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The result is to create a barrel shape to the part. This effect is called
barreling in in metal forging terms. Barreling is generally undesirable
and can be controlled by the use of effective lubrication
Forging operations
2. Cogging / Drawing out
Cogging is an open die forging process in which flat or slightly
contoured die are employed to compress a work piece, reducing its
thickness and increasing its length.
The distance the die travel forward on the work piece between each
forging step is called the bite, and is usually about 40 to 75 percent of
the width of the die, in industrial practice.
Forging operations
3. Fullering
Fullering is mostly used as an earlier
step to help distribute the material of
the work in preparation for further
metal forging operations.
Where,
m = mass
v = velocity of ram at start of deformation
g = acceleration of gravity
p = air or steam pressure acting on ram cylinder on
down stroke
A = area of ram cylinder
H = height of the ram drop
Press - Hydraulic Press
Using a hydraulic press or a mechanical press to
forge the metal, therefore, gives continuous
forming at a slower rate.
Provide deeper penetration.
Better properties (more homogeneous).
Equipment is expensive.
Hydraulic presses are load-restricted machines in
which hydraulic pressure moves a piston in a
cylinder.
Due to slow speed, contact time is longer at the
die-metal interface, which causes problems such
as heat lost from work piece and die
deterioration.
Hydraulic presses are more expensive than
mechanical presses and hammers.
Classification of Closed Die Forging
1) Drop Forging
2) Press Forging
Classification of Closed Die Forging
1) Drop Forging
Die shift – Caused by misalignment between the top and bottom forging dies
Hot tears and thermal cracking: these are surface cracks occurring due to non
uniform cooling from the forging stage or during heat treatment.