Θεωρία Συνόλων

Ενότητα: Αντικατάσταση και άλλα αξιώματα

Γιάννης Μοσχοβάκης

Τμήμα Μαθηματικών
Θεωρία Συνόλων

Σημειώματα
Σημειώμα ιστορικού εκδόσεων έργου

Το παρόν έργο αποτελεί την έκδοση 1.1. ΄Εχουν προηγηθεί οι κάτωθι εκδόσεις:

• ΄Εκδοση 1.0 διαθέσιμη στο σύνδεσμο http://www.math.ucla.edu/ ynm/lectures/g.pdf

Σημείωμα αναφοράς

Copyright 2015. Γιάννης Μοσχοβάκης. «Θεωρία Συνόλων». ΄Εκδοση: 1.1. Αθήνα 2015. Διαθέσιμο
από τη δικτυακή διεύθυνση: http://opencourses.uoa.gr/courses/MATH24/

Σημείωμα αδειοδότησης

Το παρόν υλικό διατίθεται με τους όρους της άδειας χρήσης Creative Commons Αναφορά, ΄Οχι
Παράγωγα ΄Εργα, Μη Εμπορική Χρήση 4.0 [1] ή μεταγενέστερη, Διεθνής ΄Εκδοση. Εξαιρούνται τα
αυτοτελή έργα τρίτων π.χ. φωτογραφίες, διαγράμματα κ.λ.π., τα οποία εμπεριέχονται σε αυτό και τα
οποία αναφέρονται μαζί με τους όρους χρήσης τους στο «Σημείωμα Χρήσης ΄Εργων Τρίτων».

[1] http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Ως Μη Εμπορική ορίζεται η χρήση:

• που δεν περιλαμβάνει άμεσο ή έμμεσο οικονομικό όφελος από τη χρήση του έργου, για το
διανομέα του έργου και αδειοδόχο

• που δεν περιλαμβάνει οικονομική συναλλαγή ως προϋπόθεση για τη χρήση ή πρόσβαση στο
έργο

• που δεν προσπορίζει στο διανομέα του έργου και αδειοδόχο έμμεσο οικονομικό όφελος (π.χ.
διαφημίσεις) από την προβολή του έργου σε διαδικτυακό τόπο

Ο δικαιούχος μπορεί να παρέχει στον αδειοδόχο ξεχωριστή άδεια να χρησιμοποιεί το έργο για εμπο-
ρική χρήση, εφόσον αυτό του ζητηθεί.
Θεωρία Συνόλων

Διατήρηση σημειωμάτων

Οποιαδήποτε αναπαραγωγή ή διασκευή του υλικού θα πρέπει να συμπεριλαμβάνει:

• το Σημείωμα Αναφοράς

• το Σημείωμα Αδειοδότησης

• τη δήλωση Διατήρησης Σημειωμάτων

• το Σημείωμα Χρήσης ΄Εργων Τρίτων (εφόσον υπάρχει)

μαζί με τους συνοδευόμενους υπερσυνδέσμους.

 !"#$#%& ''

!"#$ " %" %& $ # '' (#)* "

()*+,- .)-/01 24.-5 6171 780 *+9 .0)*+9 8*+ :6.7,- .* -24;75* < 17
78*/-=>*+,- 0;7 7 /575.:?5@4 78*-;6.,77 *+ -27;7=*+ ! 780 7 7>5AB
,77 *+ CDEFDGHI J61*+1 ,01* /+*BK=7 ;-84 .?,-=7< 8*+ -;5@4 0,L9 -=175
.?,715@4M :7 ,79 +8*/-=>*+1 05 7 7>5A,77 *+ CDEFDGH /-1 241*+1< 8K6B
8-5 17 7 .+,8;?KA.*+,- ,- 5.)+K0-K-9 7K)69 @77.@-+N9 .+10;L1I !/A :7
/57+8A.*+,- @75 :7 8K*.:6.*+,- .?1 7>5L,75@N :-LK=7 "#$ * !"#$%
&()%*+%+,- 8*+ 717@7;O2:?@- .59 7K)69 ?9 /-@7-=79 *+ PQR< ,57
7K)N @77.@-+N9 .+10;L1 0.* 7;?:*271N 0.* @75 7 @77.@-+7.5@4 7>5AB
,77 S%T U S&%T< 7;;4 8;*O.57 .- -87@0;*+:7I !8=.?9 :7 -5.7V4V*+,- @75 :7
/5-K-+1N.*+,- ,-K5@69 7@0,? 7K)69 @77.@-+N9 .+10;L1 8*+ .+)14 8-K5;7,B
W41*175 714,-.7 .7 7>5A,77 ?9 .+1*;*:-LK=79I J- W4.? ,01* 617 780
7 7.:-16.-K7 8*K=.,77 *+ #>5A,7*9 #15@74.7.?9 :7 @77.@-+4.*+,-
*1 ./*0(+1 23+$1 14 567869: Z < 617 78;*O.7* .O1*;* 8*+ 8-K56)-5
*+9 2+.5@*O9 7K5:,*O9< * )AK* XYZED< *+9 8K7V,75@*O9 7K5:,*O9 @75 0;7
7 .?,715@4 715@-=,-17 ,-;6?9 L1 @;7.5@A1 ,7:?,75@A1I [<5 6)*+,-
78*/-=>-5 ,6)K5 .5V,N9 -85/6)-75 -K,?1-=7 L9 -41 * Z 17 78*-;*O.- *;0B
@;?K* *1 @0.,* L1 ,7:?,75@A1 715@-5,61L1< 71 @75 .?1 8K7V,75@0?7
* Z -=175 78;A9 617 .O1*;*\@75 ,4;5.7 .O1*;* .)-5@4 ,5@K0 @75 -O@*;*
.? .O;;?]?^ & @OK5*9 .0)*9 ,79 .P 7+0 * @-24;75* -=175 17 @77;4W*+,-
* 10?,7 *+ #>5A,7*9 #15@74.7.?9< /5-K-+1A179 7 85* 78;4 @75 4,-.7
8*K=.,74 *+I _ ,-V4;? /O17,? *+ 8;NK*+9 7>5A,7*9 :7 V=1-5 @77271N9
.* -80,-1* @-24;75*I
#80 * SQT *+ !'()< 71 * -=175 787K5:,?0 .O1*;* @75 V57 @4:- ! ≥ 2<
··× } "
= | × ·{z
! 2*K69
0- ? 61L.? S ∞=2 -=175 -8=.?9 787K5:,?0 .O1*;*I & 8K*271N9 K08*9 17
78*/-=>*+,- 7+0 780 7 7>5A,77 -=175 17 *K=.*+,- 8KA7 7 .O1*;7 ,-
?1 717/K*,N
# (0) = × " S''B'T
# (! + 1) = # (!) × "
!"
 !" !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01
#%& '%( (!) = " +2
)*&
S∞ S
=0 "
+2
= [N]# + ,-.

/01 2 3*%&)1 4('567* 28 9:;<=> !"# %8?@A(*& +(0*ABA&)@. S∞ 1& )@C(
(!) = " +2 (D?*& *0*5&C761E )*& (027#?BF 6 #?B%G 28F =0 " +2
(D?*&
(0D%6F *0*5&C761 %H?2I2J K0@5L(& I@C2FM NDA285* 1L& 7( 6? (0*ABA&)G *01,
O(&P6E 028 (D?*& 0*5172&* 02II'? @IIB? %Q *8G? 6? 0(5&2LGJ K0@5L(& 17BF
)@02&2 0513I67* 7( 2? *?*O527&)1 25&%71 + , .E 028 O(? O&)*&2I2A(D*& 7(
6 725RG 028 28 O'%*7( *01 2 4('567* /?*O527GF $!%J &* ?* (R*571%287(
2 $!% L5(&*T17*%( #?* %H?2I2 $ E 7&* %8?@56%6 % : $ → $ %2 $ )*& )@,
02&2 & ∈ $ E * 202D* )*C25DT28? 1( 7D* 72?*O&)G %8?@56%6 : N → $ 028
&)*?202&(D &F (P&%'%(&F

(0) = &'
+ ,U.
(! + 1) = %( (!))#
N6? 052)(&7#?6 0(5D0B%6 O(? 80@5L(& 052R*?#F $ 028 0(5&#L(& 2 " )*& 1I*
28 * A&?17(?* " E )*& *?D 6F %8?@56%6F %E #L287( 2? (I(%G

%(( ) = ! ( × "' + ,V.

028 *?&%2&LDT(& %( )@C( %H?2I2 ( 2 A&?17(?2 ( × " 28 ( 7( 2 O2%7#?2 "J

&* ?* O&)*&2I2AG%287( 2? 25&%71 + , .E L5(&*T17*%( #?* C('567* *?*O52,
7GF 028 )85'?(& *?*O527&)2HF 25&%72HF 6F 725RGF + ,U.E A&* )@C( *?&)(D,
7(?2 & )*& )@C( 25&%&)1 (I(%G +7&*F 7(*3I6GF. %J W2&@T(& *C'2E R8%&)G
A(?D)(8%6 28 4(B5G7*2F /?*O527GFX)*& (D?*& *)5&3'F *81X *II@ %6?
05*A7*&)16*E #2&2 *02#I(%7* O(? 7025(D ?* *02O(&L(D *8%65@ *01 *
*P&'7** 28 YZ>[Z\=J

""!"! +&'''. ()*+,- (.01-23-345 +]Z^\: Z[Z;< `ab=[.J !" #$%& '()
*+,+ " #"! #$%& +-!'!#/ &,&'0 1!"2 1&"3,402 ) 5 4 &!#/*"
) ["] = ! {) (*) | * ∈ "}

+6 " "7/ +* ) &8*"! '(*+,+9

cF *5LG )**%)(8GF %8?1IB?E 2 /PDB7* /?&)*@%*%6F (D?*& %L(O1? 052,
R*?#FE O&*&%C6&)@ 1%2 *I6C2R*?#F 1%2 )*& 2 /PDB7* d&*LB5&%72HJ /? GO6
#L287( O(L(D 2 " BF (I(&B7#?6 2I16* )*& 2 ) *?&%2&LDT(& 7( 25&%&)1 )*&
*?*7R&%3G62 5102 #?* *?&)(D7(?2 %( )@C( * ∈ "E 1( e)**%)(8@T287(f
6? (&)1?* ) ["] e*?&)*C&%'?*Ff )@C( * ∈ " 7( 2 *?D%2&L2 ) (*)J

""! ! ()0+,-012J g2 *P&B7*&)1 %H%67* 6789 6F :;+<*-5 6=>?=@AB

7>C=DE=@ 7( F)-<4,G.;5 FH0IJKG5 *02(I(D*& *01 * *P&'7** 6F 689
)*& 2 /PDB7* /?&)*@%*%6F +&'''.E %8732I&)@

6789 = 689 h /?&)*@%*%6 = +'. i +&'''.#

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
 !"#$%&' (() *+&-%#.%./ -%& #$$% %0&12%% !!

"#$ %& '() *, -./0 1( 234*)5,#,),65- $7( ( (.)85(( 40 !"# 2&390
)%)(9-34 5:-9(; <( -.(',7,=1/*,=5- :( *45-)8:,=5- 5- , *45>%) ?$#@ (
(#,-7A*5(( #,= ,) (#,%-9.-)0 ,=0 23-)>B,:() , #7/3-0 ".9&5( C#)7,D/0;29
EA23) 83( A2,=5- 234*)5,#,)/*-) (#7,60 ,3)*)',60
S -7-*A0F (=,60 #,=
5(0 %9:,=: (5A*&0 ( (.)85(( $#&0 ,) P( ) '() E F '() 34,60 *=:%=(*5,60
,=0F #;2; , B-6D,0 (!" # ) = ! {{!}" {!" # }} ,= GHIJKLMNOP; "Q,6 $5&0
%-2,65- , ".9&5( ":)'(>*(*40F ,) ,3)*)',9 -7-*A0 (329B,=: :( #(9B,=:
#), *45(:)'$ 3$7, *)0 (#,%-9.-)0 '() 1( (:(Q-31,65- *- 5-3)',60 (#R (=,60
#,= %-: -#)%A2,:() $*, (#7,60 ,3)*5,60; S4: -#$5-:4F -3)55A:4 3$(*4
#-3)D3>Q,=5- 4 U(*)'/ 5A1,%, ,3)*5,6 -7-*8: #,= 23-)(B$5(*-F '=39&0
D)( :( ,:9*,=5- 4 *45(*9( 40;
%%&'& )*,-.& ! "# $ $%# % &'!%# "(#)#$+, )-!./$&, & $%# & + 1 0&%1
2345! %!#)"'67, $%#
(∀'!)[$ ('!) V⇒ (∃!()% ('!" ()]" ? WX@
8& " &1%9#$8, &3&)/,
( A,), 8*- % ('!" ()" (: $ ('!)"
(
, 5,:(%)'$
) ('!) = ! ∅" (77)80*
? WY@

&'!%# &:')4, "(#)#$8,;

S)0 -Q(35,DA0 -#)'(7,65(*- (=/ 4: #(3(/34*4 (#780 1A,:(0
) ('!) = ! , 5,:(%)'$ ( A,), 8*- % ('!" () ($ ('!))" ? W!@
(Q,6 #38( -#(741-6*,=5- 4: ? WX@F 2&390 :( #3,*%),39*,=5- 4: >*2-4
)5/ ,= ) A.& (#$ , #-%9, #,= 5(0 -:%)(QA3-); Z) -Q(35,DA0 ,= ".)85(,0
":)'(>*(*40 *=2:> 23-)>B,:() *4: (#$%-).4 ,= ? WX@ D)( *=D'-'3)5A:(
$ '() % ;
%%&/& 0-1.-.& #% $=.& 0"!"0&3/ "(#)#$8 &3&)/ ) > " &3&)/,
+(, ) = ! ) [, ] = {) (!) | ! ∈ , } ([\K(, ))
&'!%# &:')4, "(#)#$8,;
], -#$5-:, 1-5-7)('$ (#,A7-*5( ,= ".)85(,0 ":)'(>*(*40 D-:)'-6-)
, <-8345( ^#-3#-#-3(*5A:40 ":(%3,5/0 5- %6, 3$#,=0_ -#)3A#,:(0 ,3)W
*)'$ -7-*/ $#,= , (*1-:A*-3, 1-8345( %-2$(: 5$:, *=:>34*4 '() -%3()&W
5A:, D3>Q45( $#,= , (*1-:A*-3, 1-8345( %-2$(: 5$:, '(7> %)(-(D5A:,
283,; ` %-6-34 D-:9'-=*4 %-: 23-)>B-() , ".9&5( ":)'(>*(*40 (#$ 5$:4
40F 3$U745( 23&%%;

29 ! "#$%&' "(*+',-'-./ 0*'1234.+5 '(5#,6.' '27 !1/ 89:;<=> ?@:=AB +'* CD;<E

9<B F;<AG@A= -. 05+'5$' HIJK L MKN

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>>
 !" !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01
!"! #$%&'() *+&),-(./'0 1/)+&2(30 "# $%&' '()#"*+,-. /)%01+#
+' 23,21 #$+4- → $#" $%&' .)"2"$6 '7'28 ! 9 :;%)3'" #$)"<4= +>#
2:-%)121 ": → " [ ] ;.: "$#-.;."'> 1- '?>2*21
" (#) = ! (" ↾{$ ∈ | # → $ }% #)&
2345#$6!7 #$%& '() *,- ($./0)1, 23 4!564 5( /0612370 $89( :-( ;<77(
$23 5( 7(& /9*0) 2 '(=;;,;2 *>-2;2 $82*0??6*0%- ,& *3-=8,*,& $23 5:@
;2370A B-6 ?)( ( (8C)'= 7<7(( 23 D$23 /0- :C23- -.,7( *2 3C.- ?8=@
E,7(F4 (3:& 2) $82*0??6*0)& :C23- $0/6( 28)*72> ( G';0)*= $82& ( '=%H
3$2*>-2;( 23 A I( (-(E0852>70 *,- ';,82-27)'< ';0)*.,( ⇒ 23 4
28)*7:-, *2 7!864 $(8(;06$2-(& *2 *37J2;)*7. 23& /06'0&4 0E.*2- 08?(@
K.7(*0 7.-2 70 :-( ?8=E,7(A I( C8,*)72$2)<*2370 0$6*,& ( (-6*82E(
J:;,4
' ←( ( → ' ⇐⇒ ' 06-() ('8)J9& '=% ($. 2 (% D @"F
⇐⇒ !
#⇐( ( ⇒ # ⇐⇒ # 06-() '=% ($. 2 (&
⇐⇒ ! D @LF
93(()A (∈
"# $%&' $6+<. )
9 :;%)3'" #$)"<4= +># 2:-%)121 +' ;'(>.
.)"2+.@ . 2@-.7.{# ∈ | # ⇐ (} $#" ,."# 42'

)(#) = ! () ↾{$ ∈ | $ ← #}% #) (# ⇐ ()& D @ MF

A;6('"?17 82& ($(?%?< *0 =2$24 :*% ( 0;(C)*)'.& '.7J2& 23 .$23
2 O<77( /0- (;,50>0)A P$27:-%&4 ?)( '=50 ' ← (4 3$=8C0) ('8)J9& 76(
*3-=8,*, ) $23 )'(-2$2)06 ,- (3.,(
) (#) = ! () ↾{$ ∈ | $ ← #}% #) (# ⇐ ')& D @ F
(8(,82>70 $89( .)
[# ⇐ ' ← ( & # ⇐ * ← (] Q⇒ ) (#) = )! (#); D @ RF
0$0)/< (- 2# <(- 0;(C)*)'. (-)$(8=/0)?7( ,& D @ RF *2 4 .0
) (#) = ! () ↾{$ ∈ | $ ← #}% #) ($. ,- D @ F%
= ! ()! ↾{$ ∈ | $ ← #}% #) ($. ,- 0$);2?< 23 #%
= )! (#) ($. ,- D @ F ?)( 2 )! &
S 0;0*<& ' 7→ ) $23 (-)*2)C6K0) (3<- ,- ) *0 '=50 '.7J2 ' ← ( 06-()
28)*)'.& '() 0$27:-%& , 0)'.-( 23 06-() *>-2;2 ($. 2 B16%7( B-)'(=*(@
*,&A I:2370
)1 = ! S {) | ' ← (}%
'() $(8(,82>70 .) 2 )1 06-() *3-=8,*, ($. ,- D @ RF4 '() 0$)$;:2-4 ($.
2- 28)*7. ,&4
)1 (#) ↓ ⇐⇒ (∃')[# ⇐ ' ← (]&
T0 7)( ('.7, 0E(872?< 23 B1)97(2& B-)'(=*(*,&4 2
)2 = ! {(*% ! ()! ↾{# | # ← *})% #) | * ← ( & ¬(∃')[* ⇐ ' ← (]}

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
 !"#$%&' (() *+&-%#.%./ -%& #$$% %0&12%% !"

#$%&' ()%*+*, -&' &./ *% *1'(2/ *3 #$%&' -&' &3/ (3%415(5 2# .#6$* *1'(2*)
78%* &.9 &3/ 5: 1 ; <1& *
= ! 1 ∪ 2

#$%&' (3%415(5, -&'

(!) ↓ ⇐⇒ (∃")[# → " & " ⇒ !] ∨ # → "
⇐⇒ # ⇒ ! =&./ * !"#>;
?.'.+8*%, 5 '-&%*.*'#$ 5% &3/5& = @ A> #.#'6B 5% '-&%*.*'*)% 7#CD@
1'(4 *' 1 -&' 2 ; E#+'-4, 2# * $6'* #.'C#$152& .*3 C15('2*.*'B(&2# (5%
&./6#'75 5: = @ F>, 2.*1*)2# %& 6#$7*32# /' * .*+) 2$& (3%415(5 2#
.#6$* *1'(2*) * {! ∈ $ | ! ⇐ #} 2.*1#$ %& '-&%*.*'#$ 5% = @ A>, -&' &3/
#+#'G%#' 5% &./6#'75 *3 HB22&*:; ⊣ =HB22&>
'& %& &.*6#$7*32# * J#G152&, /.D: &.*6#$7&2# -&' 5% $!%&, #K&12/L*32#
* HB22& (* M#./2#%* N14K52&O
PQ ($) = ! $ ∪ {#∗ }%
! →"# ( ) & ⇐⇒ ! ! → & ∨ [! = #∗ & & ∈ $]%
.*3 8C#' &-1'SG: 8%&% -/2S* .#1'((/#1* &./ * $, (5% -*13KB; ⊣
''! ! )*+,-.! = > !" #$%& #"'$ (!"&"*+,-. /01. ' #"! #$%& (!+&'2 .1!3
4!#5 &'&42 ( 6 78$1/&! "#1!90: +;" 47-$1<4< ) : ' → ) [' ] 8.7 !#"-.8.!&;
<- "75<"
) (!) = ( () ↾ /01 (!)% !) (! ∈ ' )* = @ T>
=F> !" #$%& "-!#&;+&-. + #"! #$%& +.-.+&'2 .1!4!#5 &'&42 , 6 78$1/&!
"#1!90: +;" "#.'.7%;" (- 7→ +! ) 8.7 !#"-.8.!&; !: &=!404&!:
+0 = +% +!+1 = , (+! ) (- ∈ N)* = @ U>
V (- 7→ +! ) #$%&' 5 *34+5 =WXYZ[> *3 + &./ *% , ;
*345!&0/) '& * = > #K&12/L*32# * ''!# (* N14K52& (\Z]^_(' )% ." ),
-&' N'& * =F> (* N14K52& (N% →), /.*3
- → / ⇐⇒ ! - = / + 1* ⊣

''!$! 6,78,8! .!.- .1!4!#5 &'&42 ( /1<4!+.8.!.?+& *!" -" (&;=.7+&

. +,1.: =F> .7 .1;4+".:@
V 1*C'4 #%/: (3%/+*3 0 &./ *% #+#(B 5: 8%D(5: K&%#1G%#' 5% -13228%5
∈@6*2B *3 0, K81%*%&: (5% #.'K4%#'& & 28+5 *3 0, & 28+5 D% 2#+G% *3
0, & 28+5 &3G% -;+.;
''!9! :*+,-);! `'& -+4(5 =B ()%*+*> 1 #$%&' -<.=.+7> =[XabcZ[Zd]> &%
1 ⊆ 1 , B '(*6)%&2&
S

(∀! ∈ 1 )(∀# ∈ !)[# ∈ 1 ]%

B &-/25 &.+*)(#1& ! ∈ 1 e⇒ ! ⊆ 1 ;

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
 !" !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01
!"! #$%&$&! ! "#$%&! ∅' {∅ {∅}}' {∅ {∅} {∅ {∅}}}' % "#$%&%
N0 = {∅ {∅} {{∅}} !!! } # $ %&
)%* !)!+,-!+ !). % /0-12! /),-3%* 4!+ 456, 4&5"7 )%* ),3+89,+ 2.$% 5%2!
,-$!+ 2,!:!+45;
! '! ()*+&,- .)-0-1%23 45)1$6&-3; <56, "#$%&% ,-$!+ 28&%= "

2,!:!+4%# "*$.&%* ' 4!+ 25&+"! *)539,+ ,&59+"% #'() +, ⊆& 2,!:!+4.
#

"#$%&% = -.( ) 8%+% >", ∈ -.( ); /0 -.( ) 12,)( + ,)-0-1%2

# " " " "

%5)1$6&- 03 "4

2345#$6!7 567 0 #8& 03 !79 36:;<1( =0,)>(?@ )?0A03B2) $ 7→ -. (")
603 (?),060(12 (C 1D(EFE1(C
-.0 (") = {
S"} # $ G&
-. +1 (") = -. (")
?)( BH03=1
S
-.(") = ! -. (")! # $ I&
;0K),FC " ∈ -.(") ?)( 0 -.(") 12,)( =1)L)(?79 161(>@
S
% ∈ -. (") M⇒ % ⊆ -. (") = -. +1 (")!
5, 0 # 12,)( =1)L)(?7 ?)( " ∈ # 9 71 -.0 (") = {"} ⊆ # 9 ?)( 16)'N'(?:
S S
-. (") ⊆ # M⇒ -. +1 (") = -. (") ⊆ # ⊆ #
S
HE( FE1 1A(?: -.(") = -. (") ⊆ # 4 ⊣
! ! #$%&$&! /$ % " ,-$!+ 2,!:!+4.' ., -.( ") = " ∪ {"};
() ,) ?))A:L03=1 ?)AP1;) + K;:E+ QK),1;F,1( +, ?;3==H,+ ∈$>0=@R
+C " 603 <;+E(=060(@E)=1 6(0 6:,N9 B1N;0P=1 (C 1D@C K3E(?HC H,,0(1C4
! 8! 9+1$,63! /0 EP,0A0 " 12,)( 4&73%$%2+45 ,&,#6,3% !). 5%2! @ -:;6
#STUV& ), ),@?1( E1 ?:60(0 =1)L)(?7 EP,0A0 603 >1, 61;(H<1( :0=)9 (E0>P$
,)=) ), + =1)L)(?@ 03 ?A1(E7+) -.(") >1, 61;(H<1( :0=)4 /0 EP,0A0
" 12,)( %5&+<;<,1%= >)>)+-$,?;< #WVUVXYZ[UY\] ^_YZV& ), ),@?1( E1 ?:60(0

=1)L)(?79 6161;)E=H,0 EP,0A0` (E0>P,)=) ), 0 -.(") 12,)( 6161;)E=H,04

/0 EP,0A0 " 12,)( %5&+<;<,1%= ->-+1@,&6 ), ),@?1( E1 ?:60(0 =1)L)(?79
)6);(B=+7 EP,0A0` (E0>P,)=) ), 0 -.(") 12,)( )6);(B=+74
a 03E2) )3F, N, 0;(E=F, 12,)( 7( 0 {{&}} 12,)( =1, EP,0A0 )AA: 7<(
)',7 EP,0A0 ), 0 & 12,)( :0=09 161(>@ <;1()b7=)E1 0 & '() ,) 0 ?)$
)E?13:E03=1` 0 {N} 12,)( 6161;)E=H,0 )AA: 7<( ?A+;0,0=(?: 6161;)E=H,0
161(>@ <;1()b7=)E1 7A03C 03C K3E(?0PC );(B=0PC '() ,) 0 ?))E?13:E03=1`
0 {N } 12,)( )6);(B=+7 )AA: 7<( ?A+;0,0=(?: )6);(B=+79 161(>@ 6;H61( ,)
QE3=61;(A:L03=1 E1 0A7+)R +, ),)6);2B=++ E3AA0'@ N, E+=12N, 03 N
6;(, ?))E?13:E03=1 0 =0,0EP,0A0 {N } =1 =() 1A13)2)9 1;(==H,+ 6;:D+
E3AA0'@C4 c) 0 60P=1 >()K0;1(?:9 0 {N } >1, 12,)( ?A+;0,0=(?: )6);(B=+7

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
 !"#$%&' (() *+&-%#.%./ -%& #$$% %0&12%% !

"#"$%& '( )**+$, +. #"/$)0"$1 2*2#2/345(+ #6&4+7 2*$8"$5)*9*: 2 5)6( +.
5+*2%$8+; +. 5)6+.7: N <
! "! #$%&$&! !"#$ !%&')*+ "!'( ,-&*. ./012&*3) 3, 0& ./#4"./3'
'. '5* * /2&05* ,-&*. *%&67
! )! #$%&$&! 8&* 3,*9*.:' /2&050 ,-&*. :5)"0&03.:6 ;,;,"*/3<&0 *:".=
9>+ *& ,-&*. ;,;,"*/3<&0? :*. :5)"0&03.:6 *;*".@3)' *:".9>+ *& ,-&*. *;*=
".@3)'7
="9/+;5" >/2 ( ?;@0/+*( 86"$?A(2 ?.*A6+. @$2 +.7 "6"?)7 (7
)*9?(7 82$ +. %.*25+?.*A6+.<
! (! *+,-&./ B0/$1%2 34../ 56+1$2&/89! .* :6@, /2&050 :*.
:6@, B4/.:' *".@3' !? </C " = " ( ) 0 /2&050 ;04 0"-D,*. 3, )&
*&*1"03$
S
"0 = # " +1 =" ∪ " ∪ P(" )$ B C !D
:/$1%4 %6+1$2&/ 04 ,-&*. ) <&C/)
S∞
" = "( ) = ! =0 " ( )# B C ED
:*. <#,. .+ ,E$+ .1.'),+F
B D G0 " ,-&*. 3,*9*.:' /2&050 ;04 ;,".<#,. 0 :,&'S∅ :*. 0 ? ,-&*.
:5,./' %.* 04+ ,5,/<+ 04 D,2%04+ {%# &}? )+ <&C/)+ E :*. 04 14&*=
30/4&'504 P(') :*. ;,".<#,. :6@, 4;0/2&050 :*@,&'+ *;' * 3<5) 047
BFD G0 " ,-&*. 0 ,56#./0 B@$2 (* ⊆D 3,*9*.:' /2&050 ;04 ;,".<#,. 0
:*. ,-&*. :5,./' %.* 04+ ,5,/<+ {%# &}? E :*. P(( )7
S
BGD !& 0 ,-&*. *%&' :*. 3,*9*.:'? ', :6@, " ,-&*. ,;-/)+ *%&' :*.
3,*9*.:'? :*. .:*&0;0.,- )& ,E-/C/)
" +1 = P(" )$ B CFHD
8;,*. '. 0 " ,-&*. *%&'? 3,*9*.:' /2&0507
*345!&0/) B D I#A +* +/$?5A: ∅# ∈ "1 ⊆ " < I* %# & ∈ " : A" 2#A
+ #/+J2*)7 " ⊆ " +1 : .#,/0"$ 8,#+$+ ) )+$+ >?" {%# & } ⊆ "! : ,/2
{%# & } ∈ "!+1 < K+ 86"$%3 @$2 2 .#A6+$#2 "3*2$ ( ?.5#"/36(L(
S
% ∈ " M⇒ % ⊆ " ⊆ " +1 ⊆ "#
2#A (* +#+32 ?.*,@"2$ 25)?97 A$ + " "3*2$ 5"2N2$8A< O" (* 3%$2 5)4+%+:
S S
% ∈ " M⇒ % ⊆ " +1 ⊆ " +2 #
S S
,/2 % ∈ " M⇒ % ∈ " +3 ⊆ " 82$ + " "3*2$ 86"$?A @$2 +* "6"?& %<
K+ 3%$+ "#$0"3/(52 %"30*"$ A$ + " "3*2$ 86"$?A @$2 +* P(( ): 82$ ( "6".232
#/A2?( #/+8;#"$ 2#P 2.& (* 86"$?A(2 82$ ( 5"2N2$8A(2<

30 !"#$%&'$() %&(*+' (,'&-+' *# %.'/,0 #1'!$ "!2!3/($!%4 !--5 "!2!"-!')$%47 !

3$!3/8$%5 3,'!*/(9'/-! *#:!-.'/,' ;,"#2#%<#$%5= (/ "-4</0> ?($ "/, <! 4!' "$/ %/'5
()' !-4<#$! '! ! !"#$%/'1@!*# (!' %.'/,0 *# %!*"9-#0> ,"#2#%<#$%?0 "-#,2?0A

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>=
 !" !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01
" !( )

##
#

"3 !3 ( )
"2 !2 ( )
"1 !1 ( )
"0

2$34/1""1 ! 5 $%&'()*+),-.30 '/%0123). 56 ! ( ) ,') " #

S
7"8 9:*3S! ′ ,;3)21 &)' %<. {#$ % } ,') E 3=6') 3/=2>. ,;3)21 &)' %6
&∪' = {&$ ' }? ,') '6 % ! ′ 3=6') 3/=2>. ,;3)21 &)' %6 P(( )@ 13
3/'&5&),: 73A,%;'8 ,:*3 !! ∈ ! ′ @ ,') :(' ! ⊆ ! ′ '/1 > +3'B'),1>'
%< ! ′ #
7C8 D6 % 3=6') +3'B'),1 E5(=. :%+'@ 13 ,:*3 !! 3=6') 3/=2>. +3F
'B'),1 E5(=. :%+'@ +3 +)' 3()++-6> 3/'&5&G 2% )# D/H '<1 /(%,AF
/3) 1)
S % ! 3=6') +3'B'),1 E5(=. :%+'@ :(' '&61@ ';;: 3/=2>. ,') 1)
!! ∪ !! ⊆ P(!! )@ -2) I23 !!+1 = P(!! )# ⊣
! "! #$%&$&! !"$ % &'()*+ -. /'(0 10.2.-/$ "34)&) ( 5 ( ⊆ P(( )6
! '! #$%&$&! 74 ⊆ * 5 $0 8-. /'(0 )5 !! ( ) ⊆ !! (* )5 /.- 09)1:4!*
⊆ * J⇒ ! ( ) ⊆ ! (* )+
! (! )* +,-*./012*3 *4253 %6&-7270.%5 8+8+-*$012* $9276* 7KLMN@
OMPLQRNR@ SNMNRTUVMTWX YQTUN ZNUZ8# [ 3;:E)2> B'2),G ,;3)21>' 3=6') '<G
%< ,36%A 2<61;%<@ ! (∅) ⊆ ! ( )@ &)' ,:*3 # \3 %6 ,;'2),1 2<+B%;)2+1
7/%< *' 3]>&G2%<+3 2% 3/1+36% ,3^:;')%8@ !! (∅) = "! @ -2) I23 ' "! ,')
> -652G %<. /(%20)%(=_%6') '/1 ). 3])2I23).
S∞
"0 = ∅$ "!+1 = P("! )$ " = ! !=0 "! = ! (∅)+ 7 F" 8
)' /'(:03)&+'@ ∅ ∈ "1 @ {∅} ∈ "2 ,') {{∅}$ {{∅}}} ∈ "4 ! a' 2A6%;' '<: '/3)F
,%6=_%6') 2' '()23(: 2% b):&('++' ! # a% 2A6%;% " 3=6') 30(')5+-6%@
'&61 ,') +3'B'),1@ ,:*3 "! 3=6') /3/3('2+-6% +3 3A,%;> 3/'&5&G@ -2) /%<
,:*3 2A6%;% 2% " 3=6') 30(')5+-6%@ '&61 ,') ,;>(%6%+),: /3/3('2+-6%@ ,')
B-B')' % " 3=6') '/'()*+>1# D<: 3=6') ' 2A6%;' /%< ,''2,3<:_%6') c'/1
% =/%'d 7,<()%;3,),:@ '/1 % ,361 2A6%;%8 +3 /3/3('2+-6> 3/'6:;>e> >.
2<+/3(=;>e>. 23 %;1>' 7/3()A;)]>. +3 '&,A;3.f8 +3(),I6 '/1 ' '6),3=+36'
/%< -E%<6 G0> ,''2,3<'23=#

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
 !"#$%&' (() *+&-%#.%./ -%& #$$% %0&12%% !"

#$ $%$&()* +,)$-&(.* /0 !

( ) 1/0 .1.2$345-.4) -/ 6 7 /0 ! "
)89.$ .+2$:;* .0<* 1/0 .1.$/=9 . .>$;4.. 6##7 ? 6$7 .1& /9 +&-4/ W @
-=4AB9. 4) (9 .9C,0-( -/ %!&'@ +.$ .9 / -=9/,/ N0 (* 6 D E7 1/0 )FD
!
F0C.$ / G>8B4. G1)82/0 6$#7 )89.$ 01/-=9/,/ /0 @ &) )18-(* N0 ∈ ( )H !
!
I.$ )1)$%5 / ( ) )89.$ 4).:.$+&@ F$. &,. . "#$ !
∈ ( )@

" 6= $ J⇒ (∃% ∈ (! ))[% ∈ (" \ $) ∪ ($ \ ")]# 6 DKK7

%(,.%5 $-L=)$ -/ (! ) .+2$:;* .0& 1/0 / G>8B4. M+.-(* .1.$)8 .1&
/9 +&-4/ W -=4AB9. 4) (9 6"D K7H G0C 12/)89/09 &$ .9 .,,C>/04) /
9&(4. /0 N.9$+)$4<9/0O <-$ ;-) 9. -(4.89)$ N4<,/* /0 (! )O F$. +C1/$/
! ⊇ N @ &) +C3) .1&%)$>( .1& . .>$;4.. 6#7 ? 6$#7 41/2)8 9. )24(9)0)8
B* )1$L)82(4. F$. . 4<,( /0 (! ) .98 F$. &,. . .9$+)84)9.@ 1/0 -/ <,/*
0

.1/%)8L9)$ +C1/$/ 3);2(4. F$. / (! ) .98 /0 W H P89.$ -(4.9$+5 $%<.@ 1/0
.>8Q)$ F)98+)0-( +.$ &9/4.H

! (! )*+,-./! R 4).:.$+5 +,C-( )89.$ 0.,-1/ 13 4567589 .9 )89.$

+,)$-5 F$. /0* ),)-<* Q)=F/0* {&#' S
}@ <9B-(* E +.$ %09.4/-09&,/0 P( ) (
+.$ 1)2$<L)$ / -=9/,/ N0 /2$-4<9/ .1& (9 6 D E7H # ),CL$-/* +&-4/* /0
#
STUVTWX )89.$ / Z = (N0 ) 1/0 +.3/28Q).$ .1& $* )>$-;-)$*

#
Z0 = N0 Z +1 = P(Z ) Z = # S∞
=0 Z ) 6 DK"7

!&:! ;,0<,<! !"#$%& W "'() () +),!-,$.)() -/)+, !"#$%& %0 1234
52678 9:;- !"#$%& %0 1235267 <-=,.>-, % !-)" #?)%'% !+, !:;- 0<%#?)%'%
!+;-)"& +<" + $.'@ %08
IC3) +&-4/* /0 STUVTWX )89.$ <="0<% B9 .>$B4CB9 6#7 ? 6$#7@ +.$
4C,$-. 1/,= )$%$+& 12&01/ )A&-/9 .1/%8%)$ $* A0-$+<* )24(9)8)* -$* :.-$+<*
<99/$)* /0 N$ )89.$ -=9/,/O +.$ /0 N.95+)$9OY1)2$/28Q)$ 4&9/ / 1)%8/ .9$D
+)$4<9B9 -/ /1/8/ )24(9)=/04) .>$;4.. +.$ 3)B254..H # $-L02$-4&* &$
,/F$+C )1.+&,/03. B9 .>$B4CB9 6#7 ? 6$#7 .,(3)=/09 &.9 . )24(9)=/04)
-) /1/$/9%51/) +&-4/ /0 STUVTWX +.,)8.$ $-+;-A=@$+@ 3);2(4. 1/0 .A/2C
3)B254..H $. 9. %$.01;-/04) 4) .+28:)$. +.$ 9. .1/%)8>/04) 4) .0-(2&D
(. F)9$+C .1/),<-4.. .0/= /0 )8%/0*@ L2)$.Q&4.-) 4)3&%/0* +.$ .1/D
),<-4.. .1& ( B+;@$+,!C D%E,!CH [) -0F+)+2$4<9. 1.2.%)8F4.. &4B*@
,544. 12/* ,544. +.$ 12&.-( 4) 12&.-(@ )89.$ -0953B* .1,& 9. %/=4) .+2$D
:;* F$. 1/$. $%$&(. /0 +&-4/0 W -0Q(C4) +.$ 9. .1/%)8>/04) +.)03)8.9
(9 )24(9)8. (* -) +C3) +&-4/ /0 STUVTWX\ )1)$%5@ 12CF4.$@ L2(-$4/1/$/=4)
-$* .1/%)8>)$* 4.* . .>$;4.. B* $%$&()* +,)$-&(.* /0 +&-4/0 W @ F$.
/9 /1/8/ %)9 <L/04) .1/%)L)8 81/. 1)2$--&)2/ .1& / &$ <L)$ .0<* $*
$%$&()*H

!& ! *.>,<! 9:;- !"#$%& %0 1235267 -/)+, !'-,#"& E,+ %) -4
'-#C F-?E%0& %0 GH3IJ7KLMN (&#') <%0 %=/#@!- #@) 6]D 7O !+, E,+ %0&
-'-#.& 9+=-#,+)%? E,)%$.)%0 " × $ O #0)+=@#,+!%? >A=%0 (" → $ )O !+,

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
 !" !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01
!"#$ %&"'(!) *$)+"-*&.) ( ! " )/ +) +$#0 #"'*#1) +23 # 4&15#6 789
:;<=>?@AB C2'2DE#)/ +) ∈ # (+' F ∼ &0)+' * E*F '*#G$)+%0+6 *# / 3&
F ∼ (+' # 2FD0(# [[ $∼]] #$%& !"#' &20*F6 +)-(#$) *# # B
2345#$6!7 () *+,-). /012345678 (%& ' ) = {{%}& {%& ' }} 9,) :)<=+>?@ )A
# +>@B< CD)EB@F. :) # G =DH:<I)C)<F@B. D+<. E)DJ. H@ ACKL+:H K< )
# +>@B< M%+<:K -<B )@ {%& ' }& N@ & " ∈ # G K+ ∪ " = { & " }G MB<
S
BM)%)ALF@B. H@ BCK9+<OH )A !#
× " ⊆ P(P( ∪ " )) ∈ #&
J:< F:+ × " ∈ # & (B ACK%)<CB BC)9+>=@)@B< I+ CBDKI)<) DKC)& ⊣
""!##! $%&'%'! HIJ& (3*%#6 #$ KL:MLN= # 2&"'E &' *1*F%+ OL;P=/ *1%9
Q.)+ %& #) #"'*%3 *# (!"B
""!#)! +,.%'! # ' R# ST0.%+ CT+"F%E).) C2'D#5!) +DFJ&1&' *& (IJ&
(3*%# #$ KL:MLN= # / %& F) &T-6 &"%F)&0+U +) ( ∈ ∈ # / ) ⊆ × /
) ∈ # / (+' N ∈ # &0)+' (I2#'# *1*F%+ OL;P= *# # / 3&
(∈ & (∀% ∈ )(∃' ∈ )) (%& ' )
P⇒ (∃* : N → )[* ∈ # & * (0) = ( & (∀+ ∈ N)) (* (+)& * (+ + 1))],
#Q' #/0' R# ST0.%+ C2'D#5-6 +DFJ&1&' *& (IJ& (3*%# #$ KL:MLN= # /
%& F) &T-6 &"%F)&0+/ (+I F) 1! U 5'+ (IJ& #'(#5E)&'+ E ∈ # %F (&)!)
(+' TE).) +)+ G1# *$)3D.)/ $2I" &' (I2#'# *1)#D# - ∈ # 2#$ &0)+' *1)#D#
&2'D#5-6 5'+ F) E / GFD+G-
- ⊆ S E& (∀. ∈ E)(∃/)[- ∩ . = {/}],
2345#$6!7 # ' N@ <:=,+< H ACKL+:H H. :A@+CB-?-R. C)A LJ%)AI+ @B BC)S
9+>O)AI+G K+ BCK ) 20 ACTD=+< MTC)<B :A@TDH:H * : N → J)<B F:+
* (0) = ( MB< -<B MTL+ + ∈ NG ) (* (+)& * (+ + 1))& UC+<9R (N → ) ∈ # G J=)AI+
+C>:H. * ∈ # BCK H I+B$B<MKHB&
() #Q' BC)9+<M@,+B< I+ B@T%)-) DKC)& ⊣
UC<%JOBI+ :A-M+MD<IJ@+. +M9)=J. ?@ BD=F@ +C<%)-R. -<B H@ +AM)%>B H.
BCK9+<OH.G B%%T K%+. )< <:)9,@BI+. +M9)=J. )A. +C>:H. B%HL+,)A@ :+ MTL+
MK:I) )A VW1XWY4 # & NAK IC)D),I+ @B ) BC)9+>O)AI+ MBZ +AL+>B@G R
CBDBHDF@B. K< )< BC)9+>O+<. <:)9A@BI>B. C)A 9F:BI+ [+C<9J=)@B< +DIH@+>B
IJ:B :) # \&
""!# ! $%&'%'! #/0' '+ (IJ& (3*%# #$ KL:MLN= # / +) & " ∈ # (+' )
&0)+' #2#'+G-2#& G'%&D-6 #"'*'(- *$)J-(F/ 3&
(∀% ∈ )(∃' ∈ " )) (%& ' )
P⇒ (∃* ∈ # )[* : → " & (∀% ∈ )) (%& * (%))], # SQ"'
""!#(! 3 45678%9: &,%;9: 9< =>?@>AB Z & <B @B 9<B:BEH@>:)AI+ )
*RHIBG L+?D),I+ )@ :A-M+MD<IJ@)G +%T=<:) MK:I) )A VW1XWY4G Z & DKS
M+<B< -<B J@B B-@KG I+B$B<MK :,@)%)G C)A MBB:M+AT:BI+ O+M<@F@B. I+ )

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
 !"#$%&' (() *+&-%#.%./ -%& #$$% %0&12%% !"

#$%&'(#& N0 *#+ ,$#-#%#./0-&-#1 0$,+2,1 3&241 5- $2065 &7 87-#.&(79

-:%&7; *0$<1 :$<1 *##(*,70=&7., *#+ &71 37(+*&'1 #2+>.&'1 6,*+-?-#1 .,
& 0 *#+ ,$#-#%#./0-&-#1 0$,+2,1 3&241 5- $2065 &7 ,$:.,-&7@ A$&2&'.,
-# *##-&B(&7., # .4%5 &7 Z <1 #*2+/?1 # #-+*,C.,-# $&7 ,DD7?-#+ #
#6+?.## E F G E! F; # &$&C# ,*320=&7- +8+:5,1 *%,+(:5#1 $&7 +*#-&$&+,C
& Z @ H+ 37(+*41 ,2.5-,C,1 <- "# *#+ $# ,$C(51 #%5>,'&7- (& Z ; 5 8,'9
,25; /4/#+#; #- 8,I&'., :+ #%5>,',+ (&- *:(.& W @ A, /0(5 +1 +8+:5,1
*%,+(:5#1 <- *:(.<- &7 JKLMKNO $&7 4I&7., B85 #$&8,C6,+; #- 6#-#*&+9
06&7., +1 #$&8,C6,+1 (# P,30%#+# %; & *#+ '( *#+ (& #2025.# $ >#
8&'., :+ & Z $,2+4I,+ :I+ .:-& & (7D*,*2+.4-& ('(5.# 37(+*?- #2+>.?-
N $&7 *##(*,70(#., (& P,30%#+& %; #%%0 *#+ & I?2& RSTLK $&7 &2C=,#+
., #7: & N *#+ # (7D*,*2+.4-# (7(B.## 25?- *#+ $2#D.#+*?- #2+>.?-
$&7 &2C=&-#+ (& #2025.# $@ U$: # >,<2B.## .&-#8+*:5#1 $&7 (79
-&8,'&7- #741 +1 *##(*,741; *#>4-# #$V #70 # (7(B.## #$,+*&-C=,+ 5-
#-0%&D5 8+#+(>5+*B 4--&+# :(& $+(0 :(& *#+ *0>, 0%%&; 4(+ ?(, .$&2&'.,
-# $&'., :+ & Z $,2+4I,+ &71 37(+*&'1; & I?2& RSTLK; &71 25&'1 *#+ &71
$2#D.#+*&'1@
U- (7-870(&7., ?2# #741 +1 $#2#52B(,+1 ., D-<(0 (7.$,20(.## *#+
$2&0(,+1 <- *%#(+*?- .#>5.#+*?-; 8,- ,C-#+ 8'(*&%& -# *##(*,70(&7.,
4-# $,+(+*: ,$+I,C25.# :+ !" " "$%&'()'$" )'!*+, +, &!"-%&., /!0'12",3
+, "$/!4-+,3 +, -4$"2+-%"&., "$/!4-+,3 +, 565!50(",3 +, 6%7"$57'89
2(",3 8$ :%";52%&<$ '=%-<-'8$ &>!6> )6525?$ $" 12'75?$ @)*A2%, %-5)52;%9
-)5?B -5 Z @ &%%0 #$: # >,.,%+#*0 #-+*,C.,-# 51 D,-+*B1 (7-&%&>,<2C#1
,$C(51 7$02I&7- (& Z ; :%# :(# 4I&7., *##(*,70(,+ $2+- #$V #7: & *,309
%#+&; $@I@ (5- #-0$765 51 >,<2C#1 .,2+*0 *#+ *#%0 8+#,#D.4-<- I?2<-@
W#- ('->5.#X * +,*-.+/ 0*120*.+/ +*. 2 *3*4*522 6.* 2 07,82
9:; 17<45* -:=>,<=? 73.@8A9=*. 7402=75* -*= >,* * 0*120*.+/ *=.B
+7507=* =* C*= 08,2 9: Z @

Y& C8+& +(I',+ /4/#+# D+# *0>, *:(.& &7 JKLMKNO; #%%0 & (7D*,*2+.4-&1;
#$%:1 &2+(.:1 &7 Z .#1 ,$+24$,+ -# #-#%'(&7., 5 8&.B &7 *#+ -# .,%,B9
(&7., +1 ,+8+*41 +8+:5,1 <- .,%?- &7@ +# $#208,+D.#; *#-4-# .4%&1 &7
Z 8,- #-B*,+ (&- ,#7: &7X ,$,+8B *#-4-# ∈ N0 8,- +*#-&$&+,C 5- ∈
!
E,'*&%#F; *#+ #- E$2&1 #$#D<DB (, 0&$&F & ,C-#+ ,%0I+(& ?(, -# 7$02I,+
*0$&+& ∈ ∈ Z +1 ; :, ∈ ⊆ Z #$: &- &2+(.:; 4(+ ?(, ∈Z ;
!
,-0-+# (5- ,$+%&DB &7 @ U7: .0%%&- ,7I02+(& ,C-#+; ,CI#., $2&/%B.##
., ('-&%# $&7 #-B*&7- (&- ,#7: &71[ :.<1 5 ,$#-#%5$+*B *##(*,7B &7
Z (7-,$0D,#+ .+# $&%' +(I72:,25 +8+:5# D+# # .4%5 &7 $&7 #-#*0%7\, &
]O^ _K`MS^^@

''DE&D F4.-0>;D a-# #-+*,C.,-& "

,C-#+ +*+/ 1707,.<08=9 ETNN bO`^cKcF
#- *0$&+# 3>C-&7(# ∈9#%7(C8# #2IC=,+ ., #7:; 85%#8B #- 7$02I,+ (7-025(5
# $
: N → 4&+# ?(,

" = # (0) ∋ # (1) ∋ # (2) ∋ ··· %

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
 !" !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01

2$34/1""1 !"5 #$ {∅ {∅}} %&' &($)$*,-./0 123$4

5'./,67,'& ($- 1,' ,6'&. /&/8 9,7,:.;7<'& /&:$='&. #$%& '()(%*+),-$

>?@AA BCDEF@FG H (./$*+),-$ >IJCDEF@FG4 5' ! ∈ ! K 0, ! ∋ ! ∋ ! ∋
· · · K /&. ,($7<';L $ ! ,6'&. /&/8 9,7,:.;7<'$4 #$ 30N:*7& 0 ! 1 16',.
O&3&/*3.%70 ;' /&/8 9,7,:.;7<';' %-'0:;' /&,-9,6&' &(0 * %O<%* ∈K 7,
30($ ($- 7$.8P,. ),'6/,-%* *L .1.0*&L ! ∈ ! 4
!"2! 34#545! ! "$%!& $ '()* ∅ '!+ $ N0 (,)!+ (-.!+/%0)!1 2)! 345
)$6$ (,)!+ (-.!+/%0)$ !) '!+ %*)$) !) '"7( %06$8 $9 (,)!+ (-.!+/%0)$&
! !

!) '!+ %*)$) !) $ -9)!%$34)$6* $9 (,)!+ (-.!+/%0)$1 : '6"3; *6/) /)

(-.!+/%0)/) 39)*6/) (,)!+ %(!<!+'=1
!"6! /8$45! : <!3+'= '6(+3*;! ( ) '"7( (-.!+/%0)$9 39)*6$9
" # #

(,)!+ (-.!+/%0);1 >+-+'*(.!& $ (6"?+3$8 '*3%$8 $9 @ABCADE Z '!+ *6! $9
! %06; (,)!+ (-.!+/%0)!1
6789#$:!5 Q,O07&%, 0. $ # ,6'&. ,13&.;7<'$ /&. 0. >(3$L &(&);)H %,
8$($G $ $ ,6'&. ,:8O.%$ 2%, $ " '& ,6'&. /&/8 9,7,:.;7<'$ /&. <%;
" ∋ %1 ∋ · · · R96'$-%& ∈S&:-%61&4 5(0 *' -(09,%*K $ & 04 T(,.1H $.
-($9<%,.L %1 ∈ " −1 /&. %1 ∈ ' ∈ " −1 &'.69,'&. %*' ,(.:$)H $- $K
(3<(,. '& .%O=,. $ %1 ⊆ " −1 K 83& %2 ∈ " −1 /&. * =(&3U* *L R96'$-%&L
∈S&:-%61&L " −1 ∋ %2 ∋ · · · &'.69,&. (8:. %*' ,(.:$)H $- $4 3$/=(,.
0. $ " ,6'&. ,13&.;7<'$K ,(,.1H /89, R96'$-%& &:-%61& " ∋ %1 ∋ · · · 9&
<1,.O', ,(6%*L 0. /8($.$ " ,6'&. /&/8 9,7,:.;7<'$K %-)/,/3.7<'& $ "
($- (,3.<O,. $ %1 4 #$ (03.%7& ).& $ Z .%O=,. ,(,.1H $ N0 ,6'&. ,13&.;7<'$4⊣
V* )';%HK %&O:H R83%&K ,'9$-%.&%7<'$L $ .&''8/*L %* ).$3H $- &'$6S
),. $ ,38%.$ /$-6 7, $ 123$ $-K 70'$ ).& '& N3,. 7<%& <'& 8::$ /$-6K
/&. %X &-0 7<%& &/07* <'& /$-6 /4:(4 7<O3.L 0$- R8%,. %$ ,:,-&6$K
7./3$%/$(./0 /$-8/. ($- ,6'&. 81,.$Y $ 123$ $- ,6'&. & /$-.84 Z($3$=7,
'& %-::8N$-7, & &)'8K ,13&.;7<'& %='$:& %&' &R*3*7<',L &(,./$'6%,.L <S
$.;' &($)$*,-./2' 123;'K 0($- 07;L $ /89, /$-6 7($3,6 '& (,3.:&7N8',.
(,3.%%0,3& &(0 <'& ,%;,3./8 /$-.8Y 0($.$ /$-6 /&. 'X &'$6U,. $ .&''8/*L
/89, R$38K ,:./8 9& N3,. $ 81,.$ /$-6K $ /,'0 ∅4 [. (,3.%%0,3,L &U.;7&S
$($.H%,.L *L %-'$:$9,;36&L 1<O$'&. *' ,UHL &3OH $- \CE ]@D^_EEK ($-
&(&)$3,=,. & /&/8 9,7,:.;7<'& %='$:& &(&3OHL4

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
 !"#$%&' (() *+&-%#.%./ -%& #$$% %0&12%% !"

!"#! $%&' ()*)+,-./0 #$%&' &)*+ ,- .,/'012&,'34 !"# $%&'(' #)&*+ #,-*+.
/01&'2 568 9:;<=:> <?=@AB :CDE #E 5F=GH:3 AB *&'&+346*7 #I+J/*1%&2K34
L?MCD<> 9:> A <FEB <N:;;:9>9EO 9M?GB P6@N8AA :;;M DCE@>HA Q9RC:@A AB
5CDEB S<H<;=G@AB4
!12! %46./! 8 9-:; <#0#()/$67 +$:%#+ *& 3*+ 04&'& *& =+* 3!"# 06
3#&4 $%&'(' > ?@!-:#+ 3!@'+' ! ∈ 1'+' A$#
!∩ =∅ " # TUV3
*345!&0/) W<D8H:@< ?CX: AN 5CDE S<H<;=G@ABO 9:> #?CYB :?:ZGZE @<
MY?Y3 6?Y[QY6H< 8> 6= ∅O :;;M 8> 9:NQN: ∈ !
P<N >9:NY?Y><= AN
# TUV34 568 @AH:=N<> 8> Z>: 9M?Y>Y O #
#∈ & (∀ !∈ $
)(∃ ∈ $ !]%
)[ ∈
MC:O :?8 Y 78O 6?MCD<> M?<>CAO R[=NY6@: ∈T:;6@=P: ?Y6 :CD=\<> H< Y ∋ O #
9:> :68 ]Q]:>: :N>=[<:> @AN 6?8[<@A4 5N>@C8RGBO :N A 5CDE S<H<;=G@AB
P<N :;A[<^<> 9:> 9M?Y>: M?<>CA R[=NY6@: ∈T:;6@=P: :CD=\<> H< Y @^NY;Y
& & &
= (0) ∋ (1) ∋ (2) ∋ · · · %
8< A <>98N: & [N] = {& (0)% & (1)% " " " } <=N:> ]<]:=GB HA 9<NEO 9:> QHN<> 9:[QN:
:?8 : HQ;A ABO Q@> ?Y6 9:NQN: :?_ :6M P<N >9:NY?Y><= AN # TUV34 ⊣
!1 ! 9 .:;<+<=)-%,6 >?@A?BCDE@F?GH?B I*) )JK+<L'MN >E84 `Y ?;QYN
P>:P<PYHQNYaY b<?=@AHYca @^@AH: :F>GHMGN Z>: @^NY;: <=N:> A ()-%,6
>?@A?BCDE@F?GH?B #H< <?>;YZE3O ?Y6 ?CY@[Q<> >B 5CDQB 5ZN8A:B 1!"O 9:>
S<H<;=G@AB @: :F>XH:: AB >E78 H:\= H< Y 5F=GH: d?>;YZEBO @6H]Y;>9Me
>E8 = >E78 + P8 + 5ZN8A: + S<H<;=G@A"
d=N:> ?Y;;M 9:> ?<>@>9M : <?>D<>CEH:: ?Y6 <6NYY^N :68 Y @^@AH:O H<C>9M
:?_ :6M [: <9[Q@Y6H< :HQ@GB @A @6NQD<>:O 9:> ?M;> :CZ8<C:O @: f<RMT
;:>Y " 9:> @Y :CMCAH: QO 8?Y6 <?=@AB [: <FAZE@Y6H< 9:> Y6B ]:@>9Y^B
;8ZY6B ?Y6 H:B YPEZA@:N N: H<=NY6H< 9:M ]M@A @AN :@[<NQ@<CA [<GC=:
>E78 @_ :6QB >B hAH<>X@<>B4 5?8 AN 9:[:CM ?C:9>9E M?YiAO Y> :CDQB
5ZN8A:B 9:> S<H<;=G@AB P<N <=N:> @AH:N>9QB Z>: Y HQCYB AB @6NY;Y[<GT
C=:B ?Y6 H:B :RYCM <PXO 9:> Y ?;EC<B P8 DC<>M\<:> H8NY @?YC:P>9MO Q@>
?Y6 H?YCY^H< <^9Y;: N: @AH<>XNY6H< >B DCE@<>B Y64

!1"! RJS%&<:; */ )T%6K-*U;6 .V;<+6W j ?;QYN 9:MRGCA ?:C:]=:@A AB

5CDEB S<H<;=G@AB [: E:N QN: :N>9<=H<NY ?Y6 <=N:> Y HYNY@^NY;Y Y6 <:6Y^
Y6O
Ω = {Ω} " # TUk3
l?YCY^H< N: @6;;M]Y6H< Y Ω @:N Y ?;QYN :?YZYA<6>98 PXCYe 9M[< 9Y6=
?<C>QD<> QN: M;;YO ?:NYHY>86?YO 9:> Y >:NNM9AB <F:9Y;Y6[<= N_ :NY=Z<> 9Y6>M

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
 !! !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01

···

2$34/1""1 !"5 "# Ω $%& (%)*+, %-#)#./0*+1 23(#4

56(78 %-#9:/$;% < 9(;%= )*% -,&%> ?<-68 0-,(5#0& $@&#:% Ω1 +%* Ω2
9#*% 3$/

Ω1 = {∅ Ω2 } Ω2 = {Ω1 }? A BCDE

"9#*/8 /F*$3$/*8 ;#*,G#0& %-7H%&/8= ,$5//8= %::, 2/& /7&%* -(#I%&98 1*
% %F*3;%% -#0 95#0;/ 2/5/7 *8 %-#+:/7#0&4 *% .& %+(7K/*%= 2/& *8
%-#+:/7#0&L $# %(,(.;% # H% +%%$+/0,$#0;/ -*H%&#I%&< -(10-% .8
$%&'N(' -#0 -/(*95#0& +,-#*# %0#;#&#$@&#:# Ω = {Ω}= +%* ,::% $@B
&#:% ;/ -%(%-:<$*/8 *2*1./84
O8 H0;.H#@;/ 3(% *8 +,-68 %$%I/78 -/(*)(%I98 .8 !"#$%& +%* .8 '()*&
,-#P.8 #0 +1$;#0 %&*+/*;9&6& W $# "!)*4 Q ;/),:. ,-#P. H/6(/7 # W
68 . ;9)*$. /I*+< $0::#)< %&*+/*;9&6& -#0 *+%&#-#*/7 % %F*3;%%= /&3
. ;*+(< ,-#P. 295/%* 1* # W %-#/:/7%* %-1 /+/7&% % %&*+/7;/&% -#0
%-%*#@&%* %-1 % %F*3;%%4
?/ . ;/),:. ,-#P.= 2/& 95#0;/ 3(% -/(*$$1/(/8 < :*)1/(/8 /&2/7F/*8
)*% .& %:<H/*% .8 O(5<8 R/;/:76$.8 %-S 1=* /75%;/ $# T/I,:%*# "= /+18
#0 1* 95#0;/ 2.;*#0()<$/* 1:. %0< . H/6(7% 56(78 -#9 &% 5(/*%$#@;/
%0< .& %(5<L %-1 .& ,::. ;/(*,= 2/& 5(/*%$<+%;/ #@/ +%+, H/;/:*6;9&%
$@&#:%4
U5#0;/ %-#+<$/* 1;68 -#:@ +%:@/(. %&7:.P. .8 ;*+(<8 ,-#P.8= #0:,B
5*$#& )*% . H/6(7% $&'N('= +%* %-S %0<& 1:/8 #* /&2/7F/*8 /0&##@& .&
O(5< R/;/:76$.8L % $@&#:% -#0 V/))03&%*W % %F*3;%% .8 $&'N(' /7B
&%* -(#I%&38 % ;9:. #0 Z = +%* /7&%* 1:% %)&, +%* /2(%*6;9&%4 R% ;-#(#@$/
+%&/78 &% %&*:#)<$/* 1* 2/& +%%$+/0,$%;/ # Z %-1 # 7-#%= /()%$<B
+%;/ ;9$% $S 9&% V2#$;9&#W +1$;# %&*+/*;9&6& W = +%* ;,:*$% 5(/*,$.+/
&% 2/5#@;/ 1* /+18 %-1 % %F*3;%% .8 $&'N('= # W *+%&#-#*/7 /-7B
$.8 # OF76;% O&*+%,$%$.84 O01 /7&%* $6$1= %::, /-7$.8 $6$< /7&%*
+%* . -(#I%&<8 %-,&.$.L 9F6 %-1 +,H/ 9&&#*% %0$.(<8 %F*6;%#-#7.$.8= X
#(*$;18 #0 Z +%* #* %-#2/7F/*8 6& K%$*+3& *2*#<6& #0 ;-#(#@& &% +%B
%&#.H#@& ,;/$%= %I/:38= 1-68 $0&<H68 +%%:%K%7&#0;/ % ;%H.;%*+,Y+%*
-/7H#0&4 ?*% %-:< -/(*)(%I< #0 Z H% <%& 9:/*% +%%&#.< $# T/I,:%*#
"= 68 2*%*$H.*+18 #(*$;18 V-/(*#(*$;9&#0 $0&1:#0W= -#0 2*+%*#:#)/7 % %F*3B
;%% .8 $&'N('= +%* *8 %(598 O)&1.%8 +%* R/;/:76$.84 Z/& 95#0;/
K(/* ;95(* $*);<8 -%(1;#*#= %:.H#I%&98 2*%*$H.*+1 -(10-# .8 $&' -#0 &%

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>>
 !"#$%&' (() *+&-%#.%./ -%& #$$% %0&12%% !"

#$%&'($& )* $+%,&-)'., /0.12,3 ,#4 1#1&$/+5#1$ 7#18'/$&9 #17 +$. 1+*:10.

/$ ;,021 <0<21=31
>?.,& +7.,4 ., <,,/<$7@/17)$ ,#2@ #%47#, 4#-9 1 Z :&, *. !"#
<,& *. !#A B9 , 1.1)@/17)$ #%C,=
$$%&&% '()*+,-% !"#./,*+0- $?.,& '.,9 <4/)19 17 DEFGEHI #17 $#&J
#2'1. &<,.1#1&$? 1 BK?-), B.&<,@/,/*93 +*2,+5 :&, <@8$ /0.121 ∈ !
<,& )1.1)$25 1%&/&<4 $2$/5 3 "
#
(∀ ∈ "#
)[ ( ) ∈ ] L⇒ " [!] = {" (#) | # ∈ !} ∈ $
!#./,*+0- $?.,& '.,9 !"#J<4/)19 #17 +$. #$%&'($& @1), <,& /1.
1#1?1 <@8$ /0.121 ∈ ! $#&+'($,& <,25 +&@,K* /1 =
M, ,K&C),, *9 !"# $<;%@N17. ,<%&OC9 *. 7#48$/* 4& * <2@/* W
42-. -. ,.&<$&)'.-. $?.,& !"#J<4/)19 <,&3 ,.?/1&(,3 , ,K&C),, *9
!# &/(7%?N1.,& 4& 1 W $?.,& !#J<4/)19=
$$%&1% 234(5+6% /78*5 0: ;<= >?@AB==
V= !{ % | % $?.,& ,:.43 $+%,&-)'.1 /0.121} P JQ!R
!"#$% !"#&'()*+,- '$% $# %)./!% + C#1 (! 2 V !"#$% !#&'()*+,3
*345!&0/) S <2@/* V $?.,& <4/)19 17 DEFGEHI3 $0<12, ,#4 *. T/<*/*
$$%DE= &, ., +$?K17)$ 4& &<,.1#1&$? $#?/*9 1 BK?-), B.&<,@/,/*93 #,J
! !& "
%,*%10)$ 4& :&, <@8$ /0.121 P,<4)* <& ,. ∈ V R3 ,. 1 $?.,& )1.1)$259
# ! "#
1%&/&<49 $2$/59 '1&19 C/$ :&, <@8$ ∈ 3 * &)5 ( ) ., $?.,& ,:.43
"!
$+%,&-)'.1 /0.1213 4$ * $&<4., [ ] '($& )4.1 ,:.@ <,& $+%,&-)'., )'2*3
<,& $#1)'.-9 P$0<12,R $?.,& <,& ,75 ,:.5 <,& $+%,&-)'.*=
V +$0$%19 &/(7%&/)49 '#$,& @)$/,3 $#$&+5 ,. &/(0$& 1 C#3 4$ <@8$
! ! !
∈ V $#&+'($,& <,25 +&@,K* ≤ ∈ P( × ) <,& ≤ ∈ V = ⊣
W#@%($& ,<4)* '.,93 <1)X49 <,& (%5/&)19 (,%,<*%&/)49 -. ,:.C.3 $+%,&J
-)'.-. /7.42-. #17 $?.,& $0<121 #4%&/), 17 Y$-%5),19 >+%,&-)'.*9 B.,J
+%1)59 $$%F=
$$%&F% '()*+,-% G<HI<JHKL MN)+0(O)*+,- 5 P)6/,*+5*5 PZE IF\]^I_R :%,J
;5),19 ' )$ /('/* ,<)C. → $?.,& '.,9 $#&)1%;&/)49 ( : ' →→ (['] #17
'
,.&/1&(?N$& /0.121 /$ <@8$ <4)O1 17 3 '/& C/$
((#) = {(()) | ) ← #} (# ∈ ')$ P JQ"R

$$%&Q% 234(5+6 PRS++6 T:+NU3*5- 0: G<HI<JHKLV `IHH\ab^_c dEGG\R%

P R 456! !78$%9*:#+ ;85<2*$ ' !=%7:.!$% $'8%>?, :#$# @ABCADBEF !=%*+8&
<%)*( (! 1 '$% 2 !%'(#$ +G (! ['] !"#$% *!$>$%'(1 $;#(1 !78$%9*:#+ )/#+H+3

31 !"$%& "%'( ) (N0 ∪ Ω) )*+,)-. /0 1&-2) 3-32)4 0%05*6 7!05&8"9&/0 &%&!76(

3:%)5) Ω 90 +. &915/;+)-90.+ 5*5"+& )$ &$)9).)/$."2)$<

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
 !" !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01

{{∅}% {{∅}}}

! ✴ {∅} ✇ {{∅}}
# [&] = {∅% {∅}% {{∅}}{{∅}% {{∅}}}
# ❄{∅}
$ ◆✰ ∅

2$34/1""1 !"5 #$%&'()* +,-.,/-012

345 !" #$!%&% ' '(!") "*!+ ,") '-.")/01!% "! ,") 0+!%! "! 234.5') ,43%)%
'-.")/01!% *.4670" & ,") ,43%)%8 ,+09%8 ( ∈ &: 1#) <#' ' = # ((): +3%2
7 # '(!") 7 0%!"-),= -)",+#07#7 %2 &>
6789#$:!5 3 5 6 7&89:* ;8< %=>8?<;@*8 ?<8;@)%*)*B (>@B (?98<C%D>=$
& ('>8< E%()= &@9<)%8 =$ F(C9G%8=B H?98<C%D>*B I>8?9=%GB !# (J89%=K
)%D>=$ )= &L %( => =9<)<;@ (M()G
) (* ) = NOPQR(* ) = {* (() | * (() ↓}+
6 (<;@>8 # [&] ('>8< %(8S8<;@ )7>=M=L (&(<?G 8> , ∈ - ∈ # [&]L @( , ∈ - =
# (. ) T<8 ;E&=<= . ∈ &L =&@( , = # (() T<8 ;E&=<= ( ← . L ;8< , ∈ # [&]2
IJ=7 = ;EU( # (() ('>8< )7>=M= 8&@ *> 3 K4!5L = # [&] ('>8< %(8S8<;@
)7>=M= VC9'B E=%8 ;8< (&=%D>CB 8T>@2 H&')*B = # [&] ('>8< (?98<C%D>=L
(&(<?G 8> $&G9V( JU'>=$)8 ∈K8;=M=$U'8 (0 ∋ (1 ∋ · · · )= # [&] ;8< (&<MDT8%(
=$B ;@%S=$B ,0 L ,1 L + + + D)< W)( # (,! ) = (! L @( * ,0 → ,1 → · · · U8 G8>
%<8 E&(<9* JU'>=$)8 8;=M=$U'8 )= (?98<C%D>= T9EJ*%8 &2
345 I> ' = # (() %( = ( ;@%S= ;E&=<=$ (?98<C%D>=$ T98JG%8=BL @( =
' 8>G;(< )= %(8S8<;@L 8T>@L (?98<C%D>= )7>=M= 8&@ = 3 5L ;8< (&=%D>CB
('>8< 8T>@ ;8< (?98<C%D>=2 <8 = 8>')9=J=L D)C & = YZ(') * %(8S8<;G
;M(<)@*8 =$ / ;8< @9<)( )[ 8$G>
( → . ⇐⇒ ! . ∈ (+
\= T9EJ*%8 & ('>8< (?98<C%D>=L (&(<?G = & = YZ(') ('>8< (?98<C%D>= )7>=M=L
9@SM*%8 $ ! %2 H&')*B <)V7(< *
# (() = ( (( ∈ &)0 3 K^"5
(&(<?G 8> = ( G8> &K(M8V<)<;@ 8><&89E?(<T%8 T<8 *> 3 K^"5L @(
# (() = {# (. ) | . ← (}%
= {. | . ← (} 8&@ *> (&<M=TG =$ (%
= {. | . ∈ (} 8&@ => =9<)%@ *B →%
=( (&(<?G = ( ('>8< )7>=M=+
H<?<;@(98L ' = # (')L &=$ S(S8<W>(< = 3452 ⊣

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
 !"#$%&' (() *+&-%#.%./ -%& #$$% %0&12%% !

" #$%&' V ()* )+*,- &.*/$/ 0234$'5, !!"#$6 #,- ()* )+*,- ).#/$/ *,
42/.5) &.*/$, 7/8 *, )+*,- %&'(9#3&5/-: 4$; 2/4$<5,, !#")*: !#"))
#,- +"!#;
!!"*," -./1234566 4783.196: ;69 681<6=>4?6:; >$, , ,7/)$?&5,,
&8*?7)-,@ #,- ,*)A,2'&+,@ 7/8 (-,87B&,5) &, @"#): @"#A: !$"**: !$"*):
!$"*B #,- !$"*, -&C./8* ,* 72/&D?&/85) / EA+F5, E*-#,%&,&'@ &-@ &C)9
-#?@ D)F2+)@; G2D) ' &-H5< *, &8$$?A/85) -@ H)*-#3)2)@ #,- &'5,*-#3)2)@
)#(/C?@ ,8B* F* ,7/)$)&5%F* H-, ' D)F2+, %&(;
0 6 0IJKLMN: !O!6 !"#$%& () !**#!+,-#.$() #,)"/() +0)*. 12",1%
3& %&(4 1%, +10#3& .!*)%1%.+0 3 +).!+,$6)3 71"8+#3 %, 9,)+:%;& C(D<
P8*)7B@ / EA+F5, Q7-$/H<@ E( ()* 57/2)+ *, (-,R)8&)+ ,73 , %$$, ,A-B9
5,, '@ %&(: /.) #,- ' C(D (-,R).(),- &'* %&(;
0S6 0TKUMV: !WO6 =*$0* *1" .& *2:6& +1./%>?& E(N 4 '( !*. E( @+) $1%A
2+0 )* *1%@+.:8+0 *1" *#8+)6#+2+& *2:6& $*B0 $+ * !**#!+,*#.!- *C.DA
$** %, EFGHFIJ 0F6 X 0GF6 !*. % KC0($* K).!*-#*#3& 0GFFF6;
0O6 0TKUMV: !WO6 71-2:+. 12",1% 3& %&( #% %1%0% 3 71"8+#3 %, 9,A
)+:%;& (D @+) */38+;+.4 !*. +1%$6)(& 3 (D @+) +0)*. 8+D23$* 3& %&(;
0Y6 0ZKNK[\]: !^_6 71-2:+. 12",1% 3& %&( #% %1%0% !-8+ L%20#.$%M4
*)*1*208$3% #3$+.%#;)%/% 6:+. 6/+.% ,1%#;)%/%4 !*. +1%$6)(& 6:+. 1/38.!"
*2.8$" c; Q-(-#3)2,: ,83 &'5,+*)- 3- ()* 57/2/.5) *, /2+&/85) ?*, &8H#)9
#2-5?*/ &'5)-/&.*/$/ ! #,- 5)% *, ,7/()+A/85) &'* %&( 3- / 7$'D%2-D53@
/8 )+*,- 5)H,$.)2/@ /8 ℵ0 #,- 5-#23)2/@ /8 c;
0`6 0ZKNK[\]: !^_6 71-2:+. 12",1% 3& %&'( #% %1%0% !-8+ *)*1*208A
$3% #3$+.%#;)%/% 1+2.6:+. $3 !+)"4 6/+.% ,1%#;)%/%: #,- )7/5?*F@ 3 ;1*2C3
*)*1*208$3() #3$+.%#,)"/() :(20& $3 !+)"4 6/+.% ,1%#;)%/% @+) +0)*. 8+DA
23$* 3& %&'(; a/ 72387/ /8 ZKNK[\] -#,*/7/-)+ )7+&'@ -@ E2C?@ EH*39
',@ #,- b)5)$+F&'@;

!"#$%&'' )*' " +,-.$'*" //

!!"!" c)+A) / EA+F5, c-,CF2-&5/. 0FFF6 ,73 , 873$/-7, ,A-B5,, &'*
/5%(, 0F6 X 0G6 #,- / EA+F5, E*-#,%&,&'@ 0GFFF6;
!!"#" -, #%D) &.*/$/ !: #%D) 5/*/5)$< /2-&-#3 )$)&< " #,- #%D) (-5)$<:
/2-&-#3 )$)&< #: 87%2C)- )$%C-&/ H-, '* ⊆ &.*/$/ ! 7/8 7)2-?C)- / !
F@ 87/&.*/$/ #,- )+*,- #$)-&3 H-, /8@ " #,- #: ('$,(<
! ⊆ !$ % ∈ ! e⇒ " (%) ∈ !$ %$ & ∈ ! e⇒ #(%$ &) ∈ !'
0a/ +(-/ -&C.)- H-, /7/-/(<7/) ,2-D53 )$)&B*: /&F*(<7/) 5),4$'B*;6
!!"*" a/ EA+F5, E*-#,%&,&'@ )+*,- #,,&#)8,&-#% -&/(.*,5/ 5) /
)A<@f H-, #%D) &.*/$/ ! #,- #%D) 5/*/5)$< /2-&-#3 )$)&< " : 87%2C)- &.*/$/

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>=
 !" !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01
#$% #&'()*&( $ ! ,-( &./-( ,0&(12 3(- $/ " 4 560-57
! ⊆ &"[ ] ⊆ #
!!"#" 8$ 9:.;<- 9/(,-=1-16> &./-( ,--1,&%-1(,= (1$5?/-<$ <& $
&:7>@ 3(- ,=A& 1?/$0$ ! ,-( ,=A& <$/$<&07 $'(1(,2 &0&17 " 4 $ #&'($'(B
1<2>
" ↾ ! = ! {($% " ($)) | $ ∈ !}
$% " 1$ ! &./-( 1%/='6164 560-57 1?/$0$ C&%3D/E
!!"$" 9/ $ ($% &) &./-( $'(1(,2> &0&17> 5?$ <&-F06D/ #$% (,-/$#$(&.
6/ #'D6 (5(26- 5(-&-3<)/;/ C&%3D/ GHI J 1$ #"!4 2& (,-/$#$(&. &#.B
16> ,-( 6 5&?&'64 GHI"JE G9%2 5&/ <#$'&. /- -#$5&(*&. 16/ %&'K('4
F0E '2F06<- )"#EJ
!!"*" 9/ $ |!| &./-( $'(1(,2> &0&17> #$% )*&( 6/ #'D6 (5(26- -1A&/$?>
&0&17 #06A(,26-> GM J4 2& -%2<-- )*&( ,-( 6/ '.64 GMNJE G9%2 5&/
<#$'&. /- -#$5&(*&. 16/ %&'K('4 F0E '2F06<- )"+EJ
!!"," O $'(1(,7 1%/A7,6 6> 1%/='616> $'(1<)/6 16/ GPB PJ (,-/$#$(&.
6/ (1$5%/-<.-
QRS UVWS(' ) ⇐⇒ XYU(' ) & (∀( ∈ ' )(∃$% & )[( = ($% & )]
& (∀$% &% & ′ )[[($% & ) ∈ ' & ($% & ′ ) ∈ ' ] Z⇒ & = & ′ ]%
560-57 $ ' &./-( 1%/='616 -,'(FD> 2-/ &./-( <$/$17<-/$ 1?/$0$ 5(-&-3B
<)/;/ C&%3D/E G[0E &#.16> $ '2F06<- )"-EJ
!!"+" \#='*&( -,'(FD> <.- -,$0$%A.- () 7→ ℵ ) #$% (,-/$#$(&. (> -%26&>
ℵ0 = |N|% ℵ +1 = ℵ+ #
8- $/2<-- ;/ #'D;/ =#&(';/ #06A-'.A<;/ - $'.1-<& 16/ G!B]J4 -00=
=00$ &./-( /- 5&.:&(> 2( %#='*&( !"#$#%&'! () →
7 ℵ )E GF0E &#.16> $ '2B
F06<- )"!.EJ
!!"-" 0123045617 8189:;5< 50 =8:856:;4?E (- ,=A& <$/$<&07 $'(1(,2
&0&17 * ,-( ,=A& '(<&07 $'(1(,2 &0&17 + 4 %#='*&( <$/$<&07>4 $'(1(,2>
&0&17> " #$% (,-/$#$(&. (> -%26&>
" (0% &) = *(&)%
" () + 1% &) = + (" ()% &)% )% &)#
S!!"!." 9/ 6 ET&./-( <6 ,&/7 $(,$3)/&(- <&-F-(,D/ 1%/20;/4 2& 6 )/;16
E ,-( 6 $<7 E &./-( &#.16> <&-F-(,= 1?/$0-E
!!"!!" (- ,=A& ,0=16 ! %#='*&( &0=*(164 <&-F-(,7 ,0=16 ! #$% #&'()*&(
6/ !4 560-57 )$(- D1& ! ⊆ ! ,-( 3(- ,=A& <&-F-(,7 ,0=16 4 -/ ! ⊆ 4
2& ! ⊆ E
!!"!@" _( ,0=1&(> ;/ -3/D/ 1%/20;/4 ;/ ,06'$/$<(,= #&#&'-1<)/;/ 1%B
/20;/ ,-( ;/ ,06'$/$<(,= -'(A<71(<;/ 1%/20;/ &./-( 20&> <&-F-(,)>E

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
 !"#$%&' (() *+&-%#.%./ -%& #$$% %0&12%% !"

!!"!#" #$ 1 ∈ 2 ∈ ··· ∈ = 1% '( ) 1 (*$+, -+-. /(0(1,203$)4

!!"!$" 5) +$,-(*0($) (*$+, -+-. /(0(1,203$) +$ -+, 0'$)$ +$ 67.89(,
:;$)1) ! 3),) <:(
∈ ! & (∀" ∈ !)(∃# ∈ !)[" ∋ #]$
!!"!%" #$ 67.89)6$ Ω1 % Ω2 7)6 ,-+$)7),);$ =$ > ?@AB% '( (*$+, C,+D)8(?
,-.% -1=8)$)0,-. 7(7(8+:03$+% +E$. :;$)1+4
!!"!&" F$+ :;$)1) ! (*$+, (C8+,203$) +$ -+, 0'$)$ +$ = 0(+G+,-H )6
-1(,:'=+ IJ(!) (*$+, (C8+,203$=4
∗
!!"!'" F$+ :;$)1) +$H-(, :) %! +$ -+, 0'$)$ +$ (*$+, +E$'% (C8+,203$)
-+, -1=8)$)0,-. 7(7(8+:03$)4 3456!&0/
4 K(*L( 78<+ ', -./( 7(7(8+:03$)%
0(+G+,-'% +E$' -+, (C8+,203$) :;$)1) (*$+, 031)M )6 %! 4
!!"!(" ,+ -./( 0(+G+,-' :;$)1) & % 3:2
' ={ ∈& | (*$+, +E$' -+, (C8+,203$)}(
C(*L( ',
) (' ) = { ∈ ) (& ) | (*$+, +E$' -+, (C8+,203$)}$
!!"!)" #$ 67.89(, :;$)1) Ω = {Ω} '72M :=$ > ?@OB% '(
{ ∈ ) (Ω) | (C8+,203$)} = %! $
!!"*+" K(*L( ', = -1.:= V 2$ +E$<$% (C8+,203$2$ :6$'12$ C($ (*$+, :;?
$)1)4
!!"#(" ,-./012" P -1.:= +'02$ * /4-567. >QRSSTUVQB ) :;$)1) ! +$
∈ IJ(!) & WVTX( ) Y⇒ ∈ *(
/3)60(
W[* ] = { | ) :=8*Z(+, +7' =$ * }+ > ?" B
V[* ] = { | ) (*$+, (C8+,203$) -+, :=8*Z(+, +7' =$ * }$ > ?"@B
!!"*!" P -1.:= W[* ] 2$ :6$'12$ 7)6 :=8*Z)$+, +7' 0,+ -1.:= +'02$
* (*$+, 89:;?-':0)M4
!!"**" P -1.:= V[* ] 2$ (C8+,203$2$ :6$'12$ 7)6 :=8*Z)$+, +7' 0,+
-1.:= +'02$ * (*$+, 89:;?-':0)M4
!!"*#" F:2 , = (N+ →) 0( - → . ⇐⇒ . / -4 K(*L( ', ) , (*?
$+, (C8+,203$) -+, 67)1'E,:( =$ (,-'$+ 0" (-) E,+ -./( - E,+ = 0)$+C,-H
C,+-':0=:= )6 ,4
!!"*$" K<:( 7+8.C(,E0+ .7(,8)6% (C8+,203$)6 E8+DH0+)M , 0( 0" [,] =
{∅}4

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?
 !" !"#$%&#$' &! )*+,+-#./01
∗
!!"#$" #$& = (N \ {0}! →)' ()
"→# ⇐⇒ " 6= # & * # +,-,.)/ * "$
0)/1) 2, * )/3-, )+.-,&(43* 5-, 67*829,$) :3 )/5*3- % (") 9,- 5;<) "
672 : (*3-+,5= +,-52$(:$: *6 >
!!"#%" !"#%&'() *+%#,-&)-) 9.-?=(-*@ )/3-, 43-@ )7,(*.?,$(2@ %:
→ %[ ] 7*6 ,5-3*7*,)/ 9,- 5;<)
→ &∈ :3 )1/$&$:

%(&) = &! & )/3-, ;*(*!

(
-3 *
{%(' ) | ' ← &}! -3 * & )/3-, $A3*8*$
0)/1) 2, 5;<) )+.-,&(43* 9.;?:(- )7,+4B)-, -5.,CD@ (/- )7)5-(43: +,-52E
$(:$:' 5-, 2, 43- F2B, 67*B.)&,5; -932G $A3*8* ( )/3-, )+.-,&(43* -3 5-,
(23*3 -3 67;.B), )+.-,&(43* 9.;?:(- 5-, & ∈ ' 4*,- D$) ( = %(&)>
∗
!!"#&" '()*+,-./0 ∈1*/*()2-3> ,- 5;<) +,()8= *.,$,52 )8)$= ) '
67;.B), *.,$,52@ )8)$=@ * (+) 4*,*@ D$) 9,- 5;<) )+.-,&(43* $A3*8* &'
* (&) = ) (* ↾ &! &)!
27*6 : $63;.:$: * ↾ & = {(+! * (+)) | + ∈ &} )/3-, * 7).,*.,$(2@ *6 )8)$= *
$* $A3*8* &>
I62 )/3-, ),+,5= 7)./7&$: :@ )72()3:@' 5;7&@ 9)3,52).:@ )745-$:@ *6
J)&.=(-*@ K+.-,&(43:@ I3-+.*(=@ !!"$>
∗
!!"#4" #$& +,()8=@ *.,$,5= $63<=5: + , ' () ,@ ,+,2:)@ F G 9,- 5;<)
&' : 58;$: {+ | + , &} )/3-, $A3*8*' 5-, FLG +)3 67;.B), -5*8*6</- (# 7→ &! )
4*,- D$) 9,- 5;<) #' &!+1 , &! > 0)/1) 2, 9,- 5;<) +,()8= *.,$,52 )8)$=
) 67;.B), 5;7*,*@ ;88*@ * ' 4*,*@ D$) 9,- 5;<) &'
* (&) = ) (* ↾{+ | + , &}! &)!
27*6 : $63;.:$: * ↾ {+ | + , &} = {(+! * (+)) | + , &} )/3-, * 7).,*.,$(2@ *6
* $* $A3*8* {+ | + , &}>

!"#$% &'()*"(+ ,-./0&1 23% 4(03.) 67819% 0' -:4 <!*$/% =>?