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Publication
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Recommandations
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Supplement
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Recommendalions lor lightning
arresters
Partl: l,lon-linear
resistor-type
arresters

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Recommendations lor lightning
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Partl: l{on-linear
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 -3-

CONTENTS

Page

FonEwoRo 5
PnErecE 5

Clause

l. Object.

2. Generalprocedurein applying lightning arresters

i. Step-by-stepprocedurefor protection of power transformersand statiortequipment

3.1 Determine the maximum phase-to-earthpower-frequencyvoltage at the arrester location

3.2 Estimate the magnitude and wave-shapeof arrester dischargecurrent 11

3.3 Determinethe withstand strengthof the insulation to be protected 13

3.4 Tentatively selectarresters 15

3.5 Determinethe impulse protectivelevel for the tentativelyselectedarrester 19

3.6 Co-ordinatethe arresterprotectivelevel with the irnpulsewithstand strengthof the insula-

tion to be protected . 19

4 . Protection of other equipment 31

4.I Protection of serieswindings of equipment such A S transformers,reactors,current
transformers and so forth 31
4.2 Protection of dry-type insulated equipment 3l

5. Switching surgesliable to causeoperation of the arrester a a

JJ

5.1 Classificationby causeof switchingsurges JJ

5.2 Classificationby type of dischargethrough arrester 35

6. New definitions. 37
6.I Impulse protective level of an arrester 37
6.2 Rated impulse protective level of an arrester 37
6.3 Protective ratio . 37
 - 5 -

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

SUPPLEMENT TO PUBLICATION 99-1 (1958)

RBCOMMENDATIONS FOR LIGHTNING ARRESTERS

Part L: Non-Iinearresistor-typearresters

Application guide of nonJinear resistor-type lightning arresters for alternating

current systems

FOREWORD

I) The formal decisions or agreements of the I E C on technical matters, prepared by Technical Committees on which all the
National Committees having a special interest therein are represented, express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the subjects dealt with.

2) They have the form of recommendations for international use and they are accepted by the National Committees in that
sense.

3) In order to promote this international unification, the I E C expresses the wish that all National Committees having as
yet no national rules, when preparing such rules, should use the I E C recommendations as the fundamental basis for these
rules in so far as national conditions will permit.

4) The desirability is recognized of extending international agreement on these matters through an endeavour to harmonize
national standardization rules with these recommendations in so far as national conditions will permit. The National
Committees pledge their influence towards that end.

PREFACE

This Recommendationwas prepared by I E C Technical Committee No. 3T,Lightning Arresters.

It forms the first supplementto I E C Publication 99-1, Recommendationsfor Lightning Arresters;

Part 1, Non-linear Resistor-typeArresters.

It gives the text of Appendix C, Application guide of non-linear resistor-typelightning arrestersfor

alternating current systems.

A draft was preparedby a Committee of Experts and was discussedat the meetingsheld in Interlaken
in 1961and in Bucharest in1962. As a resutt of this latter meeting, a draft was submitted to the National
Committeesfor approval under the Six Months' Rule in December 1962.

The following countriesvoted explicitly in favour of publication of this Supplement:

Australia Netherlands
Belgium Norway
Canada Sweden
Czechoslovakia Switzerland
Denmark Turkey
Finland Union of Soviet
France SocialistRepublics
Germany United Kingdom
Hungary United Statesof America
Japan

5ff.e
 - 7

SUPPLEMENT TO PUBLTCATTON 99-1 (1958)

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR I,IGHTNING ARRESTERS

Part 1: Non-linear resistor-type arresters

Application guide of nonJinear resistor-type lightning arresters for alternating

current systems

l. Object

This guide coversthe application of non-linear resistor-typelightning arrestersto safeguardapparatus

against the hazards of abnormal voltages of various kinds. Such overvoltagesmay causeflashovers and
seriousdamageto equipment and therebyjeopardize the supply of power to users.It is essentialto prevent
this by the proper co-ordination of protective deviceswith insulation strength.

The subjectis a broad one with many ramificationsand it would require a volume of considerable
bulk to explain all possiblecasesin detail. It is not proposedto do this in this guide, but the more basic
casesare discussedand step-by-stepdirection toward proper and economicalsolutions are provided. In
some cases,experienceor predeterminedpracticesgive sulficient information for some of thesestepsto be
performed without further consideration.The more complex casesof some installations,to which a number
of linesor cablesare connected,no doubt merit specialstudy by experiencedengineers.

In the present state of the art, complete protection against damagefrom overvoltagemay prove to be
extremely costly and it may not be good engineeringpractice to provide it. Proceduresare recommended
which are expectedto provide conservativesolutions that can be justified economically.Theseprocedures
are basedon theoretical studies,the resultsof tests,and experience.

For supplementary information see IEC Publication 7lA, Recommendationsfor Insulation

Coordination- Application Guide.

2. General procedurein applying lightning arresters

This guide presumesthat lightning arrester earth terminals are interconnectedwith earthed parts of
equipment, also that both line and earth connectionsof the arresterare as short as is practicable.

The procedure for the selectionand location of arrestersin relation to the insulation to be protected
can be reducedto a seriesof steps,which are elaboratedin subsequentparagraphs:

a) determinethe maximum phase-to-earthpower-frequencyvoltage at the arresterlocation;

b) estimatethe magnitude and wave-shapeof the most severearresterdischargecurrent;

c) determine the impulse withstand strength of the insulation to be protected, bearing in mind that
air insulation decreaseswith increasinsaltitude;

b-____
 -9 -

d) tentatively selectthe arrester voltage rating and class;

e) determine the impulse protective level for the tentatively selectedarresters;
f) locate the arrester as close as is practical to the apparatus to be protected, bearing in mind that
the proximity of earthed objects and the height of the arrester above earth may adverselyaffect
the arrestersparkover characteristics,particularly at very high voltages;

ol
6,/determine the voltage at the insulation to be protected as limited by the arrester,taking into consi-
deration the separationdistancesand other factors applicableto the point of application;
h) in the event that stepsc) and g) indicate that the arresterselectedis inadequate,it may be necessa-
ry to chooseanother arresterrating or class,or in the casewhen an entirely new station is being
designed,to increasethe insulation levelof the equipmentto be protected.

3. Step-by-stepprocedurefor protection of power transformers and station equipment

(For specialtreatmentof dry-typepower transformersseeSub-clause4.2.1).

3.1 Determinethe maximum phase-to-earthpov'er-frequencyvoltageat the qrresterlocation

3.1.1 By multiplying the highest systemvoltage by the coefficientof earthing at the point of
installation of the arrester(Clause l7 in Publication 99-1). The value of the coefficientof
earthing can be estimatedfrom the curves in Figure 1. Experienceshows that for arrester
application the coefficientof earthing can be classifiedinto a limited number of groups.

a) Cofficient of earthing doesnot exceed80% (effectively-earthedsystem)

A value not exceeding80% is obtained at the arresterlocation when for all systemcondi-
tions the ratio of zero sequencereactance to positive sequencereactance (XolXi is
between0 and f 3, and the ratio of zero sequenceresistanceto positive sequencereactance
(RslX) is between0 and + l. At this point the system is consideredto be effectively
earthed.
-
Notes'
*:n'ffiilHi.:.',?;J#fJ;'"iiln$H:"'i,il?",T"Til:?:il:'"::H:?Jrff
may be lessthan 80%.
'- 75%
3ftHlJ,*-3::"J1ffi;t'#:t';?l;Ji",ilil:il:,"ji,?'Ji,:i;[1'J:e#J";*
-1. - The possibility of increases in the coefficient of earthing due to system sectionalizing should
be recognized as a factor to be considered.

b) Cofficient of earthing exceeds80% (non-effectively earthed neutral, resonant earthed or

isolated neutral systems)

This may be the casein systemswhich are earthedthrough resistorsor reactors,including

ground fault neutralizer(arc snppressioncoils), or which have someor all neutralsisolated
from earth. In such systemsthe coefficient of earthing may be 100% or higher at the
point of arresterinstallation if the ratio XolXt is negative.

Note.-lf XolXt lies between 0 and -20, resonance conditions may occur. For systems with isolated
neutrals, the ratio XolXr is, however, usually lower than -20 so that resonance conditions are
not likely.

-***;;;,,**;i*6ll';i
i
 -- ll -

3.r.2 By checking the influenceon the maximum phase-to-earthvoltage of :

a) suddenlossof load ;

b) the effect of machine overspeeds.

3.1.3 By considering overvoltagescausedby resonanceeffects,induction from parallel circuits

and similar factors known to be significant; otherwise they generally are neglected.(See
the discussionof abnormal systemvoltagesin Sub-clause3.4.2).

3.2 Estimate the magnitudeand wave-shapeof arrester dischargecurrent

Estimate the magnitude and wave shape of the discharge current, largely by the degree of
shielding against direct lightning strokes to lines, stations, substations and distribution transfor-
mer installations.Suchinstallationsmay be divided into two classes:

effectivelyshielded,or

non-effectivelyshielded.

3.2.1 Magnitude qnd wave-shapeof dischargecurrent for effectively-sltieldedinstallations or overhead

line-cable iunctions

Effectively-shieldedinstallations have shielding against direct strokes provided for the

station and for all connectedlines. The lines may be shieldedeither on the whole length or on
a few spansfrom the station (line end protection). Shieldingis regardedas effectiveif the pro-
bability of shieldingfailures or back flashesfrom shield wires or earthed supporting structures
to the conductors or other live parts is so small that the risk is consideredacceptablefor the
specificapplication.

Practicalexperienceof somecountriesshowsthat the shieldingis not very effectivefor medium

voltage lines (below 100 kV), and these are treated as non-effectivelyshielded installations.
For higher voltages,effectiveshieldingpractice in some countries prescribesthat the protective
angle of the earth wires should not exceed30" and that the earthing resistanceof each tower
should not exceedl0 ohms. The maximum lightning arresterdischargecurrents in such a case
vary usually from about 4 000 A at 110 kV up to about l0 000 A at 400 kV substations.Lines
with bundled conductors may attain a dischargecurrent between 5 000 and 10 000 A. (These
dischargecurrents are for the 8120microsecondwave used for lightning arrester testing).

Shielding for line end protection on medium voltage lines located on woodeu poles with
an earth wire which is earthed at each pole, but with no earthing of crossarmsoutside the
protected zone, may not prevent back flashes(back flashovers)if the earth resistanceat the
poles is high. However, the shielding will tap off the lightning stroke current, and also will
limit overvoltagesentering from beyond the shielding. Such overvoltagesmay be very high
becauseof the wood insulation. This shielding, while not fulfilling the requirements for an
effectively-shieldedstation, will limit the magnitude of the discharge current below that
discussedin Sub-clause3.2.2for non-effectively-shielded stations,the amount dependingon the
particular conditions at the installation.
 _ 1 3_

The arrester dischargecurrents in effectivelyshielded installations depend on many factors.

The most important of them are listed below:

a) the size of the installation and systemvoltage;

b) the impulse insulation withstand strength of the incoming lines; in steel and concrete
tower lines the withstand strength of insulators (or gaps, if used) should be taken into
ac c o u n t;
In wood pole lines the additional impulse withstand strength of the wood must be taken
in to a c c o u n t;
c) the number of connectedlines. Owing to reflectionof travelling waves,the dischargecurrent
of arrestersis affectedby the parallel-connectedsurge impedanceof lines and cables;

d) the length of the shielded portions of the incoming lines. (Minimum values of lengths
involved are under consideration.)

The rate-of-riseof dischargecurrent is dependenton the rate-of-riseof voltage.The maximum

rate-of-rise of voltage when it enters the station from an effectivelyshielded line is estimated
to be 500 kV per microsecond.

3.2.2 Magnitude and wave-shapeof dischargecurrent for installations or oyerheadline-cqblejunctions

non effectively shielded

With installations or overhead line-cablejunctions not effectivelyshielded,both the insula-

tion and the arrestercan be subjectedto nearby direct strokesproducing extremelyhigh voltages
having very steep rates-of-rise,of the order of 1000 kV per microsecond, as well as high
currents. Severeconditions may result also from a back flashover close to the arrester. Expe-
rience indicates that for the expected incident voltage a satisfactory degree of protection is
obtained by co-ordinating the arresterresidualvoltagesat a dischargecurrent of 5 000to 20000 A
(8120microsecondvalue) dependingon:

a) the importance of the installation;

b) the probability of the occurrenceof the higher currents;
c) the size and voltage of the installation;
d) the line insulation where fully insulatedwood pole lines are used; thus an arresterconnected
to a fully insulated line of lower voltage is likely to be subjectedto much higher surgecurrent
than one connected to a higher voltage line with earthed crossarms,unless the stroke occurs
so close to the arrester that the impedanceand insulation of the line cannot influence the
surge.
Note.- This problemis relatedto the numberof daysin the yearin whichthunderstorms occurin the
locality,their severityand the designof the shieldingof the line and terminalequipmentand the
natureof theterrain.Whereconditionsaresevere, it is advisableto calculate
or to otherwise
deter-
minetherate-of-rise of thevoltageandthemagnitude of thedischarge current.

3.3 Determine the withstand strength of the insulation to be protected

Determine the insulation impulse withstand strengthand in somecasesthe insulation switching-

surgewithstand strength of the equipment being installed.

3.3.1 Impulse withstand strengthfor equipmentinsulation other than air

The impulse withstand strength for equipment is defined by its full wave impulse test voltage
(seeTable of Standardinsulation levelsin IEC Publication 71, Recommendationsfor Insulation
Co-ordination).
 - 1 5-

Most types of insulation withstand short-duration voltage peaks of higher peak value than
the withstand strengthfor standard full waves.The smallestdifferenceis exhibited by irradiated
spark gaps such as are used in lightning arresters.Next in order are solid insulation, oil and
paper insulation,and finally air gapswith non-uniform field distributionsuchas rod gaps.

The effectof duration of the impulse on the insulation withstand strengthis a complicated
function with great dispersion,and no accuratenumerical information can be given. However,
as a working hypothesisit is generallyassumedthat oil and paper insulation in liquid-filled
transformers has a withstand strength of not less than 157, above its full-wave withstand
strengthfor voltage peaks shorter than 3 microseconds.

Note.- Certain types of solid insulation, such as that in rotating machines and in dry-type transformers (or
or-
:1'il:1ll#:;Hpe'fransf
ffi:';:i:::H":;?J:,.,i:HTn*i3H-,':T"l#,,::r1::,ffi

3.3.2 Impulse v'ithstandstrength.foroir insulatiort

Refer to Section6 of I EC Publication7l A, Recommendationsfor InsulationCo-ordination

- Application Guide, for guidanceon equivalentclearancesfor particular impulse voltages.

3.3.3 Switchingsurge withstandstrength

No standardwave-shaperepresentativeof switching surgeshas been acceptedgenerallyas

yet,,either for the withstand strength of the insulation to such overvoltage or the behaviour
of protective devices against such overvoltages.However, impulse sparkover voltage-time
characteristiccurves up to 2 000 microsecondsshould be obtainablefrom the arrestermanu-
facturer.

Determine where necessary,by consultation with the manufacturer, the switching surge
insulation withstand strength of the equipment to be protected in high-voltagestations(100 kV
and higher). This is important when the impulse insulation withstand strengthis more than one
level below the standardinsulationlevels(seeTable in I E C Publication7l) sincein this casethe
need for protection generallyresults from the possibility of switching surgesrather than from
lightn i n g(S u b -c l a u s 3
e .6 .2 .3 .3a n d S ecti on5).

3.4 Tentativelvselectarresters

3.4.1 Choosebetv,eenthe variousclassesof non-linearresistor-typearresters

(Arrestersare classifiedby the standard nominal dischargecurrents in Clause4l of Publica-

t ion 9 9 -l ).

Choosethe proper classof arresterbasedon:

a) the needfor a medium or low protective level for the insulation to be protected.The l0 000
ampere non-linear resistortype arrestersprovide the best protectivelevels.The 5 000ampere
seriesA arrestersare next, and in Canada and the U.S.A. the 5 000 ampere SeriesB, or in
Europe the 2500 amperearrestersare last (seeTables I I I and IV of Publication 99-l) ;

lL_
 -17-

b) the need for the best protection. As a generalrule, l0 000 ampere arresters(referred to in
some countriesas station arresters)are applied to high-voltagesystems(100 kV and above)
and to important stations of lower voltage systemswhich are consideredimportant enough
to require the best protection; 10 000 ampere or 5 000 ampere SeriesA arrestersare used
! on medium voltage transmissionsystems,5 000 ampere SeriesB arrestersor 2 500 ampere
arresterson distribution systemsfor the protection of small transformers;

c) specialrequirementswhich indicate that a higher classof arresteris advisablebecause:

1) the lightning severityis unusuallyhigh;

2) the switching surge conditions indicate the use of arresterswith increasedcurrent dis-
chargecapacity for discharginglong lines, cablesand capacitor banks in casethe circuit
breakersrestrikeor other switchingsurgescausesparkoverof the arrester(Clause5);

3) of installations with a single incoming line which are consideredimportant enough to

require the best protection and particularly those which are not effectively shielded.
A study of expecteddischargecurrentsis advisablein such cases.(SeeSub-clauses 3.2
and 3.6).

3.4.2 Choosethe tentativearrester voltagerating

Choose the tentative voltage rating based on the highest phase-to-earthpower-frequency

voltage determinedas indicated in Sub-clause3.1. This voltage rating should be chosen at
least equal to the highest phase-to-earthvoltage in order to assure extinction of the power
follow current under any circumstances,that is, proper arresteroperation. As the highestphase-
to-earth voltage for a systemoften is known only very approximately, it is recommendedthat
arrester voltage ratings equal to or very closely above this highest phase-to-earthvoltage be
usedonly when this is necessaryin order to get a suitableprotectiveratio betweenthe equipment
insulation withstand level and the arrester impulse protective level. Use of arresterswith the
voltage ratings too low may result in an excessivefailure rate of the arrestersin service.When
this risk is deliberatelytaken in order to protect weak insulation, considerationmust be given
to the use of arrestersarranged so as not to endangerpersonneland neighbouring equipment
should the arrester fail.

Specialconditions which should be consideredin choosingthe arrestervoltage rating are:

a) Abnormal system voltages

The selection of the arrester voltage ratings corresponding to the highest system
voltages(U-) multiplied by the coefficient of earthing, is based on the assumption that in
servicethe highest systemvoltage (t/-) is only exceededunder abnormal operating condi-
tions, and that the probability of an arresteroperation coinciding with a voltage exceeding
the highest system voltage is very small. If abnormal system voltages are likely to be a
frequent occurrence,thereby increasingthe probability of arrester operations during such
conditions, it may be necessaryto use an arresterwith a voltage rating higher than recom-
mended above, dependingupon the particular circumstances.

I
 -19-

b) Abnormal systemfrequency
Alternating current of frequencylessthan 48 or more than 62 Hz(c/s)mayrequirespecial
considerationin the manufactureor application of lightning arrestersand should be subject
to discussionbetweenthe user and the manufacturer.

As noted in Sub-clause3.6.3, this tentative choice of arrester classand voltage rating may
require modification.

3.5 Determine the impulseprotective levelfor the tentotivelyselectedarrester

Note. - The proximity of earthed apparatus and the height of the arrester above earth may adversely affect the
arrester sparkover characteristics, particularly at high voltages.

3.5.1 For effectively-shieldedlines and installations (see Sub-clause3.2.1)

Determine the residualvoltage at a dischargecurrent estimatedin accordancewith the consi-

derations in Sub-clause3.2.1 for the tentatively selectedarrester from information furnished
by the manufacturer. When l0 000 amperearrestersare used(8120microsecondwaves),co-ordi-
nation at the nominal dischargecurrent normally provides a factor of safety.

3.5.2 For lines andinstallationswhich are not effectivelyshielded(see Sub-clause3.2.2)

Determine the residual voltage for a dischargecurrent estimated in accordancewith the

considerations in Sub-clause3.2.2. This may exceed the nominal discharge current of the
arrester.
Notes ,1. - The front-of-wave impulse sparkover voltage for an arrester (at rates-of-rise specified in Publica-
tion 99-1) divided by 1.15 may be lower than the residual voltage at the standard nominal discharge
current of the arrester. If so, they need not be further considered. Arresters having both internal
and external gaps may be an exception.

2. - The procedures in Sub-clauses 3.5.1 and 3.5.2 are sufficient for arresters located close to the insula-
tion to be protected, and with the overhead lines brought directly into the station. The influence
of location of the arrester with respect to this insulation (separation distance) will be discussed in
3.6.2.3. The introduction of a cable between the overhead lines and the installation will be discussed
in Sub-clause 3.6.4.

-?. - Consideration should be given to the need for obtaining the switching surge protective level of the
arrester from the manufacturer. as covered in Sub-clauses3.3.3 and 3.6.2.3.3.

3.6 Co-ordinate the arrester protective level with the impulse withstand strength of the insulation to
be protected

3.6.1 General
The recommendedtreatment is different for different categoriesof installations depending
on whether they are effectivelyshietdedor not, on the number of lines normally connected,and
on the physical extensionof the installation.

The following generalprinciple is applied:

There shall be a certain protective ratio provided between the impulse withstand strength
of the equipment installation to be protected (a guaranteedminimum value) and the impulse
protective level which is achievedat the piece of equipment in question under the assumptions
given in Sub-clauses3.3 and 3.5. This protective ratio is intended to cover exceptional cir-
cumstancessuch as abnormally higher magnitude or steepnessof infrequent occurrence.
 _21 _

The recommended minimum protective ratio between insulation withstand strength and
impulse protectivelevel is l.2.It is pre-supposedthat the earths of all arrestersand equipment
are directly connectedtogether.

The reduction in the electric strength of air insulation with increasing altitude should be
considered,using the recommendationsfor the specificapparatus.

3.6.2 Co-ordination based on the type of instollations

3.6.2.1 For non-effectivelyshieldedinstallations tt,itha single incoming overheadline

A typical installation of this type consistsof a singletransformerwith or without simple

switching equipment, generallywithout measuringequipment, which is connectedto a single
incoming line without shielding by earth wires.

Install the arrester right at the transformer.

Compare the full-wave impulse withstand strength of the transformer (determined in

Sub-clause3.3) with the impulse protective level of the arresters(determinedin Sub-clause
3.5.2)and check that there is a satisfactoryprotective ratio.

3.6.2.2 For non-effectivelyshieldedinstallotions v'ith severalincoming lines

Installationsof this type differ from Sub-claus

e 3.6.2.1sincein normal operationmore than
one line is connected.Typically, this is a medium-voltagestation, and even if there is more
than one transformer the extensionof the station area is rather small. Some switchine and
measuringequipmentis usually installed.

Install a set of arresters at or close to the transformer or transformers and check the
protective ratio as in the previouscaseof Sub-clause3.6.2.1,taking into account that the
incomirrg overvoltage waves are reduced by sharing of energy when several lines meet
in the station. However, consideration should be given to the casewhen one or more of the
lines are disconnectedby switching.

When, in such a station, one or more circuit-breakersor disconnectingswitchesare open,

the correspondingline entrancesor certain parts of the station may be left without protection
from the arrestersat the transformers. If such casesare recognizedto require additional
protection, non-linear resistorarresters,gaps, or transmission-class expulsionarrestersare
installed at the respectiveline entrances.

3.6.2.3 For effectively shieldedinstallations

The incoming overvoltagesare limited in amplitude and steepness,which generallypermits

a certain separationbetweenthe arrestersand the insulation to be protected (seeSub-clause
3.5.1),as will be discussedlater. Depending on whether it is a small or large installation,
proceedas follows:

3.6.2.3.1 For small installationswith one incomins overheadline

I Install one set of arrestersat a point which provides protection to all equipment but
givespreferenceto the transformer. Separationbetweenthe arresterand the insulation
to be protected is permissiblein effectively-shielded
installations.
*
I
-23-

ii) Determine the maximum permissibleseparationdistancesbetweenthe arresterand the

protected equipment which will not permit excessivevoltagesat this equipment instal-
lation. This can be calculatedbecausethe characteristicsof the surgeenteringthe instal-
lation are reasonablywell known. A precisedetermination can be made using methods
detailed in the trade literature. A graphical method is being consideredwhich may be
added as Appendix D at a later date.

3.6.2.3.2 For large installations with several incoming overhead lines, tronsformers. switchgear and
measuring equipment

Determine as well as possible the most strategic arrester locations and the number of
arresterswhich will give the wanted degreeof protection to different piecesof equipment.
This can be rather difficult.

A graphical method is being consideredwhich may be added as Appendix D at a later

date. Examples of cases treated by model studies and digital computer programming
methods are given in the trade literature. Consideration must be given to the possibility
that the station may become sectionalizedor that lines are disconnectedduring service,
with or without disturbances.It must be possible to maintain the protection of at least
the transformers under all circumstances.Sometimesthis involves increasinsthe number
of arresters.

3.6.2.3.3 For installations with transformers having reduced insulation more than one step below
standord insulation levels (see Tables in Publication 7I )

Install the arrester at the transformers and proceed as directed in Sub-clauses

3.6.2.3.1
or 3.6.2.3.2.In such installations, in many casesthe arrester must limit switchingover-
voltages as well as lightning overvoltages.

For switching overvoltages,the insulation withstand level as well as the switching surge
impulse protective level of the arresters have values different from those for lightning
overvoltages and, therefore, the insulation coordination for switching surges must be
studied separately(seeSub'clause3.3.3).The results of such a study may lead to modifica-
tion of the arrester arrangement.As no standard values are establishedfor the insulation
co-ordination at switching overvoltages,it may sometimesbe necessaryto obtain guidance
from equipment manufacturers.

3.6.2.3.4 For cable-connected

installationsof Sub-clause3.6.2

For cable-connectedinstallations the arrester or arrestersshould be applied as covered

in Sub-clause3.6.4.

3.6.3 Other considerations

3.6.3.1 When co-ordinationis not achieved

If co-ordination is not achievedby the procedure of Sub-clauses3.6.1 and 3.6.2 with the
arrester tentatively selectedin Sub-clause3.4, it becomesnecessaryto consider alternative
measuressuch as:

a) selectingan arrester of better class or lower rating to obtain a lower impulse protective
level.
Selectingan arrester with a lower voltage rating than that indicated by consideration of
 -25-

Sub-clause3.4.2willinvolve some risk of arrester failure resulting from the inability

of
the arrestergaps to resealagainsta voltage exceedingits rating;

b) changing the location of the arrester to reduce the separation distance and/or
the arrester
lead length;
c) increasingthe insulation level of the equipment to be protected;
d) improving the shielding.

3.6.3.2 Special conditionsrequiring reconsiderationof the choice of the arrester

Specialconditions affectingthe need for reconsiderationof the arrestertentativelv

selected
in Sub-clause3.4 mav be:

3.6.3.2.1 High earth resistanceor excessiveseparation

(The considerationof this is dependenton the completion of Appendix

D.)
The earths of all arresters and equipment (if possible) should be connected
together
electrically; however, if a direct connection betweenthe arrester and the protected
appa-
ratus has not been made and the arrester earth resistanceis high or the connections
be-
tween the arrester and the protected apparatus are of excessivelength, the impulse
voltages
which appear at the protected apparatusmay be substantiallyhigher than those
acrossthe
terminals of the arrester.In order to obtain the desireddegreeof protection
for the appa-
ratus, it may be necessaryeither to improve theseconditions, or to selecta class
of arrester
with lower protective characteristics.The use of an arrester with a lower voltage
rating
than that indicated by consideration of Sub-clause2.3.4.2 will result in a risk
of failure
of the arrester if it is required to operate when the power-frequencyvoltage
across its
terminals exceedsthe voltage rating.

3.6.3.2.2 Apporatus of low insulation strength

The protection of apparatushaving low insulation strength may require

specialconside-
ration in the selectionor designof the arresterand should be referred to the
manufacturer.
Equipments which can be included in this classificationare old equipment
built prior
to the time impulse tests were made, and equipment not built for exposedlocations.
The
problem of protecting such equipmentis similar to the problem discussed
in Sub-clause4.2.

3.6.4 Cable-connectedequipmentfor single-line installations

Cable-connectedequipment involves a station, substationor individual apparatus

connected
to a cable (with earthedmetallic sheath)which in turn is connectedto an overhead
exposedline
that may or may not be effectivelyshieldedat the line-cablejunction.

3.6.4.1 Location of arresters

3. 6. 4. 1. 1 G en e ra l

Install arrestersat the equipment, or at the overhead line-cablejunction or

at both the
equipment and the junction, if necessary.Arrester installations must be made
at the over-
head line-cablejunction if it is impossible to apply the arrestersat the equipment.
Limi-
 -27-

tations of spacefor the arrestersat the equipmentmay also make application at the junction
desirable.

In the caseof unshieldedlines, it may be advantageousto mount additional protective

devicesa few spansbefore the overhead line-cablejunction.

The arrestersinstalled at the equipment should be connectedto the station earth with
the shortestpossiblelead. Arrestersinstalledat the cablejunction should be earthedand
interconnectedat the junction with the cable sheath if a metallic sheath is used. For the
prevention of circulating currentsin the cable sheathsit may not be desirableto earth these
at the equipment end also. If the cable hasa non-metallic sheath,the arresterat the junction
should be earthedat the junction and interconnectedwith the station earth by a conductor
installedadiacentto the cable.

3.6.4.1.2 Arrester locatedonly at equipment

If the arrestersare located only at the equipment, consideration should be given as to

whether the insulation at the overheadline-cablejunction will be protected.

3.6.4.1.3 Arrester locatedonly at overheadline-cablejunction

lf arrestersare installed only at the overhead line-cablejunction, consideration should

be given as to whether the insulation of the equipment will be protected. The protection
dependson factors such as the impulse withstand strength of the insulation to be protected,
the class and voltage rating of the arrester at the junction, the length of the cable and
whether or not the overhead line is shielded.For precisedetermination of the maximum
permissiblecable length up to which protection will be provided to the equipment insula-
tion, refer to the existing literature and/or have a study made by those well versed in the
art. Good resultscan be achievedby analoguenetwork studies.

A graphical method for calculation of permissiblecablelengthsis being consideredwhich

may be added as Appendix D at a later date.

3.6.5 Protection of trantsformerunearthedneutral(s)

3.6.5.I General

This appliesto star (Y)-connectedtransformer banks, the neutral(s)of which is (are)isolated

or earthed through a high impedance. Surge voltage may appear on the neutral as a result
of overvoltage at the line terminals propagating through the transformer windings. With
wood pole lines of unearthed construction this voltage can be very high. All neutral points
brought out through a bushing should be protected by lightning arresters.In the case of
transformers with insulation graded toward the neutral point, it is even more important to
provide protection.

Although the currents through the arresterdue to lightning and switching overvoltagesare
small (up to I 000 A), accountmust be taken of their lonser duration.

3.6.5.2 Selectand install the arresters

Install the arrester between the neutral terminal and earth (i.e. the transformer earth
terminal) selectingit as directed in Sub-clause3.4. The arrester rating should be at least 0.7
 -29-

times the highest phase-to-phasevoltage of the system(0.7 (In), provided the transformer is
fully insulated.

For transformers with graded insulation, refer to Tables C I and C Il for classification
of thesetransformers.Information on protection should be obtained from the manufacturer.

Tnslp C I

Categorieso.fgraded insulatiott

Category Recognized conditions of earthing

Neutral end of winding, solidly connected to earth through a connection

where no impedance has been added intentionally.
Note. - The connection to earth via a current transformer is deemed to meet this
condition.

Neutral end of winding connected to a regulating transformer whose

neutral is or is not connected to earth and is provided with an appro-
priate voltage-limiting device.

Neutral point of winding not connected, or connected to earth via an

impedance or a resistance, with an appropriate voltage-limiting device
connected between the neutral point of the winding and earth.

Neutral point of the winding connected to earth via an arc-suppression

coil with a suitable voltage-limiting device between the neutral point
of a winding and earth.

Tenrs C Il
Insulotionlevelsfor the neutralendsof h,indingsof transformers
havinggradedinsulation

(For system highest voltageso.f 72.5 kV and above)

Insulation Separate-source power-frequency voltage

to earth kV r.m.s.

Category 1 38

Category 2 additional voltage due to

regulating transformer
ENR + (ELT-ENR) x
rated voltage of the transformer winding
with a minimum of 38 kV
ENR test voltage of neutral point of regulating transformer
ELT test voltage of the line end of the transformer windins

Category 3 | 35 to 65 I of the test voltage of the line end, determined according to the
characteristics of the apparatus and the system

Category 4 | 58 to 65 )( of the test voltage of the line end

Notes 1. - When choosing the category of neutral insulation, the possibility that the neutral earthing may
be altered at a later stage or that transformers may be interchanged, should be considered.

?. - Obtain the equivalent impulse strength for these power-frequency voltages from the manufacturer.
 -31 -

3.6.5.3 Comparethe impulseprotective level with insulationw,ithstandstrength

Compare the impulse protective level of the arrester,namely the impulse sparkovervoltage
in this case,with the equipment insulation withstand strength. The impulse protective level
should be not more than 0.833 times the full-wave impulse withstand strength of the insula-
tion at the neutral.

4, Protection of other equipment

4.1 Protection of series windings of equipment such as booster transfornters, reactors, current trons-
formers, and soforth
Sometimesit is expedientto provide surge protection acrossthe serieswindings of equipment.

4.1.1 Selectionof arrester (See Sub-clause3.4.1for choiceof arresters class.)

Select the arrester having a standard voltage rating which is equal to or greater than the
maximum power-frequency voltage that will appear across the series winding under fault
conditions.

4.1.2 Location of arrester

Install the arresterclose to the terminalsof the equipment.

4.2 Protection of dry-type insulated equipment

The dry-type insulated equipment covered by this paragraph includes such apparatus as dry-
type transformers and rotating machines which have full-wave impulse withstand insulation
strengths lower than those of liquid-immersed equipments. Generally the impulse withstand
strengthswith waves of short duration are consideredto be the same,or nearly the same,as the
full-wave impulse withstand strength.

4.2.1 Protection of dry-type transformers

4.2.1.1 Apply the procedure of Clause 3 including selectionof the arresteras directed in Sub-
c laus e3 .4 .

4.2.1.2 Compare the front-of-wave impulse sparkover protective level of the arrester with the
full-wave impulse withstand insulation strength of the transformer, or the impulse withstand
strength for any shorter durations for which higher values are given by the manufacturer.
The minimum protective ratio between insulation withstand strength and protective level
r ec o mme n d e di n 3 .6 .1i s 1 .2 .

Note. - No tests for the impulse insulation strength of dry-type transformers have been standardized by I E C.

4.2.2 Protection of rotating machines(when required)

4.2.2.1 For machines connected to overhead lines either directly or through a short length of
cable:

a) install, at the machine terminals between line and earth, both capacitors to slope off
the wave-front to approximately 10 microseconds or more and arresters to provide
additional protection. Also connect arresterson the overheadlines ahead of the machine
location or at an overheadline-cablejunction point;
 -33-

b) selectthe voltage rating and classof arresteras directed in Sub-clause3.4;

c) compare the full-wave impulse insulation strengthof the insulation or the value as recom-
mended by the manufacturer, with the impulse protective level of the arrester for a
suitable protective ratio. (SeeSub-clause3.6.1.)

4.2.2.2 For machines connected to overhead lines through transformers, in some casesinstal-
lations may not require protection, or the capacitorscan be omitted at the machineterminals.
In some cases,for instance,with star (Y)-delta (D) transformers, better protection can be
obtained by a second set of arrestersconnected between phases.It is suggestedthat the
literature on this subject can be consulted or an investigation can be made with recurrent-
surge oscillograph.

When arrestersare installed at the machine terminals, follow the procedure in Sub-clause
4.2.2.1.
Note.- Theimpulseinsulationstrengthof rotatingmachines hasnot beenstandardized andno standardiza-
tion is contemplated
in theimmediate problemreferto the
future.For treatmentof theco-ordination
manufacturer of themachine. It is usualto takethepeakvalueof thea.c.testvoltageastheimpulse
insulationstrengthof therotatingmachine, of moreprecise
in theabsence information.

5. Switching surges liable to cause operation of the arrester

5.1 Classfficationof causeof switching surges

Overvoltageswhich are a problem in insulation co-ordination (seeSub-clause3.6.2.3.3) and

may overstressthe arrester when it sparks over, can be produced by' switching in severalways.
They may be causedprimarily by a behaviour inherent in the switch or by the conditions inherent
in the systemand circuit during and after switching.

5.1.1 Switching surgesfrom inherent switch action

a) chopping of inductive currents by circuit-breakers;

the interruption of an inductive current such as the interruption of magnetizing current
of the transformer can cause overvoltages when the current is forced to zero by the action
within the switch before normal current zero:
b) restriking by the circuit-breaker during the interruption of capacitive currents when discon-
nectinglong lines,cablesor capacitor banks;
c) restriking by disconnectswitcheswhen disconnectingbusbars;
d) prestriking on energizingcapacitivecircuits by disconnectswitches.

5.1.2 Switching surgesand voltagesfront circuit and system conditions

a) energizationof line or unit-connected line and transformer (no initial charge on the line);

b) reclosing on line with trapped charge;

c) energization, de-energization or load rejection of unit-connected line and transformer
(harmonic overvoltages);
d) voltage magnification upon closing or restriking. Higher transient voltages are produced
at a point remote from the point of switching;
e) 3-phaseclearing of faulted lines at one end only, or lack of simultaneousopening at both
ends, particularly with line-to-earth faults ;
 _ {\ _

f) clearing, following loss of load with regulation and over-speedingof alternating current
machines;
g) closingwhen out of phase;
h) linear resonant effectsinvolving an interaction of linear inductive and capacitive compo-
nents of the system as a consequenceof energizationor de-energizationof the part of the
s y s te m;
i) ferro-resonantnon-linear oscillations,causedby energizationor de-energizationinteraction
between system capacitanceand non-linear magnetizingimpedanceof transformers which
may result from single phase switching, open conductors, neutral instability, or over-
excitationof certain 3-phasecircuit configurations.

5.2 Classificationby type of dischargethrough arrester

5.2.1 Switchingsurgesv,ith high surge energy

T he s es u rg e sa re c o v e re db y S u b - cl auses
5.1.1b),5.1.2 b) and 5.1.2d).

When the arrestersparks over with this type of switching surge,the charge on the line, cable
or capacitor bank dischargesthrough the arresterimpedance.If the arresteris connectedon the
line side of the circuit-breaker,the arrester is subjectedto the full dischargecurrent from the
line. This is a relativelylow-current long-durationdischarge.For long lines the magnitude of
dischargecurrent is dependenton the charge on the line and the surge impedance of the line
and the arrester.The duration is dependenton the length of the line.

Two solutionshave been employedto meet this problem:

a) selectcircuit-breakersor switcheswhich do not generateswitchingsurgesabovethe arrester

sparkoverpotential;
b) select arresters with sufficient discharge capacity to withstand the discharge currents to
which the arresterswill be subjected.tnformation on the dischargecapacity of arresters
should be obtained from the manufacturer.

5.2.2 Switching surges with medium surge energ))

T h e s es u r g e sa r e c o v e r e db y S u b - c l a u s e5s. 1 . a ) , 5 . 1 . 2a ) , 5 . 1 . 2c ) , 5 . 1 . 2e ) , 5 . L 2 . f ) a n d
5.1.2g).They can be affectedby the length of the line or the amount of capacitanceinvolved.

They may be a problem only with arrestershaving low dischargecapacity,such as 5 000 A,

SeriesA arresters.

When the arrester sparks over with this type of surge,the dischargecurrent and/or duration
causesonly mediurnduty on the arresters.This can overstress the lower surgecapacityarresters.

T he c h o i c eo f s o l u ti o n si s th e s a m eas i n S ub-cl ause

5.2.1.

5.2.3 Switching surges witlt low surge energy

Thesesurgesare coveredby Sub-clauses

5.1.1a).

When the arrestersparks over with this type of surge,experienceindicatesthat the discharge
currents are limited and handled without difficulty by lightning arrestersapplied as directed
in this guide.
 -37 -

5.2.4 Switchingsurgeswith prolongedfollowcurrent

T h e s es u r g e a
s r ec o v e r e d
b y S u b - c l a u s5e.s1 . 1a ) , 5 . 1 . 1c ) , 5 . 1 . 2d ) , 5 . 1 . 2 f ) , 5 . 1 . 2h ) a n d
s.r.2
i).
With this type of surge the arrester is subjected to prolonged overvoltage which prevents
resealingof the gaps. This can causethe arrester to fail.

One of two solutions has been employed to meet this problem:

a) make changesin the systemto eliminate such surges,or;

b) choose an arrester either with sufficient discharge capability for the indicated duration, or
with sufficiently high sparkover to prevent its operation, taking account of the possible
decreasein protection provided by the arrester.

6. New definitions

6.1 Impulseprotective level of an arrester

The highest peak value of impulse voltage that may occur across the terminals of an arrester
under the prescribedconditions.

The impulse protective level is given numerically by the maximum of the following quantities:
- Front-of-waveimpulse sparkovervoltage,divided by l.l5t;
- 1.2150sparkovervoltage 2)
- Residual (discharge)voltage at a given dischargecurrent.

6.2 Rated impulseprotective level of an arrester

The impulse protective level with the residualvoltage referred to the nominal dischargecurrent.

6.3 Protectiveratio

The ratio of the insulation withstand characteristicsof the protected equipment to the arrester
protective level, expressedas a multiple of the latter figure.

1) See3.2 Note A) of Appendix C.

z; IEC Publication60 givesthis as 1.2150insteadof 1/50as in IEC Publication99-1.
I*
p

*4,
il
-39-

' {
{
o O
\ 7 t 7

1 2 3 4 5 6
XolXt
a) Yoltage conditions neglecting positive and c/ Voltageconditionsfor Rr : Rz : 0.2 Xt
negative-sequence resistance Rr : Rz : 0

Note. - Numbers on curves indicate maximum line-to-earth

voltage of any phase for any type of fault in percent of the line-
to-line voltage for area bounded by curve and axes ofthe curves.
All impedance values must be on the same base in ohms on same
voltage base.

For all curves:

Ro - zero-sequenceresistance
Rr - positive-sequenceresistance
Rz : negative-sequence resistance
Xo : zero-sequence inductive reactance
Xr : positive-sequencesubtransient reactance
Xz : negative-sequence reactance
Xr: Xz
1 2 3 4 5 6 The effect of fault resistance was taken into account. The resist-
XaiX' ance which gives the maximum voltage to earth was the value
b) Yoltage conditions for Rr : Rz : 0.1 Xr used. The discontinuity of the curves is caused by the effect of
fault resistance.

Flc. l. - Maximum line-to-earth voltage at fault for grounded-neutralsystem

under any fault conditions.