ALBERT F.

ASTILLERO
Science Research Specialist II
Bureau of Animal Industry

photo by: albert astillero

photo by: albert astillero
photo by: albert astillero
photo by: albert astillero
photo by: albert astillero
photo by: albert astillero
photo by: albert astillero
photo by: albert astillero
photo by: albert astillero
 Good Beef Cattle Production

GOOD NUTRITION

QUANTITY and QUALITY

of feed resources

SUSTAINABILITY
photo by: albert astillero
Topic Outline
1. Ruminant digestive system
2. Essential nutrients from feeds
3. Feed resources
4. Feed intake and digestibility
5. Feeding management
Topic Outline
1. Ruminant digestive system
2. Essential nutrients
3. Feed resources
4. Feed intake and digestibility
5. Feeding management
Cattle digestive system

Source: Alabama A&M and Auburn Universities Extension .UNP-0060 PDF

Cattle stomach
 Rumen Reticulum

Abomasum Omasum
Rumen Environment
Rumen Environment

RUMEN pH
6.5 – 6.8
Effect of Type of Feed: FORAGES

RUMEN pH
SLOW DIGESTION
MORE RUMINATION
STABLE pH
Effect of Type of Feed: Concentrate

RUMEN pH
FAST DIGESTION
LESS RUMINATION
ACIDIC pH
Ruminant feeding principle
Topic Outline
1. Ruminant digestive system
2. Essential nutrients
3. Feed resources
4. Feed intake and digestibility
5. Feeding management
Essential nutrients and functions
Nutrient Functions
Water Aid in digestion process
Body temperature regulation
Reactant in metabolic reactions

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Essential nutrients and functions
Nutrient Functions
Carbohydrates Major source of energy
(sugars, starch, (Through fermentation and production of
cellulose) volatile fatty acids)

Nutrient Functions
Lipids Concentrated form of energy
(fats and oils) Supply essential fatty acids
Carbohydrate digestion
 ENERGY !!!

photo by: albert astillero

Essential nutrients and functions
Nutrient Functions
Protein Structural (e.g. muscle)
(amino acids) Hormonal (e.g. insulin)
Transport (e.g. hemoglobin)
Defense (e.g. immune bodies)
Genetic material (e.g. genes)

PROTEIN
DEFICIENT =
THIN BODY

photo by: karlo paulo quintos

Protein Digestion
Protein sources
Protein!!!

photo by: albert astillero

Essential nutrients and functions
Nutrient Functions
Minerals Component of bones and teeth (Ca, P)
Component of organic compounds
Regulator of acid-base balance

(Macro-minerals) – needed in large amounts

Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, NaCl, Magnesium, Sulfur, Cobalt

(Micro-minerals) – needed in smaller quantities

Iron, Iodine, Manganese, Selenium, Zinc
Essential nutrients and functions

PREVENTION: Regular supplementation!

Essential nutrients and functions
Nutrient Functions
Vitamins Maintenance of health and productivity

(Fat-soluble)
Vit. A, D, E – provide as feed or injectable
Vit. K – synthesized by ruminants

(Water-soluble)
Other vitamins - synthesized by
ruminants

photo by: albert astillero

Animal activity and nutrient requirement

LACTATION

REPRODUCTION

GROWTH

MAINTENANCE
Topic Outline
1. Ruminant digestive system
2. Essential nutrients
3. Feed resources
4. Feed intake and digestibility
5. Feeding management
Feed Resources
ROUGHAGE
High fiber
Low total digestible nutrients

Photo credit: DA-RFO V

fresh forages/soilage crop residues and by-products

(GRASSES + LEGUMES)

photo by: albert astillero

Photo credit: DA-RFO V
Feed Resources
ROUGHAGE
High fiber
Low total digestible nutrients

photo by albert astillero: photo by albert astillero:

silage/urea-treated rice straw hay

photo by: albert astillero

Photo credit: DA-RFO V
Feed Resources
FORAGES
SOILAGE (fresh FORAGE)
HAY (dried FORAGE)
SILAGE (fermented FORAGE)
photo by albert astillero:

photo by albert astillero: photo by albert astillero:

photo by: albert astillero

Photo credit: DA-RFO V
Feed Resources
low fiber

CONCENTRATE High digestible energy

High or low protein

grains oil meal root crops grain by-products

corn soybean meal cassava rice
sorghum copra meal wheat or corn bran
corn gluten feed
corn gluten meal
brewer’s spent grain
Photo credit: DA-RFO V

photo by: albert astillero

Photo credit: DA-RFO V
Feed Resources

photo by: albert astillero

Feed Resources

photo by: albert astillero

Feed Resources: Silage

1 2

3 4
Source: NBCRDC II, Gen. Tinio, Nueva Ecija c/o MR. Clodualdo Mariano
Feed Resources: Hay

1 2

3
photo by: albert astillero
4
Source: NBCRDC II, Gen. Tinio, Nueva Ecija c/o MR. Clodualdo Mariano
Topic Outline
1. Ruminant digestive system
2. Essential nutrients
3. Feed resources
4. Feed intake and digestibility
5. Feeding management
Cattle Feed Consumption

photo by: albert astillero

Cattle Feed Consumption
Example: Body weight: 400 kg BW
DRY WEIGHT FRESH WEIGHT

Low: 400 kg x 1.5 % = 6 kg 30 kg

Good: 400 kg x 2.5 % = 10 kg 50 kg
High: 400 kg x 3.0% = 12 kg 60 kg

photo by: albert astillero

Cattle Feed Consumption
AMOUNT OF FEED
(FRESH WEIGHT)

30 kg

Grass: 21 kg
30%
legumes
Legume: 9 kg

70%
grasses
Feed Requirement (CONCENTRATE)

30%
of dry matter
intake
Given: 400 kg BW Concentrate amount:
Fresh : 30 kg DM x 30%
Dry: 6 kg 6 kg x 30% = 1.8 kg
Cattle Feed Consumption
Animal Class Age Body Ave. Ave.
(months) weight (kg) concentrate Roughage
consumption Consumption
(kg/hd/day) (kg/hd/day)
Suckling age <1 -5 90
Weanling 6-11 132 0.75 15-20
Yearling 12-17 193 0.75 15-20
Female
Heifer 18-36 396 0.88-0.95 15-20
Cow (after 420 0.88-0.95 15-20
calving)
Male
Junior bull 18-36 480 1 15-20
Senior bull >36 580 2.99 15-20

Source: NBCRDC II, Gen. Tinio, Nueva Ecija

Feed consumption is affected by:
environment

feed quality

rate of digestion

rate of feed intake

water intake
Feed quality: Forage digestibility

LOW
digestibility
LOW
intake
Feed quality: Forage digestibility
cut forages at proper age

photo by: albert astillero

Rate of feed intake: Animal selection and palatability

Grazing: prefer more green leaves

prefer mixed diet
depends on forage and pasture

Confined: depends on forage and feed given

Rate of feed intake: Animal selection and palatability

photo by: albert astillero

Rate of feed intake: Animal selection and palatability

photo by: albert astillero

Rate of digestion: Eating behaviour
What are they doing?
eating
drinking
resting/ruminating
walking

photo by: albert astillero

Rate of digestion: Eating behaviour
Activity No. of hours spent per day
Grazing 3-13
Ruminating 6-8
Resting 3-15

Pasture Quality Activity

Good Quality resting
Short or Mature grass grazing

Time/Season Activity
Early Morning grazing
Noon/Midday resting
Late Afternoon grazing
Rate of digestion: Speed of passage

LOW FORAGE
digestibility

SLOW passage of feed

LOW feed intake

SLOW growth
Topic Outline
1. Ruminant digestive system
2. Essential nutrients
3. Feed resources
4. Feed intake and digestibility
5. Feeding management
Feeding management must address:
environment

feed quality

rate of digestion

rate of feed intake

water intake
Feeding management must address:

COST BENEFIT
Feeding management: FEEDING PLAN
Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Feeding system

Grazing

Cut-&-carry (Fresh Grass)

Silage (grasses)

Silage (sugarcane)

Hay

Rice straw

UTS

Preparation of Stored Forage

Silage (grasses)

Silage (sugarcane)

Hay

UTS

If you fail to plan, you are planning to fail!

Source: NBCRDC II, Gen. Tinio, Nueva Ecija c/o MR. Clodualdo Mariano
Feeding Management
provide good quality feeds (grasses + legumes)

photo by: albert astillero photo by: albert astillero

Fresh, young , leafy forages

Feeding Management
allow them to select what to eat (if possible)

photo by: albert astillero

Feeding Management
provide clean unlimited drinking water

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Feeding Management
Cut and carry: chop before feeding long grasses

photo by: albert astillero photo by: albert astillero

Feeding Management

Proper grazing management

photo courtesy: Mr. Clodualdo Mariano ppt slides

Feeding Management

Provide mineral and concentrate supplement

when feeding low quality forages

photo by: albert astillero

Feeding Management

Provide Urea-Molasses Mineral Block UMMB)

Feeding Management

UMMB Formula
Ingredients Dry Season Wet Season
(December – May) (June – November)
Amount in kg Amount in kg
Molasses 40 40
Urea 8 6
Cement 9 10
Salt (NaCl) 5 5
Rice bran D1 37.3 38.3
Trace mineral mixture .2 .2
Zinc sulfate 75 g 75 g
Potassium iodide 50 g 50 g
Copper sulfate 75 g 75 g
Bone ash 0.5 0.5

Source: Avilla, Hernando et. al. Bureau of Animal Industry-Livestock Research and Development Division
Feeding Management

Provide dry season legume supplement

photo by: albert astillero

Feeding Management: feeding urea

Provide silage, hay, UTRS when fresh forages is less

available especially during dry season

photo by: albert astillero photo by: albert astillero

Feeding Management: feeding urea
Don’t feed to animals at 12 weeks of age or younger
2-4 weeks transition period for rumen adjustment
Do not feed urea directly! UTRS is better

photo by: albert astillero

photo by: albert astillero

photo by: albert astillero photo by: albert astillero
Feeding Management

Bottle-fed weak young calf

photo by: albert astillero

Feeding Management: feeding urea

Prevent abrupt changes in feed

Allow rumen microbes to adjust to the feed

photo by: albert astillero photo by: albert astillero

Maraming salamat po!