Ghosh - 550 Page 1 6/8/2018

Worked Out Examples

(Thermal B.L.)

Example 1 (Convection Coefficient):

Air at a free stream temperature of T = 20  C is in parallel flow over a flat plate of length L
= 5 m and temperature Ts = 90  C. However, obstacles placed in the flow intensify mixing
with increasing distance x from the leading edge, and the spatial variation of temperatures
measured in the boundary layer is correlated by an expression of the form T( C) = 20 +
70e(- 600 x y), where x and y are in meters. Determine and plot the manner in which the local
convection h varies with x. Evaluate the average convection coefficient h for the plate.

1. Statement of the Problem

a) Given
 Free stream air temperature T = 20 C
 Plate length L = 5 m
 Plate surface temperature Ts = 90 C
 Correlated measured temperature in the boundary layer: T(C) = 20 + 70e(- 600 x y),
where x and y are in meters
b) Find
 Determine and plot the manner in which the local convection h varies with x.
 Evaluate the average convection coefficient h for the plate.

2. System Diagram

T = 20C
T  x, y   20  70  e  600 xy 

Ts = 90C

L=5m
x

3. Assumptions
 Steady state condition
 Uniform free stream air temperature T = 20 C = constant
 Uniform surface temperature Ts = 90 C = constant
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 Constant thermal conductivity

4. Governing Equations
 Newton's Law of Cooling
q s  h Ts  T 

 One Dimensional Fourier's Law

T
q    k f
y
T
On the plate surface y = 0  q s   k f
y y 0

 Average Convection Coefficient Definition

1
As As
h  h  dAs

For the special case of flow over a flat plate, h varies with the distance x from the leading
edge. Thus,
1 L
h   h  dx
L 0

5. Detailed Solution

Local Convection Coefficient, h

q s  h Ts  T  … Newton's law of cooling

T
q s   k f … One-dimensional Fourier's law on the plate surface
y y 0

Thus,
T
q s  h Ts  T    k f
y y 0

Therefore,
T
   k f 
1
h
Ts  T y y 0

kf
 

Ts  T y

20  70  e 600 xy  y 0

kf

Ts  T

 0  70    600 x   e 600 xy  y 0

kf
   70    600 x   1
Ts  T
42000  k f  x
 h x  
Ts  T
Taking the average of the free stream and surface temperatures:
Ghosh - 550 Page 3 6/8/2018

T 
 20  90  55C  kf = 0.02837 W/mK
2

After plugging numbers into the expression obtained above, it becomes:

h x   17.02  x W/m2K

Using MatLab, the variation of local convection coefficient can be plotted as:

Variation of Local Convection Coefficient

90

80

70

60
h (W/m2.K)

50
h(x)
40

30

20

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
x (m)

Average Convection Coefficient, h

The average coefficient over the range 0  x  5 m is
1 L
h   h  dx
L 0
1 L
  17.02  x  dx
L 0
L
1 x2 
 17 .02  
L 2 0
1 L2 
 17.02  
L 2 
 8.51  L

 h  42.6 W/m2K
6. Critical Assessment
Because the local convection coefficient is a function of x, the average of the convection
coefficient must be obtained by integrating the function over the whole range of the flat plate.
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Example 2 (Velocity and Temperature Profiles):

In flow over a surface, velocity and temperature profiles are of the forms

u(y) = Ay + By2 - Cy3 and

T(y) = D + Ey + Fy2 - Gy3

where the coefficients A through G are constants. Obtain expressions for the friction
coefficient Cf and the convection coefficient h in terms of U , T , and appropriate profile
coefficients and fluid properties.

1. Statement of the Problem

a) Given
 Velocity and temperature profiles

u(y) = Ay + By2 - Cy3 and

T(y) = D + Ey + Fy2 - Gy3
where the coefficients A through G are constants.

b) Find
 Expression for the friction coefficient Cf
 Expression for the convection coefficient h

Both expressions must be in terms of U , T , and appropriate profile coefficients and

fluid properties.

2. System Diagram

Velocity Profile, u(y)

U , T
Temperature Profile, T(y)

Velocity B.L.
Thermal B.L.

3. Assumptions
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 Steady state condition

 Constant air properties
 Uniform U , T = constant
4. Governing Equations

 Friction Coefficient Definition

s
Cf 
1
U 2
2

 Shear Stress Definition

u
 
y

u
On the surface,  s  
y y 0

 Newton's Law of Cooling

q s  h Ts  T 

 One Dimensional Fourier's Law

T
q    k f
y

T
On the plate surface y = 0  q s   k f
y y 0

5. Detailed Solution

Friction Coefficient, Cf
u
s  
y y 0



y

Ay  By 2  Cy 3  y 0


   A  2 By  3Cy 2  y 0


   A  2 B 0   3C  0 
2

A

Therefore,
s A
Cf  
1 1
U 2 U 2
2 2

Convection Coefficient, h
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T
q s  h Ts  T    k f
y y 0

Thus,
T
   k f 
1
h
Ts  T y y 0

Here, Ts = T(y = 0) = D + E (0) + F (0)2 - G (0)3 = D

h 
1
D  T
  k f  

y
D  Ey  Fy 2  Gy 3  y 0

kf

D  T

 0  E  2 Fy  3Gy 2  y 0


kf
D  T

 0  E  2 F  0   3G  0 
2

Finally,
kf E
h
D  T

6. Critical Assessment
It is important to recognize (or know) that for both cases, the friction coefficient and
convection coefficient, an analysis must be done on the surface, which implies y = 0 m.

Example 3 (Viscous dissipation and Heat Transfer Rate):

A shaft with a diameter of 100 mm rotates at 9000 rpm in a journal bearing that is 70 mm
long. A uniform lubricant gap of 1 mm separates the shaft and the bearing. The lubricant
properties are  = 0.03 N s/m2 and k = 0.15 W/m K, while the bearing material has a thermal
conductivity of kb = 45 W/m K.

Bearing, kb
y (mm)
Tb
1
Lubricant
Bearing, kb
0
x
Shaft Ts

Lubricant

Shaft
100 mm
diameter Water-cooled surface,
200 mm Twc = 30C
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(a) Determine the viscous dissipation,  (W/m3), in the lubricant.

(b) Determine the rate of heat transfer (W) from the lubricant, assuming that no heat is lost
through the shaft.

(c) If the bearing housing is water-cooled, such that the outer surface of the bearing is
maintained at 30  C, determine the temperature of the bearing and shaft, Tb and Ts.

1. Statement of the Problem

a) Given

Di = 0.1 m

 = 9000 rpm = 942.5 rad/s

L = 0.07 m

a = 0.001 m (gap)

 = 0.03 Ns/m2

k = 0.15 W/mK

kb = 45 W/mK

Twc = 30 C

Do = 0.2 m

b) Find

Viscous dissipation in the lubricant,  (W/m3)

Rate of heat transfer (W) from the lubricant, assuming no heat loss through the shaft

Temperatures of the bearing and shaft, Tb and Ts

2. System Diagram
Bearing
y
Tb
(mm)
Bearing (kb) 1
a Lubricant

Shaft (Di, ) 0 x
Shaft Ts
Lubricant (, k)

Water-cooled surface (Twc)

D
o

3. Assumptions
 Steady state condition
 Constant fluid properties (, , and k's)
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 Fully developed flow in the gap (u/x = 0)

 Infinite width [L/a = (0.07 m) / (0.001 m) = 70, so this is a reasonable assumption]
 p/x = 0 (flow is symmetric in the actual bearing at no load)

4. Governing Equations
 2-D Dissipation Function
 u v 
2
 u  2  v  2  2  u v  2
      2         
 y x   x   y   3  x y 

 Velocity Distribution in Couette Flow (flow in two infinite parallel plates, but one plate
moving with constant speed)
1  p  2
u( y) 
U
a
y  
 y  ay
2   x 


 Heat Diffusion Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates

1   T  1   T    T  T
 kr  2 k   k   q  c p
r r  r  r     z  z  t

 Fourier's Law in Cylindrical Coordinates

    T  1 T  T 
q    kT   k  e r  e  ez 
 r r  z 
 2-D Energy Equation
 T T    T    T 
c p  u  v    k    k     q 
 x y  x  x  y  y 

5. Detailed Solution

Viscous dissipation in the lubricant

u
Assume v  0 in the gap, and the fully developed flow (assumed) implies  0 . Thus,
x
 u v 
2
 u  2  v  2  2  u v  2  u 
2

      2              
 y x   x   y   3  x y   y 

Because p/x = 0 (assumed), the velocity distribution becomes:

1  p  2
u( y) 
U
a
y   
 y  ay  u ( y ) 
2   x 
U
y
a

Therefore, the viscous dissipation is

2 2 2
 u     U  U 
         y     
 y   y  a  a
Ghosh - 550 Page 9 6/8/2018

where U is the tangential velocity of the shaft, and it is

Di
U  Ri    
2

Finally, the viscous dissipation is

2 2
U   D  
        i 
a  2a 

After plugging in values into this expression above,

 = 6.662  107 W/m3

Rate of heat transfer (W) from the lubricant

The heat transfer rate from the lubricant volume  through the bearing is

qL =   =   ( Di  a  L)

 qL = (6.662  107 W/m3)[()  (0.1 m)  (0.001 m)  (0.07 m)] = 1465 W

where L = 0.07 m is the length of the bearing normal to the page.

Temperatures of the bearing and shaft, Tb and Ts

First, let us find out the bearing temperature (Tb), which requires considering heat transfer
between Tb and Twc. See the diagram below.

Do /2 Direction of Heat Transfer

r
Di /2

Ts Tb Twc
Assume that the direction of heat transfer is in only r direction. Then Fourier's law
becomes:

T T
q r   k or q r   kA
r r
In our case,
T
q r   k b   2rL   … (1)
r
Ghosh - 550 Page 10 6/8/2018

Heat diffusion equation is (assuming no heat generation in the bearing)

1   T 
 kr 0
r r  r 
In our case, because kb = constant,

1   T  1   T    T 
 kb r   0  kb r 0  r 0
r r  r  r r  r  r  r 

Boundary conditions for this differential equation are:

T = Tb @ r = Di /2
T = Twc @ r = Do /2

Let us solve the differential equation with the boundary conditions,

  T  T T C
r 0  r  C1   1  T (r )  C1 ln(r )  C 2
r  r  r r r

The first boundary condition: Tb = C1 ln(Di/2) + C2

The second boundary condition: Twc = C1 ln(Do/2) + C2

After rearranging, the temperature distribution becomes:

Tb  Twc  r 
T (r )  ln   Twc
ln  Di Do   Do 2 

Substituting this temperature distribution into equation (1),

  Tb  Twc  r   T  Twc 1
q r   k b   2rL    ln   Twc   k b   2rL   b 
r  ln  Di Do   Do 2   ln  Di Do  r

Therefore,
k b   2L    Tb  Twc 
qr   qL
ln  Di Do 

 Tb  Twc 
q L  ln  Do Di 
  30C  
1465W   ln  0.2m   0.1m    81.3C
2Lk b 2  0.07m  45W / m  K 
Ghosh - 550 Page 11 6/8/2018

Finally, let us find out the shaft temperature (Ts).

y
Tb
a k&
U
x Ts

The 2-D energy equation may be simplified for the prescribed conditions (see assumptions)
and further assuming v  0 and q  0 , it follows that
2
 T    T    T   u 
c p  u  k   k     
 x  x  x  y  y   y 

However, because the top and bottom plates are at uniform temperatures, the temperature
field must also be fully developed, in which case (T/x) = 0. For constant thermal
conductivity the appropriate form of the energy equation is then
2
 2T  u 
0k    
y  y 
2

The desired temperature distribution may be obtained by solving this equation. Rearranging
and substituting for the velocity distribution,
2 2
d 2T  du  U 
k 2
         
dy  dy  a

Integrating twice, we obtain

2
 U  2
T ( y)     y  C1 y  C 2
2k  a 

The boundary conditions are, at y = 0, the surface is adiabatic

dT
0  C3 = 0
dy y 0

and at y = a, the temperature is that of the bearing, Tb

 U  2
2
 2
T ( a)  Tb     a  0  C 2  C 2  Tb  U
2k  a  2k

Hence, the temperature distribution is

Ghosh - 550 Page 12 6/8/2018

2
 2 y2    Di   y2 
T ( y )  Tb  U 1  2   Tb     1  2 
2k  a  2k  2   a 

and the temperature at the shaft, y = 0, is

Ts  T (0)  Tb 
  Di


2

     81.3C  
 0.03N  s / m 2    0.1m  942.5rad / s   2

2k  2  2   0.15W / m  K   2 

 Ts  303.4C

6. Critical Assessment
We have dealt with both heat conduction and convection situation on this problem. Make sure
you understand the difference between them and how to apply an appropriate equation for a
particular case.

Example 4 (Use of Similarity Rules and Correlation Parameters):

An industrial process involves evaporation of a thin water film from a contoured surface by
heating it from below and forcing air across it. Laboratory measurements for this surface
have provided the following heat transfer correlation:

Nu L  0.43  Re 0L.58  Pr 0.4

The air flowing over the surface has a temperature of 290 K, a velocity of 10 m/s, and is
completely dry (  = 0). The surface has a length of 1 m and a surface area of 1 m2. Just
enough energy is supplied to maintain its steady-state temperature at 310 K.

(a) Determine the heat transfer coefficient and the rate at which the surface loses heat by
convection.
(b) Determine the mass transfer coefficient and the evaporation rate (kg/h) of the water on
the surface.
(c) Determine the rate at which heat must be supplied to the surface for these conditions.

1. Statement of the Problem

a) Given
 Heat transfer correlation equation: Nu L  0.43  Re 0L.58  Pr 0.4
 Forcing air properties:
 T = 290 K (temperature)
 U = 10 m/s (velocity)
  = 0 (completely dry)
 Surface dimensions and property:
 L = 1 m (length)
Ghosh - 550 Page 13 6/8/2018

 As = 1 m2 (area)
 Ts = 310 K (temperature)
b) Find
 Heat transfer coefficient
 Rate at which the surface loses heat by convection
 Mass transfer coefficient
 Evaporation rate (kg/h) of the water on the surface
 Rate at which heat must be supplied to the surface for these conditions

2. System Diagram

Heat transfer correlation: Nu L  0.43  Re 0L.58  Pr 0.4

Surface
Air Ts
T Thin water film
L
U As


3. Assumptions
 Steady state condition
 Constant properties
 Heat-mass analogy applies:
Heat Transfer Mass Transfer
Nu  f1  Re L , Pr  Sh  f 2  Re L , Sc 
T  Ts
 Correlation requires properties evaluated at Tmean   300 K
2

4. Governing Equations
 V  L
 Reynolds Number: Re L 


 Prandtl Number: Pr 


 Schmidt Number: Sc 
D AB
hL
 Average Nusselt Number: Nu 
kf
hm L
 Average Sherwood Number: Sh 
D AB
 Newton's Law of Cooling: q conv  h  As   Ts  T 
 Convection Mass Transfer Equation: m  hm  As    A,s   A, 
 First Law of Thermodynamics (for steady flow process): E in  E out  0
Ghosh - 550 Page 14 6/8/2018

5. Detailed Solution

Properties:

Air (at Tmean = 300 K, 1 atm)

  = 15.89  10-6 m2/s
 kf = 0.0263 W/mK
 Pr = 0.707

Air-water mixture (at Tmean = 300K, 1 atm)

 DAB = 0.26  10-4 m2/s

Saturated water (at Ts = 310 K)


A, sat = 1/vg = 1/22.93 m3/kg = 0.04361 kg/m3

hfg = 2414 kJ/kg

Heat transfer coefficient

First of all, evaluate ReL at Tmean to characterize the flow

Re L 
UL

10m / s   1m   6.293  10 5
 15.89  10 6 m 2 / s 
and substituting into the prescribed correlation for this surface, find

 Pr 0.4  0.43   6.293  10 5 

hL
  0.707 
0.53 0.58 0.4
Nu L  0.43  Re L  864.1 
kf

h 
Nu L  k f

 864.1   0.0263W / m  K   22.72 W/m2K
L 1m 

Rate at which the surface loses heat by convection

  
qconv  h  As   Ts  T   22.71W / m 2  K  1m 2    310 K    290 K    454.2W

Mass transfer coefficient

Using the heat-mass analogy,

Heat: Nu L  0.43  Re 0L.58  Pr 0.4
Mass: Sh L  0.43  Re 0L.58  Sc 0.4

where
Ghosh - 550 Page 15 6/8/2018

 15.89  10 6 m 2 / s
Sc    0.6112
D AB 0.26  10  4 m 2 / s

Substituting numerical values, and find

Sh L  0.43  Re L
0.53

 Sc 0.4  0.43  6.293  10 5  0.58
  0.6112 
0.4
 815.2 
hm L
D AB
Sh L  D AB  815.2    0.26  10 4 m 2 / s 
hm    2.12  10  2 m / s
L 1m

Evaporation rate (kg/h) of the water on the surface

The evaporation rate, with A,s = A,sat (Ts), is

   
m  hm  As    A, s   A,   2.12  10 2 m / s  1m 2  0.04361kg / m 3  0kg / m 3   
4
  9.243  10
m kg / s  3.327 kg / h
Rate at which heat must be supplied to the surface for these conditions

Air qconv qevap

qin

Applying the first law of thermodynamics,

E in  E out  0
q in  q conv  q evap  0

where qin is the heat supplied to sustain the losses by convention and evaporation.

q in  q conv  q evap
q in  h  As   Ts  T   m
 h fg
q in   454.2W    9.243  10  4 kg / s    2414  10 3 J / kg 
q in   454.2W    2231.3W 
q in  2685W

6. Critical Assessment
 Heat-mass analogy has been applied in this problem. Note that convection mass transfer
can be analyzed like convection heat transfer. Equations are very similar to each other.
Ghosh - 550 Page 16 6/8/2018

 Notice that the heat loss from the surface by evaporation is nearly 5 times that due to
convection.
The End