FINAL REPORT

SUMMER INTERNSHIP
AT
CPWD VARANASI

Submitted by
Anukool Singh
14065017
 Acknowledgement

I want to thank Mr. Sujeet Singh, Assistant Executive

Engineering at CPWD, Varanasi for their guidance
throughout the internship. I want to acknowledge Prof. V.
Kumar and Prof. Rajesh Kumar for their guidance and
teachings which I found very useful throughout my
internship and their interest in recommending me for
CPWD Internship.
I also want to thank the Site Engineers present at the sites
visited by me under my internship.
 Content

1) Introduction of CPWD

2) CPWD Structure

3) Area of training:
Estimation of building materials and cost
estimation
Study and implementation of CPWD
Specification
Site visit of various construction sites at
BHU,Varanasi
Quality control of civil work
Study of green building norms
 CPWD
Introduction:
CPWD came into existence in July, 1854 when Lord Dalhousie
established a central agency for execution of public works and set
up Ajmer Provincial Division. Through the professional expertise in
disciplines including Architecture, Engineering, Project
Management coupled with comprehensive experience in building
construction and maintenance CPWD has been serving the nation
for last 162 years and has executed priority of works in difficult and
demanding geographical and climatic conditions. It has now grown
into a comprehensive construction management department,
which provides services from project concept to completion,
consultancy and maintenance management.

It is headed by DG who is also the Principal Technical Advisor to the

Government of India. The regions and sub-regions are headed by
Special DGs and Additional DGs respectively, while the zones in all
state capitals (except a few) are headed by Chief Engineers.

CPWD has PAN India presence and has ability to undertake

construction of complex projects even in difficult terrain and
maintenance in post construction stage. CPWD had been involved
in construction of stadiums and other infrastructure requirements
for Asian Games 1982 and Commonwealth Games 2010.
Zeal and spirit of endeavour of CPWD officers have taken the
organization beyond national boundaries. CPWD is right now
engaged in construction of Afghan Parliament Building.

Head Office CPWD

History:
Centralized public works in India can be traced to efforts of Lord
Dalhousie and Sir Arthur Cotton in the mid-19th century. Sir Arthur
Cotton sums up the early policy of the East India Company rulers.
Lord Dalhousie established the Central Public Works Department,
and irrigation projects were among the earliest to be started.
Public Works Department was formally established in the year 1854
in the sixth year of Lord Dalhousie’s tenure as Governor General. In
the minutes of meeting held on 12 July 1854 the Governor General
resolved that a central agency be provided by creating an office of
Secretary to the Government of India in Department of Public
Works. The note recorded by Lord Dalhousie was as under:
“The organization of the Department of Public Works in the Indian
Empire will be incomplete unless it shall be provided for the
Supreme Government itself come agency by which it may be
enabled to exercise the universal control confided to it over public
works in India with the best of scientific knowledge with authority
and system. The Government of India shall no longer be dependent
on expedients, but should be provided with a permanent and highly
qualified agency to assist in the direction of this important branch
of public affairs. I have, therefore, now to propose that such an
agency should be provided by creating an office of the Secretary to
Government of India in the Department of Public Works. The
person who holds it should always be a highly qualified officer of
the Corps of Engineers.”
Colonel W.E. Baker of the Bengal Engineers was accordingly
appointed first Secretary to the Department of Public Works, this is
the genesis of the Central Public Works Department.
STRUCTURE OF CPWD
 AREA OF TRAINING

Throughout the internship the area of my training includes the

following:

 Estimation of building materials and cost estimation

 Study and implementation of CPWD Specifications, DSR, etc.

 Site visit of various construction sites at BHU, Varanasi.

 Quality control of civil work

 Study of Green Building Norms

 ESTIMATION OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND
COST
Estimation of building material and cost is an important part of
any civil engineering project. It includes the determination of
volume of materials and is then multiplied with the rate of each
material to get the cost.
Based on the drawing of the structure, the different elements of
the structure are determined. The elements are decomposed into
its basic materials e.g. Beam made concrete and steel
reinforcement. Then using the dimensioning details of the
drawing the volume of the materials used are determined.
As the volume of different material is known so we can find the
cost of the structure by multiplying the volume with the rate of
the material.
Just like this:
Earthwork in excavation in foundation:
Length B H Quantity
40.1-1.1=39m 1.1m 1.0m 42.90m3
Lime concrete in foundation:
Length B H Quantity
40.1-1.1=39m 1.1m 0.3m 12.87m3
1st class brick wall
Length B H Quantity
1st footing 39.30m 0.8m 0.2m 6.29m3
2nd footing 39.30m 0.7m 0.1m 2.76m3
3rd footing 39.30m 0.6m 0.1m 2.37m3
4th footing 39.30m 0.5m 0.1m 1.98m3
Now the rate of different material can be multiplied with the
volume to get cost.
 STUDY THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CPWD
SPECIFICATION

CPWD publishes various codes and specification related to the

construction practices. These codes and specifications need to be
followed by the contractor. Implementation of these
specifications is checked by the Inspection Engineer of CPWD.
Specifications for Civil work contains all procedural things to be
followed for different works.
Some specifications from the specification published by CPWD
are:
DSR(Delhi Schedule of Rates):
It is a manual published by CPWD which consist of the rates of
different materials used in the construction project.
It contains the rates of different materials, wages of working
labour, etc.
 SITE VISIT TO NEW IIT (BHU) GIRLS HOSTEL
I visited the new IIT (BHU) Girls Hostel whose construction is
under the supervision of CPWD Varanasi.
There I saw and learnt about different methods and processes
included in the construction project like: Foundation laying,
casting of columns, shuttering, etc.
 QUALITY CONTROL OF CIVIL WORK

Quality control is an important element of a civil project. Different

project have different quality control requirement. Quality control
can be done by testing and inspection.
Mentioned below are some important QC tests commonly
conducted in quality control laboratories at various construction
sites:
Cement: Initial & final setting time, compressive strength test (3, 7
& 28 days strength using mortar cubes), % passing through 75
micron IS sieve. These tests are routinely conducted in a site QC
laboratory. Few more necessary tests which are not frequently
performed are soundness test (Le chatelier or Autoclave
expansion test), determination of specific surface (air permeability
test), heat of hydration, chemical composition tests, etc. These
tests are often conducted in professional off-site labs that are well
equipped for all sorts of tests.
Fine aggregates (sand): Particle size distribution (sieve analysis),
specific gravity, water absorption, moisture content
determination, etc. Zone of sand, fineness modulus, etc are
determined from sieve analysis. Tests for determining clay or silt
content and organic impurities are conducted occasionally,
including during selection of source of sand. Bulking of sand is
usually tested only when nominal concrete mixes are used for less
important pours.
Coarse aggregate: Sieve analysis, specific gravity, water
absorption, moisture content determination, flakiness index,
elongation index, aggregate impact value, aggregate crushing
value, LA abrasion test, etc. Petrographic examination of rock is
done initially to ascertain the quality of the quarry material.
Aggregate impact value is a more useful test as it indicates the
quality of stone chips unlike the aggregates crushing value test
which gives idea of the quality of the source material (rocks).
Reinforcing steel: Determination of yield & ultimate stresses, %
elongation test, bend & rebend test, testing of nominal diameter
and weight per unit length, etc. Tests like ultrasonic flaw
detection, torsion test, fatigue test, chemical composition test,
etc. are also conducted (less frequently) usually in off-site
approved labs in some projects.
Concrete: Workability test (slump test, compaction factor test),
compressive strength test (cube or cylinder), determination of
total chloride and sulphate content in concrete, cement content in
mix, temp. Monitoring of concrete, especially for mass concreting
work (using infrared digital thermometer or other device), etc.
Trial mixes are prepared as per design calculations in the initial
stage of designing a concrete mix in order to ascertain desired
workability, strength, etc. of the mix. Testing of accuracy of
batching plant is done by routine calibration of the same (once in
2 or 3 months).
Common NDTs conducted at construction sites for testing quality
of hardened concrete structures are core test, Schmidt hammer or
rebound hammer test, ultrasonic pulse velocity test.
Bricks: Compressive strength test, efflorescence test, dimensions
test, water absorption test. Tests like soundness & warpage tests
are also conducted sometimes.
Water: pH value, determination of chlorides, sulphides and
sulphates content, iron and Mn content, turbidity test, hardness
test, determination of solids, determination of alkalinity, BOD &
DO, etc.
Grout: Compressive strength test (for 1, 3, 7 & 28-day cubes),
fluidity test (immersion or cone method), expansion test, bleeding
test, volume change test, etc. Trial mixes are also prepared at
initial stage to ascertain desired workability, strength, etc. Mock
tests can be conducted at site lab to ensure proper grouting
operation before actual execution at site.
 GREEN BUILDING NORMS
Green Building:
A green building is one which uses less water, optimises energy
efficiency, conserves natural resources, generates less waste and
provides healthier spaces for occupants, as compared to a
conventional building. IGBC is leading green building movement in
the India.

Concept of Green Building

The various norms that should be kept in mind during building of a
green building are:
 Water Conservation:
Most of the Asian countries are water stressed and in countries
like India, the water table has reduced drastically over the last
decade. IGBC Green New Buildings rating system encourages use
of water in a self-sustainable manner through reduce, recycle and
reuse strategies. By adopting this rating programme, green new
buildings can save potable water to an extent of 30 - 50%.
 Handling of Consumer Waste:
Handling of waste in buildings is extremely difficult as most of the
waste generated is not segregated at source and has a high
probability of going to landfills. This continues to be a challenge to
the municipalities which needs to be addressed. The rating system
intends to address this by encouraging buildings to segregate the
building waste.
 Energy Efficiency:
The building sector is a large consumer of electrical energy.
Through IGBC Green New Buildings rating system, buildings can
reduce energy consumption through energy efficient - building
envelope, lighting, air conditioning systems, etc. The energy
savings that can be realised by adopting this rating programme
can be to the tune of 20 - 30%.
 Reduced Use of Fossil Fuels:
Fossil fuel is a slowly depleting resource, the world over. The use
of fossil fuel for transportation has been a major source of
pollution. The rating system encourages the use of alternate fuel
vehicles for transportation.
 Reduced Dependency on Virgin Materials:
The rating system encourages projects to use recycled & reused
material and discourages the use of virgin materials, thereby,
addressing environmental impacts associated with extraction and
processing of scare natural resources.
 Health and Well-being of Occupants:
Health and well-being of occupants are the most important aspect
of IGBC Green New Buildings rating system. The rating system
ensures adequate ventilation, daylight and occupant well-being
facilities which are essential in a building. The rating system also
recognises measures to minimise indoor air pollutants.