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Antidotes
Agents Antidotes
Acetaminophen Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
Anticholinesterase Atropine So4
Anticholinergics Physostigmine
Benzodiazepines Flumazenil
Coumadine Vitamin K
Cyanide Sodium nitrate
Digoxin Digoxin immune fab (Digibind)
Dopamine Phentolamine
Heparin Protamine sulfate
Iron Deferoxamine
Lead Dimercaprol, edetate disodium and succimer
Magnesium Sulfate Calcium gluconate
Narcotics Naloxone
Endings class
*cain Local anesthetics
*cillin Antibiotics
*dine Antiulcer agent
*done Opiod analgesics
*ide Oral hypoglycemics
*lam/ Antianxiety
*pam
*micin/ Antibiotics
*mycin
*mine/ Diuretics
*zide
*olol Beta blockers
*pril ACE inhibitors
*sone Steroids
FREQUENTLY ASKED MEDICATIONS
Drugs Trade /(generics) Classification Desired Effects Best Time to be Othe
Taken
1 Aminophylline Bronchodilator To case breathing AM / empty stomach No
(theophylline) No
Ch
2 Amphogel Antacid phosphate level Between meals and HS Giv
(aluminum hydroxide) Re
3 Antabuse Antialcoholic agent Avoidance of alcohol After 12 hrs. stoppage No
(disulfiram) from alcohol
4 Aspirin (ASA) Anti-inflammatory temperature Full stomach Ch
Anti-pyretic pain and Sy
Analgesic inflammation ove
5 Atropine SO4 Anticholinergic and heart rate and 30 PC Ob
Vagolytic decrease secretion s Av
6 Bacterium Antibiotic (-) infection PC Re
(cotrimoxazole) Ra
As
nep
7 Benadryl Antihistamine (-) allergy Best taken with food Av
(diphenhydramine hcl) Anti – EPS (-) movement
syndrome
8 Celestone Steroids respiratory distress Best taken with food Mo
(betamethazone) in newborn
9 Cytoxan Antineoplastic size of tumor AM Inc
(cyclophosphamide) Mo
10 Diabinase Antidiabetic agent Normal glucose range AM Mo
(chlorpropaminde)
11 Diamox Antiglaucoma urine output AM with meals Ph
(acetazolamide) antidiuretics vertigo
12 Digoxin (lanoxin) Cardiac glycoside Normal heart rate AM As
Mo
13 Dilantin (phenytoin) Anti-convulsant (-) seizure Best taken with food Ta
14 Diuril (chlorothiazide) Diuretics urine output Best taken with food Re
ext
Inc
15 Epinephrine Bronchodilator heart rate AM Do
dri
As
16 Flagyl (metronidazole) Antihelmintic (-) helminth Best taken with food Av
No
Te
17 Haldol (haloperidol) Antipsychotic (+) symptoms of AC As
psychosis Ph
18 Kayexalate Promote excretions serum K Ma
of K Mo
19 Lasix (furosemide) Diuretic urine output AM Inc
K
20 Lithane (LiCO3) Antimanic hyperactivity PC Mo
De
21 Lovenox (mevacor) Antithrombotic (-) thrombosis So
No
Ke
22 Magnesium SO4 Anticonvulsant (-) convulsion As
An
23 Mastinon Cholinesterase muscle strength PC Mo
(pyridostigmine) inhibitor An
24 Mathergine Oxytocic for post Firmly contracted Mo
(methylergonovine partum atony uterus Re
maleate)
25 Monoamine oxidase Antidepressant Improved sleeping PC No
inhibitor pattern As
Mo
26 Nitroglycerin Antiangina (-) chest pain Best taken before any Ta
strenuous activity Ke
27 Pancrease (pancreatin) Pancreatic enzyme (-) fat in the stool Between meal and Pre
snacks don
Ob
28 Phenergan Antihistamine (-) allergy Empty stomach An
(promethazine
hyrochloride)
29 Reserpine (serpasil) Antihypertensive BP Best taken with meals No
Mo
30 Ritalin Stimulant hyperactivity AM / PC Mo
(methylphenidate) dev
31 Robaxin Skeletal muscle (-) muscle spasm AM No
(methocarbamol) relaxant An
32 Synthroid Thyroid hormone Normal T4 level AM Mo
(levothyroxine sodium) supplement
33 Tagamet (cimetidine) Antiacidity (-) heartburn Best taken with food Av
34 Thorazine Antipsychotic (-) positive signs of PC Ph
(chlorpromazine hcl) psychosis Mo
35 Valium (diazepam) Antianxiety (-) anxiety AC No
36 Xylocaine (lidocaine) Antiarrythmic Normal heart rate Mo
con
S/
37 Zyloprim (allopurinol) Antigout uric acid Best taken with food Inc
vit.
Common Tubes
Characteristics:
1. it provides an indirect assessment of organ size, shape, and / or function
2. it is safe
3. it is easily reproducible
4. it requires less complex equipment for recording
5. it does not require the written consent of patient or guardian
4. Echoencephalogram – beam of ultrasound is passed though the head, and returning echoes
are graphically recorded.
- used to detect subdural hematomas, intracerebral hemorrhage, or tumors.
1. Chest – used to determine size, contour of the heart; size, location, and nature of pulmonary
lesions: pleural thickening and effusions: pulmonary vasculature: disorder of thoracic ones
and soft tissues.
- used lead shield to protect pregnant woman
2. Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) – used to determine size, shape, and position of
kidney, ureter and bladder
- No special consideration
3. Breast (Mammography) – examination of the breast with or without the injection of the
radiopaque substance into the duct of mammary gland.
- used to determined the presence of tumor or cyst (best done a week after
menstruation)
- no deodorant, perfume, powder, or ointment in underarm area on the day of X-ray
(contains Calcium oxalate)
- May be uncomfortable due to the pressure on the breast. (uses two x-ray plates)
Patients preparations:
- no food after evening meal the evening before the test
- stool softener laxatives and enema suppositories to cleanse the bowel before the test
- NPO after midnight before the test
After care:
- increased fluid intake, food and rest
- laxatives for at least two days or until stools are normal in color and consistency
Patients preparations:
- administer large amount of water with contrast capsule
- low-fat meal before evening before x-ray
- oral laxative of stool softener after meal
- no food allowed after contrast capsule
After care:
- increased fluid intake, food and rest
- observe for any untoward reactions
Patients preparations:
- Laxative in the evening before the examination
- NPO for 12 hours
- Cleaning enema morning of the procedure
After care:
- increased fluid intake, food and rest;
- observe for any untoward reactions
D. Computed Tomography (CT) – an x-ray beam sweeps around the body, allowing measuring
of various tissue densities. Provides clear radiographic deficition of structures that are not
visible by other techniques.
- initial scan may be followed by “contrast enhancement” using an injection of
contrast agent iodine via vein, followed by a repeat scan.
Patients preparations:
- instructions for eating before test vary
- clear liquids up to 2 hours before the procedure are permitted
E. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – noninvasive technique that produces cross sectional
images by exposure to magnetic energy sources. It uses no contrast medium; takes 30-0
minutes to complete. Patient may still for periods of 5-20 minutes at a time.
Patients preparations:
- patient can take food and medications except for low abdominal and pelvic studies
(food and fluid withheld) 4-6 hr to decrease peristalsis)
- Restrictions
a. those who have metal implants
b. those with permanent pacemakers
c. those who are pregnant
F. Ultrasound (sonogram) – uses sound waves to diagnose disorders of the thyroid, kidney,
liver, uterus, gallbladder, fetus and intracranial structures of the neonate.
Patients preparations:
- advise client not to chew gum or smoke before the procedure
- no x-ray
- for gallbladder studies; NPO for 8 hours
- for lower abdomen and uterus ; 32 ounces of water PO 30 minutes before the
procedure
1. Vital capacity (VC) – largest amount of air that can be expelled after maximal
inspiration
2. Forced expiratory volume (FEV) – percentage of vital capacity that can be forcibly
expired in 1, 2, or 3 seconds.
H. Sputum Studies
1. Gastric analysis – aspiration of the contents of the fasting stomach analysis of free and total
acid
J. Doppler ultrasound – measures blood flow in the major veins and arteries. The
transducer of the test instrument is placed on the skin, sending ultra-high-frequency
sound.
- sound varies with respiration and valsalva maneuver
- no discomfort to the patient.
1. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) – blood sample is drawn after a 12 fast (usually midnight).
Water is allowed.
Patients preparations:
- offer a high-carbohydrate diet for 2-4 days before testing
- patient fast overnight
- eats a high-carbohydrate breakfast
- blood sample is drawn 2 hr interval
- no cigarette smoking and caffeine for these may increase glucose level
Common Diagnostics Procedures
Characteristics:
1. it directly records the size, shape and function of an organ;
2. it requires the written consent of the patient or guardian;
3. it may result in morbidity and occasionally death.
2. After procedure:
a. observe and record vital signs
b. check injection or biopsy sites for bleeding, infection, tenderness, or thrombosis
report untoward reaction to the physician
apply warm compress to ease discomfort, as ordered
c. if tropical anesthesia is used during procedure, do not give food or fluid until gag
reflex returns
d. encourage relaxation by allowing patient to discuss experience and verbalize
feelings.
2. Postprocedure observations:
a. monitor ECG pattern for arrhythmias
b. check extremities for color and temperature, peripheral pulses for quality.
1. Lung scan – injection of radioactive isotope into the body, followed by lung scintiscan,
which produces a graphic record of gamma rays emitted by the isotopes in the tissues.
- used to determine lung perfusion when pulmonary emboli and infarctions are
suspected.
a. Position: high fowler’s position or sitting upon edge of the bed, with feet supported on
the chair.
b. If the patient’ is unable to sit up-turn unto unaffected side
Nursing action:
1. Place patient on right side and position pillow for pressure, to prevent bleeding.
5. Paracentesis – needle aspiration of fluid from the peritoneal cavity used to relieve
excess fluid accumulation or for diagnostic studies.
a. Specific nursing actions before paracentesis:
a. Have patient void - to prevent possible injury to bladder during
procedure
b. Position – sitting up on side of bed, with feet supported by
chair.
c. Check vital signs and peripheral circulation frequently
throughout procedure
d. Observe for signs of hypovolemic shock – may occur due to
fluid shift from vascular compartment following removal of
protein – rich ascitic fluid.
Nursing consideration:
Elevate head of bed = with water soluble contrast
Flat position – with oil contrast
V/s every 4 hr for 24 hr.
Test Indication
Antigen skin Test to rule-out cancer of the lungs
Benedict’s test For glucose monitoring
Bentonite Flacculation Test Test for filariasis
Beutler’s test Test for galactosemia
Blanching test Determines the impairment in circulation
Bronsulpthalein test Liver angiography
Caloric test Test done by placing water in the ear canal causes nystagmus.
A test for inner ear
CD4 determination Checking the immune status to AIDS patient
Cerebral perfusion test Test used to check the cerebral function
Coomb’s test Determines the production of the antibodies. RhoGAM is
given (1st 72 hours)
CPK BB Test for brain muscles
CPK MB Test for cardiac muscles: for MI
CPK MM Test for muscle injury
Dark field illumination test and Determination for the presence of syphilis
kalm test
Dick test Detect scarlet fever
Dull’s eye test Determines the presence of blindness. Done in 1st ten days (+)
normal (-) abnormal
ELISA test Determines presence of HIV
Gram staining and Culture of Determination for the presence of gonorrhea
cervical and urethral smear
Gross hearing test Test used by whispering words or spoken voice test
Guthrie test Test for PKU
Heat and Acetic acid test For protein or albumin detection
Immunochromatographic test A rapid assessment method done for filariasis. The antigen test
that can be done at daytime
Jones Criteria One way of diagnosing Rheumatic heart fever
Lepronin test A screening test for leprosy
Liver enzyme test For SGOT and SGPT
Liver profile test Determines Hepa-b surface antigen
Lumbar puncture Determines for the presence of meningitis and encephalitis.
Position the patient in side lying position
Malaria smear Test to confirm malaria; specimen is taken at the height or
peak of fever
Mantoux test Determination for TB exposure
Meniere’s test Test for vestibular function
Methylene blue test For ketone detection
Moloney test Hypersensitivity test for Diphtheria
Oxytocin challege test Determines if the fetus can tolerate uterine contraction; (+) CS
is necessary
Pandy’s test Determines the presence of protein in the CSF
Phenosulpthalein test Kidney angiogram
Queckkenstedt’s test Test that involve the compression of jugular veins
Rectal swab Done in patient with cholera, pinworm detection
Rinne Test Shifted between mastoid bone and two inches from the ear
canal opening
Romberg’s test Assess gait and station such as ataxia
Schick test Susceptibility test for diphtheria (+) no immunity (-) with
immunity
Schiller’s test Staining the cervix with an iodine solution. Healthy tissues
will turn brown, while cancerous tissue resist the stain
Schilling test Used to patient with severe chilling sensation; for confirmation
of pernicious anemia
Schwabach test Differentiate between conductive and sensorineural deafness,
mastoid of patient and examiner
Shake test Determines the amount of surfactant in the lungs.
Skin test Purpose it to produce antigen reaction
Slit skin smear A confirmatory test for leprosy
Specific gravity test For diabetes mellitus and insipidus as well as for dehydration
Sperm count test For male infertility (low sperm count-oversex)
Sputum exam For defection and sensitivity of causative microorganism, for
pneumonia and TB
Sulkowitch test Urine test detection for calcium deficiency and calcium in the
urine
Sweat chloride test Used to diagnosed cystic fibrosis
Tensilon (Endophonium) test For rapid detection of myasthenia gravis
Tonometer Test used to measure ocular tension and helping in detecting
early glaucoma N=12-20 mmHg
Torniquet test Done to determine presence of petechiae in Dengue
Hemorrhagic fever
TZANK test Determination for the presence of herpes simplex
Weber test Evaluation of bone conduction. Tuning fork is placed on
patient’s forehead or teeth
Wedal’s Test For typhoid fever determination
Western blot test A confirmatory for AIDS