Abrasive capable of polishing or cleaning a hard surface by rubbing or grinding

Addendum the radial distance from the pitch circle of a cogwheel, worm wheel, etc., to the crests of the teeth or ridges
Annealing heat (metal or glass) and allow it to cool slowly, in order to remove internal stresses and toughen it
Backlash recoil arising between parts of a mechanism
Bevel Gear gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and the tooth-bearing faces of the gears themselves are conically shaped
Caliper device used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object
Carriage Bolt coach bolt or round head square neck bolt is a form of bolt used to fasten metal to wood
Chuck specialized type of clamp, used to hold an object with radial symmetry, especially a cylinder
Circular Pitch the distance along the pitch circle or pitch line between corresponding profiles of adjacent teeth
Countersinking operation of producing a taper or cone shape surface at the entrance of a hole to allow the head of a countersunk bolt or screw
Dedendum the depth of a tooth space below the pitch line. Normally greater than the addendum of the mating gear to provide clearance
Dial Indicator used to display small measurement changes in an amplified form to make them more relevant to those monitoring the readings
Diametral Pitch the ratio of the number of teeth to the pitch diameter
Dividing Head tool that allows a workpiece to be circularly indexed; easily and precisely rotated to preset angles or circular divisions
Feeler gage gauge consisting of a number of thin blades of calibrated thickness used for measuring narrow gaps or clearances
Gear Rack bar or rod with gear teeth that engage a pinion or a worm gear, together with which it forms a drive for transforming rotary motion
Head Stock
Independent Chuck chucks that are typically used in applications where the work piece is irregular in shape
Indexing positioning a workpiece at a precise angle or interval of rotation for a machining operation
Knurling manufacturing process, typically conducted on a lathe, whereby a pattern of straight, angled or crossed lines is cut or rolled into the material
Lathe a tool that rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation, facing,
turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object with symmetry about an axis of rotation
Laying Out
Line Center
Mandrel a shaft inserted through a hole in a component to support the work during the process
Normalizing Normalizing is a heat treatment process used to relieve internal stresses, refine the grain size and improve mechanical properties. Normalizing
is done to give steel a uniform and fine-grained structure.
Pitch Circle an imaginary circle concentric to a toothed wheel, along which the pitch of the teeth is measured.
Quenching a mechanical process in which steel and cast iron alloys are strengthened and hardened. These metals consist of ferrous metals and alloys. This
is done by heating the material to a certain temperature, depending on the material.
Reaming the process of enlarging the hole
Slotter machine tool for shaping vertical surfaces with a cutting tool held in a vertically reciprocating ram
Squaring
Stud Bolt a bolt with threads on both ends designed to be screwed permanently into a fixed part at one end and to receive a nut on the other
Tap an instrument for cutting a threaded hole in a material
Tolerance an allowable amount of variation of a specified quantity, especially in the dimensions of a machine or part
Universal Chuck or self-centering chuck, interconnected via a scroll gear
Worm Gear a device consisting of a threaded shaft (worm) that mates with a gearwheel (worm wheel) so that rotary motion can be transferred between
two shafts at right angles to each other
Boring the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled (or cast)
Brazing a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, the filler metal
having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal.
Distortion Gage
External Gear is one with the teeth formed on the outer surface of a cylinder or cone
Electric Arc Welding is a type of welding that uses a welding power supply to create an electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt the metals at
the welding point
Hardening the strengthening of metal alloys by heat treatment
Internal Diameter the diameter of the inside of a tube, pipe or other object, Often abbreviated "ID"
Micrometer a gauge that measures small distances or thicknesses between its two faces, one of which can be moved away from or toward the other by
turning a screw with a fine thread
Milling Machine a machine tool for rotating a cutter (milling cutter) to produce plane or formed surfaces on a workpiece, usually by moving the work past the
cutter
Resistance Welding a thermo-electric process where heat is generated at the interface of the parts to be joined by passing an electrical current through them or a
precisely controlled time and under a controlled pressure
Soldering Metal joining process in which a low melting point filler metal (typically a fusible lead-tin alloy) is melted to fill the gap between two metal
pieces
Torque Wrench a tool for setting and adjusting the tightness of nuts and bolts to a desired value
Whole Depth “ht” is the total depth of a tooth space, equal to addendum plus dedendum, equal to the working depth plus variance
Bound
Chromium the chemical element of atomic number 24, a hard white metal used in stainless steel and other alloys.
Galvanized Iron an iron or steel coated with zinc to protect it from rust
Herring Bone Gear specific type of double helical gear, is a special type of gear that is a side to side combination of two helical gears of opposite hands
Internal Stress a stress existing within the material as a result of thermal changes, having been worked, or irregularity of molecular structure
Spur Gear a gearwheel with teeth projecting parallel to the wheel's axis
Tapping Tap
Brass a yellow alloy of copper and zinc
Bronze a yellowish-brown alloy of copper with up to one-third tin
Forging make or shape (a metal object) by heating it in a fire or furnace and beating or hammering it
Flywheel a heavy revolving wheel in a machine that is used to increase the machine's momentum and thereby provide greater stability or a reserve of
available power during interruptions in the delivery of power to the machine
High-speed Steel (HSS or HS) an alloy tool steel which when heat-treated retains much of its hardness and toughness, commonly used in tool bits and cutting
tools. It is often used in power-saw blades and drill bits
Diamond a precious stone consisting of a clear and typically colorless crystalline form of pure carbon, the hardest naturally occurring substance
Endurance Limit the maximum stress that can be applied to a material during a specified number of stress cycles without causing failure of the material being
stressed
Elastic Limit the maximum extent to which a solid may be stretched without permanent alteration of size or shape
Yield Strength the stress at which a specific amount of plastic deformation is produced
Glass a hard, brittle substance, typically transparent or translucent, made by fusing sand with soda
Gold a malleable ductile yellow metallic element, chemical element of atomic number 79
Lubrication to apply some oily or greasy substance to (a machine, parts of a mechanism, etc.) in order to diminish friction
Manganese the chemical element of atomic number 25, a hard gray metal of the transition series, Manganese is an important component of special steels
and magnetic alloys
Oil Stone a fine-grained whetstone lubricated with oil, used for fine sharpening
Packing material used to seal a joint or assist in lubricating an axle
Poisson’s Ratio the ratio of lateral and axial stress
Seal a device or substance that is used to join two things together so as to prevent them from coming apart or to prevent anything from passing
between them
Strain the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material
Stress pressure or tension exerted on a material object
Ultimate Strength the quantity of the utmost tensile, compressive, or shearing stress that a given unit area of a certain material is expected to bear without failing
Heat Treatment is the heating and cooling of metals to change their physical and mechanical properties, without letting it change its shape
Iron Ore Classification
Magnetic capable of being attracted by or acquiring the properties of a magnet
Non-magnetic not capable of being magnetized
Shaping a material removal process in which a cutting tool takes mass and shapes a stationary object to produce a sculpted or plane surface
Strength a stress at which a material ruptures or fail
Divider a tool like compass, used in metal working to layout circles or arcs and to space holes or other dimensions
Insulators a substance that does not readily allow the passage of heat or sound; a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely, and
therefore make it nearly impossible to conduct an electric current
Mercury the chemical element of atomic number 80, a heavy silvery-white metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures
Refractories a substance that is resistant to heat
Hematite a reddish-black mineral consisting of ferric oxide. It is an important ore of iron
Magnetite a gray-black magnetic mineral that consists of an oxide of iron and is an important form of iron ore
Siderite a meteorite consisting mainly of nickel and iron
Radius of Gyration the square root of the ratio of the moment of inertia of a body about a given axis to its mass
Thin-walled Pressure Vessel a tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces
Saddle a support shaped to fit the object being held
Vernier a small movable graduated scale for obtaining fractional parts of subdivisions on a fixed main scale of a barometer, sextant, or other measuring
instrument
Safety Factor a margin of security against risks; the ratio of a material's strength to an expected strain
Lateral relating to the sides of an object or plant or to sideways movement
Transverse lying or extending across or in a cross direction
Bulk Modulus commonly used to characterize compressibility of fluids; the ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of the
volume
Impact Loading a force delivered by a blow, as opposed to a force applied gradually and maintained over a long period
Eccentric Loading a load on a column or pile which is nonsymmetric with respect to the central axis, therefore producing a bending moment
Fracture Point also known as breaking strength, is the stress at which a specimen fails via fracture
OQT (Oil Quenched and Tempered) The process of quenching or quench hardening involves heating the material and then rapidly cooling in water, oil, forced
air or inert gases such as nitrogen, Tempering is achieved by heating the quenched material to below the critical point for
a set period of time, then allowing it to cool in still air