Chapter 15 Leadership and Employee Behavior in International Business

International Business, 6e (Griffin/Pustay)
Chapter 15 Leadership and Employee Behavior in International Business
1) Which of the following affects individual behavior?

A) personality
B) attitudes
C) perception
D) stress
E) all of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Page Ref: 422
Objective: 15.1: Identify and discuss the basic perspectives on individual differences in different
cultures.
2) ________ is/are the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguishes one
person from another.
A) Personality
B) Attitudes
C) Perception
D) Stress
E) All of the above
Answer: A
cultures.
3) Discussion concerning the extent to which personality attributes are biologically inherited is
commonly called the ________.
A) nurture argument
B) nature argument
C) DNA approach
D) biological argument
E) none of the above
Answer: B
cultures.
1
4) Discussion concerning the extent to which personality attributes are shaped by the social and
cultural environment in which people are raised is commonly called the ________.
A) nurture argument
B) nature argument
C) culture factor
D) biological argument
Answer: A
cultures.
5) What personality trait refers to a person's ability to get along with others?
A) agreeableness
B) extroversion
C) openness
D) conscientiousness
E) emotional stability
Answer: A
cultures.
6) Which of the following personality traits describes a person whose behavior is gentle,
cooperative, understanding, and good-natured?
A) agreeableness
B) extroversion
C) openness
Answer: A
cultures.
7) Jeff is irritable, short-tempered, and uncooperative with others. He is lacking in ________.

A) agreeableness
B) extroversion
C) openness
Answer: A
cultures.
2
8) What personality trait refers to the order and precision a person imposes on activities?
A) agreeableness
B) extroversion
C) openness
Answer: D
cultures.
9) Which of the following personality traits describes a person who is organized, systematic, and
responsible?
A) agreeableness
B) extroversion
C) openness
Answer: D
cultures.
10) Conscientiousness refers to ________.

A) the ability to get along with others
B) the drive to impose order and precision
C) the inclination to maintain a balanced and emotional state
D) one's comfort level with relationships
E) one's rigidity of beliefs and range of interests
Answer: B
cultures.
11) Andrea is disorganized, careless, and irresponsible. She is lacking in ________.

A) agreeableness
B) extroversion
C) openness
Answer: D
cultures.
3
12) Which of the following personality traits describes a person who is poised, calm, and secure?
A) agreeableness
B) extroversion
C) openness
Answer: E
cultures.
13) Jackie is insecure, reactive, and subject to extreme mood swings. She is lacking in ________.
A) agreeableness
B) extroversion
C) openness
Answer: E
cultures.
14) What personality trait refers to one's comfort level with relationships?
A) agreeableness
B) extroversion
C) openness
Answer: B
cultures.
15) Extroversion refers to ________.

A) the ability to get along with others
B) the drive to impose order and precision
C) the inclination to maintain a balanced and emotional state
D) one's comfort level with relationships
E) one's rigidity of beliefs and range of interests
Answer: D
cultures.
4
16) Mike is talkative, sociable, and assertive. He could be described using the personality trait of
________.
A) agreeableness
B) extroversion
C) openness
Answer: B
cultures.
17) What personality trait refers to one's rigidity of beliefs and range of interests?
A) agreeableness
B) extroversion
C) openness
Answer: C
cultures.
18) People who are high in ________ are willing to listen to new ideas and to change their own
beliefs as a result of new information.
A) agreeableness
B) extroversion
C) openness
Answer: C
cultures.
19) Which of the Big Five personality traits have been shown to be good predictors of
performance across a variety of job criteria and occupational groups in the European Union?
A) openness and extroversion
B) emotional stability and conscientiousness
C) agreeableness and openness
D) extroversion and emotional stability
E) conscientiousness and agreeableness
Answer: B
cultures.
5
20) In the United States, which of the Big Five personality traits have been shown to be good
predictors of performance across a variety of job criteria and occupational groups?
A) openness and extroversion
B) emotional stability and conscientiousness
C) agreeableness and openness
D) extroversion and emotional stability
E) conscientiousness and agreeableness
Answer: B
cultures.
21) In China, which of the Big Five personality traits is a good predictor of managerial
performance?
A) openness
B) emotional stability
C) agreeableness
D) extroversion
E) conscientiousness
Answer: D
cultures.
22) Locus of control ________.

A) is the extent to which people believe that their behavior has a real effect on what happens to
them
B) indicates a person's beliefs about his or her capabilities to perform a task
C) is the extent to which an individual believes that power and status differences are appropriate
within hierarchical social systems
D) is the extent to which a person believes that he or she is a worthwhile and deserving
individual
E) is none of the above
Answer: A
cultures.
6
23) John just found out that he did not get the promotion he wanted. He isn't upset because he
believes fate just wasn't on his side. What personality trait best explains John's views on his
promotion?
A) pessimism
B) internal locus of control
C) external locus of control
D) self-efficacy
Answer: C
cultures.
24) Self-efficacy ________.

them
individual
Answer: B
cultures.
25) Jason spends every weekend studying for his advanced degree and regularly attends seminars
designed to improve his skills. He believes this effort will pay off in career success. What
personality trait best explains Jason's belief?
A) pessimism
D) self-efficacy
Answer: B
cultures.
7
26) Which type of personality trait is common among Muslims?
A) an external locus of control
B) an internal locus of control
C) authoritarianism
D) self-efficacy
Answer: A
cultures.
27) Authoritarianism ________.

them
individual
Answer: C
cultures.
28) Protestants tend to have which type of personality trait?

A) an external locus of control
B) an internal locus of control
C) authoritarianism
D) self-efficacy
Answer: B
cultures.
29) ________ indicates a person's beliefs about his or her capabilities to perform a task.
A) Pessimism
B) Internal locus of control
C) External locus of control
D) Self-efficacy
E) Conscientiousness
Answer: D
cultures.
8
30) Colin has a big meeting with the managers of a company in Germany with whom he hopes to
develop a strategic alliance. Colin seriously doubts his ability to negotiate the deal. What
personality trait best describes Colin's situation?
A) pessimism
D) self-efficacy
Answer: D
cultures.
31) Self-esteem ________.

them
individual
Answer: D
cultures.
32) Lisa is busy studying for the GMAT. She realizes how important a good GMAT score is in
her graduate school applications, but she is confident she will perform well. What personality
trait best describes Lisa's confidence?
A) optimism
D) self-efficacy
Answer: D
cultures.
9
33) ________ is the extent to which an individual believes that power and status differences are
appropriate within hierarchical social systems like business organizations.
A) Locus of control
B) Self-efficacy
C) Authoritarianism
D) Extraversion
E) Conscientiousness
Answer: C
cultures.
34) Which of the following behaviors might not be seen in a person who is low in
authoritarianism?
A) agree with the boss no matter what
B) express disagreement with the boss
C) allow subordinates a bigger role in making decisions
D) encourage participation in decisions
E) all of the above
Answer: A
cultures.
35) ________ is the extent to which a person believes that he or she is a worthwhile and
deserving individual.
A) Locus of control
B) Self-esteem
C) Self-efficacy
D) Extraversion
E) Openness
Answer: B
cultures.
36) Courtney seeks good jobs, is confident in her abilities, and gets a lot of intrinsic satisfaction
from her accomplishments. She could be described as someone with ________.
A) internal locus of control
B) external locus of control
C) high self-esteem
D) high self-efficacy
E) low self-esteem
Answer: C
cultures.
10
37) Which personality trait has been shown to be important in most Western European countries,
North America, South America, and Australia?
A) locus of control
B) self-efficacy
C) authoritarianism
D) self-esteem
E) extraversion
Answer: D
cultures.
38) ________ are complexes of beliefs and feelings that people have about specific ideas,
situations, or other people.
A) Job satisfaction
B) Commitment
C) Attitudes
D) Beliefs
E) Thoughts
Answer: C
cultures.
39) Which attitude reflects the extent to which an individual is gratified by or fulfilled in his or
her work?
A) job satisfaction
B) commitment
C) liking
D) awareness
E) motivation
Answer: A
cultures.
40) Which behavior is associated with a satisfied employee?

A) low absenteeism
B) positive contributor at work
C) commitment to the organization
D) low intent to turnover
E) all of the above
Answer: E
cultures.
11
41) Which attitude reflects an individual's identification with and loyalty to an organization?
A) job satisfaction
B) organizational commitment
C) liking
D) awareness
E) motivation
Answer: B
cultures.
42) ________ is the set of processes by which an individual becomes aware of and interprets
information about the environment.
A) Environmental scanning
B) Perception
C) Attitude development
D) Job satisfaction
E) Commitment
Answer: B
cultures.
43) Which perceptual process occurs when we make inferences about someone because of one or
more characteristics they possess?
A) attitudes
B) commitment
C) liking
D) stereotyping
E) all of the above
Answer: D
cultures.
44) The notion that Japanese managers work all the time, or Swiss managers are well organized
is an example of
A) attitudes
B) commitment
C) liking
D) stereotyping
E) all of the above
Answer: D
cultures.
12
45) When individuals experience a strong stimulus, the natural response is ________.
A) happiness
B) pressure
C) stress
D) exhaustion
E) frustration
Answer: C
cultures.
46) In a study of stress among executives from 10 countries, executives from ________
experienced the least stress.
A) the United States
B) the United Kingdom
C) Japan
D) Sweden
E) Germany
Answer: D
cultures.
47) In a study of stress among executives from 10 countries, executives from ________
experienced difficulties managing their stress.
A) Japan
B) the United States
C) Germany
D) Sweden
E) the United Kingdom
Answer: A
cultures.
48) ________ is the overall set of forces that causes people to choose certain behaviors from a
set of available behaviors.
A) Perception
B) Commitment
C) Consideration
D) Leadership
E) Motivation
Answer: E
Objective: 15.2: Evaluate basic views of employee motivation in international business.
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49) Which of the following refers to what an individual must have or wants to have?
A) desires
B) beliefs
C) goals
D) needs
E) values
Answer: D
50) Things that people require in order to survive, such as food, are called ________.
A) secondary needs
B) primary needs
C) survival goals
D) sufficiency items
E) all of the above
Answer: B
51) What are values influenced by?

A) family
B) peers
C) experiences
D) culture
E) all of the above
Answer: E
52) Which models of motivation attempt to identify the specific need or set of needs that result in
motivated behavior?
A) need-based models
B) process-based models
C) reinforcement models
D) perceptual models
E) all of the above
Answer: A
14
53) Which models of motivation focus more on the conscious thought processes people use to
select one behavior from among several?
A) need-based models
B) process-based models
C) reinforcement models
D) perceptual models
E) all of the above
Answer: B
54) Which model of motivation deals with how people assess the consequences of their
behavioral choices and how that assessment goes into their future choice of behaviors?
A) need-based model
B) process-based model
C) reinforcement model
D) perceptual model
E) all of the above
Answer: C
55) Which model of motivation incorporates the roles of rewards and punishment in maintaining
or altering existing behavioral patterns?
A) need-based model
B) process-based model
C) reinforcement model
D) perceptual model
E) all of the above
Answer: C
56) In McClelland's learned needs framework, the need to grow, learn, and accomplish important
things is called the need for ________.
A) affiliation
B) power
C) achievement
D) accomplishment
E) actualization
Answer: C
15
57) What type of culture is most likely to foster and promote a high need for affiliation?
A) collectivistic
B) passive goal behavior
C) uncertainty-accepting
D) both A and B
E) both B and C
Answer: D
58) Which type of culture is least likely to foster and promote a high need for achievement?
A) individualistic
B) uncertainty-avoiding
C) power-respecting
D) both A and C
E) both B and C
Answer: E
59) Which theory suggests that motivational needs can be taught to people in different cultures?
A) Hofstede's cultural dimensions
B) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
C) Vroom's expectancy theory
D) McClelland's learned needs framework
E) Herzberg's two-factor theory
Answer: D
60) Which theory suggests that one set of factors affects dissatisfaction and another set affects
satisfaction?
A) Hofstede's cultural dimensions
B) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
C) Vroom's expectancy theory
D) McClelland's learned needs framework
E) Herzberg's two-factor theory
Answer: E
16
61) Which theory says that behavior resulting in a positive outcome will likely be repeated under
the same circumstances in the future?
A) reinforcement model
B) hierarchy of needs
C) expectancy theory
D) learned needs framework
E) two-factor theory
Answer: A
62) ________ is the use of noncoercive influence to shape the goals of a group or organization,
to motivate behavior toward reaching those goals, and to help determine the group or
organizational culture.
A) Motivation
B) Commitment
C) Trust
D) Leadership
E) Management
Answer: D
Objective: 15.3: Identify basic views of managerial leadership in international business.
63) ________ tends to rely on formal power and authority and to focus on administration and
decision making.
A) Motivation
B) Administration
C) Management
D) Leadership
E) Supervision
Answer: C
64) ________ relies on personal power and focuses on motivation and communication.
A) Motivation
B) Administration
C) Management
D) Leadership
E) Supervision
Answer: D
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65) Which situational factor commonly affects leader behavior?
A) group characteristics
B) individual differences among subordinates
C) organizational characteristics
D) all of the above
Answer: D
66) ________ is the process of choosing one alternative from among a set of alternatives in order
to promote the decision maker's objectives.
A) Decision making
B) Perception
C) Motivation
D) Prioritizing
E) Leadership
Answer: A
Objective: 15.4: Discuss the nature of managerial decision making in international business.
67) Which model of decision making suggests that managers apply logic and rationality in
making the best decisions?
A) need-based
B) process-based
C) normative
D) descriptive
E) central
Answer: C
68) Which model of decision making argues that behavioral processes limit a manager's ability to
always be logical and rational?
A) need-based
B) process-based
C) normative
D) descriptive
E) central
Answer: D
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69) Which model of decision making recognizes that managers are influenced by bounded
rationality?
A) need-based
B) process-based
C) normative
D) descriptive
E) central
Answer: D
70) ________ suggests that decision makers are constrained in their ability to be objective and
rational by limitations of the human mind.
A) Satisficing
B) Objectivism
C) Rational thought
D) Bounded rationality
E) All of the above
Answer: D
71) What behavioral process suggests that managers sometimes adopt the first minimally
acceptable alternative they identify, when a further search might suggest an even better
alternative?
A) satisficing
B) objectivism
C) maximizing
D) bounded rationality
E) sufficiency
Answer: A
72) What is the first step in the normative model of decision making?
A) identifying alternatives
B) problem recognition
C) selecting the best alternative
D) evaluating alternatives
E) implementation
Answer: B
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73) Which task characteristic is more appropriate for problem solving by homogeneous teams?
A) complex
B) nonroutine
C) routine
D) ambiguous
E) All are appropriate for homogeneous teams.
Answer: C
Objective: 15.5: Describe group dynamics and discuss how teams are managed across cultures.
74) When a task is vague, ambiguous, or unstructured a ________ team may thrive.
A) power respecting
B) individualistic
C) collectivistic
D) uncertainty avoiding
E) uncertainty accepting
Answer: E
75) Team cohesiveness is more likely to emerge naturally in a ________ culture.

A) power respecting
B) collectivistic
C) individualistic
D) uncertainty avoiding
E) uncertainty accepting
Answer: B
76) Psychologists agree that personality is set primarily by nurture.

Answer: FALSE
cultures.
77) Agreeableness refers to a person's ability to get along with others.

Answer: TRUE
cultures.
78) Extroversion describes the level of order and precision a person imposes on activities.
Answer: FALSE
cultures.
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79) According to research, Europeans with high conscientiousness and emotional stability are
more likely to perform at a higher level than those with low conscientiousness and less emotional
stability.
Answer: TRUE
cultures.
80) People from an individualistic and power-tolerant culture are more likely to have an external
locus of control.
Answer: FALSE
cultures.
81) Self-efficacy indicates a person's abilities to perform a task.

Answer: FALSE
cultures.
82) Research shows that high levels of employee satisfaction will result in high levels of
employee productivity.
Answer: FALSE
cultures.
83) Expatriates who are dissatisfied with their jobs are more likely to leave their employers than
employees who are satisfied.
Answer: TRUE
cultures.
84) Satisfied employees tend to be absent less often, make positive contributions, and stay with
the organization.
Answer: TRUE
cultures.
85) The perceptions that Germans are precise and that Japanese are workaholics are stereotypes.
Answer: TRUE
cultures.
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86) Stereotypes are a foolproof means of categorizing individuals.
Answer: FALSE
cultures.
87) Stress can be caused by good things in our lives.

Answer: TRUE
cultures.
88) Because stress is a physiological response, all humans experience the same forms of stress
and handle that stress in the same ways.
Answer: FALSE
cultures.
89) Process-based models of motivation are those that attempt to identify the specific need or set
of needs that result in motivated behavior.
Answer: FALSE
90) Research has found that German managers do a better job of balancing work and nonwork
activities than their counterparts in the United Kingdom.
Answer: TRUE
cultures.
91) Hofstede's cultural dimensions can be classified as a need-based model of motivation.

Answer: TRUE
92) Herzberg's two-factor theory suggests that different factors affect satisfaction and
dissatisfaction.
Answer: TRUE
93) Maslow's hierarchy of needs is relevant in all cultures.

Answer: TRUE
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94) McClelland's learned needs framework includes the need for affiliation, the need for power,
and the need for accomplishment.
Answer: FALSE
95) Herzberg's two-factor theory provides value as a heuristic but has failed to yield consistent
results in any culture.
Answer: TRUE
96) After significant testing, researchers have concluded that expectancy theory applies both in
the United States and in other countries.
Answer: FALSE
97) Leadership is more complex in international business as compared to a firm that operates in a
single market.
Answer: TRUE
98) In individualistic cultures, leaders need to focus on individual employees rather than the
group.
Answer: TRUE
99) Differences in goal orientation will affect leader behavior.

Answer: TRUE
100) Management relies on formal power and authority rather than on motivation.
Answer: TRUE
101) According to the descriptive model, decision making starts when managers recognize that a
problem exists and a decision has to be made.
Answer: FALSE
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102) In power-respecting cultures, employees expect leaders to take charge, make decisions, and
direct their efforts.
Answer: TRUE
103) People in passive goal behavior cultures tend to value money and other material rewards.
Answer: FALSE
104) A team is any collection of people working together to accomplish a common purpose.
Answer: FALSE
105) The composition of a team plays a minimal role in team dynamics.

Answer: FALSE
106) What is personality?

Answer: Personality is the relatively stable set of psychological attributes that distinguishes one
person from another.
cultures.
107) What is the meaning of agreeableness?

Answer: Agreeableness refers to a person's ability to get along with others.
cultures.
108) Explain the difference between an internal and external locus of control.
Answer: Locus of control is the extent to which people believe that their behavior has a real
effect on what happens to them. People who maintain that individuals are in control of their lives
are said to have an internal locus of control. People who think that forces beyond their control
dictate what happens to them are said to have an external locus of control.
cultures.
24
109) What is self-efficacy?
Answer: Self-efficacy indicates a person's beliefs about his or her capabilities to perform a task.
cultures.
110) What is job satisfaction? What factors influence an individual's level of job satisfaction?
Answer: Job satisfaction or dissatisfaction is an attitude that reflects the extent to which an
individual is gratified by or fulfilled in his or her work. Research conducted on job satisfaction
has indicated that personal factors such as an individual's needs and aspirations determine this
attitude along with group and organizational factors such as relationships with co-workers and
supervisors and working conditions, work policies, and compensation.
cultures.
111) Explain the meaning of stereotyping. Why is stereotyping common among international
business people?
Answer: Stereotyping occurs when we make inferences about someone because of one or more
characteristics they possess. Sometimes stereotypes are useful as cultural generalizations.
However, we must be aware of our tendency to use stereotypes to understand different
environments and situations and recognize that everyone will not fit our preconceived
impressions.
cultures.
112) What is the term for a stress stimulus?

Answer: The term for stress stimulus is stressor.
cultures.
113) Explain what happens when we experience too little stress, the right amount of stress, and
too much stress.
Answer: In the absence of stress, we may experience lethargy and stagnation. At the optimal
level of stress, we may feel motivated and excited. Too much stress however can have negative
consequences and ultimately result in burnout.
cultures.
114) What is the meaning of motivation?

Answer: Motivation is the overall set of forces that causes people to choose certain behaviors
from a set of available behaviors.
25
115) Explain the difference between needs and values.
Answer: Needs are what an individual must have or wants to have. Values are what people
believe to be important.
116) How do primary needs differ from secondary needs?

Answer: Primary needs are things people require in order to survive such as food, water, and
shelter. Secondary needs like power and order are more psychological in character and are
learned from the environment and culture in which the individual lives.
117) What are the need levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Answer: The need levels in Maslow's model are physiological, security, social, self-esteem, and
self-actualization.
118) What changes should managers consider when applying Maslow's hierarchy of needs in
other countries?
Answer: While the needs are relevant, the relative importance of each need and their ordering
should be adjusted depending on the culture of the country under consideration.
119) What is the basic theory behind the reinforcement model?

Answer: This model says that behavior resulting in a positive outcome (reinforcement) will
likely be repeated under the same circumstances in the future.
120) How do managers and leaders differ?

Answer: Managers tend to rely on formal power and authority and focus on administration and
decision making. In contrast, leaders rely on personal power and focus on motivation and
communication.
121) How does the process of executing plans differ between managers and leaders?
Answer: When it comes to executing plans, managers are controlling and problem solving,
while leaders are motivating and inspiring.
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122) Who is responsible for developing a vision of the future in an organization, and who is
responsible for planning and budgeting?
Answer: Leadership is responsible for developing a vision of the future in an organization, and
management is responsible for planning and budgeting
123) Explain how decisions are made under the normative model of decision making.
Answer: The normative model suggests that managers apply logic and rationality in making the
best decisions. It begins when a problem is recognized and continues through until the best
alternative is identified and implemented.
124) What is the ringi system?

Answer: The ringi system provides that decisions cannot be made unilaterally; doing that would
be too individualistic and therefore destructive of group harmony.
125) Explain how decisions are made under the descriptive model of decision making.
Answer: The descriptive model argues that behavioral processes limit a manager's ability to
always be logical and rational. It recognizes that managers make decisions with a lack of
information and may choose the first acceptable alternative rather than the best possible
alternative.
126) How are managers affected by bounded rationality?

Answer: Bounded rationality suggests that decision makers are constrained in their ability to be
objective and rational by limitations of the human mind, so they often use incomplete and
imperfect information when making decisions.
127) What is satisficing?

Answer: Satisficing suggests that managers sometimes adopt the first minimally acceptable
alternative they identify, when a further search might suggest and even better alternative.
128) What is a group? Is it different from a team?

Answer: A group is any collection of people working together to accomplish a common purpose,
while a team is a specific type of group that assumes responsibility for is own work.
27
129) Considering tasks a team might complete, when should a team be homogeneous rather than
heterogeneous?
Answer: If the task is relatively routine and straightforward, a homogeneous team may be more
effective. If the task is nonroutine or complex, a heterogeneous team may be better because of
their diverse backgrounds, experience, and knowledge.
130) How should managers build teams that involve members from different cultures?
Answer: Managers charged with building teams from different cultures should assess the nature
of the task to be performed and then match the composition of the team to the type of task.
Skill: AACSB: Globalization
131) In which type of culture is it more difficult to establish a team with shared norms and
cohesiveness?
Answer: It is more difficult to establish a team with shared norms and cohesiveness in an
individualistic culture.
132) Describe the Big Five personality traits and explain how they are relevant to organizations.
Answer: Researchers have identified five personality traits that are especially relevant to
organizations. The Big Five traits include agreeableness, or a person's ability to get along with
others; conscientiousness, or the order and precision an individual imposes on activities;
emotional stability, which causes some individuals to be calm, poised, resilient, and secure;
extroversion, a person's comfort level with relationships; and openness, or an individual's rigidity
of beliefs and range of interest.
cultures.
133) What are the theoretical approaches to motivation?

Answer: There are three types of theoretical approaches to motivation. Need-based models of
motivation attempt to identify the specific need or set of needs that results in motivated behavior.
Process-based models focus on the conscious through processes people use to select one
behavior from among several. Reinforcement models deal with how people assess the
consequences of their behavior choices and how that assessment goes into their future choice of
behaviors.
28
134) Using examples, compare and contrast leadership and management?
Answer: Management tends to rely on formal power and authority and to focus on
administration and decision making. Leadership relies more on personal power and focuses on
motivation and communication. Management focuses on planning, budgeting, and establishing
detailed steps and timetables for achieving needed results. Management organizes, staffs,
controls, and conducts problem solving. Leadership establishes direction and develops a vision.
Leaders align people and communicate and motivate.
135) What is the difference between the normative model of decision making and the descriptive
model? Which is the most reflective of what managers actually do? Explain.
Answer: The normative model suggests that managers apply logic and rationality in making the
best decisions, while the descriptive model argues that there are limits to a manager's ability to
make a logical and rational decision. The normative model is what managers should do while the
descriptive model is what managers actually do. The descriptive model recognizes that we suffer
from bounded rationality and consequently might satisfice in decision making rather than
optimize.
136) Explain the different steps of the normative model of decision making.
Answer: The first step in the normative model is to recognize that a problem exists. Next,
managers should identify alternatives solutions. Third, each alternative solution should be
evaluated rationally. Fourth, managers should select the best alternative. Fifth, the chosen
alternative should be implemented. Finally, managers should follow up and evaluate the selected
course of action. By taking all of these steps, managers should end up with a decision that best
serves the organization's interests.
137) Explain the process involved with the descriptive model of decision making.
Answer: The descriptive model of decision making suggests that managers use incomplete
information and are constrained by imperfect information. Therefore, they tend to adopt the first
minimally acceptable alternatives and end up with a decision that may or may not serve the best
interests of the organization.
29
138) What are the characteristics of a mature team?
Answer: A mature team has four main characteristics. First, a mature team develops a well-
defined role structure where each members has a part to play on the team, accepts that part, and
makes a worthwhile contribution. Second, a mature team establishes norms for its members.
These norms indicate behaviors like how to dress, when team meetings begin, the consequences
of being absent, and so on. Third, a mature team is cohesive. Members identify more and more
strongly with the team and each member respects, values, and works well with others. Finally,
some mature teams identify leaders among their members who can lead and direct the team
without the benefit of formal authority.
139) Until Citigroup's senior vice president for organizational effectiveness intervened, relations
between Citigroup managers in the firm's London and New York offices were strained and
hostile. Explain how the situation changed, and how morale among Citigroup managers
improved.
Answer: Prior to intervention from Citigroup senior vice president for organizational
effectiveness, Terry Lockhart, the relationship between managers in Citigroup managers in
London and managers in New York was openly hostile and strained. Managers in London felt
that American managers were too casual in their approach to important issues, and managers in
New York felt that their London counterparts were too bureaucratic and indecisive. An expert on
organizational behavior concluded that Citigroup needed to work on teamwork skills, and
developed a plan to help managers develop the qualities of a good team player. After the
intervention, employee morale and revenues improved.
Skill: AACSB: Globalization
30

Chapter 15 Leadership and Employee Behavior in International Business

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Chapter 15 Leadership and Employee Behavior in International Business

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International Business, 6e (Griffin/Pustay)

Chapter 15 Leadership and Employee Behavior in International Business

1) Which of the following affects individual behavior?

7) Jeff is irritable, short-tempered, and uncooperative with others. He is lacking in ________.

10) Conscientiousness refers to ________.

11) Andrea is disorganized, careless, and irresponsible. She is lacking in ________.

15) Extroversion refers to ________.

22) Locus of control ________.

24) Self-efficacy ________.

27) Authoritarianism ________.

28) Protestants tend to have which type of personality trait?

31) Self-esteem ________.

40) Which behavior is associated with a satisfied employee?

51) What are values influenced by?

75) Team cohesiveness is more likely to emerge naturally in a ________ culture.

76) Psychologists agree that personality is set primarily by nurture.

77) Agreeableness refers to a person's ability to get along with others.

81) Self-efficacy indicates a person's abilities to perform a task.

87) Stress can be caused by good things in our lives.

91) Hofstede's cultural dimensions can be classified as a need-based model of motivation.

93) Maslow's hierarchy of needs is relevant in all cultures.

99) Differences in goal orientation will affect leader behavior.

105) The composition of a team plays a minimal role in team dynamics.

106) What is personality?

107) What is the meaning of agreeableness?

112) What is the term for a stress stimulus?

114) What is the meaning of motivation?

116) How do primary needs differ from secondary needs?

117) What are the need levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

119) What is the basic theory behind the reinforcement model?

120) How do managers and leaders differ?

124) What is the ringi system?

126) How are managers affected by bounded rationality?

127) What is satisficing?

128) What is a group? Is it different from a team?

133) What are the theoretical approaches to motivation?

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