5$%#(A #C5M(%K Q&('(452 ?(%&C* *$ ('A8(<52
5%$ 8<*J'787 + : ! → ! ;(%$ +82
( ∈ ! R⇒ ( ⊑ +(() & ST(+(()) = ST(() + 1"
O83
UVWXS(() = ! ( ↾[0, ST(() − 1) (ST(() - 0) - ./""0
7 52'%#= 8<*J'787 &(< $)$%'2A $&C #J92 57 #2*= ?;N7 ( 2?2<$A( 7, Y7)A(K
Z&C ( 12+'75$ Z*$:'(5=, @%$ [;N2%, )"**> <&J'I2% 8<*J'787 % : N∗ . !
;(%$ +82
(, $* ( ∈ !,
% ( () =
+(% (UVWXS(())), $* ( ∈
/ !,
&(< 2A*$% -24#(?$0 34,5,%6 (< N 2&A (< ! > :7?$:= 2A*$% (?%#=> 8;M2$% $ 5=#7
∗
#$% 8<5)3*2A 52 7* $<(%#= 8( ! K Z&\ $<J &'(#4&2% C% 7 % <&(?(@AB2%
#J&(%$ 8<*J'787 $ : N → → [! ]K ⊣
!"$$" %&''(" !"# '1.#768 #&$).0 0.0%1&$,- '*+#&,'1.)%,1 #/.0& 0.0%19
&$62
2345#$6!7 Z* ) = $ [0 ] #$% 0 = [N ]> C2 ) = $ [N ]> #$% 7 84*9287 $
2A*$% 8<*2I=,K ⊣
!"$*" %&''(" :. $, :N →N #/.0& '1.#7#/8 '1.046'#&8; )# , '-.,%,
1 = {' | $ (') = (')}
<. '*+#/<. '0 ,3,/0 '1+=<.,-. #/.0& $%#&')2
2345#$6!7 ]&2%:= :%$)('2%#J 8752A$ ;I(<* $8<5MAM$82, &'(82@@A82%,>
'∈
/ 1 ⇐⇒ $ (') 6= (')
⇐⇒ (∃(, 2 )[$ (') ∈ N! & (') ∈ N" & ( | 2 ],
!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
!"#$%&' ()* + ,-.'/ 01234 !"
5678!&9:* 7&2 &" = !" [N ] (, 389, !" &%+,:;< 3)- .=-&, #=1) '+
! :N →N (, $+ >#$
! (') = !#(0) (?@AB('))%
.#$%
?@AB(' ) = ! (( 7→ ' (( + 1)) = (' (1)% ' (2)% ) ) ) )
,*+)- ' &%+8='&' #$% )#$3,C)4*D,- &'(,*)6 =$C)+15 ' ! ,*+)- &%+,:;5F ,#,-G;
389, ! (' )(() (#$=,* +) %#$4$H-&,* )#. #,#,=)&(0+$ #4;9$5 -(1+ $% ' < 90$I
+)5 #=1) * = ' (0) 3)- (,8 :='&-($#$-1+)5 $ #,#,=)&(0+$ &>+$4$ -(1+
$% ?@AB(' ) #$% :=,-8D$+)- H-) $+ %#$4$H-&(. '5 !" (?@AB(' ))6 J#*&'5F
+ ∈ " !" [N ] ⇐⇒ (∃* ∈ N% , ∈ N )[+ = !" (,)]
S
!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
!" !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01
#$%&' #(')*+,'-)./0 1(. * !
N 3+&4
! ⇐⇒ (∀")(∃#)[ = $ (#)]
T
∈
⇐⇒ (∃{# } ∈N )(∀")[ = $ (# )]
⇐⇒ (∃% ∈ N )(∀")[ = $ (& (% ))] 5 678"9
⇐⇒ (∃% ∈ N )[(∀")[$ (& (% )) = $0 (&0 (% ))]
& = $0 (&0 (% ))]'
'& ;<=# "4 * ->%*?*
( = {% ∈ N | $ (& (% )) = $0 (&0 (% ))}
#$%&' ;?#'-. &(. * "#$%&4 <+& @ *)A
(= (
T
2345#$6!7 ^-C
, A = {! ⊆ N |
! ∈ A} 5 678_9
@ *';*EF%#'& C% @B@CD*;FB +D,4C<)G,HGB 0 D *';*EF%#'& A ∩ , A C%
-@)#'*-B%.?C% (*B #$%&' &%&?B';< ;&' (*B FG*B% &%&?B';. -B)(?A+C)& #$%&'
!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
!"#$%&' ()* + ,-.'/ 01234 !"
!
"
89:;!&<=* M N F'C-*$/$&$58- :B/$&$ 'Q @*' =&' 0;' ' ( 3 '/0 ?9 >/02
C-7?3 " ⊆ ""# 3 :'& E7&
# ""# &
T
"⊆
!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
!! !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01
#$%&'&#) *&+,*-) .#- ,-) /0' 1*%-2)3 24'51*
=
S
⊆
S T
!
! !"
6'5 *$&#- .#- 7 6%+7 ,42,7 6'5 4%*-#891#,*: -# 7 /25*%73 6#%#7%'01*
9- 7 569<*,7 #! ∩ ! ! = ∅3 '5,-#,-.= ,71#$&*- 9-
# ! ⊆
! ! (
! ! = N \ ! ! )%
.#- 2,-3 ,#<*%'6'-+&#) ' & .#- 6#$%&'&#) 6=>- *&+,*-)3 24'51*
#= # ⊆ ! "
S S
! ! ! !
' '6'$' 1* 7 ,*-%= '53 #?'0 ' & @#& 54#$'3 ,5&*6=A*#- 9-
# ⊆ T S
! ' ! !
.#- +%#3 ' 9- 7 * 56'>'A$8*- 7& ( .#- 7 + 7& ) 3 ,71#$&*- 9-
⊆ N ( )" # ⊆ N ( )'
# % # $ & $ D cdReQ
f6$,7) 24'51* ∅ = 3 #∅ = # 3 .#-3 *0.'>#3 A-# 9># # /3 0 3
h i" # = S # h i' D cdRgQ
S
# = #' $ ! $' !
h6'<2'51* 6%') #6#ATA@ ,* ='6' 9- /*& 56=%4*- ,0&'>' VHIFO 6'5 &#
/-#4T%$8*- ' #69 ' # 3 .#- *?#%198'51* *6#&*->7112&# ' i@11# !$"563
4%7,-1'6'-+&#) 7 D cdRgQU #?'0 /*& 56=%4*- ,0&'>' VHIFO 6'5 &# /-#4T%$d
8*- ' = ∅ #69 ' # = #∅ 3 56=%4'5& #%-<1'$ &0 3 10 2'-'- 6'5 .#&2&#
,0&'>' VHIFO /*& /-#4T%$8*- ' h 0 i #69 ' #h!0 i j =%# >'-69&3 56=%4'5& &1 3
!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>>
!"#$%&' ()* + ,-.'/ 01234 !"
1 $%&%& '%( )*+$+* ,-+%.% /0123 45+ 4&*6789:5& % !h 0 ! 1 i *'; % "h"0 !"1 i <
)=%=)= >(,?8@A 6789B C)=%=)=DA %89:%(E5 *+*48%E&)@ 4-% *)%.%(F95B *8&FEG+
# = ($0 % $1 % & & & )% ' = ( 0 % 1% & & & ) ∈N
$%&%(B '%( H&* ;.* * (A !"#"! $%"&'& ()*+, -. -/!01234./ & !#($) !67 &
"%($) = >(; ,?E*9+5& ;&A
26 !"#$& '( )()#*+,-( ,)+ '( ./012 3&!"+43*(5#'( "6()+ & ,)78+9 &: !"#$"%&#'()
*!+",%) -./01+/; "(5: )<5 4*: '7)+5"74*: ,#984*: 4* =$!)5: !): <4* >8*3*?-:@ 8"(
!<474A!" () ,)#AB4*!" <+4 ",")!$() 3C )*$: +: D&!"+-3"+:E
!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
!" !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01
!"#$" %&'()*+" #,-$ !"#$%& '()%&*'+,*-* ⊂ N !*. %/,0& 0,0!0#/12
)(* 0--" 4%, !%#&5$%& )( 6%,78 5-%&* .!*'+,*-*9
2345#$6!7 %& '()*+, ),-.* /* 12345&1- .'4*678 /9. :; ')-3< =()*. 9;>
:)*&9?-&(. /9. '.* 9;:),. &1 N @
./**+ A :, P = {! ⊆ N | ! 6= ∅" ! =()*&}8 7% |P| =
c9
:!74%&;( 7 *. '3C) # ∈ N < & 9;:)*&9?-&(&
! = {$ | (∀%)[# (%) ≤ $(%)}
),-.* )?'&(. =()*&< '.* )D,9&1 )?'&(.< # 6= & E⇒ ! 6= " < 34. c =
|N | ≤
|P|A
F2/ ;- 3((; :)4*3< '3C) =()*& 9?-&(& ! = [' # ] ),-.* 97:. +=-4&1 9& N
2&1 & 24&9+*&4,G)*< =9* 79)
|P| ≤
|P(N∗ )| =
|P(N)| =
c( ⊣ #HI::. $
J.C&4,G&1:) =-. 9?-&(&
) =
c =
P " # K>LK$
2A5A ) = c< '.* .-*9&*5,)8
* 7→ $$ ∈ N " * 7→ !$ ∈ P (* ∈ ) )
2&1 M.-)47-&1- *8 *9&2(;C*'/;)8 # K>LK$A J.C&4,G&1:) )2,9;8 :*. 34*9;
+*3.D; ≤ &1 ) A N. &4,9&1:) :) 12)42)2)4.9:=-; .-.+4&:I 9& ()" ≤) :&-&>
:&4M*9:&?8
+$ : 012 (*)
→ $ ⊂ N" ,$ : 012 (*)
→ -$ ⊂ N (* ∈ ) )"
=9* 79) -. *95?&1- . )DI8@
# $ F- * ≤ . < /) +$ ⊆ +% " ,$ ⊆ ,% < =9* 2&1 $ ⊆ % '.* -$ ⊆ -% A
#O$ *. '3C) * ∈ ) < $ ∩ -$ = ∅A
#L$ *. '3C) * ∈ ) < -&$ ∩ !$ 6= ∅< /2&1 / ),-.* ; 91-34;9; &1 )2/:)-&1
9&- '.(3 +*.).P:=-& 574& ()" ≤)A
./**+ $A :, *& +$ 8 ,$ (* ∈ ) ) &60,*!*&*+, &< # $ Q #L$8 7% ( 5,='(
= $∈' $ =
c"
S
!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
!"#$%&' ()* + ,-.'/ 01234 !"
#$ - . *4$ -O. $%196&' +:$;;E'4 453 A' +54B<B$*) &53(+%A= *4$ A -0. 2+'
4'4*95+$ %P 4&) A' 5+:G5<%A>
-
. R%< & = '( +53;+'6 %A;+G6 %6 " > N53 A' +54B<B$*) &53(+%A= 4 )
*4$ * +G'4$ $%658A($*D ;+ 6 !" (() *4$ !" (() +
" = +5+$2) A ≤ +G'4$ D:$%A
2$D4@A> R%$ 6$ 58A(D:$(;6$ |) |= |* | +G'4$ *4$ 6$ 296 ;$*:3+:6$ 6& c= D:4
|) ∪ * | +
c= *4$ ;56:69;+ '4 S:69;+ %6 ;A *+'3= E8+$6 %9'686 , =
N
2$4H6:+$*D %A;+G4
-$ . ∈ , \ () ∪ * )/
(E6&;+
$= ∪ {(($ -)}$ !$ = ! ∪ {(($ . )}$
*4$ 6$ - . / -0. E56'4$ +9*684> ⊣
T *44%*+&) 5:6H4'J, 2+G1'+$ 5+:$%%3+:4 453 A' +*HJ'A%A 6& (+<:);4C
6,= |)| =
c *4$ 31$ ;3'6 6 ) 488D *4$ 6 %&;58):<;D 6&
) E;'6&' *D(+
;A *+'3= E8+$6 %A;+$6%9'686> NH)'6&;+ B$4 4 5:6S8);44 2$DH6:+, 54:48C
84BE, 56& *D'6&' 5:6H4'E, 3$ 2+' &5D:1+$ +85G24 '4 4562+G@6&;+ A' U53(+%A
6& V&'+169, ;P 4&3 6' :356= 2A842) %+ +8+&4G4 4'D8&%A %A:$F3;+'6$
%6 W+J:A;4 XKYZ[\C]^Y_`ab[Y>
VA' 5:4B;4$*3A4= A %:4AB$*) 4&) B$4 A' +5G8&%A 6& :6S8);46,
6& V&'+169, 2+' +G'4$ A ;6'42$*) 56& 456&B14G'+$d *D(+ 5:6%5D(+$4 4532+$@A,
) 2$De+&%A, A, #$ ;+ 4 4@$J;44 A, %&# + '# +G'4$ *442$*4%;E'A=
+@4$G4, <' +@), 296 (+;+8$4*J' 456+8+%;D<' 4'+@4:A%G4,>
()*++* ,-./0123 56 1.281-9/.56 :0;<1=56 >- ,-.1?>@6 A#$ -fg
[_^h=
"0".> i6 5:3&56 0 <' *44%*+&D%$;<' %&'38<' $*4'656$+G A +'$*+&;E'A
U53(+%A 6& V&'+169, A#$= -"Cj.= *4$ +$2$*3+:4= A U53(+%A 6& V&'+169,
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